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To address the challenge of determining control point locations in the cubic Bspline curve algorithm for intelligent vehicle lanechange trajectory planning, an optimization method based on NSGAII was proposed. Lanechanging trajectories for intelligent vehicles were planned using cubic Bspline curves. Under low, medium, and highspeed conditions, the NSGAII multiobjective optimization algorithm was applied to optimize the control point positions of these trajectories. The optimization focused on two key objectives, i.e. minimizing the length of lanechanging trajectories and reducing the average curvature of the trajectories. To verify the feasibility of the optimized trajectory, both simulations and realvehicle tests were conducted. The results show that the mean curvature and trajectory length are reduced after optimization under three different speed conditions. Specifically, the longitudinal displacement and mean curvature are reduced by 12.5% and 12%, 12.5% and 40%, 8.3% and 15.4% for low, medium and high speeds, respectively. In the cosimulation scenario, the optimized trajectory tracking shows a maximum lateral error of less than 0.1 m under low and medium speeds of 10 m/s and 20 m/s, respectively. At high speed of 30 m/s, the maximum lateral error remains below 0.3 m. In the real vehicle tests, the maximum lateral error before optimization is approximately 0.5 m. After optimization, this error is reduced to under 0.4 m, reflecting an improvement of over 20%.

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针对智能车辆三次B样条曲线换道轨迹规划算法中控制点位置难以确定的问题,提出一种基于NSGAII的换道轨迹优化方法。采用三次B样条曲线规划了智能车辆换道轨迹,在低、中、高车速工况下,以换道轨迹长度及轨迹平均曲率为优化目标,采用NSGAII多目标优化算法对三次B样条曲线换道轨迹的控制点位置进行优化。为了验证优化后轨迹的可行性,进行仿真与实车验证。结果表明,在3种不同车速工况下,优化后换道轨迹在平均曲率、轨迹长度均有所减小,纵向位移与平均曲率分别减少了12.5%和12.0%、12.5%和40.0%、8.3%和15.4%;在联合仿真场景中,在10m/s、20m/s的低速、中速工况下,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差小于0.1m,在30m/s的高速工况下,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差不超过0.3m;在实车验证中,优化前轨迹跟踪最大横向误差接近0.5m,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差不超过0.4m,较优化前横向误差降低了20%以上。

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查云飞(1981-),男,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车动力学及控制、智能车运动控制与规划。E-mial:

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查云飞(1981-),男,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车动力学及控制、智能车运动控制与规划。E-mial:

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车速/( ) 控制点坐标 换道轨迹平均曲率 换道轨迹长度
10 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{3.5},0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{28},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{31.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.010 3 34.917 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {5,0}\right) ,\left( {{10},0}\right) ,\left( {{25},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{30},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.012 1 34.831 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{5.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{24},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{29.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.013 4 34.808 8
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{14},0}\right) ,\left( {{21},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{28},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.018 0 34.7787
20 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{7.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{15},0}\right) ,\left( {{55},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{62.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 6 69.452 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {8,0}\right) ,\left( {{16},0}\right) ,\left( {{54},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{62},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.0027 69.411 7
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{14},0}\right) ,\left( {{56},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{63},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 6 69.493 6
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{9.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{19},0}\right) ,\left( {{51},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{60.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 9 69.2910
30 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{22},0}\right) ,\left( {{88},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{99},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.8829
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{22},0}\right) ,\left( {{88},5,{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{99.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110.5},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.0010 108.913 2
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{12},0}\right) ,\left( {{24},0}\right) ,\left( {{86},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{98},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.893 6
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{13},0}\right) ,\left( {{26},0}\right) ,\left( {{84},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{97.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.925 6
), ArticleFig(id=1153802005924533066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797768020746776, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同车速下部分最优解集, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车速/( ) 控制点坐标 换道轨迹平均曲率 换道轨迹长度
