Article(id=1153809126292443474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687795200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-27, revisedDate=1694361600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753019132445, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753019132445, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753019132445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753019132445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153809123054440769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='5', pageStart='745', pageEnd='919', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753019131673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481656846, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526310380417245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526310384611550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=868, endPage=877, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153809126711873875, articleId=1153809126292443474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Study on Lateral and Longitudinal Drift Dynamics of Battery Electric Rear-Drive Vehicles, columnId=1153756965063877395, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Analyzing the extreme drifting conditions of vehicle tires can greatly improve the horizontal and vertical control capabilities and driving safety of autonomous vehicles. This paper first adopts the UniTire model to describe the friction characteristics in high slip regions, and then optimizes the vehicle drift control algorithm. Next, based on the vehicle stability control principle, the target pressure for the wheel cylinder was calculated to achieve a quick return of the vehicle to steady straightline driving after drifting. Finally, the rapid prototype verification was carried out on the CANoe's industrial computer platform by integrating DYNA4 and Simulink. The results show that the control algorithm proposed in this paper allows the vehicle to quickly achieve lateral and longitudinal stability during drifting and to promptly return to straightline driving after drifting, meeting the realtime control requirements.

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对车辆轮胎漂移极限工况的分析可以大幅提高自动驾驶车辆的横纵向控制能力以及驾驶安全性。基于UniTire的大滑移的附着表达能力优化了整车漂移的控制算法,并依据整车稳定控制原理和预期制动回正时间参数等,实现漂移结束后车辆快速恢复稳态直线行驶的轮缸目标压力的计算,通过DYNA4与Simulink在CANoe工控机平台进行了快速原型验证。结果表明,优化后的控制算法能使车辆快速进入漂移的横纵向平衡状态以及漂移结束后快速恢复直线行驶,且能达到控制的实时性要求。

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杨一洋(1987-),男,江苏南通人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 18516543841 E-mail:
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马开献(1980-),男,河南虞城人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 13482601817 E-mail:

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马开献(1980-),男,河南虞城人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 13482601817 E-mail:

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马开献(1980-),男,河南虞城人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 13482601817 E-mail:

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参数 参数
整车质量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 1724 转向比 ${i}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 20.83
转动惯量 ${I}_{z}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 2960 制动钳有效面积 $A/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 0.003 6
前轴到质心距离 $a/\mathrm{m}$ 1.46 制动钳有效半径 ${r}_{\text{wheel }}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.105
后轴到质心距离 $b/\mathrm{m}$ 1.41 前轮轮距 $L/\mathrm{m}$ 1.404 9
