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In order to improve the health of charging piles, a charging scheduling strategy for electric vehicles based on pile health status is proposed. The strategy begins with a comprehensive assessment model that evaluates charging pile health through electrical and safety performance indicators, using 6 core modules and 26 indicators as the evaluation framework. Secondly, considering the impact of charging load on pile health, a charging optimization model based on pile health status is established. Charging load is standardized by converting it into charging time, allowing operators to plan vehicle charging locations using both charging time and pile health as guiding factors. Finally, the NSGAII algorithm is employed to solve the model, with the charging pile health model used for evaluation. Parameters and charging data from 10 charging piles in a region of Jiangsu Province are selected for verification, and two different optimization scenarios are set up for comparison. The results show that, compared to the other two scenarios, the proposed strategy and algorithm increase the annual health of charging stations by 18.54%, improve the average annual health of charging piles by 1.85%, and reduce the maximum monthly health variance of charging stations to 0.001 5.

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为提升充电桩健康水平,提出了基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略。从充电桩电气性能指标和安全性 能指标出发,以充电桩6大模块、26项指标为评估标准建立充电桩健康度综合评估模型。考虑接入负荷对充电桩健康度 的影响,建立基于充电桩健康度的充电优化模型,为统一变量,将充电负荷转化为充电时间,充电运营商基于充电时间 和充电桩健康度规划充电车辆的位置。采用NSGAII算法求解模型并采用充电桩健康度模型进行评估。选取江苏省某区 域10个充电桩的参数及充电信息进行验证,并设置了两种不同优化情景进行对比。结果表明,较其他两种情景,采用本 文策略及算法的充电站年度健康度提升了18.54%,充电桩年度健康度平均提升了1.85%,充电站月度健康度最大方差降 低至0.0015。

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黄泓叶(1995-),男,河南信阳人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化和用电信息采集。Tel:19844569833, E-mail:

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黄泓叶(1995-),男,河南信阳人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化和用电信息采集。Tel:19844569833, E-mail:

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基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略
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陆洋 , 刘涅煊 , 黄泓叶
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(6): 1014-1024
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(6): 1014-1024
基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略
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陆洋 , 刘涅煊, 黄泓叶
作者信息
  • 南瑞集团有限公司 国网电力科学研究院有限公司 南京 211106
  • 黄泓叶(1995-),男,河南信阳人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化和用电信息采集。Tel:19844569833, E-mail:

Charging Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Charging Pile Health
Yang LU , Niexuan LIU, Hongye HUANG
Affiliations
  • State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, NARI Group Corporation Nanjing 211106 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.09
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为提升充电桩健康水平,提出了基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略。从充电桩电气性能指标和安全性 能指标出发,以充电桩6大模块、26项指标为评估标准建立充电桩健康度综合评估模型。考虑接入负荷对充电桩健康度 的影响,建立基于充电桩健康度的充电优化模型,为统一变量,将充电负荷转化为充电时间,充电运营商基于充电时间 和充电桩健康度规划充电车辆的位置。采用NSGAII算法求解模型并采用充电桩健康度模型进行评估。选取江苏省某区 域10个充电桩的参数及充电信息进行验证,并设置了两种不同优化情景进行对比。结果表明,较其他两种情景,采用本 文策略及算法的充电站年度健康度提升了18.54%,充电桩年度健康度平均提升了1.85%,充电站月度健康度最大方差降 低至0.0015。

充电桩健康度  /  充电桩健康度评估模型  /  充电优化模型  /  NSGA-II算法

In order to improve the health of charging piles, a charging scheduling strategy for electric vehicles based on pile health status is proposed. The strategy begins with a comprehensive assessment model that evaluates charging pile health through electrical and safety performance indicators, using 6 core modules and 26 indicators as the evaluation framework. Secondly, considering the impact of charging load on pile health, a charging optimization model based on pile health status is established. Charging load is standardized by converting it into charging time, allowing operators to plan vehicle charging locations using both charging time and pile health as guiding factors. Finally, the NSGAII algorithm is employed to solve the model, with the charging pile health model used for evaluation. Parameters and charging data from 10 charging piles in a region of Jiangsu Province are selected for verification, and two different optimization scenarios are set up for comparison. The results show that, compared to the other two scenarios, the proposed strategy and algorithm increase the annual health of charging stations by 18.54%, improve the average annual health of charging piles by 1.85%, and reduce the maximum monthly health variance of charging stations to 0.001 5.

