Article(id=1153813375315333508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=1697472000000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753020145491, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753020145491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753020145491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753020145491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153813374610690435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753020145323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481646291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=696, endPage=705, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153813375701209480, articleId=1153813375315333508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Quantitative Risk Assessment and Safety Measures for Hydrogen Refueling Stations, columnId=1153813375445356933, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Technology and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Supported by the dualcarbon goal and various new energy policies, the hydrogen energy industry has experienced rapid development. As the hub of upstream hydrogen production, midstream hydrogen storage and downstream application markets in the hydrogen energy industry, the construction and development of hydrogen refueling stations are inseparable from safety risk assessment. In this study, a quantitative risk assessment method for hydrogen refueling stations was established, and a quantitative risk assessment software Safeti was used to evaluate the risk of a hydrogen refueling station. Based on the individual risk contours and social risk analysis results, the accident risk level of the hydrogen refueling station was determined. Finally, to ensure the safety of hydrogen refueling stations, risk prevention and control measures are proposed from the aspects of standards, safety systems and institutional frameworks.

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在“双碳”目标和各项新能源政策的支持下,氢能产业迎来快速发展。加氢站作为氢能产业上游制、中游储和下游应用市场的枢纽,其建设发展离不开安全风险评估。建立了加氢站的定量风险评估方法,并以某一加氢站为例,利用定量风险评估软件 Safeti对加氢站风险进行了评估。基于个人风险等值线和社会风险分析结果,判定该加氢站的事故风险大小。为保障加氢站安全,从标准规范、安全系统和制度体系等方面提出了加氢站风险防控的对策和建议。

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贺雅(1999-),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢安全风险评估。Tel: 18811061005 E-mail:
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马秋菊(1987-),女,河南周口人,副教授,主要研究方向为气体泄漏-火灾-爆炸灾害演化动力学和事故风险量化技术。Tel: 15901150394 E-mail:

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马秋菊(1987-),女,河南周口人,副教授,主要研究方向为气体泄漏-火灾-爆炸灾害演化动力学和事故风险量化技术。Tel: 15901150394 E-mail:

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马秋菊(1987-),女,河南周口人,副教授,主要研究方向为气体泄漏-火灾-爆炸灾害演化动力学和事故风险量化技术。Tel: 15901150394 E-mail:

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language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rbv/NnJos10dwZhnRoiSWA==, figureFileBig=z/nG6vzw1JiEiiL2IDBtHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153824288168727295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375315333508, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热辐射强度/ 对设备的损坏 对人的伤害
37.50 操作设备损坏 1%死亡 (10 s), 100%死亡 (1 min)
25.00 在无火焰, 长时间辐射下木材燃烧的最小能量 重大烧伤 $\left( {{10}\mathrm{\;s}}\right) ,{100}\%$ 死亡(1min)
12.50 有火焰时, 木材燃烧及塑料熔化的最低能量 1 度烧伤 $\left( {{10}\mathrm{\;s}}\right) ,1\%$ 死亡(1min)
6.30 4.70 $8\mathrm{\;s}$ 内裸露皮肤有痛感;无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人 员穿上防护服可停留1min 暴露 16 s,裸露皮肤有痛感;无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作 人员穿上防护服可停留几分钟
1.58 长时间暴露无不适感
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热辐射强度/ 对设备的损坏 对人的伤害
37.50 操作设备损坏 1%死亡 (10 s), 100%死亡 (1 min)
25.00 在无火焰, 长时间辐射下木材燃烧的最小能量 重大烧伤 $\left( {{10}\mathrm{\;s}}\right) ,{100}\%$ 死亡(1min)
12.50 有火焰时, 木材燃烧及塑料熔化的最低能量 1 度烧伤 $\left( {{10}\mathrm{\;s}}\right) ,1\%$ 死亡(1min)
6.30 4.70 $8\mathrm{\;s}$ 内裸露皮肤有痛感;无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人 员穿上防护服可停留1min 暴露 16 s,裸露皮肤有痛感;无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作 人员穿上防护服可停留几分钟
1.58 长时间暴露无不适感
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压力/kPa 影响
2.07 “安全距离” (低于该值, 不造成严重损坏的概率为 0.95), 抛射限值, 屋顶出现某些破坏, 10%的窗户玻璃被打碎
${3.40} \sim {6.90}$ 大窗户和小窗户通常破碎, 窗户框架偶尔遭到破坏
${6.90} \sim {13.80}$ 石棉板粉碎;钢板或铝板起皱,紧固失效;木板固定失效吹落
13.80~20.70 没有加固的混凝土墙毁坏
20.70~27.60 自成构架的钢面板建筑破坏, 油储罐破裂
34.50~48.20 房屋几乎完全破坏
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压力/kPa 影响