10 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{3.5},0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{28},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{31.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.010 3 34.917 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {5,0}\right) ,\left( {{10},0}\right) ,\left( {{25},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{30},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.012 1 34.831 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{5.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{24},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{29.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.013 4 34.808 8
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{14},0}\right) ,\left( {{21},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{28},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{35},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.018 0 34.7787
20 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{7.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{15},0}\right) ,\left( {{55},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{62.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 6 69.452 5
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {8,0}\right) ,\left( {{16},0}\right) ,\left( {{54},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{62},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.0027 69.411 7
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {7,0}\right) ,\left( {{14},0}\right) ,\left( {{56},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{63},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 6 69.493 6
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{9.5},0}\right) ,\left( {{19},0}\right) ,\left( {{51},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{60.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{70},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.002 9 69.2910
30 $\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{22},0}\right) ,\left( {{88},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{99},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.8829
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{11},0}\right) ,\left( {{22},0}\right) ,\left( {{88},5,{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{99.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110.5},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.0010 108.913 2
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{12},0}\right) ,\left( {{24},0}\right) ,\left( {{86},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{98},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.893 6
$\left( {0,0}\right) ,\left( {{13},0}\right) ,\left( {{26},0}\right) ,\left( {{84},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{97.5},{3.5}}\right) ,\left( {{110},{3.5}}\right)$ 0.001 1 108.925 6
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基于NSGA-II的智能车辆换道轨迹规划与优化
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查云飞 1 , 张坤 1 , 沈磊 1 , 陈慧勤 2
汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2024,14(6): 970-980
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汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2024, 14(6): 970-980
基于NSGA-II的智能车辆换道轨迹规划与优化
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查云飞1 , 张坤1, 沈磊1, 陈慧勤2
作者信息
  • 1 福建理工大学 福建省汽车电子与电驱动技术重点实验室 福州 350118
  • 2 杭州电子科技大学 机械工程学院 杭州 310018
  • 查云飞(1981-),男,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车动力学及控制、智能车运动控制与规划。E-mial:

Lane-Change Trajectory Planning and Optimization for Intelligent Vehicles Based on NSGA-II
Yunfei ZHA1 , Kun ZHANG1, Lei SHEN1, Huiqin CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Fujian Key Laboratory of Automotive Electronics and Electric Driving Technology Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou 350118 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou 310018 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.05
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针对智能车辆三次B样条曲线换道轨迹规划算法中控制点位置难以确定的问题,提出一种基于NSGAII的换道轨迹优化方法。采用三次B样条曲线规划了智能车辆换道轨迹,在低、中、高车速工况下,以换道轨迹长度及轨迹平均曲率为优化目标,采用NSGAII多目标优化算法对三次B样条曲线换道轨迹的控制点位置进行优化。为了验证优化后轨迹的可行性,进行仿真与实车验证。结果表明,在3种不同车速工况下,优化后换道轨迹在平均曲率、轨迹长度均有所减小,纵向位移与平均曲率分别减少了12.5%和12.0%、12.5%和40.0%、8.3%和15.4%;在联合仿真场景中,在10m/s、20m/s的低速、中速工况下,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差小于0.1m,在30m/s的高速工况下,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差不超过0.3m;在实车验证中,优化前轨迹跟踪最大横向误差接近0.5m,优化后轨迹跟踪最大横向误差不超过0.4m,较优化前横向误差降低了20%以上。

智能车辆  /  换道轨迹规划  /  NSGA-II  /  三次B样条

To address the challenge of determining control point locations in the cubic Bspline curve algorithm for intelligent vehicle lanechange trajectory planning, an optimization method based on NSGAII was proposed. Lanechanging trajectories for intelligent vehicles were planned using cubic Bspline curves. Under low, medium, and highspeed conditions, the NSGAII multiobjective optimization algorithm was applied to optimize the control point positions of these trajectories. The optimization focused on two key objectives, i.e. minimizing the length of lanechanging trajectories and reducing the average curvature of the trajectories. To verify the feasibility of the optimized trajectory, both simulations and realvehicle tests were conducted. The results show that the mean curvature and trajectory length are reduced after optimization under three different speed conditions. Specifically, the longitudinal displacement and mean curvature are reduced by 12.5% and 12%, 12.5% and 40%, 8.3% and 15.4% for low, medium and high speeds, respectively. In the cosimulation scenario, the optimized trajectory tracking shows a maximum lateral error of less than 0.1 m under low and medium speeds of 10 m/s and 20 m/s, respectively. At high speed of 30 m/s, the maximum lateral error remains below 0.3 m. In the real vehicle tests, the maximum lateral error before optimization is approximately 0.5 m. After optimization, this error is reduced to under 0.4 m, reflecting an improvement of over 20%.