health status of charging stations  /  health assessment model for charging stations  /  charging optimization model  /  NSGA-II algorithm
陆洋, 刘涅煊, 黄泓叶. 基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1014 -1024 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.09
Yang LU, Niexuan LIU, Hongye HUANG. Charging Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Charging Pile Health[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1014 -1024 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.09
我国“双碳”目标的确立推动了电动汽车 (Electric Vehicle, EV) 行业的发展, 而电动汽车行业的崛起也将为“双碳”目标做出重要贡献 [ 1 - 2 ] 。 充电桩是电动汽车充电设施的重要组成部分 [ 3 - 4 ] , 充电桩的健康状态关乎充电运营商的收益。目前, 诸多学者针对电动汽车充电桩的健康状态评估与监测,提出了一些相关的研究方法。陈立兴等 [ 5 ] 利用蒙特卡洛法、弗洛伊德法及排队算法对高速公路充电网络充电设施状态进行时空预测评估。于畅 [ 6 ] 利用不确定层次分析法与多种主客观赋权方法评估直流充电桩的健康状态。张晗 [ 7 ] 通过分析充电桩的相关数据建立了充电桩健康状态评价模型和健康状态预测模型。李亦非等 [ 8 ] 利用 $\mathrm{C}{4.5}$ 决策树分类算法分析充电设施运行数据建立了充电设施运行状态模型。荣雅洁 [ 9 ] 利用决策树、随机森林等方法建立面向充电桩的状态评估模型和故障预测模型, 并利用数据挖掘技术进行分析。LI Qiushuo 等 [ 10 ] 建立了电动汽车充电设施评价指标体系, 采用模糊综合评判法评估充电设施状态。黄焘等 [ 11 ] 从安全性能和电气性能构建递阶层次充电桩健康状态综合评估体系。尹忠东等 [ 12 ] 建立响应率指标体系量化评估两种不同的充电设施安全性能。高德欣等 [ 13 ] 设计了充电桩移动监控系统, 可以对充电桩运行状态进行监测。朱科屹等 [ 14 ] 完善了直流充电桩的评价指标, 建立了直流充电桩综合评测指标体系。
相较于上述学者对充电桩健康状态的评估, 本文以充电桩健康度优化为切入点, 建立基于充电桩健康状态的电动汽车充电调度策略, 采用以小时为单位的时间粒度和以车辆个体为单位的群体粒度, 研究本文所提出的策略对充电桩及充电站健康水平的影响。首先从电气性能、安全性能角度出发,以充电桩 6 大模块、26 项指标建立了充电桩健康度综合评估模型, 然后将电动汽车充电功率转化为充电时间, 并基于充电时间和充电桩健康度建立了基于充电桩健康度的充电优化模型, 动态优化电动汽车的充电位置。最后,利用充电桩健康度综合评估模型评估优化后的充电桩健康度。仿真结果表明, 本文所提出的策略在一定程度上可提升充电桩健康水平。
以一个充电站为例, 充电调度方案如 图 1 所示。
该方案中,充电运营商为决策者,充电调度平台为执行者。充电调度平台动态获取各时刻充电桩运行参数, 同时获取车主向移动端充电预约平台提供的车辆信息形成车辆排队信息。根据充电桩运行参数计算各充电桩的健康度, 并将健康度信息和排队车辆信息反馈给充电运营商。充电运营商基于充电桩参数信息、健康度和排队车辆信息制定并下发排队车辆的充电策略, 充电调度平台执行策略并分配排队车辆到对应的充电位置, 通过移动端充电预约平台告知车主充电位置信息。通过执行该方案, 可有效延长充电桩的使用寿命, 并延缓充电运营商的投资。
充电桩健康度受诸多因素影响, 包括环境因素、物理/化学因素、人为因素等不可控因素。随着充电桩使用年限的增长, 充电桩健康度逐年降低, 主要体现在充电桩的电气性能和安全性能方面。因此, 本文以充电桩的电气性能和安全性能作为评价指标, 评估充电桩的功率模块、控制模块、 通信模块、充电枪、关键零部件、电池及环境 6 个部分, 以综合评估结果作为充电桩健康度总体的评估。
安全性能指标主要包括控制模块湿度/温度、 通信模块温度、充电枪温度、电池组最高温度、电池组最低温度、环境温度、充电枪的使用年限等。
电气性能指标主要评估模块的电气参数和故障次数。针对功率模块主要评估第 $1 \sim 4$ 项指标,针对控制模块、通信模块、充电枪模块、关键零部件等主要评估第 5 项指标,指标类型 [ 11 ] 如下。
电动汽车在充电时, 充电桩输出的电压/电流会产生一定的误差。若输出电压波动性较大, 会影响充电桩零部件的使用寿命。第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的输出电压误差为:
$ {\mu }_{t, i}^{U} = \frac{{U}_{t, i} - {U}_{0, i}}{{U}_{0, i}} \times {100}\% \text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\mu }_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的输出电压误差; ${U}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的输出电压,单位 $\mathrm{V}$ ; ${U}_{0, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩输出电压预设值。
输出的电流误差为:
$ {\mu }_{t, i}^{I} = \frac{{I}_{t, i} - {I}_{0, i}}{{I}_{0, i}} \times {100}\% \text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\mu }^{l}{}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的输出电流误差; ${I}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的输出电流,单位 A; ${I}_{0, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩输出电流预设值。