2.07 “安全距离” (低于该值, 不造成严重损坏的概率为 0.95), 抛射限值, 屋顶出现某些破坏, 10%的窗户玻璃被打碎
${3.40} \sim {6.90}$ 大窗户和小窗户通常破碎, 窗户框架偶尔遭到破坏
${6.90} \sim {13.80}$ 石棉板粉碎;钢板或铝板起皱,紧固失效;木板固定失效吹落
13.80~20.70 没有加固的混凝土墙毁坏
20.70~27.60 自成构架的钢面板建筑破坏, 油储罐破裂
34.50~48.20 房屋几乎完全破坏
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氢气泄漏速率/(kg/s) 立即点燃概率 延迟点燃概率
<0.125 0.008 0.004
0.125 % 250 0.053 0.027
$> {6.250}$ 0.230 0.120
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氢气泄漏速率/(kg/s) 立即点燃概率 延迟点燃概率
<0.125 0.008 0.004
0.125 % 250 0.053 0.027
$> {6.250}$ 0.230 0.120
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大气稳定度 风速/( )
F 1.5
D 5.0
C/D 8.0
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大气稳定度 风速/( )
F 1.5
D 5.0
C/D 8.0
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事故场景 天气 至UFL的距离/ m 至LFL的距离/ m
高压储氢瓶泄 漏( ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ) $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 34.04
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 37.69
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 36.78
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事故场景 天气 至UFL的距离/ m 至LFL的距离/ m
高压储氢瓶泄 漏( ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ) $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 34.04
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 37.69
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 36.78
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事故场景 天气 至 距离 至 距离 至 距离
高压储氢瓶泄漏后产生喷射火 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 25.24 21.07 18.33
D ${5.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 24.57 20.69 18.10
C/D 8.0 m/s 23.99 20.36 17.89
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事故场景 天气 至 距离 至 距离 至 距离
高压储氢瓶泄漏后产生喷射火 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 25.24 21.07 18.33
D ${5.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 24.57 20.69 18.10
C/D 8.0 m/s 23.99 20.36 17.89
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事故场景 天气 超压水平/ 最大距离/m 直径/m
高压储氢瓶 泄漏后爆炸 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 121.30 162.50
13.790 55.79 31.59
20.680 51.84 23.68
30.000 49.33 18.67
D $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 112.80 145.70
13.790 54.16 28.32
20.680 50.61 21.23
30.000 48.37 16.73
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 108.80 137.60
13.790 53.37 26.73
20.680 50.02 20.04
30.000 47.90 15.80
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事故场景 天气 超压水平/ 最大距离/m 直径/m
高压储氢瓶 泄漏后爆炸 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 121.30 162.50
13.790 55.79 31.59
20.680 51.84 23.68
30.000 49.33 18.67
D $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 112.80 145.70
13.790 54.16 28.32
20.680 50.61 21.23
30.000 48.37 16.73
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 108.80 137.60
13.790 53.37 26.73
20.680 50.02 20.04
30.000 47.90 15.80
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事故场景 天气 至UFL的距离/ m 至LFL的距离/ m
高压储氢瓶灾 难性破裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.421 13.06
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.333 17.39
C/D 8m/s 1.303 24.11
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事故场景 天气 至UFL的距离/ m 至LFL的距离/ m
高压储氢瓶灾 难性破裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.421 13.06
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.333 17.39
C/D 8m/s 1.303 24.11
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事故场景 天气 火球直径/m 至 距离 至 距离 至 距离
高压储氢瓶灾难性破 裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
C/D 8 m/s 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
), ArticleFig(id=1153824289573819181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375315333508, language=CN, label=表 9, caption=高压储氢瓶灾难性破裂火球影响距离汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故场景 天气 火球直径/m 至 距离 至 距离 至 距离
高压储氢瓶灾难性破 裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
C/D 8 m/s 22.36 95.27 54.71 31.18
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事故场景 天气 超压水平/ 最大距离/m 直径/m
高压储氢瓶 灾难性破裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.60 435.20
13.790 52.29 84.59
20.680 41.71 63.42
30.000 34.99 49.98
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.60 435.20
13.790 52.30 84.59
20.680 41.71 63.42
30.000 34.99 49.99
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.80 435.50
13.790 52.32 84.65
20.680 41.73 63.46
30.000 36.95 33.91
