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The threedimensional form of the metal foam flow field is established. Through threedimensional numerical simulation, the results show that the metal foam flow field can effectively reduce the concentration polarization loss, thereby improving the performance of the fuel cell at high current densities. The increase in output power density is significant, while the corresponding pumping power loss is negligible. Furthermore, under the influence of the metal foam flow field, the oxygen concentration distribution inside the PEMFC is more uniform than that in the traditional straightchannel fuel cells. Bench experiments were conducted to observe the flow state of liquid water in the foam flow field and similar flow phenomenon was obtained through threedimensional numerical simulations. Compared with the traditional straightchannel designs,

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建立泡沫金属流场的三维完整形态,通过三维数值模拟进行研究,结果表明,泡沫金属流场可以有效地降低浓度极化损失,从而提高燃料电池在大电流密度下的性能,且与增加的输出功率密度相比,相应的泵送功率损失可以忽略不计。同时,在泡沫金属流场作用下,质子交换膜燃料电池内部的氧气浓度分布比传统的直流道的燃料电池更加均匀。通过台架试验,观测了泡沫流场中的液态水的流动状态,并通过三维数值模拟,得到了与试验相似的流动现象,且与传统直流道流场对比,泡沫金属流场对燃料电池水淹现象的改善有很大的帮助。

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蔡永华(1979-),男,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 18971029223 E-mail:
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陈凌宇(1998-),男,福建莆田人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 15260994033 E-mail:

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陈凌宇(1998-),男,福建莆田人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 15260994033 E-mail:

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参数
计算域长度/mm 6
计算域宽度/mm 3
泡沫金属流场长度/mm 7
泡沫金属流场宽度/mm 3
泡沫金属流场厚度/mm 0.5
阳极流道高度/mm 0.6
阳极流道宽度/mm 0.6
阳极流道肋宽/mm 0.6
气体扩散层厚度/mm 0.1
催化层厚度/mm 0.01
膜电极厚度/mm 0.025
泡沫金属孔隙率 0.905
运行压力/MPa 0.1
过量系数 2.0
运行温度 ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$ 60
), ArticleFig(id=1153824278618301186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813376980476905, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=电池性能仿真几何参数和运行条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
计算域长度/mm 6
计算域宽度/mm 3
泡沫金属流场长度/mm 7
泡沫金属流场宽度/mm 3
泡沫金属流场厚度/mm 0.5
阳极流道高度/mm 0.6
阳极流道宽度/mm 0.6
阳极流道肋宽/mm 0.6
气体扩散层厚度/mm 0.1
催化层厚度/mm 0.01
膜电极厚度/mm 0.025
泡沫金属孔隙率 0.905
运行压力/MPa 0.1
过量系数 2.0
运行温度 ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$ 60
), ArticleFig(id=1153824278685410050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813376980476905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
泡沫金属流场长度/mm 8
泡沫金属流场宽度/mm 4
泡沫金属流场厚度/mm 0.5
泡沫金属孔隙率 0.905
进出口间隙宽度/mm 0.5
运行压力/MPa 0.1
气体入口流速/(m/s) 0.13
液体入口流速/(m/s) ${3.09} \times {10}^{-4}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153824278794461957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813376980476905, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=液态水流动仿真几何参数和运行条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
泡沫金属流场长度/mm 8
泡沫金属流场宽度/mm 4
泡沫金属流场厚度/mm 0.5
泡沫金属孔隙率 0.905
进出口间隙宽度/mm 0.5
运行压力/MPa 0.1
气体入口流速/(m/s) 0.13
液体入口流速/(m/s) ${3.09} \times {10}^{-4}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153824278857376517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813376980476905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 名称
1 摄像机
2 进水装置
3 流道模型
4 进气装置
5 试验台架
6 进水管
7 进气管
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编号 名称
1 摄像机
2 进水装置
3 流道模型
4 进气装置
5 试验台架
6 进水管
7 进气管
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质子交换膜燃料电池泡沫金属流场传质性能
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蔡永华 1, 2, 3, 4 , 陈凌宇 1, 2, 3, 4 , 魏帆 1, 2, 3, 4
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 614-621
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 614-621
质子交换膜燃料电池泡沫金属流场传质性能
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蔡永华1, 2, 3, 4 , 陈凌宇1, 2, 3, 4 , 魏帆1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070
  • 2 汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心 武汉 430070
  • 3 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
  • 4 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 陈凌宇(1998-),男,福建莆田人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 15260994033 E-mail:

通讯作者:


蔡永华(1979-),男,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 18971029223 E-mail:
Study on the Mass Transfer Performance of Metal Foam Flow Fields in PEMFC
Yonghua CAI1, 2, 3, 4 , Lingyu CHEN1, 2, 3, 4 , Fan WEI1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 3 Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of New Energy and Intelligent Connected Vehicle Wuhan 430070 China
  • 4 School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.05
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建立泡沫金属流场的三维完整形态,通过三维数值模拟进行研究,结果表明,泡沫金属流场可以有效地降低浓度极化损失,从而提高燃料电池在大电流密度下的性能,且与增加的输出功率密度相比,相应的泵送功率损失可以忽略不计。同时,在泡沫金属流场作用下,质子交换膜燃料电池内部的氧气浓度分布比传统的直流道的燃料电池更加均匀。通过台架试验,观测了泡沫流场中的液态水的流动状态,并通过三维数值模拟,得到了与试验相似的流动现象,且与传统直流道流场对比,泡沫金属流场对燃料电池水淹现象的改善有很大的帮助。

质子交换膜燃料电池  /  泡沫金属流场  /  形态重建  /  数值模拟

The threedimensional form of the metal foam flow field is established. Through threedimensional numerical simulation, the results show that the metal foam flow field can effectively reduce the concentration polarization loss, thereby improving the performance of the fuel cell at high current densities. The increase in output power density is significant, while the corresponding pumping power loss is negligible. Furthermore, under the influence of the metal foam flow field, the oxygen concentration distribution inside the PEMFC is more uniform than that in the traditional straightchannel fuel cells. Bench experiments were conducted to observe the flow state of liquid water in the foam flow field and similar flow phenomenon was obtained through threedimensional numerical simulations. Compared with the traditional straightchannel designs,