intelligent vehicles  /  lane-change trajectory planning  /  NSGA-II  /  cubic B-spline
查云飞, 张坤, 沈磊, 陈慧勤. 基于NSGA-II的智能车辆换道轨迹规划与优化. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 970 -980 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.05
Yunfei ZHA, Kun ZHANG, Lei SHEN, Huiqin CHEN. Lane-Change Trajectory Planning and Optimization for Intelligent Vehicles Based on NSGA-II[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 970 -980 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.05
随着汽车产业的快速发展, 智能车辆成为了新的发展方向。在智能车辆三大核心技术中, 规划决策是保证车辆安全、高效行驶的关键。自主换道系统旨在使车辆能感知交通环境, 并自主规划车辆的换道轨迹完成换道操作。换道轨迹规划是智能车辆在收到换道指令后, 根据当前交通环境, 迅速规划出一条安全、舒适、可行的换道轨迹,对于智能车辆的自主换道至关重要 [ 1 ]
智能车辆常用的换道轨迹规划方法有:图搜索法、采样法、机理模型法、曲线插值法等[2-6]。典型的图搜索算法包括 Dijkstra 算法、A 算法、 Hybrid A 算法等 [ 7 - 8 ] ,这些算法可以获得从 $\mathrm{A}$ 点到 $\mathrm{B}$ 点的最短路径,但是存在计算效率低、无法满足车辆模型约束等缺点。基于采样的算法主要为 RRT (快速搜索随机树)算法 [ 9 ] , RRT算法的主要目标是通过随机扩展和探索来构建一棵树, 该树在可行空间内探索智能车辆的可能行驶路径, 适用于高维、复杂环境下的规划问题,但轨迹不够平滑,无法直接作为智能车辆的换道轨迹 [ 10 - 11 ] 。常见的基于机理模型的换道轨迹规划算法为人工势场法 [ 12 - 13 ] , 该算法基于虚拟的力场概念, 通过建立一个能量场来引导智能车辆的运动, 使其移动到目标位置, 该算法具有计算效率高, 且可以处理复杂环境和动态障碍物的优点, 但容易陷入局部最优, 需要引入其他方法进行优化 [ 14 - 15 ]
为解决上述换道轨迹规划方法存在的轨迹平滑与轨迹计算效率问题, 相关学者提出了基于曲线插值的算法。基于曲线插值的算法主要有多项式曲线、样条曲线等, 这些方法具有计算成本低、结果精确的优点 [ 16 - 17 ] 。常用的多项式曲线算法为五次多项式曲线, 该算法的基本思想是在轨迹上定义一个五次多项式函数, 满足轨迹在起点、终点、曲率连续性等一系列约束条件。WANG Yangyang 等 [ 18 ] 基于动态安全域模型, 通过对车辆进行参数化建模, 对安全边界和舒适边界进行量化, 提出了一种五次多项式轨迹规划方法, 并通过仿真和试验验证了该方法的有效性, 提高了变道的安全性和舒适性。 刘鹏等 [ 19 ] 基于五次多项式构建换道路径簇以保证路径满足起点与终点的位置、速度、曲率约束, 建立了考虑环境总势场、路径长度与曲率的多目标评价函数以确定最优路径, 该方法能有效处理换道过程中的约束并保证换道过程中的换道效率与安全性。KOU Yukang等 [ 20 ] 将车辆动力学模型与智能车辆运行工况相结合, 利用相应的位置关系分析并建立相应的安全域。同时, 对理想状态下的五次多项式模型进行了改进, 建立了纵向上的六次多项式模型, 可以实时为车辆规划安全高效的变道路线。 LIU Yonggang 等 [ 21 ] 提出了一种基于离散全局轨迹的复杂动态场景下的动态变道轨迹规划方法。在变道过程中, 通过三次多项式函数实时生成车辆路径和变道速度, 针对动态变道轨迹规划中存在的问题, 采用车辆末端位置与速度解耦技术, 建立了动态解耦变道轨迹规划方法, 仿真结果表明, 动态解耦变道轨迹规划方法在复杂场景下的安全性、舒适性和效率方面都有较大的提高。袁伟等 [ 22 ] 利用五次多项式曲线作为智能车辆避撞换道轨迹, 建立临界避撞距离, 通过仿真试验验证避撞策略及避撞轨迹的可行性。牛国臣等 [ 23 ] 在五次多项式的基础上, 设计了一种基于双五次多项式的智能汽车换道轨迹规划算法, 以动态规划换道时间和增加舒适性约束条件来改进五次多项式规划算法, 在换道过程中安全性得到提升且操纵稳定性良好。但由于基于五次多项式曲线的换道轨迹规划算法受限于换道起点与终点的状态, 导致生成的轨迹与预期存在一定出入,有一定的局限性。因此,相关学者提出了基于三次 B 样条曲线的轨迹规划算法, 利用控制点位置来确定换道起点与终点以及轨迹形状, 增加轨迹规划的灵活性 [ 24 ] 。NOREEN [ 25 ] 采用一种基于三次B 样条曲线的轨迹平滑算法来解决大多数规划器所生成的非平滑次优线性分段轨迹。KANO等 [ 26 ] 设计了一种构建曲率的轨迹规划方法,通过三次 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条作为基函数的平滑样条曲线, 以三次 B 样条曲线控制点位置确定轨迹曲率。相关研究表明, 三次 B 样条曲线可以很好地通过 6 个控制点的位置调整保证轨迹规划的准确性, 其中换道起点与终点为 2 个控制点, 其他 4 个控制点位置分布在起点与终点之间, 因此, 中间控制点位置对轨迹的好坏影响较大, 如何确定三次 B 样条中间控制点位置成为了一个值得研究的问题。