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事故场景 天气 超压水平/ 最大距离/m 直径/m
高压储氢瓶 灾难性破裂 $\mathrm{F}{1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.60 435.20
13.790 52.29 84.59
20.680 41.71 63.42
30.000 34.99 49.98
$\mathrm{D}5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.60 435.20
13.790 52.30 84.59
20.680 41.71 63.42
30.000 34.99 49.99
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{D}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 2.068 227.80 435.50
13.790 52.32 84.65
20.680 41.73 63.46
30.000 36.95 33.91
), ArticleFig(id=1153824289850643256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375315333508, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺装置 初始事件 压力/MPa 泄漏尺寸/ mm 最大泄漏速率/ (kg/s) 频率/年 直接点火 概率 延迟点火 概率
长管拖车 单管储氢管破裂 17.90 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
长管拖车配件泄漏 17.90 10 0.744 3 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.053 0.027
拖车储氢容器灾难性爆破 17.90 $8 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
高压储罐 储氢瓶破裂 41.37 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
储氢瓶配件泄漏 41.37 10 1.6190 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.053 0.027
储氢瓶组灾难性爆破 41.37 $3 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
加注机 灾难性破裂 35.00 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.230 0.120
天然气重整制氢装置 制氢反应容器灾难性破裂 2.00 $5 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
), ArticleFig(id=1153824289963889468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375315333508, language=CN, label=表 11, caption=主要氢气设备可能的失效情形及相应频率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺装置 初始事件 压力/MPa 泄漏尺寸/ mm 最大泄漏速率/ (kg/s) 频率/年 直接点火 概率 延迟点火 概率
长管拖车 单管储氢管破裂 17.90 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
长管拖车配件泄漏 17.90 10 0.744 3 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.053 0.027
拖车储氢容器灾难性爆破 17.90 $8 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
高压储罐 储氢瓶破裂 41.37 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
储氢瓶配件泄漏 41.37 10 1.6190 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.053 0.027
储氢瓶组灾难性爆破 41.37 $3 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
加注机 灾难性破裂 35.00 $1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.230 0.120
天然气重整制氢装置 制氢反应容器灾难性破裂 2.00 $5 \times {10}^{-6}$ 0.230 0.120
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加氢站定量风险评估与对策建议
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马秋菊 2 , 贺雅 , 夏欣 , 张熙康 , 刘辰雨 , 游敬凤
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 696-705
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 696-705
加氢站定量风险评估与对策建议
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马秋菊2 , 贺雅 , 夏欣, 张熙康, 刘辰雨, 游敬凤
作者信息
  • 应急管理部 国家安全科学与工程研究院 北京 100012
  • 马秋菊(1987-),女,河南周口人,副教授,主要研究方向为气体泄漏-火灾-爆炸灾害演化动力学和事故风险量化技术。Tel: 15901150394 E-mail:

通讯作者:


贺雅(1999-),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢安全风险评估。Tel: 18811061005 E-mail:
Quantitative Risk Assessment and Safety Measures for Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Qiuju MA2 , Ya HE , Xin XIA, Xikang ZHANG, Chenyu LIU, Jingfeng YOU
Affiliations
  • National Academy of Safety Science and Engineering Beijing 100012 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.13
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在“双碳”目标和各项新能源政策的支持下,氢能产业迎来快速发展。加氢站作为氢能产业上游制、中游储和下游应用市场的枢纽,其建设发展离不开安全风险评估。建立了加氢站的定量风险评估方法,并以某一加氢站为例,利用定量风险评估软件 Safeti对加氢站风险进行了评估。基于个人风险等值线和社会风险分析结果,判定该加氢站的事故风险大小。为保障加氢站安全,从标准规范、安全系统和制度体系等方面提出了加氢站风险防控的对策和建议。

加氢站  /  安全  /  定量风险评估  /  风险防控

Supported by the dualcarbon goal and various new energy policies, the hydrogen energy industry has experienced rapid development. As the hub of upstream hydrogen production, midstream hydrogen storage and downstream application markets in the hydrogen energy industry, the construction and development of hydrogen refueling stations are inseparable from safety risk assessment. In this study, a quantitative risk assessment method for hydrogen refueling stations was established, and a quantitative risk assessment software Safeti was used to evaluate the risk of a hydrogen refueling station. Based on the individual risk contours and social risk analysis results, the accident risk level of the hydrogen refueling station was determined. Finally, to ensure the safety of hydrogen refueling stations, risk prevention and control measures are proposed from the aspects of standards, safety systems and institutional frameworks.