侧向力曲率因子 $E$ 0.054 轮胎滚动半径 ${r}_{\text{tire }}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.328
轮胎的侧偏刚度 $K/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{rad}}}\right)$ 95 153 制动回正时间常数 ${t}_{\mathrm{{brake}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.5
动态摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.35 权重因子 $\eta$ 0.85
静态摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.56 控制调节因子 ${K}_{\beta }$ 2
摩擦参考速度 ${V}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 1.42 控制调节因子 ${K}_{r}$ 4
摩擦因数曲率因子 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 1.96 控制调节因子 ${K}_{Ux}$ 1.5
稳态车速 ${U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq1}}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 10 稳态车速 ${U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}2}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 11
稳态前轮转角 ${\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq1}}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 12 稳态前轮转角 ${\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}2}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 12
侧向加速度阈值 ${a}_{v\mathrm{t}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1153809175630041136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809126292443474, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=整车以及控制参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数
整车质量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 1724 转向比 ${i}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 20.83
转动惯量 ${I}_{z}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 2960 制动钳有效面积 $A/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 0.003 6
前轴到质心距离 $a/\mathrm{m}$ 1.46 制动钳有效半径 ${r}_{\text{wheel }}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.105
后轴到质心距离 $b/\mathrm{m}$ 1.41 前轮轮距 $L/\mathrm{m}$ 1.404 9
侧向力曲率因子 $E$ 0.054 轮胎滚动半径 ${r}_{\text{tire }}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.328
轮胎的侧偏刚度 $K/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{rad}}}\right)$ 95 153 制动回正时间常数 ${t}_{\mathrm{{brake}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.5
动态摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.35 权重因子 $\eta$ 0.85
静态摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.56 控制调节因子 ${K}_{\beta }$ 2
摩擦参考速度 ${V}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 1.42 控制调节因子 ${K}_{r}$ 4
摩擦因数曲率因子 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 1.96 控制调节因子 ${K}_{Ux}$ 1.5
稳态车速 ${U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq1}}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 10 稳态车速 ${U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}2}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 11
稳态前轮转角 ${\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq1}}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 12 稳态前轮转角 ${\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}2}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 12
侧向加速度阈值 ${a}_{v\mathrm{t}}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1153809175709732913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809126292443474, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差类型 均方根值
模式一 模式二
横摆角速度误差/(rad/s) 0.1254 0.1671
质量侧偏角误差/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 6.781 6 7.1881
车速误差 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.7421 0.8930
), ArticleFig(id=1153809175776841778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809126292443474, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=整车控制性能的仿真结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差类型 均方根值
模式一 模式二
横摆角速度误差/(rad/s) 0.1254 0.1671