proton exchange membrane fuel cell  /  metal foam flow field  /  morphology reconstruction  /  numerical simulation
蔡永华, 陈凌宇, 魏帆. 质子交换膜燃料电池泡沫金属流场传质性能. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 614 -621 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.05
Yonghua CAI, Lingyu CHEN, Fan WEI. Study on the Mass Transfer Performance of Metal Foam Flow Fields in PEMFC[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 614 -621 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.05
燃料电池是一种极具发展前景的新型能源, 其运行过程中产生的排放物仅为极少量的纯净水, 真正可达到零排放、节能减排和减少温室效应的目的 [ 1 ] 。质子交换膜燃料电池 (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC) 又称聚合物电解质膜燃料电池, 具有工作温度低、功率密度高、寿命长等特点 [ 2 ] ,已成功应用于交通运输、固定式和分布式发电厂以及便携式电源 [ 3 ] 。但是, PEMFC目前在技术上还存在一些技术瓶颈。由于PEMFC在高的流动强度下, 反应剂供给和产生的液体水量明显增大, 容易造成反应介质的输送和排放等问题。因此, 要改善其性能,必须优化传质和水管理问题。
目前, 具有高孔隙率 (>90%) 的泡沫金属材料已被提出作为 PEM 燃料电池的替代流场 [ 4 ] 。 KUMAR 等 [ 5 ] 首次提出在 PEMFC 中使用泡沫金属作为流场, 发现多孔结构中的曲折路径显著改善了气体流动的均匀性和垂直于电极表面的对流。 HUO Shen 等 [ 6 ] 通过试验研究了以泡沫镍作为阴极流场的质子交换膜燃料电池, 发现由于多孔结构的存在,质量和热量分布更加均匀。SUO Mengshan 等 [ 7 ] 使用三维多物种晶格玻尔兹曼模型模拟了金属泡沫流场中的氧气传输, 结果表明, 金属泡沫流场增强了氧气向催化剂层的传质, 提高了氧气分布的均匀性。BAO Zhiming 等 [ 8 ] 重建了泡沫流场的完整形态, 通过数值模拟, 观察到了泡沫流场中液态水的截流现象。
上述研究已经通过试验和数值模拟证明, 由于泡沫材料其独特的孔结构, 泡沫流场可以改善电池的性能, 同时, 数值模拟的结果也预测了液态水在泡沫流场中的流动行为, 但是这些研究缺少了通过试验观测液态水在泡沫流场中的真实流动状态。本文基于代表性体积单元(Representative Elementary Volume, REV) [ 9 ] 在三维建模软件中建立了完整形态的质子交换膜燃料电池金属镍泡沫流场, 通过仿真软件进行数值模拟, 对比了泡沫流场质子交换膜燃料电池与传统直流道质子交换膜燃料电池的电性能。通过台架试验观察了泡沫流场内液态水的流动状态, 同时, 通过仿真软件对泡沫流场内液态水的流动行为进行预测,验证了该模型的有效性。
PEMFC 是一个复杂三维的多相、多尺度及动态系统。本文的数值模拟基于以下假设: PEMFC 在稳态、非等温和多相条件下运行; 所有气体均为不受重力影响的理想气体;忽略多组分扩散;流场内,假设流动为层流;气体无法渗透质子交换膜; 燃料电池各层各向同性且均匀。
本文模型的基本控制方程有质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程、组分守恒方程、 Butler-Volmer方程及电流守恒方程等。各方程参考文献[ 10 ]中的数学模型, 分别表示为:
1)质量守恒方程
$ \nabla \left( {{\varepsilon \rho }\overrightarrow{u}}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{m}} \circ $
式中: $\rho$ 为密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\varepsilon$ 为孔隙率; $\overrightarrow{u}$ 为速度矢量; ${S}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为质量源项。
2)动量守恒方程
$ \nabla \left( {{\varepsilon \rho }\overrightarrow{u}\overrightarrow{u}}\right) = - \nabla p + \nabla \left( {{\varepsilon \mu }\nabla \overrightarrow{u}}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{u}}\text{。} $
式中: $p$ 为压力,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}};\mu$ 为粘度,单位 $\mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ; ${S}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 为动量源项。
3)能量守恒方程
$ \nabla \left( {{\varepsilon \rho }{c}_{p}\overrightarrow{u}T}\right) = \nabla \left( {{k}^{\text{eff }}\nabla T}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{Q}} \circ $