电压、电流的稳定程度一定程度上会影响充电桩的使用寿命。第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的稳压/稳流精度为:
$ {\varphi }_{t, i}^{U} = \frac{{U}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{m}} - {U}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{m}}}{{U}_{0, i}^{\mathrm{m}}} \times {100}\% 。 $
式中: ${\varphi }^{U}{}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的稳压精度; ${U}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的电压波动极限; ${U}_{\;0, i}^{\mathrm{m}}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩输出电压的预设值。
$ {\varphi }^{I}{}_{t, i} = \frac{{I}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{t, i} - {I}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{0, i}}{{I}^{\mathrm{m}}} \times {100}\% \circ $
式中: ${\varphi }^{I}{}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的稳流精度; ${I}^{m}{}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的电流波动极限; ${I}^{m}{}_{0, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩输出电流的预设值。
均流不平衡度表征模块间负荷分配电流的差异程度, 均匀分配电流可延长充电桩内部模块的使用寿命。第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的均流不平衡度为:
$ {\varepsilon }_{t, i} = \frac{{I}_{t, i} - {I}_{t, i}^{\text{ave }}}{{I}_{0, i}^{\mathrm{R}}} \times {100}\% \circ $
式中: ${\varepsilon }_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的均流不平衡度; ${I}_{t, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的模块输出电流; ${I}_{{ave0}, i}^{\mathrm{{ave}}}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩模块输出电流的平均值; ${I}^{\mathrm{R}}{}_{0, i}$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩输出电流的额定值。
正常情况下充电桩的充电功率因数应大于 0.9 , 整机效率应不低于 0.9 。针对交流充电桩, 功率因数值为输入的交流有功功率占交流视载功率的比重值, 可由式 (6)计算得出。整机效率表征充电桩功率的输出效率, 其数值为输出直流有功功率与输入交流有功功率的比值, 可由式(7)计算得出:
$ \cos {\varphi }_{t, i} = \frac{{P}^{\mathrm{a}}}{\sqrt{{\left( {P}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{a}}\right) }^{2} + {\left( {Q}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{a}}\right) }^{2}}} \times {100}\% $
$ {\eta }_{t, i} = \frac{{P}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{d}}}{{P}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{a}}} \times {100}\% $
式中: ${P}^{\mathrm{a}}{}_{t, i}\text{、}{Q}_{t, i}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}\cos {\varphi }_{t, i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻的充电桩输入交流有功功率(单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ )、无功功率 (单位 $\mathrm{{kVar}}$ )、功率因数; ${P}^{\mathrm{d}}{}_{t, i}$${\eta }_{t, i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻充电桩输出的直流有功功率(单位 kW)、输出效率。
故障次数包括控制模块故障次数、TCU故障次数、交流接触器故障次数、充电枪故障次数、急停开关故障次数、读卡器故障次数、风扇故障次数、 避雷器故障次数、门控开关故障次数, 如 图 2 所示。
车辆充电完成后, 获取每个充电桩的各项指标参数, 并采用极差值归一化处理:
$ {H}_{i, j}\left( t\right) = \frac{\max {h}_{i, j} - {\bar{h}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) }{\max {h}_{i, j} - \min {h}_{i, j}}。 $
式中: ${H}_{i, j}\text{、}{h}_{i, j}$ 分别为第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项指标的归一化值、指标数值; ${\bar{h}}_{i, j}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项指标检测值, $i = 1,2,\ldots , n;j = 1,2,\ldots , m$
为对各项指标进行客观评估, 本文采用熵权法对归一化后的各项指标进行赋权。第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项指标的信息熵 ${E}_{j}$ 为:
$ {E}_{i, j} = - \frac{1}{\ln T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t = T}}{Q}_{i, j}\left( t\right) \ln {Q}_{i, j}\left( t\right) 。 $
式中: ${Q}_{i, j}\left( t\right) = {H}_{i, j}\left( t\right) /\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t = t}}{H}_{i, j}\left( t\right)$
则第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项指标的权重 ${\omega }_{i}$ 为:
$ {\omega }_{i, j} = \frac{1 - {E}_{i, j}}{m - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{j = m}}{E}_{i, j}} \circ $
充电桩的健康度是充电桩健康状态的量化值, 通过计算充电桩的健康度, 可以较清晰地了解充电桩的健康状态 [ 15 ] 。规定充电桩健康状态数值范围为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack ,0$ 表示充电桩处于报废状态,1表示充电桩处于完全健康状态。充电桩健康度表达式为:
${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) =$
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {H}_{i, j}\left( t\right) - {H}_{\min },{H}_{i, j}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{H}_{\min },{\bar{H}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack \\ {\bar{H}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) - {H}_{\min }, \\ {H}_{\max } - {\bar{H}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) ,{H}_{i, j}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{\bar{H}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) ,{H}_{\max }}\right\rbrack \end{array} \circ }\right. $
式中: ${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{i, j}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项评价指标在 $t$ 时刻的健康度, ${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{i, j}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack ;{H}_{\max }$${H}_{\min }$ 分别为充电桩第 $j$ 项评价指标的极限值; ${H}_{i, j}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项评价指标 $t$ 时刻的量测值; ${\bar{H}}_{i, j}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $i$ 号充电桩第 $j$ 项评价指标 $t$ 时刻的标准值。
充电桩在使用一定年限后, 内部零件会因为长期使用而老化。本文引入欧美地区广泛使用的老化健康指数经验公式 [ 16 ] 表征内部零件的健康程度, 根据式(12) $\sim \left( {15}\right)$ 可计算单个零件的老化健康度:
$ {T}_{\mathrm{d}, k} = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{D}, k}}{{f}_{\mathrm{r}} \cdot {f}_{\mathrm{e}}} \circ $
$ {B}_{k} = \frac{\ln \left( {1 - {\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{nk}}\right) - \ln \left( {1 - {\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{0k}}\right) }{{T}_{\mathrm{d}, k}}。 $