hydrogen refueling station  /  safety  /  quantitative risk assessment  /  risk prevention and control
马秋菊, 贺雅, 夏欣, 张熙康, 刘辰雨, 游敬凤. 加氢站定量风险评估与对策建议. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 696 -705 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.13
Qiuju MA, Ya HE, Xin XIA, Xikang ZHANG, Chenyu LIU, Jingfeng YOU. Quantitative Risk Assessment and Safety Measures for Hydrogen Refueling Stations[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 696 -705 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.13
凭借清洁、高效、可持续发展等优点, 氢能被称为 “21 世纪的终极能源”。从我国开始推广氢能以来, 国家层面发布的氢能相关政策已有 80 余项, 将氢能写入 “十四五” 发展规划中的省、市、自治区已有 30 个。与传统化石燃料相比, 氢在缓解环境问题上最具优势。但另一方面, 氢气有更强的易燃性和爆炸性, 爆炸范围较宽, 最小点火能量约为汽油的十分之一, 这给安全生产带来很大挑战。国际上已发生多起氢气泄漏燃爆事故 [ 1 ] ,在氢气制取环节、储运氢环节和加氢站均有涉及,基本涵盖了整个氢能供应体系。因此, 学者们在氢安全领域开展了大量研究,并取得了阶段性成果 [ 2 ]
加氢基础设施是氢能利用和发展的中枢环节, 是支撑氢能产业链发展的基石。氢燃料电池汽车加氢站的风险评估研究已广泛开展。QIAN Jinyuan 等 [ 3 ] 针对中国现有的加氢站进行数值模拟,分析了 6 种情况下的氢气泄漏,比较了障碍物、不同泄漏位置和不同风环境对于加氢站氢气泄漏的影响。 研究表明, 障碍物的存在改变了氢的扩散路径, 泄漏孔与障碍物之间的空间减小会导致可燃云团的体积增大;当风向与泄漏方向相反时,更容易形成较大体积的可燃云团。KIKUKAWA 等 [ 4 ] 对日本 ${70}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的燃料电池汽车加氢站进行了风险评估, 采用危险性和可操作性研究 (Hazard and Operability Study, HAZOP) 和失效模式与影响分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, FMEA)相结合的识别失效场景方法, 分析 721 个事故场景, 并确定了所有失效情况的后果严重性等级和概率等级。KIM 等 [ 5 ] 对韩国移动加氢站进行了定量风险评估, 分析了在两个加注点和两个加注点之间的运输过程可能发生的风险。SUZUKI等 [ 6 ] 对假设位于城市地区的一个模拟日本加氢站进行了定量风险评估, 确定了对模拟加氢站的物理环境造成最大风险的最重要的场景。NAKAYAMA 等 [ 7 ] 对混合汽油- 氢燃料加氢站进行了危险源辨识(Hazard Identification, HAZID) 研究, 揭示了加氢站特有的混合风险, 并针对特有的最坏事故场景提出了安全防范措施。ROSYID 等 [ 8 ] 利用故障树方法对加氢站的储罐泄漏进行了分析, 计算了顶上事件发生的概率。在氢安全风险评估模型上, 桑迪亚国家实验室开发了一种名为氢风险评估模型(HyRAM)的免费开源工具, 专门用于氢基础设施和运输的定量风险评价(Quantitative Risk Assessment, QRA)和后果建模 [ 9 - 10 ]
当前, 在 “双碳” 目标和各项新能源政策的支持下,我国的加氢站建设将进入快速发展阶段。然而, 我国针对加氢站的风险评估研究尚少, 系统的加氢站安全风险评估亟需开展。本文概述了加氢站的定量风险评估方法, 并以北京永丰加氢站为例, 利用 DNV 挪威公司的 Safeti 定量风险评估软件对加氢站进行了定量风险分析, 最后从标准规范、安全系统和制度体系等方面提出了加氢站的风险防控对策和建议。
风险评估是危害识别、风险分析和风险评价的整体过程 [ 11 ] ,其目的是对危害进行评估,并在必要时通过采取控制措施来消除或减轻风险, 从而创造一个更安全、更健康的工作场所。快速风险评价 (Rapid Risk Ranking, RRR) 和 QRA 是当前用于加氢站安全风险评估的主要分析方法。RRR 分析速度快、主要依赖领域内专家的经验知识, 主观性较强, 且受限于专家的知识瓶颈, 仅可进行粗略的定性分析。QRA 可以科学评价氢能系统的风险, 为风险控制措施的采取提供参考。美国消防协会 (National Fire Protection Association, NFPA) 和国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)的开发人员一直在积极地将 QRA 和后果建模纳入规范开发活动 [ 12 ] 。现阶段 QRA 已经成为国际上氢能安全利用研究方向的热点。传统的定量风险评估流程, 如 图 1 所示。