式中: ${c}_{p}$ 为比定压热容,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{k}^{\mathrm{{eff}}}$ 为有效导热系数,单位 $\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; ${S}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 为能量源项。
4)组分守恒方程
$ \nabla \left( {\varepsilon \overrightarrow{u}{c}_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) = \nabla \left( {{D}_{\mathrm{k}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}}\nabla {c}_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{k}} \circ $
式中: ${c}_{\mathrm{k}}$$\mathrm{k}$ 组分的浓度,单位 $\mathrm{{kmol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{D}_{\mathrm{k}}^{\text{eff }}$$\mathrm{k}$ 组分的有效扩散系数,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{S}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为组分源项。
5)Butler-Volmer方程
$ {S}_{\mathrm{a}} = {j}_{\mathrm{a},\text{ ref }}{\left( \frac{{C}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}{{C}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,\text{ ref }}}}\right) }^{{\gamma }_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( {{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}F}}{RT}} - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}F}{RT}{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}}}\right) \circ $
$ {S}_{\mathrm{c}} = {j}_{\mathrm{c},\text{ ref }}{\left( \frac{{c}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}}{{c}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2,\text{ ref }}}}\right) }^{{\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}}\left( {-{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}F}{RT}{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}} + {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}F}{RT}{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}}}\right) \circ $
式(5) $\sim$ (6)中: $\eta$ 为过电位; ${j}_{\text{ref }}$ 为参考交换电流密度,单位 $\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,下标 $\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{c}$ 分别代表阴极和阳极; ${c}_{\mathrm{k}}$$\mathrm{k}$ 组分的摩尔浓度; ${c}_{\mathrm{k},\text{ ref }}$$\mathrm{k}$ 组分的参考摩尔浓度; $\gamma$ 为浓度指数; ${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为固相点位; ${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为膜相电位; $a$ 为电极传输系数; $F$ 为法拉第常数, ${9.65} \times {10}^{-7}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{kmol}};R$ 为摩尔气体常数,8.314 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; e 为自然常数。
6)电流守恒方程
$ \nabla \left( {{\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}}\nabla {\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}}}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{e}} = 0\text{ 。 } $
$ \nabla \left( {{\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}\nabla {\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{m}} = 0\text{。} $