$ {\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{k}\left( t\right) = 1 - \left( {1 - {\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{0k}}\right) {e}^{B\left( {{t}_{k} - {t}_{k1}}\right) }。 $
$ {\mu }_{k} = \frac{{\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{k}\left( t\right) }{{\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{0}}\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{d}, k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件预估寿命,单位年; ${T}_{\mathrm{D}, k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件设计寿命; ${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为负荷修正系数; ${f}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为环境修正系数; ${B}_{k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件的老化系数; ${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{nk}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件达到设计寿命时的健康度; ${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{k}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $k$ 个零件在 $t$ 时刻的健康度; ${\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{0k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件初始时刻的健康度; ${t}_{k1}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件初始投运时刻; ${t}_{k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件的评估时间; ${\mu }_{k}$ 为第 $k$ 个零件的健康因子。
通过上述计算,获得第 $i$ 号充电桩在 $t$ 时刻总体的健康状态值为:
$ {\mathrm{{HV}}}_{i}\left( t\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{k = l}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{j = m}}{\omega }_{j}{\mu }_{k}{\mathrm{{Hv}}}_{i, j}{H}_{i, j} \circ $
式中: $l$ 为评估的模块数量。
充电桩健康度不仅受环境和自身因素影响, 也受充电桩运行时长影响。本文考虑了充电时长对充电桩健康状态的影响, 建立了充电优化模型。充电运营商首先通过充电调度平台获取正在充电的车辆与排队车辆信息确定排队车辆的充电时间, 根据充电桩的服务状态、充电桩的健康度及排队车辆的充电时长确定排队车辆的充电位置, 通过该方法使充电站整体健康度达到均衡, 充电桩个体健康度达到最优。
电动汽车在充电过程中,均需要满足以下充电行为模型:
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {E}_{t} = {E}_{t - 1} + {\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}{p}_{t}{\Delta t} \\ \Delta {E}_{T} = \mathop{\int }\limits_{{t = {t}_{\mathrm{c}}}}^{{t = {t}_{\mathrm{c}}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}{p}_{t}\mathrm{\;d}t \\ {E}_{\min } \leq {E}_{t} \leq {E}_{\max } \\ {p}_{\max } = {\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}{p}_{\max } \\ {p}_{\min } = 0 \\ {p}_{\min } \leq {\eta }_{\mathrm{c}} \leq {\eta }_{\mathrm{{min}}} \end{array}。}\right. $
式中: ${E}_{t}$ 为电动汽车在 $t$ 时刻的能量保有值, 单位 $\mathrm{{kWh}};{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为充电效率; ${\Delta t}$ 为单位时间间隔,单位 $\mathrm{h};{t}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为充电起始时刻; ${t}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为充电结束时刻; $\Delta {E}_{T}$ 为充电结束时刻电动汽车的能量保有值, 单位 $\mathrm{{kWh}};{E}_{\min }\text{、}{E}_{\max }$ 分别为电动汽车能量保有值上下限,单位 $\mathrm{{kWh}};{p}_{\min }$${p}_{\max }$ 分别为电动汽车充电功率上下限,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