针对三次 B 样条曲线轨迹规划算法中间点位置的确定问题, 本文以智能车辆为研究对象, 提出一种基于NSGA-II的三次B样条曲线轨迹规划与优化算法。首先以三次 B 样条曲线为基础, 建立换道约束条件, 随后以换道轨迹的平顺性、时效性为优化目标, 采用NSGA-II 多目标优化算法, 分别对不同车速下三次 B 样条曲线中间控制点位置进行优化, 得到不同车速下的优化轨迹, 通过仿真与实车试验, 对优化后的轨迹进行跟踪, 并对结果进行分析, 验证算法的可行性。
针对智能车辆换道轨迹要求,结合三次 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条曲线换道轨迹曲率连续变化、在起点与终点处曲率为 0 的约束条件,构建三次 B 样条曲线规划模型。
$k$ 阶B样条曲线定义为 [ 27 ] :
$ P\left( u\right) = \left\lbrack {{P}_{0}{P}_{1}\cdots {P}_{n}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {B}_{0, k}\left( u\right) \\ {B}_{1, k}\left( u\right) \\ \vdots \\ {B}_{n, k}\left( u\right) \end{matrix}\right\rbrack = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{n}{P}_{i}{B}_{i, k}\left( u\right) 。 $
式中: ${P}_{0},{P}_{1},\cdots ,{P}_{n}$$n + 1$ 个控制点; ${B}_{i, k}\left( u\right)$ 为第 $i$$k$$\mathrm{B}$ 样条基函数;对应控制点 ${P}_{i}, u$ 为节点实例的非递减序列连续变化值。
基函数 ${B}_{i, k}\left( u\right)$ 德布尔-递推式为:
$ {B}_{i, k}\left( u\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} 1,\;{u}_{i} \leq u < {u}_{i + 1}, \\ 0,\text{ else } \end{array},}\right. & k = 1 \\ \frac{u - {u}_{i}}{{u}_{i + k - 1} - {u}_{i}}{B}_{i, k - 1}\left( u\right) + & \\ \frac{{u}_{i + k} - u}{{u}_{k + 1} - {u}_{k + 1}}{B}_{i + 1, k - 1}\left( u\right) , & k \geq 2 \end{array}\right. $
。(2)
约定 $0/0 = 0,{u}_{i}$ 为一组节点矢量非递减序列连续变化值,且 ${u}_{i} \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 。将 ${P}_{0},{P}_{1},\cdots ,{P}_{5}$ 六个控制点坐标代入式(1)可得到三次 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条曲线,如 图 1 所示。
三次 B 样条曲线换道轨迹由控制点位置决定, 不同的换道工况会产生不同的约束。 图 2 为一种典型的双车道换道超车工况, 车辆 2 为障碍车辆, 静止停靠在右侧道路,车辆 1 为行驶车辆,以 ${v}_{1}$ 的速度匀速行驶, 当车载传感器检测到车辆 2 影响车辆行驶时, 进行换道避障, 通过车辆运动学模型约束与碰撞约束来确定三次 B 样条曲线控制点边界。
根据车辆运动学模型可知,车辆转弯半径 $r$ 、 轴距 $l$ 、前轮转角 ${\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}$ ,以及轨迹曲率 $k$ 的关系为:
$ k = \frac{1}{r} = \frac{\tan {\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}}{l}\text{。} $
考虑智能车辆的转向性能, 换道轨迹的曲率应不超过 $1/{r}_{\min }$ ,即:
$ k \leq \frac{1}{{r}_{\min }}\text{。} $