式(7) $\sim \left( 8\right)$ 中: ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为固相电势; ${S}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为电子电流源项; $\sigma$ 为电导率; $e$ 为固体导电材料; $\mathrm{m}$ 为质子交换膜; ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为膜相电势; ${S}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为质子电流源项。
本研究的电性能仿真部分使用直流道与泡沫流场 2 种不同的流道设计。直流道燃料电池的几何模型的建立和网格独立性验证见文献[ 11 ]。
图 1 展示了泡沫金属镍材料的几何结构, 这些材料具有相似的孔结构。可以看出, 泡沫材料中的孔洞是随机分布的, 韧带连接良好, 没有任何断口。由于泡沫材料结构重建的困难,单元体积代表法 ${\left( \mathrm{{REV}}\right) }$[12] 在数值模拟中得到了广泛的应用。如 图 2 所示, 在本研究中, 实心韧带的横截面简化为正三角形 ( 图 2 b), 泡沫金属材料中的孔被假设为十二面体的形状 ( 图 2 c), 该形状由正五边形的二维孔连接 ( 图2 a)。它决定了泡沫金属流场的主要特征,孔隙率和渗透率。最后,将正十二面体单元以阵列成规则的长方体结构构成单层泡沫金属网 ( 图2 d), 作为泡沫金属流场中的固体多孔结构, 其厚度、宽度和长度分别为 ${0.5}\text{、}{3.0}\text{、}{6.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。本文通过该方法重构的泡沫金属模型与参考文献[ 13 ]中的模型一致, 同时, 本文重构的泡沫金属模型孔隙率为 0.905 , 与参考文献 [ 14 ] 中的模型孔隙率 (0.898) 相近。
图 3 所示, 重建了用于气体传输的泡沫金属流场中的孔洞区域 (图中最上方蓝紫色区域), 绿色区域为气体扩散层, 在阳极侧, 由于阳极氢气扩散能力强, 所以本文在阳极侧使用了三通道的传统直流道流场 (黄色区域)。因此, 本研究的模型包含了三维泡沫金属的完整形态, 其网格数量为 521338 个。其几何参数和运行条件见 表 1
为了验证电性能仿真模型的网格独立性, 将该模型的网格数分别提升 10% 和 20% 后,在同样工况下,计算电池极化曲线,结果如 图 4 所示。计算结果与网格数量无关, 具备网格独立性, 考虑计算精度和计算时间后, 选取直流道网格数量为 521338 个的网格划分,作为研究的标准。
本研究通过上述方法使用 CATIA 建立了全形态的泡沫金属镍模型, 使用布尔操作移除泡沫镍模型得到了泡沫流场流体域模型, 通过这种方式得到进气口与出口位于宽度方向上的泡沫流场流体域模型,如 图2 $\mathrm{e}$ 所示,而进水口为泡沫流场下方的整个底面, 本文通过该方法重构的泡沫金属模型与参考文献[ 8 ]中的泡沫流场模型一致。其几何参数和运行条件见 表 2
图 5 展示了传统直流道流场和泡沫金属流场的极化曲线和输出功率密度。显然, 与传统直流道流场相比,泡沫金属流场提高了燃料电池的性能。同时, 在高电流密度下, 泡沫金属流场有利于降低浓度极化损失, 但是它增加了压降, 如 图 6 所示, 在本研究中, 在相同的电流密度下, 泡沫金属流场的压力降大约是平行直流道流场的 3.1 倍, 在其他研究中发现泡沫金属流场中的压降低于蛇形流场 [ 15 - 16 ] 。综上所述,泡沫流场的压降介于平行直流道流场与蛇形流场之间, 这表明泡沫金属流场中的压降可能不是一个很大的问题。在本研究中, 与利用泡沫金属流场提高燃料电池输出功率相比, 泡沫金属流场产生的泵送损失率很小, 由图可知, 在 ${1.6}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的电流密度下,采用泡沫金属流场的质子交换膜燃料电池的输出功率密度 $\left( {{0.802}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 比采用传统直流道流场 $\left( {{0.656}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 高 146 $\mathrm{{mW}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ( 图 5 ),但泵送损失仅增加约 0.001 $\mathrm{{mW}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,可忽略不计,可见泡沫流场对电池性能的提升作用。
采用泡沫金属流场提高电池性能的主要原因是泡沫材料的高孔隙率显著增加了反应物的气体传输量, 同时, 在气液界面和流场的交界处, 也有足够的区域供反应气体从流场向催化层转移。但对于传统直流道结构而言, 由于肋的存在, 氧气必须扩散到肋下的区域后,才能进入气体扩散层中扩散,因此, 传统直流道流场的燃料电池性能弱于泡沫金属流场燃料电池。此外, 由于空间随机的孔结构, 反应气体可以转移到整个催化层中, 得益于这一特点, 整个催化层内的氧气浓度分布也比传统直流道流场均匀得多,如 图 7 所示。
由于 $\mathrm{{PEMFC}}$ 电化学反应生成的液态水主要聚集在阴极, 为了简化燃料电池系统的模型, 在试验设计中只考虑阴极部分,利用 $3\mathrm{D}$ 打印技术打印透明流道壳体模型, 方便直接观察液态水在流道内的流动情况, 流道的材料为金属泡沫镍板, 流道长宽尺寸分别为 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,在流道模型中设置进气口及进水口来模拟阴极流道的排水效果。本试验研究在短边进气情况下阴极流道的排水性能。