${t}_{0}$ 时刻正在充电的车辆编号集合为 $C$ ,车辆数量为 $\mathrm{{CN}}$ ; 服务中的充电桩编号集合为 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ ,其数量为 $\mathrm{{SN}}$ ; 充电桩充电效率为 $\eta$ ; 最大充电功率为 ${p}_{\max }$ ; 当前车辆的剩余充电需求序列为 ${P}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}{}_{{t}_{0}, C}$ 。则上述序列表示为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{{}^{\mathrm{E},\mathrm{r}}, C}^{\mathrm{{RE}}} = \left\{ {{p}_{{}^{\mathrm{r}0},1}^{\mathrm{{re}}},{p}_{{}^{\mathrm{r}0},2}^{\mathrm{{re}}},\ldots ,{p}_{{}^{\mathrm{r}0},\mathrm{{CN}}}^{\mathrm{{re}}},\ldots ,{p}_{{}^{\mathrm{r}0},\mathrm{{CN}}}^{\mathrm{{re}}}}\right\} \\ \mathrm{{SN}} \geq 0,\mathrm{{CN}} \geq 0,{P}_{{}^{\mathrm{R},\mathrm{r}},\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{{RE}}} > 0 \end{array}\right. $
此时, 剩余需求电能和充电桩服务状态满足以下约束:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {p}_{{t}_{0}, x}^{\mathrm{{re}}} = {p}_{{t}_{0} - 1, x}^{\mathrm{{re}}} - \eta {p}_{\max } \\ {F}_{{t}_{0}, i} = {C}_{x} \times \left( {1 - s}\right) \\ {p}_{{t}_{0}, x}^{\mathrm{{re}}} \geq 0,{p}_{\max } \geq 0 \end{array}\right. $
$ s = \left\{ {\begin{array}{ll} {p}^{\mathrm{{re}}}{}_{{t}_{0}, x} > 0, & 0 \\ {p}^{\mathrm{{re}}}{}_{{t}_{0}, x} = 0, & 1 \end{array} \circ }\right. $
式中: ${F}_{{t}_{0}, i}$${t}_{0}$ 时刻 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 集合中第 $i$ 号充电桩的服务状态; $s$ 为电动汽车充电状态, $s = 0$ 表示电动汽车结束充电, $s = 1$ 表示电动汽车正在充电。
假设用户均以充电桩最大输出功率进行充电, 则当前车辆预估剩余充电时长 ${T}_{C}$ 序列为:
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {T}_{{t}_{0}, C} = \frac{{P}_{{}^{RE}, C}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}}{{p}_{\max } \cdot \eta } \\ {T}_{{t}_{0}, C} > 0,{P}_{{}^{RE},{t}_{0}, C}^{\mathrm{{RE}}} > 0 \end{array} \circ }\right. $
充电调度平台根据 ${T}_{{t}_{0}, C}$ 在正在充电车辆中搜索最短预估剩余充电时间 $\min {T}_{{t}_{0}, C}$ 。设排队车辆编号集合为 $\mathrm{{UC}}$ ,车辆数量为 $\mathrm{{UCN}}$ ,剩余充电需求序列为 ${P}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}{}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}}$ ,根据式 (21) 可计算出当前排队车辆最短充电时长序列 ${T}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}}$ 为:
$ {P}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}{}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}} = \left\{ {{p}^{\mathrm{{rc}}}{}_{{t}_{0},1},{p}^{\mathrm{{rc}}}{}_{{t}_{0},2},\ldots ,{p}^{\mathrm{{rc}}}{}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UCN}}}}\right\} 。 $
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {T}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}} = \frac{{P}_{-{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}}{{p}_{\max } \cdot \eta } \\ {T}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}} > 0,{P}_{-{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}}^{\mathrm{{RE}}} > 0 \end{array}。}\right. $