质量侧偏角误差/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 6.781 6 7.1881
车速误差 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.7421 0.8930
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纯电动后驱汽车横纵向漂移动力学研究
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马开献 1 , 杨一洋 1 , 张玉新 2
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024,14(5): 868-877
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024, 14(5): 868-877
纯电动后驱汽车横纵向漂移动力学研究
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马开献1 , 杨一洋1 , 张玉新2
作者信息
  • 1 维克多汽车技术有限公司 上海 518048
  • 2 吉林大学 汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室 长春 130025
  • 马开献(1980-),男,河南虞城人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 13482601817 E-mail:

通讯作者:


杨一洋(1987-),男,江苏南通人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 18516543841 E-mail:
Study on Lateral and Longitudinal Drift Dynamics of Battery Electric Rear-Drive Vehicles
Kaixian MA1 , Yiyang YANG1 , Yuxin ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Vector Automotive Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai 518048 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control Jilin University Changchun 130025 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.13
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对车辆轮胎漂移极限工况的分析可以大幅提高自动驾驶车辆的横纵向控制能力以及驾驶安全性。基于UniTire的大滑移的附着表达能力优化了整车漂移的控制算法,并依据整车稳定控制原理和预期制动回正时间参数等,实现漂移结束后车辆快速恢复稳态直线行驶的轮缸目标压力的计算,通过DYNA4与Simulink在CANoe工控机平台进行了快速原型验证。结果表明,优化后的控制算法能使车辆快速进入漂移的横纵向平衡状态以及漂移结束后快速恢复直线行驶,且能达到控制的实时性要求。

自动驾驶  /  动态漂移  /  稳定控制  /  电动后驱  /  UniTire

Analyzing the extreme drifting conditions of vehicle tires can greatly improve the horizontal and vertical control capabilities and driving safety of autonomous vehicles. This paper first adopts the UniTire model to describe the friction characteristics in high slip regions, and then optimizes the vehicle drift control algorithm. Next, based on the vehicle stability control principle, the target pressure for the wheel cylinder was calculated to achieve a quick return of the vehicle to steady straightline driving after drifting. Finally, the rapid prototype verification was carried out on the CANoe's industrial computer platform by integrating DYNA4 and Simulink. The results show that the control algorithm proposed in this paper allows the vehicle to quickly achieve lateral and longitudinal stability during drifting and to promptly return to straightline driving after drifting, meeting the realtime control requirements.

autonomous driving  /  dynamic drift  /  stability control  /  electric rear-drive  /  UniTire
马开献, 杨一洋, 张玉新. 纯电动后驱汽车横纵向漂移动力学研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (5) : 868 -877 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.13
Kaixian MA, Yiyang YANG, Yuxin ZHANG. Study on Lateral and Longitudinal Drift Dynamics of Battery Electric Rear-Drive Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (5) : 868 -877 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.13
汽车行驶过程中,除受到空气作用力外,其他所有外界作用力都是由轮胎与路面摩擦力提供的 [ 1 ] 。车辆依靠轮胎与地面的相互作用而产生各种运动, 对于整车的横纵向控制有重要影响, 尤其在极限工况下。对车辆轮胎漂移极限工况的研究能较大程度提高自动驾驶车辆的横纵向控制能力以及驾驶安全性 [ 2 - 3 ]
汽车漂移与传统的转向不同, 过弯时需要更高的操作技巧, 如 图 1 所示, 由于后轮除了提供转向的侧向力外还需要提供驱动力, 因而较前轮而言, 后轮相对更易实现滑移状态。同时整车有较大的车身侧偏角,以及出现明显的前轮反打现象 [ 4 - 5 ] ,反打方向盘是为了前轮转角方向与前进方向接近, 是让前轮一直处于未滑移附着状态, 而不丧失对方向的控制。相关文献[4-6]表明,从受力角度分析是能让车辆处在这样非稳态的平衡状态的。