首先, 通过对分析对象的初步调查, 获取布置与相关数据信息;其次,采用 HAZOP、FMEA 等定性风险方法识别危险并确定事故场景; 最后, 应用风险分析(包括频率评估和后果评估)确定事件发生的频率和造成的影响, 并结合频率和影响来评估风险。风险包含个人风险(Individual Risk, IR) 和社会风险(Social Risk, SR),计算风险的表达式为:
$ \text{Risk} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\left( {{p}_{i} \times {c}_{i}}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $i$ 为危险暴露情景; ${c}_{i}$${p}_{i}$ 分别为与每一种情景相关的后果及其发生概率。
氢气发生泄漏后,可能会导致几种不同的物理后果和相关危害, 氢气泄漏的事故序列, 如 图 2 所示。按照点燃方式的不同, 气态氢持续泄漏的物理后果包括未点燃的泄漏、喷射火、闪火和爆炸。
喷射火和爆燃事故的危害主要是热辐射伤害, 爆炸危害主要是爆炸超压伤害。通常基于各种事故后果模型和伤害模型 [ 14 ] 进行事故后果分析,利用事故后果模型得到热辐射、爆炸超压等伤害随距离变化的规律, 根据伤害模型确定不同伤害程度的影响范围。国家标准中规定的不同热辐射强度和爆炸超压造成的伤害分别见 表 1表 2
根据我国国家标准, 评价热辐射伤害时, 选取 ${37.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 为死亡伤害值,选取 ${12.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 为重伤伤害值,选取 $4\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 为轻伤伤害值。对于蒸气云爆炸,在超过 ${0.03}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 超压影响的区域内,人员的死亡概率为 ${100}\%$ ; 在 ${0.01}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 超压影响区域外, 人员的死亡概率为 0 。
通过给出初始事件频率和单个分支概率, 可使用事件树分析 (Event Tree Analysis, ETA) 法来计算各种事故场景发生的概率。确定工业系统中事件发生的频率,一般使用从经历类似组件的过程工业中收集的基本组件通用故障数据来量化此类场景的发生频率。许多数据源数据表明,组件泄漏频率是泄漏直径的幂函数, 泄漏直径越大, 泄漏频率越低。因此, 在许多行业中, 行业数据已被用于开发模型, 允许根据泄漏直径来预测过程组件的组件泄漏频率。在氢系统中, 很少有关于氢特定组件泄漏事件的可用数据, 主要事件都被记录在数据库中, 如美国能源部全球氢事故报告数据库 ${\left( \mathrm{H}2\mathrm{{Tools}}\right) }$[1] 、 日本High Pressure Gas Safety Act数据库(整个高压气体, 不仅是氢能)、欧盟Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database (HIAD) 数据库 [ 16 ] 等,但未能记录所有事件。美国桑迪亚实验室的 LACHANCE 等 [ 17 ] 利用贝叶斯方法建立了氢组件的泄漏频率估计, 使用一般来源的数据来形成定义泄漏频率分布的参数初步猜测值, 称为先验分布, 之后引用特定氢的数据对先验分布进行更新, 以获得后验分布, 并用于典型氢气设备的评估。加氢站氢气系统组件泄漏的泄漏频率可设置为所报告值。
将点火概率区分为立即点火概率和延迟点火概率,氢气点火概率通常是氢泄漏速率的函数 [ 18 ] 。 根据 表 3 来确定氢气的点火概率。
将计算的风险值与风险可接受标准进行对比, 从而确定评价对象的风险水平。评价结果随风险可接受标准选取的差异而不同, 对于风险可接受标准, 我国在 2018 年发布的 GB 36894-2018 《危险化学品生产装置和储存设施风险基准》 [ 19 ] 中对其作出了规定,风险结果应基于该标准判定。
北京永丰加氢站, 位于北京中关村永丰高新技术产业基地新能源交通示范园内, 2006 年 11 月 8 日正式运行, 是我国第 1 座固定车用加氢站。加氢站的平面布置如 图 3 所示。该加氢站的氢气设备主要有氢气压缩机、氢气高压储罐、加氢机、氢气长管拖车、天然气重整制氢装置等。产品氢气压缩机由美国PDC公司提供,额定流量为 ${55}{\mathrm{{Nm}}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,最高压力可达 ${40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 。高压储氢罐由美国 CPI 公司提供, 氢气储罐的额定工作压力为 ${42}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