则当前正在排队车辆的预估充电时长序列 ${T}_{{T}_{0},\mathrm{{LU}}}$ 为:
$ {T}_{{T}_{0},\mathrm{{LU}}} = {T}_{{t}_{0},\mathrm{{UC}}} + \min {T}_{{t}_{0}, C} \circ $
充电调度平台在 $t$ 时刻筛选出 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 集合中已完成服务的充电桩, 设其编号集合为 SUC, 数量为 USN。根据 4.1 节计算得到排队车辆预估完成的充电时长序列及车辆编号序列分别为:
$ {T}_{{T}_{0},\mathrm{{LU}}} = \left\{ {{T}_{{t}_{1}, l{u}_{1}},{T}_{{t}_{2}, l{u}_{2}},\ldots ,{T}_{{t}_{n}, l{u}_{r}}}\right\} 。 $
$ \mathrm{{LU}} = \left\{ {l{u}_{1}, l{u}_{2},\ldots , l{u}_{r}}\right\} \text{。} $
式中: ${T}_{{T}_{0},\mathrm{{LU}}}$$\mathrm{{LU}}$ 分别为充电时长序列、车辆编号序列; $r$ 为排队车辆数量。
为了使充电桩健康状态达到最优, 需要根据充电时长为用户匹配健康度合适的充电桩。由于传统的冒泡排序算法时间复杂度高、效率低,不适合应用于对数据量或稳定性要求高的场景, 本文采用改进冒泡算法对变量值进行排序,算法整体流程如下。
1)设待排序的变量值集合为:
$ \mathrm{{KA}} = \left\{ {{k}^{\left( {a}_{1}\right) },{k}^{\left( {a}_{2}\right) },\ldots ,{k}^{\left( {a}_{r}\right) }}\right\} 。 $
式中: ${k}^{\left( {a}_{r}\right) }$ 的元素数量为 1 且 $\mathrm{{KA}}$ 的元素数量不少于1。每个变量值为一组并依次编号。
2)按照变量编号大小依次将相邻的两组变量值划分为一组,每组元素分别进行比较并按升序排列, 重组合并形成新的变量值集合并重新编号:
$ \mathrm{{KB}} = \left\{ {{k}^{\left( {b}_{1}\right) },{k}^{\left( {b}_{2}\right) },\ldots ,{k}^{\left( {b}_{r}\right) }}\right\} 。 $
式中: ${k}^{\left( {b}_{r}\right) }$ 的元素数量为 2 且 $\mathrm{{KB}}$ 的元素数量不少于1。
3)按照变量编号大小依次将相邻的两组变量值划分为一组,单位大组内每个小组内的元素进行交叉比较, 按照变量值大小升序排列, 重组合并形成新的变量值集合并重新编号:
$ \mathrm{{KC}} = \left\{ {{k}^{{c}_{1}},{k}^{\left( {c}_{2}\right) },\ldots ,{k}^{\left( {c}_{r}\right) }}\right\} 。 $
式中: ${k}^{\left( {c}_{r}\right) }$ 的元素数量大于 2 且 $\mathrm{{KC}}$ 的元素数量不少于1。
4) 重复步骤 3,当 $\mathrm{{KC}}$ 的元素数量为 1 且 ${k}^{\left( {c}_{r}\right) }$ 的元素数量等于 $\mathrm{{KA}}$ 时,得到最终排序的变量值集合:
$ K = \left\{ {{k}^{\left( 1\right) },{k}^{\left( 2\right) },\ldots ,{k}^{\left( r\right) }}\right\} 。 $
式中: $r \geq 1$
利用改进冒泡算法对充电桩健康度和充电时长进行排序。根据排序结果, 排队车辆的充电位置需要满足以下约束:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{t,{z}_{1}} = {\mathrm{{LU}}}_{x,{z}_{1}} \\ {F}_{t,{z}_{2}} = {\mathrm{{LU}}}_{x,{z}_{2}} \\ {z}_{1},{z}_{2} \in \mathrm{{SUC}} \\ {x}_{1},{x}_{2} \in \mathrm{{LU}} \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${F}_{t,{z}_{1}}\text{、}{F}_{t,{z}_{2}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻 SUC 集合内健康状态值最大和最小的充电桩服务状态; ${z}_{1}\text{、}{z}_{2}$ 分别为对应充电桩的编号; ${\mathrm{{LU}}}_{x,1}$${\mathrm{{LU}}}_{x,2}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻根据排队编号次序选取的 USN 个排队车辆中预估充电时间最长和最短的排队车辆编号。
电动汽车充电结束后, 充电桩健康状态值均会发生不同程度的变化。通过求解充电桩健康度优化模型以获取在该模型下的各项指标数值, 依据健康度模型动态评价充电桩健康度, 评估流程如 图 3 所示。
从充电运营商的角度考虑, 为保证所有充电桩的健康度趋势平稳, 充电结束后每个充电桩的各项健康度指标应达到最大, 充电站所有充电桩整体的健康度方差应降到最低。因此, 建立了以下目标函数:
$ {f}_{1} = \max \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{i = {Nt}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t = {24}}}{\mathrm{{HV}}}_{i}\left( t\right) \text{ 。 } $