搭建完整的排水试验平台, 进气的控制可由空气流量计来精确控制, 根据不同的电流密度, 温度及阴极过量系数由公式计算得出不同的进气量及进水速度, 进水速度由微量注射泵的控制器进行控制, 进水温度的控制可由带有温度显示的热水壶来实现, 在透明流道的外壳下由相机拍摄出流道内液态水的流动情况, 为了便于直接观察液态水的运动情况, 在水中添加染色剂, 摄像机实时拍摄流道中液滴的变化情况。流道与端板的连接通过螺栓螺母连接夹紧, 密封通过热熔胶及垫片实现。试验装置的搭建如 图 8 a 所示,试验设备名称见 表 3 。待试验平台搭建完之后, 检查装置是否漏气, 打开进气罐对流道管路进行吹扫, 待检查结束之后按设定的进气流量及进水量进行模拟试验, 同时打开摄像机对流道模型的排水过程进行试验记录,如 图 8 b 所示。
试验在流道宽度(50mm)方向上设置进排气口,采用双进双排,进排气口布置在流道宽度方向上的中部。
截取试验中的 3 张图片 ( 图 9 ), 观察图片中水的流动状态可知, 在开始阶段第 1 张图片中 ( 图 9 a), 水逐渐加入流道内, 水主要由注水管靠近流道出口处滴落, 即图中流道右侧, 因此, 流道内水主要聚集于靠近流道出口处的泡沫流场内, 水滴的颜色相对较深, 并在气流的作用下开始缓慢扩散, 而在流道进气口方向一方面由于水滴缓慢滴落, 另一方面, 气流对水滴的聚集也起到吹散作用, 因此在流道前部, 图中流道左侧, 水滴的颜色加深程度并不明显;在第 2 张图片中 ( 图 9 b),随着水的加注, 流道内的颜色逐渐加深, 且主要在流道右侧聚集, 且在流道长度方向的两侧水较多、中部较少, 呈圆弧状,同时,通过观察图片可知,在气流吹动作用下, 水被吹至流道出口的间隙处, 出口间隙处已有部分充满了水;在第 3 张图中 ( 图 9 c),已经停止液态水的注入, 通过观察可知, 在气流的作用下, 流道内的水逐渐被吹至流道出口, 并从出口流出, 同时, 流道内的剩余液体, 主要聚集在图中流道的左上方, 并在出口间隙处也有聚集。
截取第 1 次仿真过程中的 4 张图片 ( 图 10 ), 观察图片中水的流动状态可知, 在开始阶段第 1 张图片中 ( 图 10 a),由于气流的作用,在流场的左侧 (气体入口侧)几乎没有水聚集,在流场右侧(出口侧),水主要聚集在出口间隙处,且只有少部分水随着出口流出流场; 随着水逐渐加入流场内( 图 10 b), 流场中水含量逐渐增加, 但仍然主要聚集在流场右侧, 但此时流出流场的水量明显增多; 在停止注入液态水之后 ( 图 10 c),由于此时并没有停止气体的流入, 流场中的水逐渐被吹至流道出口, 且大量的水在出口间隙处聚集, 同时, 在泡沫流场区域, 残留的水主要分布在流场两侧, 且由于泡沫金属的完整形态, 在流场右侧中部有部分水停留在泡沫金属的韧带周围;随着时间的推移, 流场中的水逐渐被吹出流场 ( 图 10 d), 流场中残留的水主要分布在出口间隙区的两侧。
由上述现象可知, 本节通过数值模拟得到的液态水在泡沫流场内的流动行为, 与台架试验中的液态水在透明泡沫流场流道内的流动现象基本一致, 这表明基于 $\mathrm{{REV}}$ 方法所重建的泡沫流场是有效且可靠的。不同的是, 台架试验中, 在停止液态水的注入后, 由于气体的吹动作用, 流道内剩余的液态水主要向流道出口端右上方聚集 ( 图9 c), 但在数值模拟中, 当停止液态水的注入后, 在气体的作用下, 流场内剩余液态水逐渐在流场出口端的两侧聚集 ( 图 10 c 和 图 10 d)。而在数值模拟试验中,一切试验条件是理想化的, 不会因为其他因素而造成误差。这表明,与台架试验相比,数值模拟试验能提供更加全面的试验现象与试验数据, 但同时, 通过台架试验验证数值模型的有效性也是十分必要的。
本节的液态水流动模拟结果与参考文献[ 8 ]中液态水在泡沫流场中的流动行为相符, 该文献的研究结果表明, 尽管在泡沫流场中出现了水的滞留现象, 并减缓了泡沫流场中水的传输, 但与直流道质子交换膜燃料电池相比,具有高孔隙率和多孔结构的泡沫流场能很好地改善燃料电池流场中的水淹现象。
本文对具有泡沫金属流场的质子交换膜燃料电池进行了三维数值模拟。为了准确模拟燃料电池性能, 模型中加入了泡沫金属材料的完整形态。与传统的直流道流场相比, 泡沫金属流场可以有效地降低浓度极化损失, 从而提高燃料电池在大电流密度下的性能。尽管它表现出更高的压降, 但与增加的输出功率密度相比, 相应的泵送功率损失可以忽略不计。此外, 还发现由于受到泡沫金属完整形态的影响, 氧气浓度分布比传统的直流道流场的燃料电池更加均匀。
通过台架试验, 观测了泡沫流场中液态水的流动状态, 并通过三维数值模拟, 得到了与台架试验结果相似的流动现象, 且参考其他的研究结果, 表明泡沫金属流场对燃料电池水淹现象的改善有很大的帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176200)
  • 一体式可再生燃料电池双模式运行过程水气协同传输机制及耐久性研究
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第14卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.05
  • 接收时间:2023-02-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-28
  • 修回日期:2023-04-13
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176200)
一体式可再生燃料电池双模式运行过程水气协同传输机制及耐久性研究
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070
    2 汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心 武汉 430070
    3 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
    4 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070

通讯作者:


蔡永华(1979-),男,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为质子交换膜燃料电池。Tel: 18971029223 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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