对于漂移控制, ONO等 [ 7 ] 采用了二自由度的整车模型来分析漂移时整车状态, 并对平衡点进行了研究, 文中车速为定值, 未考虑纵向的自由度。 HINDIYEH 等 [ 4 - 5 ] 采用三自由度后驱车辆模型以及 Filia 的轮胎模型, 实现车辆自主稳态转向控制, 但仅基于后轮恒值摩擦力饱和特性, 并没有考虑漂移大滑移下的轮胎力衰减特性。JAZAR 等 [ 8 ] 建立了漂移的稳定方程, 求出不稳定的平衡点, 实现了漂移的控制, 其系统对横摆角速度较敏感, 并没有进一步进行基于高保真的动力学模型或者实车的验证。CHEN Guoying 等 [ 9 ] 、HE Lei 等 [ 10 ] 结合了路径规划的漂移控制, 实现了分布式驱动车辆的 MPC 与 LQR 不同方式的漂移控制, 对于左后车轮分别进行力矩控制, 并很好地进行了实时性验证以及路径跟随,但是并不适用于采用普通差速器传动的后轴单电机驱动车辆。BAARS [ 11 ] 通过前馈与反馈方法的结合设计了一个典型的转弯控制器, 并分别通过内环和外环控制漂移控制器, 以保持正常行驶状态的漂移状态, 但并没有考虑漂移大滑移下的轮胎复合特性。HOU Xiaohui 等 [ 12 - 13 ] 提出了一个模糊积分滑模控制器对分布式驱动电动汽车进行了漂移的控制实现, 通过力矩差异控制实现了较好的漂移效果, 但是并不适用于采用普通差速器传动的后驱车辆, 也未进行漂移结束后车辆快速恢复稳态直线行驶研究。GUO Konghui 等 [ 14 ] 研究了轮胎极限大滑移工况, 得出摩擦附着与滑移速度密切相关的结论。
上述研究, 一方面并没有对轮胎大滑移区的附着特性进行细致描述, 对摩擦圆随着滑移速度提高而衰减进行考虑。另一方面, 大多数学者采用分布式驱动电动汽车作为研究对象, 可以实现左右车轮力矩的差异控制, 但对于普通后驱电动汽车漂移结束后车辆快速恢复稳态直线行驶并没有进一步研究。基于此, 本文首先基于 UniTire 的大滑移的附着表达能力优化了整车漂移的控制算法, 并依据整车稳定控制原理和预期制动回正时间参数等, 实现漂移结束后车辆快速恢复稳态直线行驶的轮缸目标压力的计算,最后通过 DYNA4 与 Simulink 在 CANoe 工控机平台进行了快速原型验证。
本节主要介绍后轮驱动车辆 (RWD) 模型, 包括动力学模型和轮胎力模型用于转向和驱动, 并进行车辆漂移分析, 以及漂移结束后整车回到直线稳定性控制分析。
本文使用三自由度 $1/2$ 模型 [ 4 ] ,如 图 2 所示。 由于车辆是后轮驱动,因此不考虑前轮胎的纵向力。
车辆动力学模型的 3 种状态是纵向速度 ${U}_{x}$ 、质心侧偏角 $\beta$ 和横摆率 $r$ ,模型的输入是前轮的横向力 ${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}$ 、后轮的纵向力 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}$ 和横向力 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$
该模型的控制方程如式(1)所示。
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \dot{\beta } = \frac{{F}_{y\mathrm{R}} + {F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}\cos \left( \delta \right) }{m{U}_{x}} - r, \\ \dot{r} = \frac{1}{{I}_{z}}\left( {a{F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}\cos \left( \delta \right) - b{F}_{y\mathrm{R}}}\right) , \\ {\dot{U}}_{x} = \frac{1}{{\rho }_{x}}\left( {{F}_{x\mathrm{\;R}} - {F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}\sin \left( \delta \right) }\right) + r{U}_{x}{\beta }_{ \circ } \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: $m$ 为整车的质量; ${I}_{z}$ 为整车的 $z$ 轴的旋转惯量; $a$$b$ 分别为前轴和后轴到质心的距离; $\delta$ 为前轴车轮的转角; 质心侧偏角 $\beta \approx {U}_{y}/{U}_{x}$
轮胎极限运行有强非线性, 尤其是在漂移状态,后轮几乎都处在大滑移区 [ 4 - 5 ] 。UniTire 轮胎模型可以精确描述轮胎大滑移下摩擦特性 [ 14 ] 以及复合工况下的力学特性 [ 15 ] 。考虑被控模型的实时性以及表达能力,本文采用 UniTire 半经验模型。 UniTire 轮胎侧向一般方程为:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \dot{F} = 1 - \exp \left\lbrack {-\phi - E{\phi }^{2} - \left( {{E}^{2} + \frac{1}{12}}\right) {\phi }^{3}}\right\rbrack , \\ {F}_{y} = {\mu \xi }{F}_{z}\dot{F}, \\ \phi = \frac{KS}{\left( \mu {F}_{z}\right) } = \frac{K\tan \left( \alpha \right) }{\left( \mu {F}_{z}\right) }。 \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: $E$ 为侧向力曲率因子,与轮胎载荷密切相关; $\dot{F}$ 为 UniTire 的一般无量纲表达方式; $\phi$ 为综合滑移率; $K$ 为轮胎的侧偏刚度; $\alpha$ 为前轮的侧偏角 ( $\alpha$${U}_{x},{U}_{y}$$r$ 的函数); $\xi$ 为纵向力影响因子 $\left( {0 < \xi < 1}\right)$ ,例如前轮为纯偏工况,此时 $\xi = 1;\mu$ 为摩擦因数, 其一般方程如式 (3) 所示 [ 14 ]
$ \mu = {\mu }_{\mathrm{s}} + \left( {{\mu }_{\mathrm{m}} - {\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) \exp \left( {-{\mu }_{\mathrm{h}}^{2}{\log }^{2}\left( {\left| \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}}\right| + \exp \left( {-\left| \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}}\right| }\right) }\right) }\right) $
。(3)式中: ${\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为动态摩擦因数; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为静态摩擦因数; ${V}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}$ 摩擦参考速度; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为摩擦因数曲率因子; 前轮的 ${V}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 可近似采用 ${U}_{x}\tan \left( \alpha \right)$ ,当 ${V}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 接近于 0 时, $\mu =$ ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 可认为 $\mu$ 是静态摩擦因数; 当 ${V}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 接近于 $\infty$ 时, $\mu = {\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$