氢气储氢瓶疲劳破裂、气瓶高压氢脆、外力损伤及人员操作失误等风险事件均会导致加氢站氢气泄漏。首先, 选取该加氢站的高压储氢瓶进行风险评价, 设定储氢瓶泄漏和储氢瓶灾难性破裂为可能的失效情形, 按照国内标准, 泄漏大小可分为小型 $\left( {0 \sim 5\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ 、中型 $\left( {5 \sim {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ 、大型 $\left( {{50} \sim {150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ 和爆裂 (>150mm),储氢瓶泄漏事故风险分析以中型泄漏 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为例。然后,借助 $\mathrm{{DNV}}$ 公司的风险评估软件 Phast/Safeti 完成风险量化分析, 该软件在化工行业的有效性已得到保证, 在氢相关设施和加氢站的研究中也有诸多应用 [20-21] 。本文考虑 3 种不同天气状况对事故的影响,见 表 4
图 4图 5 分别显示了高压储氢瓶配件泄漏后, 可燃云团的最大范围和氢气云浓度与距离的关系, 表 5 总结了不同风速条件下高压储氢瓶泄漏的评估结果。由模拟结果可知, 可燃云团泄漏扩散范围受风速的影响,风速为 $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,扩散氢气云团达到可燃浓度下限的面积最大,为 ${84.94}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,可燃下限浓度到达的距离为 ${37.69}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。不同风速条件下,氢气云均在泄漏点下风向 11.18 m 处达到最大浓度。 风速为 ${1.5}\text{、}5\text{、}8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,达到的最大浓度分别为 8.4%、7.7%和7.4%。
如果氢气发生泄漏事故,并被立即点燃,可能会产生喷射火, 其热辐射会导致人身伤亡或财产损失。 表 6 总结了不同风速条件下,选定事故情景下的喷射火效应评估结果。暴露于 $4\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 或更高的辐射热会导致人员轻伤。暴露于 ${12.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 或更高的辐射热会点燃木材或熔化塑料、导致人员重伤, 而 ${37.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 或更高的辐射热会损坏加工机械、导致人员死亡。喷射火热辐射水平与距离的关系,如 图 6 所示, 纵坐标代表热辐射水平, 横坐标代表到泄漏点的距离。
当风速为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,在下风向的范围为 ${8.22} \sim$ ${18.33}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,可造成人员 ${100}\%$ 死亡; 在下风向的范围为 ${6.82} \sim {21.07}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,可造成人员重伤;在下风向范围为 ${4.52} \sim {25.24}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,可导致人员轻伤。同理,当风速为 $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,喷射火产生的热辐射最远可使距离高压储氢瓶下风向 ${18.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员死亡, ${20.69}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员重伤, ${25.57}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员轻伤;风速为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, ${17.89}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员死亡, ${20.36}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员重伤,23.99 m处的人员轻伤。
大量氢气泄漏后, 延迟点火会导致闪火, 如果释放的氢气在密闭区域聚集, 或者可燃云层中有大量管道, 则会导致爆炸, 造成爆炸超压损坏。各风速条件下爆炸压力影响的结果, 见 表 7 。暴露在以下几种压力下的结果是:1) 压力 $\geq {2.068}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 时, 会损坏 10% 的房屋屋顶和窗户;2)压力≥13.790 $\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 时,会轻微损坏附近房屋的墙壁和屋顶; 3) 压力≥20.680 kPa时,会损坏建筑物的钢结构; 4) 压力≥30 kPa时,会造成人员 100% 死亡,即高压储氢瓶发生爆炸后,会影响到 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以外的建筑物, 以及约 ${50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员死亡。