为了准确描述换道车辆与周围车辆之间的运动学关系,需建立车辆模型。目前常用的车辆模型有矩形模型、椭圆模型和动态包络圆模型等 [ 28 ] 。考虑到矩形模型最能反映车辆实际形状, 且车辆运动过程误差最小, 所以本文选择矩形车辆模型作为研究对象, 矩形车辆模型如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 矩形车辆模型的坐标系为直角坐标系, 原点与车辆质心位置 $\mathrm{O}$ 重合, 设 $\mathrm{A}$ 为车头左侧顶点, B、C、D分别为顺时针方向确定的其他 3 个顶点,设车辆长度为 $L$ ,宽度为 $W,\mathrm{{OA}}$ 连线与 $x$ 轴的夹角为 $\alpha$ ,质心位置坐标为 $\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) ,{y}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) }\right)$ ,则任意时刻 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{B}$$\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{D}$ 四个顶点坐标为:
$ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} {x}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right) \end{array}\right\rbrack = \frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} L & - W & 0 & 0 \\ L & W & 0 & 0 \\ - L & W & 0 & 0 \\ - L & - W & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} \cos {\varphi }_{k}\left( t\right) & \cos {\varphi }_{k}\left( t\right) \\ \sin {\varphi }_{k}\left( t\right) & - \sin {\varphi }_{k}\left( t\right) \\ 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} {x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) \\ {x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) & {y}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( t\right) \end{array}\right\rbrack 。 $
$ {\varphi }_{k}\left( t\right) = \arctan \frac{{y}_{k}\left( {t + T}\right) - {y}_{k}\left( t\right) }{{x}_{k}\left( {t + T}\right) - {x}_{k}\left( t\right) },\;0 \leq t \leq {t}_{\mathrm{f} \circ } $
为了限制障碍车辆处于行驶车辆矩形外部, 采用一种基于图形面积的代数不等式作为约束条件, 满足行驶车辆与障碍车辆不会发生碰撞:
$ {S}_{\Delta \mathrm{{EAB}}} + {S}_{\Delta \mathrm{{EBC}}} + {S}_{\Delta \mathrm{{ECD}}} + {S}_{\Delta \mathrm{{EDA}}} > {S}_{\square \mathrm{{ABCD}}} $
式中: ${S}_{ \bigtriangleup }$ 为三角形面积; ${S}_{\square }$ 为矩形面积,约束条件如 图 4 所示, 其中 E 为障碍车辆上的任意一点。
矩形车辆模型顶点计算完成后即可通过图形面积代数不等式来判断行驶车辆与障碍车辆是否发生碰撞, 图 5 为行驶车辆与障碍车辆顶点示意图, ${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 分别为行驶车辆 4 个端点, ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;B}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 分别为障碍车辆 4 个端点,障碍车辆各个端点图形面积代数不等式计算式为:
$ {S}_{A} = \left( {\left| {\overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{A}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{B}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{B}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{C}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{C}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{D}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{D}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{A}_{2}{A}_{1}}}\right| }\right) /2, \\ {S}_{\mathrm{B}} = \left( {\left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}}\right| }\right) /2, \\ {S}_{\mathrm{C}} = \left( {\left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}}\right| }\right) /2, \\ {S}_{\mathrm{D}} = \left( {\left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}}\right| + \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}}\right| }\right) /2, \\ S = \left| {\overrightarrow{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}} \times \overrightarrow{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}}\right| \text{。} $
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 分别为障碍车辆矩形车辆模型 4 个端点与行驶车辆矩形车辆模型 4 个顶点的 4 个三角形面积和; $S$ 为行驶车辆矩形面积。
${S}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 均小于 $S$ 时,表示障碍车辆(8)与行驶车辆不会发生碰撞,反之则会发生碰撞。
针对三次 B 样条曲线中间控制点的位置优化问题,采用NSGA-II [ 29 ] 算法对其进行优化,建立多目标优化模型,寻找不同车速下的最优控制位置点。
考虑到不同的三次 B 样条曲线控制点坐标会生成不同的换道轨迹, 以换道轨迹平均曲率和换道轨迹长度为优化目标,采用NSGA-II对三次 B 样条曲线 6 个控制点坐标优化计算, 优化流程如 图 6 所示。
换道轨迹平均曲率 $c$ 、换道轨迹长度 $l$ 的计算式分别为:
$ c = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{K}_{i}}{n} $
$ l = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{n - 1}}\sqrt{{\left( {x}_{i + 1} - {x}_{i}\right) }^{2} + {\left( {y}_{i + i} - {y}_{i}\right) }^{2}} \circ $
式中: $l$ 为换道轨迹的长度,用于反映换道时间; $c$ 为换道轨迹的平均曲率, 用于反映换道过程中的横向舒适性; ${K}_{i}$ 为轨迹点 ${P}_{i}$ 的曲率; $\left( {{x}_{i},{y}_{i}}\right)$ 为换道轨迹序列 ${P}_{1}\left( {{x}_{1},{y}_{1}}\right) ,{P}_{2}\left( {{x}_{2},{y}_{2}}\right) ,\cdots {P}_{n}\left( {{x}_{n},{y}_{n}}\right)$ 的坐标。
控制点坐标位置优化的数学模型为:
寻找 ${P}_{1,2,\cdots ,6}\left( {x, y}\right)$ ,
边界约束 ${P}_{6}\left( {x \leq 4{v}_{1}, y = {3.5}}\right)$ ,
最小化 $c$ ,
$ \text{最小化}l \leq 4{v}_{1}\text{。} $
式中: 规定控制点 ${P}_{1}$ 为智能车辆换道起点,坐标为 (0,0); 控制点 ${P}_{6}$ 为换道终点,需满足式 (7) 中的约束条件。
考虑车辆在不同行驶速度下的换道距离不同, 以 10、20、30 m/s 为例,设置 NSGA-II 算法的初始化种群数为 100 , 种群遗传代数为 100 , 交叉遗传概率为 0.8 , 变异概率为 0.05 。经过 100 代迭代计算后, 3 种不同车速下输出 Pareto 最优解集收敛曲线如 图 7 所示,其中, $x$ 轴代表换道轨迹平均曲率值, $y$ 轴代表换道轨迹长度值。
3 种不同车速下部分最优解集和对应控制点坐标见 表 1 。为了消除不同特征之间的量纲对参数选择的影响, 方便对数据进行比较和处理。本文对解集中的换道轨迹平均曲率和换道轨迹长度进行归一化处理, 采用的是最大-最小归一化方法, 将两者的原始数据的值都缩放在 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 区间。转换式为:
$ {x}^{ * } = \frac{x - \min \left( x\right) }{\max \left( x\right) - \min \left( x\right) }。 $
式中: ${x}^{ * }$ 为归一化之后的结果; $x$ 为原始数据; $\max \left( x\right)$$\min \left( x\right)$ 分别为要归一化数据中的最大值和最小值。
根据式 (12) 对 表 1 中的换道轨迹平均曲率与换道轨迹长度进行归一化处理, 选择 3 种速度下的最优解如下: 当智能车辆以 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的速度进行换道时, 选取第 3 组控制点坐标作为优化后轨迹控制点坐标; 当智能车辆以 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的速度进行换道时,选取第 4 组控制点坐标作为优化后轨迹控制点坐标; 当智能车辆以 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的速度进行换道时,选取第 4 组控制点坐标作为优化后轨迹控制点坐标。
根据 NSGA-II 算法优化前后对应的换道轨迹和换道轨迹曲线对比如 图 8图 9 所示。由 图 8a可知, 在智能车辆行驶速度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的低速工况下,优化前的换道轨迹纵向位移为 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,而经 NSGA-II 优化后的换道轨迹纵向位移为 ${35}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,换道轨迹长度减少了12.5%。由 图 8 b、c 可知,在 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 、30 m/s 的中速、高速行驶工况下,经NSGA-II优化后的换道轨迹长度在纵向位移上均比优化前减少了 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。由 图9 a可知, 优化前后的轨迹均满足换道起点与终点曲率为 0 ,优化前换道轨迹最大曲率为 0.025 ,优化后最大换道曲率为 0.022 ,较优化前减小了 12.0%。 由 图9 b可知,在车速为 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下,优化前换道轨迹最大曲率为 0.01 , 优化后换道轨迹最大曲率为 0.006,轨迹最大曲率减小了 40.0%。由 图 9c可知,在车速为 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下,优化前换道轨迹最大曲率为 0.0026 ,优化后换道轨迹最大曲率为 0.002 2 , 较优化前减少了 15.4%。
综上所述, 3 种不同车速工况下经 NSGA-II 优化过后的轨迹长度及曲率均优于优化前, 使智能车辆在换道时更加平顺、迅速。
为了更好地验证本文方法的有效性,在 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下进行超车对比分析, 仿真结果如 图 10 所示。 由图 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 可知,优化前轨迹的纵向位移为 ${160}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,而经 NSGA-II 优化后的轨迹纵向位移为 ${140}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,减少了 12.5%。由 图 10b可知,轨迹曲率均满足起点与终点曲率为 0 , 优化前的最大曲率为 0.01 , 而经 NSGA-II 优化后的最大曲率为 0.006 , 最大曲率减少了 40%。
为验证前文所述换道轨迹有效性, 采用单点预瞄模型对换道轨迹进行跟踪控制。如 图 11 所示, 车辆以恒定横摆角速度行驶,在预测时间 ${t}_{p}$ 后,车辆质心 $G$ 到达 $C$ 处, $R$${GC}$ 圆弧的半径, $O$ 为圆心, $\theta$${GC}$ 圆弧的圆心角,此时车辆航向角为 $\varphi$${XGY}$ 为车辆坐标系,智能车辆在 $X$ 轴和 $Y$ 轴上的位移分别为 ${X}_{GC}$${Y}_{GC}$ 。预瞄点 $P$ 与智能车辆目标路径的横向误差为 ${\Delta f}$ ,智能车辆行驶速度方向 ${GB}$ 与智能车辆行驶轨迹相切于 $G$ 点。由于智能车辆质心速度 ${v}_{l}$$Y$ 轴上的分速度 $v$ 远小于在 $X$ 轴方向上的分速度 $u$ ,因此,智能车辆在 $X$ 轴方向上的位移 ${X}_{GC}$ 约等于 $u{t}_{p}$ 。根据 图 11 所示的单点预瞄跟踪模型可知, 跟踪目标的期望转角 $\theta$ [ 30 ] :