由于前轮在汽车漂移时还需保持汽车方向的控制能力, 需控制不进入打滑状态, 轮胎的力学特性处在线性区。随着进入滑移区, 摩擦因数会随着滑移速度增加而明显降低。
本文研究对象为后驱车辆, 前轮只负责转向, 后轮除了提供转向的侧偏力外, 还需提供驱动的纵向力。在漂移工况下,后轮会一直处于滑移的饱和区, 根据轮胎的摩擦圆可计算后轴的修正因子 $\xi$ 为:
$ \xi = \frac{\sqrt{{\left( {\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}{F}_{z\mathrm{R}}\right) }^{2} - {F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{2}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}{F}_{z\mathrm{R}}}。 $
相对于前轴来讲, 漂移时后轴轮胎侧向滑动了,其侧向的滑移速度分量为 ${V}_{\mathrm{{sRY}}} = \left( {{br} - U\sin \beta }\right)$ , 而后轴整体滑移速度 ${V}_{\mathrm{{sR}}}$ ,这里近似表达为:
$ {V}_{\mathrm{{sR}}} = k \times \left( {{br} - U\sin \beta }\right) 。 $
式中: $k$ 为滑移速度的比例因子,大于 1 。
将式(5)代入式(3)便可获取对于该状态下的摩擦因数。根据文献[ 14 ]描述的大滑移率下,侧向与纵向的滑移速度比值与横纵向力比值是一致的, 这里采用:
$ \frac{{F}_{y\mathrm{R}}}{{F}_{x\mathrm{R}}} = \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{sR}}Y}}{\sqrt{{\left( {V}_{\mathrm{{sR}}}\right) }^{2} - {\left( {V}_{\mathrm{{sR}}Y}\right) }^{2}}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left( k\right) }^{2} - 1}} \circ $
对应式 (4),如果在定摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}$ 下,是较方便通过 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}$ ,便可得到摩擦圆下的 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$ 。但是考虑摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}$ 是滑移速度的变量,相对简易固定摩擦因数过程而言, 该求解的过程是多轮迭代的。联立式 (2) $\sim$ (5),例如在已知 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}$ 时,先假设一个 $k$ 初始值,可以获取后轮滑移速度 ${V}_{s\mathrm{R}}$ ,代入式 (3) 获得摩擦因数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}$ ,然后得出第 1 次迭代的 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}1}$ 。然后通过式 (6),又可获取新的 $k$ 值,当满足一定迭代误差时,经过几轮迭代,便可求得 $k$ 最终值,以及对应摩擦椭圆下的 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$ 。考虑被控对象的实效性,可以提前迭代求解出在固定纵向车速 ${U}_{x}$ 下的 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}$${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$ ,后续模型预测控制时,查表即可。
文献[ 4 ]和 [ 5 ] 描述了关于三自由度 $1/2$ 模型在固定 $\delta$${U}_{x}$ 初始条件下的车身侧偏角和横摆角速度 $\left( {\beta , r}\right)$ 响应轨迹图。利用该响应轨迹图可以较直观地进行系统状态空间的动态响应和稳态点分析, 图 3 是本文基于 $\delta = {0}^{ \circ }$${U}_{x} = {10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 条件下的 $(\beta$ , $r$ )的响应轨迹。
图 3 描绘了不同初始条件下诸多响应 $\left( {\beta , r}\right)$ 的轨迹图, 可以看出有 3 个平衡点, 首先红色正方形,也在坐标原点 $\left( {\beta = 0, r = 0}\right)$ 位置。这也是符合常理性的验证, 在大多数条件下, 汽车在方向盘为 ${0}^{ \circ }$ 条件下定速行驶,汽车都会收敛到红色圆点的稳定状态。然后绿色的圆点分别在第 2、4 象限, 对应左右 2 个方向的漂移, 从图形上可以明显看出, 没有状态轨迹汇聚于此, 这种平衡是一个不稳定的平衡点 [ 4 ]
结合式 (1), 当式中状态量的导数为 0 时, 汽车处于稳态的状态。将 $\dot{\beta } = \dot{r} = {\dot{U}}_{x} = 0$ ,可以获得:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \frac{{F}_{y\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} + {F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\cos \left( {\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\right) }{m{U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}} - {r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} = 0, \\ \frac{1}{{I}_{z}}\left( {a{F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\cos \left( {\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\right) - b{F}_{y\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}}\right) = 0, \\ \frac{1}{{I}_{z}}\left( {{F}_{x\mathrm{\;R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} - {F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\sin \left( {\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\right) }\right) + {r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}{U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}{\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}} = 0。 \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: ${F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{F}_{y\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}\text{、}{U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 分别为前轮侧向力、后轮侧向力、纵向力以及车身姿态对应的变量稳态值。