$ {f}_{2} = \min \left\{ {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t = {24}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{i = N}}{\left( {\mathrm{{HV}}}_{i}\left( t\right) - {\mathrm{{HV}}}_{\text{ave }}\left( t\right) \right) }^{2}/N}\right\} 。 $
式中: $N$ 为充电桩数量; ${\mathrm{{HV}}}_{i}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻第 $i$ 个充电桩的健康度; ${\mathrm{{HV}}}_{\text{ave }}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻的充电桩健康度平均值。
NSGA-II算法在求解优化问题时引入精英策略, 克服了 NSGA 的缺陷, 对于复杂非线性以及多目标的优化问题能快速、准确地搜索到最优解空间, 并能保证最优解不会被抛弃。NSGA-II算法采用了拥挤度距离代替了传统NSGA的共享参数 $\sigma$ share,降低了求解的复杂度。基于NSGA-II算法模型求解流程如 图 4 所示。
本文采用了某一年江苏省南京市某区域充电站的充电桩相关参数信息和充电信息。充电桩三级基本指标测量数据及各项指标见附录 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 。该充电站共 10 个充电桩,充电桩充电效率 $\eta = {0.95}$ ,最大输入功率为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,恒定最大输出电压为 ${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 。 验证过程中, 将该年获取的数据按月度分为 12 个样本, 每个样本的样本数量与当月的天数一致, 输入变量为获取的当月充电信息, 充电桩初始健康度为当年首月首日的健康度数值并经评估确定。仿真分别设置 3 种策略情景,即本文策略+NSGA-II算法优化情景、本文策略+粒子群算法优化情景和未优化情景。通过验证本文策略及算法并与其他两种情景进行对比, 验证本文策略及算法的可行性。设定算法种群数量为 200 ,迭代次数为 500 次。
图 5 为 3 种策略情景下各充电桩月度健康度。 由 图 5 可知, 在初始健康度相同的情况下, 截止该年年末,通过本文策略+NSGA-II算法优化后,充电站健康度较未优化时提升 18.54%,平均每个充电桩提升 1.85%;通过本文策略+粒子群算法优化后, 充电站健康度较未优化时仅提升 2.76%,平均每个充电桩仅提升0.27%。
图 6 为充电站健康度月度方差。未优化时, 由于车辆充电未进行合理规划, 随着充电站服务时间的增长, 充电站健康度方差值逐月扩大, 该年度充电站最小方差为 0.0015 ,最大方差升至 0.0020 , 这导致充电站整体健康水平逐月降低, 而充电桩使用的不合理, 也增加了充电运营商再投资的可能性。在本文策略+NSGA-II算法优化后,由于对车辆的充电位置进行了规划, 充电桩得到了合理使用, 充电站健康度方差随时间呈降低趋势, 该年度充电站最小方差为 0.0014 ,最大方差仅为 0.0015 , 充电站整体的健康水平较平稳。在本文策略+粒子群算法优化后, 充电站健康度月度方差较未优化时有所改善, 充电站健康度最小方差为 0.0015, 最大方差降低至 0.0017 ,但与采用NSGA-II算法优化后的整体寻优效果还存在一定的差距。
图 7 为充电站各充电桩的年度服务车次及对应充电桩供电量。未优化时, 由于充电桩没有合理的充电规划,每个充电桩服务车次差别较小,且供电量也没有合理地调整, 供电量与充电桩服务车次呈正比,导致充电桩负载过重,寿命缩短。相较于其他两种情景, 通过本文策略+NSGA-II算法优化后, 根据各充电桩每月的健康度调整当月各个充电桩的服务车次及供电量, 使各个充电桩的服务车次及供电量处于一个合理的区间, 避免出现充电桩接入负荷过大、过小甚至不均衡的情况而导致健康度变化率过大, 影响充电桩及充电站整体的寿命。
为提升充电桩健康水平, 本文提出了基于充电桩健康度的电动汽车充电调度策略。通过对 3 种情景的仿真结果进行对比, 验证了本文策略的可行性及算法的适用性。验证表明,实行该策略并在 NSGA-II算法寻优后, 充电站年度健康度较采用粒子群寻优和未优化时分别提升了 15.78%、18.54%, 平均每个充电桩分别提升了 1.58%、1.85%;充电站健康度最小方差较未优化时降低了 0.0001 , 最大方差较粒子群寻优和未优化时分别降低了 0.000 2 、 0.000 3。策略有效提升了充电站整体健康度和充电桩个体健康度, 在兼顾充电运营商利益和车主充电需求的同时, 延长了充电桩的使用寿命, 提升了充电桩的使用效率,降低了充电运营商的运维成本。 未来, 可以结合电网的调峰需求对该策略进一步研究。
  • 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司科技项目(524608230177)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.09
  • 接收时间:2023-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-12
  • 修回日期:2024-01-15
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国电南瑞科技股份有限公司科技项目(524608230177)
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    南瑞集团有限公司 国网电力科学研究院有限公司 南京 211106
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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