$ \theta = 2\left\lbrack {\arctan \left( \frac{\Delta f}{u{t}_{p}}\right) - \beta }\right\rbrack \circ $
利用 CarSim 与 Matlab/Simulink 软件进行联合仿真,将车辆速度分别设置为 ${10}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{30}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,对优化后的规划轨迹进行跟踪仿真, 仿真结果如 图 12图 13 所示。
图 12图 13 可知, 智能车辆对规划轨迹具有良好的跟踪能力, 跟踪误差较小。在车速为 10 、 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的低速、中速工况下,最大横向误差均小于 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,在车速为 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的高速工况下,最大横向误差不超过 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,该换道轨迹规划方法有效。
为进一步验证本文提出方法的有效性, 基于试验平台 ( 图 14 ), 在封闭园区中进行实车试验。该线控底盘搭载高精度组合导航设备, 以 16 线激光雷达、毫米波雷达获取环境信息, 采用工业控制计算机作为计算单元,利用开源自动驾驶软件 Autoware.AI 中的 Pure Pursuit 算法, 进行跟踪控制。 考虑场地的限制及安全因素, 将本次实车验证的跟踪车速设置为 $2\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
根据试验工况, 采用前文的 NSGA-II 多目标优化算法对三次 B 样条曲线轨迹进行优化, 优化前后的换道轨迹与轨迹曲率如 图 15 所示。
图 15a可知,优化前后轨迹的纵向位移变化不大, 由 图 15b可以得出优化前轨迹最大曲率为 0.135, 优化后轨迹最大曲率为 0.115, 较优化前减小了 14.8%。
基于优化前后的规划轨迹进行实车跟踪, 跟踪结果如 图 16图 17 所示。由 图 16 可知, 优化后的轨迹跟踪稳定性优于优化前。由 图 17 可知, 优化前轨迹跟踪的最大横向误差为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,而跟踪优化后轨迹最大横向误差小于 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,较优化前的横向误差减少了 20%。
针对现有三次 B 样条曲线控制点坐标位置难确定的问题, 本文提出了一种基于 NSGA-II 的换道轨迹规划方法, 结论如下。
1)构建智能车辆三次 B 样条曲线模型, 确定其运动学模型约束和碰撞约束, 确保规划结果的安全性与可行性。
2)以换道轨迹长度与轨迹平均曲率为目标, 采用NSGA-II多目标优化算法对三次 B 样条曲线控制点坐标位置进行优化, 得到低速、中速、高速工况下的最优轨迹, 相较于优化前轨迹, 优化后的轨迹在轨迹长度与最大曲率方面均减小了 10% 以上。
3)通过仿真验证与实车验证,经 NSGA-II 优化后的换道轨迹较优化前更加平顺, 在进行轨迹跟踪验证的过程中, 横向误差得到了减小, 更加有利于提高智能车辆的轨迹跟踪精度。
4)本文仅关注智能车辆换道轨迹规划的轨迹优化问题, 未考虑复杂交通环境下的动态规划问题,结合智能车辆运动控制还需进一步研究。在今后的研究中, 将进一步考虑动态环境以及智能车辆控制部分对换道轨迹规划带来的影响, 使本文所提出的优化方法更具有普适性。
  • 福州市“揭榜挂帅”重大科技项目(2022-ZD-008)
  • 福建省高校产学合作项目(2023H6019)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.05
  • 接收时间:2023-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-23
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福州市“揭榜挂帅”重大科技项目(2022-ZD-008)
福建省高校产学合作项目(2023H6019)
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    1 福建理工大学 福建省汽车电子与电驱动技术重点实验室 福州 350118
    2 杭州电子科技大学 机械工程学院 杭州 310018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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