其中, ${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 侧偏力是侧偏角的函数,即是其他 5 个变量的函数。已知 5 个变量和 3 个方程, 只要将其中 2 个设置为常值, 那便可求解该稳态方程了。
图 4 ~5 是载荷为 ${8595}\mathrm{\;N}$ ,静态摩擦因数为 ${0.56},{U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} = {10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,不同稳态转角 ${\delta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 下的后轴轮胎纵向和侧向力的稳态情况。图中图标 “*” 为通常的稳态转弯,图标 $\Delta$ 为漂移转弯,不难看出相对于传统转弯而言, 漂移转弯时后轴轮胎已经充分占用了轮胎附着能力。相对于文献 [ 4 ] , 本文采用了轮胎滑移区摩擦表达,随着漂移加剧,轮胎的滑移区总体合力是衰减的。同时, 可以看出由于后驱车辆的后轮需要提供驱动力保持稳定车速, 减低了侧偏力的分成, 使后轴更易滑移, 达到漂移的目的。 在后面章节中, 也看出进入漂移时, 采用后轴加速驱动而进入漂移的状态。
汽车稳定系统 ESC 可以感知车辆在行驶过程中是否出现了侧滑或失控的情况, 尤其在急转弯、湿滑低附着路面等驾驶条件下非常有帮助。如果漂移结束后,不进行合适的操作,会有概率出现失稳状态。稳定性的方程通常为 [ 16 - 18 ] :
$ \left| {{B}_{1}\dot{\beta } + \beta }\right| \leq {B}_{2}\text{。} $
式中: ${B}_{1}\text{、}{B}_{2}$ 为稳定性的边界值,取值均为 0 。
以左方向漂移为例, 此时车辆是以漂移平衡的 ${\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 进行偏移转弯的,如 图 6 所示,如果想让车辆快速回稳,不难看出需要对车辆施加顺时针的力矩 ${M}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 。实现顺时针的力矩 ${M}_{\mathrm{b}}$ ,有多种方式,总结有 3 种, 一种为右侧车轮进行制动, 另一种为左侧车轮进行驱动, 或者 2 种结合的方式。由于本文车辆研究对象并非分布式轮边或轮毂电机驱动车辆, 或配置矢量控制的差速器, 较难实现左右驱动力矩的差异性控制。考虑到后驱电动汽车采用普通差速器传动的状态,下文采用制动的形式来进行稳定性控制。
如 1.2 节描述,后驱车辆进入漂移,是通过后轴加速驱动来降低侧向附着能力从而进入后轴甩尾的状态的, 因此, 出弯时应尽量降低后轴轮胎驱动、制动的纵向力对整体附着的占用, 有效避免出现后轴甩尾现象。综合上述左漂移情况, 采用右前轮制动将是较理想的出弯回稳方式。根据整车侧偏角、横摆角速度的偏差计算的回正力矩 ${M}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 如式 (9) [ 17 ] 所示。
$ {M}_{\mathrm{b}} = \sigma {r}_{\text{delt }} + \left( {1 - \sigma }\right) {\beta }_{\text{delt }} \circ $
式中: ${r}_{\text{delt }}$ 为横摆角速度与目标值的偏差; ${\beta }_{\text{delt }}$ 为质心侧偏角与目标值的偏差; $\sigma$ 为权重因子。
本文实现进入漂移的控制以及漂移结束并恢复到直线行驶的稳定状态, 下文分为两部分对其进行分析。
控制器通过获取实际外部车辆纵向车速、质心侧偏角和横摆角度 3 个信号, 计算出前轴目标转向角度、后轮目标驱动力矩的 2 个输出量来实现车辆偏移控制 [ 3 - 4 ]
将质心侧偏角误差 ${e}_{\beta } = \beta - {\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 作为控制外环加入到横摆角度速度目标值 ${r}_{\mathrm{{des}}}$ 的式中,并考虑横摆角速度误差 ${e}_{r} = r - {r}_{\mathrm{{des}}}$ ,其前馈的一阶的控制方程为:
$ {r}_{\mathrm{{des}}} = {r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} + {K}_{\beta }{e}_{\beta } \circ $
$ \dot{r} = {\dot{r}}_{\mathrm{{des}}} + {K}_{r}\left( {{r}_{\mathrm{{des}}} - r}\right) 。 $
式中: ${K}_{\beta }$${K}_{r}$ 分别为控制调节因子,值大于 0 。
考虑 ${r}^{\text{eq }}$${\beta }^{\text{eq }}$ 为横摆角速度与质心侧偏角的平衡状态常值,导数为 0,不难获得 $\dot{r} = {K}_{\beta }\dot{\beta } +$ ${K}_{r}\left( {{r}_{\mathrm{{des}}} - r}\right)$ ,同时,将式 (1) 里面的 $\dot{\beta }$$\dot{r}$ 的表达, 以及 $r = {e}_{r} + {r}_{\mathrm{{des}}}$ 代入该式,同时简化 $\cos \left( \delta \right) \approx 1$ , 可以获得 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}$ 的关系。
$ {k}_{2}{F}_{y\mathrm{R}} - {k}_{1}{F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}} = {K}_{\beta }^{2} + {K}_{\beta }{r}^{eq} + \left( {{K}_{\beta } + {K}_{r}}\right) {e}_{r} \circ $
式中: ${k}_{1} = \left( {a/{I}_{z}}\right) - \left( {{K}_{\beta }/m{U}_{x}}\right) ;{k}_{2} = \left( {b/{I}_{z}}\right) + \left( {{K}_{\beta }/m{U}_{x}}\right)$
这样可以获得 ${F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}$${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$ 前后两个侧向力的关系。可以看出 ${F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}$${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}$ 的值变化趋势是相同的,平衡状态下两者是同时增大或者同时减小的。
再结合式 (1) 纵向力, 加以速度的闭环控制 ${e}_{Ux} = {U}_{x} - {U}_{x}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ ,控制方程为:
$ {F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1} = {F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{eq}}} - m{K}_{Ux}{e}_{Ux} \circ $
式中: ${K}_{Ux}$ 为速度相关控制调节因子。
通过式(13)可以获取 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ 期望纵向力,根据 1.2 节中轮胎模型计算出滑移状态下摩擦圆对应的 ${F}_{y\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ ,再通过式 (12) 求得 ${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ ,对于 ${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ ,可以根据轮胎模型反求出对应的侧偏角 ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des1}}}$ ,从而求出对应的前轮转向角, 如式 (14) 所示。
$ {\delta }^{\text{desl }} = \arctan \left( {\left( {{U}_{y} + {ar}}\right) /{U}_{x}}\right) - {\alpha }_{\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}。 $
以上是控制器 2 个变量的解算流程。当然, 通过式(12)求解得出的 ${F}_{y\mathrm{\;F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ 目标值,可能超出了轮胎的附着极限,反求不出对应侧偏角的情况,为区分不同, 将该模式作为模式二。此时, 应当降低前轮侧向力的目标值 ${F}_{y\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}2}$ ,再通过式 (12) 反求出 ${F}_{yR}^{\mathrm{{des}}2}$ 。不难发现 ${F}_{yR}^{\mathrm{{des}}2} < {F}_{yR}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ ,而根据式(4)摩擦圆, 可知 ${F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}2} > {F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}1}$ 。对于这种情况,在漂移中也是常见的。在漂移初期, 质心侧偏角较小时, 通常采用增大后轮驱动力,来加快进入漂移的稳定状态。
考虑到实车横向与纵向的控制采用的是加速踏板开度 ${p}^{\text{des }}$ 和方向盘转角 ${\delta }_{\text{sw }}^{\text{des }}$ ,根据整车控制器 VCU 目标驱动力与踏板开度、车速的二维查表外特性, 以及转向比 ${i}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ ,可以获得:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} {p}^{\mathrm{{des}}} = f\left( {{F}_{x\mathrm{\;R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}}, U}\right) , \\ {\delta }_{\mathrm{{sw}}}^{\mathrm{{des}}} = {i}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}\left( {\arctan \left( \frac{\left( {U}_{y} + ar\right) }{{U}_{x}}\right) - {\alpha }_{\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{{des}}}}\right) \circ \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: $f\left( {{F}_{x\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{{des}}}, U}\right)$ 为整车控制器 $\mathrm{{VCU}}$ 驱动力与踏板开度、车速的外特性的查表函数。
以右前轮为例,在制动压力 $P$ 下,对应的稳态回正力矩为:
$ {M}_{\mathrm{b}} = {PA}{r}_{\text{wheel }}L/{r}_{\text{tire }} $
式中: $A$ 为制动钳有效面积,考虑左后两侧有效面积和; ${r}_{\text{wheel }}$ 为制动钳制动有效半径; $L$ 为前轮轮距; ${r}_{\text{tire }}$ 为轮胎滚动半径。
考虑制动回正时间常数 ${t}_{\text{brake }}$ ,可知对应的整车稳态回正力矩也可采用的近似表达如式(17)所示,其中直线行驶时目标 $r$ 为 0 。
$ {M}_{\mathrm{b}} = {I}_{z}\left( {r - 0}\right) /{t}_{\text{brake }} = {I}_{z}r\_ \operatorname{delt}/{t}_{\text{brake } \circ } $
联立式 (16) 和式 (17), 便可获取右前轮轮缸压力与横摆角速度目标偏差 ${r}_{\text{delt }}$ 的关系,如式 (18)所示。
$ P = \frac{{I}_{z}{r}_{\text{tire }}}{{t}_{\text{brake }}A{r}_{\text{wheel }}L}{r}_{\text{delt }}。 $
同样可以获取轮缸压力与质心侧偏角目标偏差 ${\beta }_{\text{delt }}$ 的关系,结合 ${M}_{\mathrm{b}} = {I}_{z}{\beta }_{\text{delt }}/{t}_{\text{brake }}^{2}$ ,可得到:
$ P = \frac{{I}_{z}{r}_{\text{tire }}}{{t}_{\text{brake }}^{2}A{r}_{\text{wheel }}L}{\beta }_{\text{delt }}。 $
再结合式 (9), 可获得轮缸目标压力的一般表达式为:
$ P = \eta \frac{{I}_{z}{r}_{\text{tire }}}{{t}_{\text{brake }}A{r}_{\text{wheel }}L}{r}_{\text{delt }} + \left( {1 - \eta }\right) \frac{{I}_{z}{r}_{\text{tire }}}{{t}_{\text{brake }}^{2}A{r}_{\text{wheel }}L}{\beta }_{\text{delt } \circ } $
式中: $\eta$ 为影响权重因子。
考虑到稳定系统通常工作在大侧向加速度下的极限工况, 为避免出现难以控制的侧滑, 这里采用触发阈值 [ 17 ] ,只有在车辆侧向加速度 ${a}_{y}$ 大于某一阈值 ${a}_{yt}$ 情况下,该稳定系统才触发。
为了验证控制算法的效果以及实时性, 本节进行了台架快速原型实时性验证, 控制算法编译完毕运行在下位机里, 图 7 为 HIL 台架上的仿真场景。 整车对应参数与控制参数见 表 1
快速原型可以在早期阶段验证控制器设计和概念的有效性。本文采用了 Vector RT RACK 工控机、 总线仿真工具 CANoe、动力学软件 DYNA4- Simulink 以及方向盘模拟器。