高压储氢瓶中氢气瞬时泄漏后,可燃云团的最大范围如 图 7 所示, 可燃云团范围汇总见 表 8 。根据风速和大气状况影响计算得到的达到燃烧下限的可燃云团面积随风速增加而增大。当风速为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,可燃云团最大面积为 ${494.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,距离泄漏点 ${13.06}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 当风速为 $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,可燃云团最大面积为 ${553.6}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,距离泄漏点 ${17.39}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 当风速为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, 可燃云团最大面积为 ${658.9}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,距离泄漏点 ${24.11}\mathrm{\;m}$
高压储氢瓶灾难性破裂被点燃后会产生火球, 火球强度半径模拟结果, 如 图 8 所示; 火球热辐射强度半径和火球的热辐射影响距离汇总,见 表 9 。 由表可知, 储氢瓶发生灾难性破裂产生火球时的致死半径为 ${31.18}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、重伤半径为 ${54.71}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、轻伤半径为 ${95.27}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。当泄漏氢气云团在受限空间内积聚点燃,从而发生蒸气云爆炸时,距离储氢瓶 ${220}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以外的建筑物都会受到影响,约 ${35}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的人员将面临死亡威胁,详见 表 10
加氢站储氢瓶事故的个人风险等值线, 如 图 9 所示。由图可知, 储氢瓶事故造成的个人风险频率每年最高为 $1 \times {10}^{-7}$ /年,低于职业风险可接受标准 $1 \times {10}^{-4}$ /年,以及站外公众风险可接受标准 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ /年, 对站内员工、顾客和站外公众均不构成威胁,储氢瓶事故风险是可以接受的。
对于整个加氢站的定量风险评估应进行系统的风险辨识, 充分考虑可能的事故场景, 评估整体风险。通过对该加氢站的危险辨识和分析, 确定了主要氢气设备的可能失效情形及相应的泄漏频率, 见 表 11 ,并将表中参数作为软件输入参数进行模拟计算。假设该地天气符合软件内设天气条件, 同时, 该站压缩机外围设置有防爆墙, 因此, 认为压缩机事故的安全得到保证, 不作为本研究风险评估的考虑对象。
该加氢站按照功能可分为:制氢区、储氢区和加氢区三大区域。分别对比各个分区造成的个人风险, 风险结果以个人风险等高线表示, 如 图 10 所示。图中仅显示了 $1 \times {10}^{-6} \sim 1 \times {10}^{-9}$ /年的个人风险, 没有其他风险水平的风险曲线生成。低于站内职业风险可接受标准 $1 \times {10}^{-4}$ /年和站外第三方的可接受个人风险标准 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ /年。这表明制氢区、储氢区和加氢区的事故风险无论对站内人员还是站外公众均不构成威胁,其风险水平均在可接受范围之内。
图 11 显示了加氢站 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$$1 \times {10}^{-7}$$1 \times {10}^{-8}$$1 \times$ ${10}^{-9}$ /年的风险等值线。 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ /年的曲线轮廓覆盖了加氢站的整个装置区域, 并限制在加氢站的边界内, $1 \times {10}^{-8}$ /年的风险等值线覆盖了整个加氢站,该风险级别为可忽略风险,因此,整个加氢站的事故风险是可完全接受的。
社会风险是一个群体中同时受到事故影响的一定数量的人受到事故不利影响的概率。社会风险用 $F - N$ (死亡频率-死亡人数)曲线来表示 $N$ 个死亡的预期频率与最终的实际死亡人数之间的关系。2 条风险标准线将整个区域分成 3 个部分: 不可接受区域、在合理可行的范围内尽量低(As Low As Reasonable Practice, ALARP) 的区域以及可广泛接受区域。