图 7 所示,整车动力学商业软件 DYNA4 [ 19 ] 与本文算法分别作为 CANoe 的 2 个节点, 编译完毕嵌入到 CANoe 工具中, 然后通过 CANoe 下载到实时机 RT RACK 中运行, RT Rack 通过 USB 与方向盘模拟器串口通信。当然,如果是一般 $\mathrm{{IO}}$ 硬线以及CAN、Lin等信号都是可以通过 CANoe 来接收交互的。对应的整车和控制参数见 表 1
本文对比了考虑UniTire轮胎模型和不考虑滑移区的Filia模型 [ 4 ] 控制效果,分析了漂移结束是否进入稳态控制的对比,分别对应 图 9 ~11 中的模式一与模式二(模式一为考虑大滑移特性UniTire轮胎模型以及漂移后直线回稳控制的工况; 模式二为未考虑滑移区轮胎模型以及不加以回正控制的工况)。为了进行充分对比,本文设计了如下工况,含 5 个状态: 首先整车在 $0 \sim 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 时保持 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的匀速行驶, $3 \sim 8\mathrm{\;s}$ 时从直线行驶进入漂移状态, $8 \sim {12}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时回到直线行驶, ${12} \sim {16}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时调节整车速度, ${16} \sim {23}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时进入另一目标速度下的漂移。
图 8 ~10 为整个过程中横摆角速度、质心侧偏角以及纵向速度的影响; 图 11 为方向盘转角和后轴驱动力矩的输入。首先,前 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,汽车进入匀速行驶, 由于电动车辆零踏板下, 是有制动能量回收的, 在控制稳态的匀速行驶时, 需要调节对应的踏板开度实现车辆的匀速行驶,由 图 11$3\mathrm{\;s}$ 后轴驱动力的输入曲线可以看出动力学软件的速度闭环控制在寻找踏板对应驱动力的位置, $0\mathrm{\;s}$ 时刻为零踏板开度下的整车控制器的力矩。
当车辆进入漂移状态 $3 \sim 8\mathrm{\;s}$ ,可根据目标速度下和转角下计算出对应的 ${\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}},{r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ ,可见 1.3 节。由 图 8 ~9 可知,考虑摩擦附着特性的 UniTire 模式一比模式二的横摆角速度与质心侧偏角有更小的超调量,并且与 ${\beta }^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$${r}^{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的目标参考值的稳态误差更小。 在速度响应方面如 图 10 所示, 模式一在更低的加速情况下便实现了漂移。其实, 进入漂移时加速, 后轮需要加大驱动力,使后轴附着能力饱和,实现漂移, 可以看出模式一横向速度误差是更小的。
在第 2 次漂移状态 ${16} \sim {23}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,是车辆从纵向速度 $9\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,进入目标速度 ${11}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的漂移控制过程。 由 图 8 ~10可知,考虑摩擦附着特性的 UniTire模式一中, 横摆角速度有 2 次波峰, 是由进漂移控制里 2 种模式的切换导致的, 这会大幅度降低横摆角度的超调量。同时, 横摆角速度与质心侧偏角有更小的误差,纵向速度的响应也是更好的。
图 8 ~10 中,8~12 s 为漂移后快速进入直线行驶的稳定控制。如上文所述, 考虑后驱电动车辆采用普通差速器传动的状态, 使用一般液压制动的方式。常规的直线行驶的方向盘以及质心侧偏角的目标值均为 0 ,为了让车辆更好地回正,后轴不加以驱动或制动, 以优化后轴的附着占用率。对前轮加以制动压力控制, 可以快速实现车辆的回稳, 由 图 8 ~10 可知,考虑稳态控制的模式一横摆角速度、 质心侧偏角都有快速下降的情况, 使车辆进入平稳的直线行驶中,也能预防失稳的出现,提高安全性。 图 12 为控制过程中, 右前轮的轮缸压力目标控制值。可以看出, 随着横摆角速度、质心侧偏角的下降, 轮缸压力也在变小, 压力的间隔是由车辆侧向加速度 ${a}_{yt}$ 阈值开关实现的,在 ${9.32}\mathrm{\;s}$ 由于整车侧向加速度低于该阈值, 所以退出制动模式。当然后续也可以进一步融合防抱死系统 ABS 算法来优化压力的控制。
2 种模式整体的误差见 表 2 ,可以看出模式一中各参数的误差均方根值均要优于模式二。 图 13 为整车在从时间 $t = 0\mathrm{\;s}$ 时刻到 ${12}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的过程中,车辆位置和状态的变化, 其中, 黄色线条为车辆前轴中心在路面上的轨迹。
本文进行了电动后驱车辆漂移过程横纵向控制以及漂移结束后快速恢复直线行驶的分析研究, 其对提高自动驾驶车辆的横纵向控制能力以及驾驶安全有一定参考意义。得出的主要结论如下。
1)汽车行驶过程中,大部分力都是轮胎与路面接触产生的摩擦力提供的。基于UniTire的大滑移的附着表达能力, 优化了整车漂移的控制过程, 使车辆能在稳定性限制之内实现预期的稳定横纵向控制, 控制过程以及误差均优于未考虑滑移特性的模式。
2)本文依据整车稳定控制原理,结合优化后轮附着利用率进行前轮制动,并依据预期制动时间常数等实现轮缸压力的计算,使车辆漂移结束后快速恢复直线行驶稳定控制状态, 以提高车辆安全性。
3)通过 DYNA4-Simulink 以及 CANoe 和对应的工控机 RT RACK 实现了模型快速原型验证, 结果表明, 基于本文的控制算法能使车辆快速进入漂移的横纵向平衡状态以及漂移结束后快速恢复直线行驶, 且能达到控制的实时性要求。后续可以进一步融合路径规划, 使漂移控制时能更好地跟随目标路径。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目:高级别自动驾驶系统安全概念设计方法研究(52075213)
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2024年第14卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.13
  • 接收时间:2023-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27
  • 修回日期:2023-09-11
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目:高级别自动驾驶系统安全概念设计方法研究(52075213)
作者信息
    1 维克多汽车技术有限公司 上海 518048
    2 吉林大学 汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室 长春 130025

通讯作者:


杨一洋(1987-),男,江苏南通人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶与智能底盘。Tel: 18516543841 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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