该加氢站站外东、西、南三侧的交通道路为脆弱区域, 假定路上东西两侧道路上各有 10 人, 南侧道路上有 5 人。所有可能事故场景下的综合社会风险,如 图 12 所示。由 $F - N$ 曲线可知,加氢站的社会风险主要落在可接受区域内,部分落在了 ALARP区域内。在 ALARP区域内允许使用设施, 但必须采取风险管理和改进措施来降低风险。总之, 根据风险分析结果, 该加氢站的事故风险属可接受风险。
合理的选址、平面布局及工艺设计等能有效预防和控制事故的发生。加氢站的选址、平面布局及工艺设计都必须严格按照国家相关标准和规范开展,如 GB 50516-2010《加氢站技术规范》(2021 年版)、GB/T 34584-2017《加氢站安全技术规范》 等。此外, 根据加氢站实际情况, 完成各功能区严格划分与相对隔离, 并优化加氢车辆进出站车行流线, 避免站内车辆拥堵、干扰。
${12}{F}^{ - }N$ 曲线
氢气设备生产厂商需严格遵照储氢容器的制造流程, 设备使用材料应与氢相互兼容, 储氢容器要满足未爆先漏的条件, 充分保证高压储氢容器的质量。加氢站的设备安全管理应当符合与设备相关的安全技术规范的要求, 人员操作应按照有关安全操作规程进行。加氢站设备要定期进行检查, 保障储氢压力容器始终处于安全状态, 并定期进行设备维护, 当达到使用年限或设计疲劳次数时应及时报废。
加氢设备应进行本质安全设计。例如, 氢气压缩机应设有切断阀、安全阀、膜片泄漏自检及各类报警保护安全装置,储氢罐应设置安全泄压装置等。此外, 还应部署火气系统 (Fire & Gas System, FGS)、紧急关断系统(Emergency Shutdown Device, ESD) 及视频监控系统。对易发生氢气泄漏和氢气聚集的部位进行氢气浓度监测、超温风险监测及火源监测, 并有效实现自动联锁控制, 在达到指定浓度或检测到设备、设施着火时, 先报警, 再联锁切断储氢设施、停止加注、停机等, 防止危险扩大, 实现设备自动控制、FGS、ESD系统及视频监控一体化的安全防控。
中国各区域加氢站的规模和加注压力存在差异, 仅依靠国家制定的加氢站安全管理标准会导致加氢站安全管理制度极其不完备。因此, 需根据加氢站的实际情况来建立安全管理制度。通过建立由技术主管负责的安全管理机构, 强化人员管理, 在日常安全管理中不断检查问题并完善安全管理规范。针对加氢过程中可能遇到的突发事故, 应有完善的应急处置方案,以做到快速响应与处置。在做好安全管理与应急处置建设的同时, 还要保证制度的严格落实, 以及加强对操作和管理人员的安全培训,提升员工的业务水平,定期开展应急演练,培养应急处置能力。
加氢站应建立安全风险分级管控和安全事故隐患排查治理制度。对站内火灾爆炸危险因素进行辨识和安全风险评估, 科学评定风险等级并制定管控措施。定期开展隐患排查治理, 尤其是对氢气压缩区、储存区、加注区等重点区域的隐患排查,且要明确排查内容和责任人;鼓励引入智能巡检设备用于安全隐患侦测, 以便高效执行巡检作业, 从而最大程度地减少人工巡检的安全死角。当加氢站工艺或周边环境发生变化时, 应重新进行全面安全风险检查, 细致排查各类事故隐患, 及时采取有效措施。
针对加氢站的安全风险, 本文提出了加氢站的定量风险评估方法和流程, 并以北京永丰加氢站为例进行了定量风险评估。利用 DNV 软件研究了高压储氢瓶泄漏的后果及事故风险, 按照区域功能将加氢站划分为制氢区、储氢区和加氢区,分区讨论了各区的个人风险,并综合分析了整个加氢站的个人风险与社会风险。研究结果显示, 储氢瓶事故造成的每年个人风险频率最高为 $1 \times {10}^{-7}$ ,低于每年职业风险频率可接受标准及站外每年公众频率可接受风险标准。制氢区、储氢区和加氢区的事故风险水平均在可接受范围之内, 对站内外人员均不构成威胁。1×10~6/年的风险等值线覆盖了加氢站的整个装置区, 曲线轮廓大都处在加氢站边界内, 加氢站的个人风险处于可接受水平。加氢站的社会风险曲线主要位于可接受区域和 ALARP 区域内。为保障加氢站安全提出了加氢站风险防控对策, 为加氢站的定量风险评估与安全防控提供了一定的参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004905)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2023ZKPYAQ07)
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2024年第14卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.13
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
  • 修回日期:2023-10-17
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004905)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2023ZKPYAQ07)
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    应急管理部 国家安全科学与工程研究院 北京 100012

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贺雅(1999-),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢安全风险评估。Tel: 18811061005 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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