Article(id=1153978734127338087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.16, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684857600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-24, revisedDate=1687968000000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753059570103, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753059570103, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753059570103, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753059570103, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153978730306331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='3', pageStart='321', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753059569193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481634700, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=491, endPage=501, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153978734651626090, articleId=1153978734127338087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Cooling Structure for Battery Thermal Management, columnId=1153978732042768990, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green/Health Technologies and Test/Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the insufficient heat dissipation and poor surface temperature uniformity of the battery pack in traditional liquid cooling systems, this study proposes a novel battery pack structure based on a hybrid cooling strategy combining air cooling and liquid cooling. A threedimensional model of the designed structure is established using Catia software, and its cooling simulation performance is analyzed using Fluent software. The research results indicate that compared to a single liquid cooling structure which exhibits overheating issues at 2 C and 2.5 C, the hybrid air and liquid cooling structure can effectively control the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference within 45 °C and 5 °C, respectively, across different discharge rates. Furthermore, the influence of different fluid inlet velocities on the battery pack cooling performance is investigated. By selecting the optimal combination of wind speed at 5 m/s and coolant flow rate at 0.5 m/s, and then implementing targeted optimization of the flow channel, the maximum temperature of the battery pack is further reduced from 28.12 °C to 27.45 °C under the same operating conditions. This novel structure provides an innovative direction for subsequent approaches in battery thermal management design.

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针对传统液冷电池包内电池组散热不充分及表面温度一致性较差的问题,设计了一种基于风冷和液冷耦合冷却策略的新型电池包结构,利用Catia软件建立三维模型并运用Fluent软件进行仿真,研究结果表明,相较于单一液冷结构在2C和2.5C放电倍率下存在电池组过热问题,风冷液冷耦合的冷却结构在不同放电倍率下将最高温度和最大温差分别控制在45℃和5℃以内。探究了不同流体进口速度对电池组散热的影响,并选取风速5m/s,冷却液流速0.5m/s的最佳配合,在此基础上对流道进行针对性的优化,优化后电池组在同一工况下最高温度从27.95 °C下降至26.82 ℃。这种新型结构将为后续的电池的热管理设计提供新思路。

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杜小芳(1973-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车电子控制、汽车动力学、汽车零部件新技术开发。Tel: 18086006198 E-mail:
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刘泽宇(2000-),男,安徽淮北人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车电池热管理系统设计。Tel: 13856151802 E-mail:

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刘泽宇(2000-),男,安徽淮北人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车电池热管理系统设计。Tel: 13856151802 E-mail:

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刘泽宇(2000-),男,安徽淮北人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车电池热管理系统设计。Tel: 13856151802 E-mail:

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参数
额定容量 $Q/\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 15
额定电压 $U/\mathrm{V}$ 3.2
重量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 0.35
三维尺寸 $D/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${18} \times {140} \times {65}$
放电截止电压 ${U}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 2.25
充电上限电压 ${U}_{2}/\mathrm{V}$ 3.65
持续放电电流 $3\mathrm{C}$
瞬时放电电流 $5\mathrm{C}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978812816675441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=方形磷酸铁锂电池的相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
额定容量 $Q/\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 15
额定电压 $U/\mathrm{V}$ 3.2
重量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 0.35
三维尺寸 $D/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${18} \times {140} \times {65}$
放电截止电压 ${U}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 2.25
充电上限电压 ${U}_{2}/\mathrm{V}$ 3.65
持续放电电流 $3\mathrm{C}$
瞬时放电电流 $5\mathrm{C}$
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放电电流 电池产热量/( )
${0.5}\mathrm{C}$ 6 593.41
$1\mathrm{C}$ 15 934.07
1.5 C 28 021.98
$2\mathrm{C}$ 42 857.15
${2.5}\mathrm{C}$ 60 439.56
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放电电流 电池产热量/( )
${0.5}\mathrm{C}$ 6 593.41
$1\mathrm{C}$ 15 934.07
1.5 C 28 021.98
$2\mathrm{C}$ 42 857.15
${2.5}\mathrm{C}$ 60 439.56
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构件 成分 密度/ 比热/ 导热系数/ [W/ (m・K)]
电芯 铜、铝、磷酸 铁锂等 2136.75 1 633 1( $x$ 方向) 29 ( $y, z$ 方向)
气隙 空气 1.225 1006 0.024
负极极耳 8900 585 398
正极极耳 2700 903 238
外壳 尼龙 1180 1500 0.35
顶盖 尼龙 1180 1500 0.35
螺帽 2700 903 238
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构件 成分 密度/ 比热/ 导热系数/ [W/ (m・K)]
电芯 铜、铝、磷酸 铁锂等 2136.75 1 633 1( $x$ 方向) 29 ( $y, z$ 方向)
气隙 空气 1.225 1006 0.024
负极极耳 8900 585 398
正极极耳 2700 903 238
外壳 尼龙 1180 1500 0.35
顶盖 尼龙 1180 1500 0.35
螺帽 2700 903 238
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极好 很好 可用 不可用
0~0.25 0.25 % 0.50 0.50~0.80 0.80~0.94 0.95 % 0.97 0.98 % 1.00
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极好 很好 可用 不可用
0~0.25 0.25 % 0.50 0.50~0.80 0.80~0.94 0.95 % 0.97 0.98 % 1.00
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不可用 可用 很好 极好
0~0.25 0.25 % 0.50 0.50~0.80 0.80~0.94 0.95 % 0.97 0.98 % 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153978813282243194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=网格正交质量推荐表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不可用 可用 很好 极好
0~0.25 0.25 % 0.50 0.50~0.80 0.80~0.94 0.95 % 0.97 0.98 % 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153978813328380539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/规格
风扇尺寸/mm ${80} \times {80} \times {35}$
风扇转速/(r/min) 3800
风扇风量 $/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.046
风扇轴承类型 液压轴承
供电参数 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}{0.4}\mathrm{\;A}\left( {{4.8}\mathrm{\;W}}\right)$
调速范围/( $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ) 0~3 800
), ArticleFig(id=1153978813374517884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=轴流风扇参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/规格
风扇尺寸/mm ${80} \times {80} \times {35}$
风扇转速/(r/min) 3800
风扇风量 $/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.046
风扇轴承类型 液压轴承
供电参数 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}{0.4}\mathrm{\;A}\left( {{4.8}\mathrm{\;W}}\right)$
调速范围/( $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ) 0~3 800
), ArticleFig(id=1153978813433238141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 动力黏度/ (Pa·s) 密度/ ( ) 导热率/ [W/ (m・K)] 比热容/ [J/ (kg·K)]
0.003 94 1071.1 0.419 3485
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参数 动力黏度/ (Pa·s) 密度/ ( ) 导热率/ [W/ (m・K)] 比热容/ [J/ (kg·K)]
0.003 94 1071.1 0.419 3485
), ArticleFig(id=1153978813542290047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734127338087, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件 比热/ 密度/ 导热系数/ (W/m・K)
电芯 1633 2136.75 1, 29, 29
导热垫 1800 2000 1.8
环氧板 1581 1800 0.2
绝缘pc 1 260 1150 0.2
气凝胶 1180 230 0.025
导电排 897 2700 237
箱体 900 2700 209
保温层 1700 65 0.034
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组件 比热/ 密度/ 导热系数/ (W/m・K)
电芯 1633 2136.75 1, 29, 29
导热垫 1800 2000 1.8
环氧板 1581 1800 0.2
绝缘pc 1 260 1150 0.2
气凝胶 1180 230 0.025
导电排 897 2700 237
箱体 900 2700 209
保温层 1700 65 0.034
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新型冷却结构在电池热管理中的分析与优化
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刘泽宇 1, 2 , 杜小芳 1, 2
汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 491-501
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 491-501
新型冷却结构在电池热管理中的分析与优化
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刘泽宇1, 2 , 杜小芳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 2 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070
  • 刘泽宇(2000-),男,安徽淮北人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车电池热管理系统设计。Tel: 13856151802 E-mail:

通讯作者:


杜小芳(1973-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车电子控制、汽车动力学、汽车零部件新技术开发。Tel: 18086006198 E-mail:
Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Cooling Structure for Battery Thermal Management
Zeyu LIU1, 2 , Xiaofang DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan 430070 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.16
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针对传统液冷电池包内电池组散热不充分及表面温度一致性较差的问题,设计了一种基于风冷和液冷耦合冷却策略的新型电池包结构,利用Catia软件建立三维模型并运用Fluent软件进行仿真,研究结果表明,相较于单一液冷结构在2C和2.5C放电倍率下存在电池组过热问题,风冷液冷耦合的冷却结构在不同放电倍率下将最高温度和最大温差分别控制在45℃和5℃以内。探究了不同流体进口速度对电池组散热的影响,并选取风速5m/s,冷却液流速0.5m/s的最佳配合,在此基础上对流道进行针对性的优化,优化后电池组在同一工况下最高温度从27.95 °C下降至26.82 ℃。这种新型结构将为后续的电池的热管理设计提供新思路。

风冷液冷  /  新型结构  /  电池热管理  /  成组电池  /  电池包

In response to the insufficient heat dissipation and poor surface temperature uniformity of the battery pack in traditional liquid cooling systems, this study proposes a novel battery pack structure based on a hybrid cooling strategy combining air cooling and liquid cooling. A threedimensional model of the designed structure is established using Catia software, and its cooling simulation performance is analyzed using Fluent software. The research results indicate that compared to a single liquid cooling structure which exhibits overheating issues at 2 C and 2.5 C, the hybrid air and liquid cooling structure can effectively control the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference within 45 °C and 5 °C, respectively, across different discharge rates. Furthermore, the influence of different fluid inlet velocities on the battery pack cooling performance is investigated. By selecting the optimal combination of wind speed at 5 m/s and coolant flow rate at 0.5 m/s, and then implementing targeted optimization of the flow channel, the maximum temperature of the battery pack is further reduced from 28.12 °C to 27.45 °C under the same operating conditions. This novel structure provides an innovative direction for subsequent approaches in battery thermal management design.

air-cooling and water-cooling  /  new structure  /  battery thermal management  /  rectangular grouped battery  /  battery pack
刘泽宇, 杜小芳. 新型冷却结构在电池热管理中的分析与优化. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 491 -501 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.16
Zeyu LIU, Xiaofang DU. Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Cooling Structure for Battery Thermal Management[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 491 -501 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.16
随着环境污染和气候变化问题日益突出, 新能源汽车作为替代传统燃油车辆的重要手段 [ 1 ] ,越来越受到人们的关注和重视。然而, 电池的热管理问题一直是限制新能源汽车发展的瓶颈之一。电池在过高或过低的工作温度下会出现严重的性能衰减和寿命缩短的问题,甚至可能引发电池爆炸的情况 [ 2 ] 。因此,对于新能源汽车而言,优秀的电池热管理系统是至关重要的。
为了更好地进行热管理设计, 理解电池内部热量产生机理和温度分布变得十分重要,美国加州大学 BERNARDI 等 [ 3 ] 基于热力学能量平衡原理推导得出计算电池热量的简化表达式, 其将可逆热和不可逆热分别考虑, 建立了生热速率与系统宏观测量参数之间的联系。通过电池的体积、电流、电压、 内阻、温度和温度影响系数,可以推算生热速率。 THOMAS 等 [ 4 ] 在探究电池产热情况时发现使用均匀的发热模型会与实际的发热量存在偏差, 因此, 提出了加入局部产热模型的优化计算方法。还有学者通过试验的方法, 如加速量热法和等温热导量法得到估算电池发热量的计算式。
AKBARZADEH 等 [ 5 ] 对空气冷却型和液体冷却型热管理系统进行了综合比较和分析, 探讨它们在电池组热量调控方面的不同特点和效果, 结果表明, 液冷系统可实现更好的温度均匀性, 但仅考虑了用两种冷却方式进行对比研究, 选择一种最优的冷却方式, 而忽略了将两者进行结合对于优化电池散热情况是否会有更好的效果。
元佳宇等 [ 6 ] 选取方形锂离子电池组为研究对象, 建立了两种蛇形液冷结构模型, 分别是单向流通结构和双向对流结构。通过试验和模拟分析, 发现质量流量的变化对电池温度有一定的影响且双向流通的蛇形管道在热管理方面比单向的更有优势。 但由于设计的双向蛇形结构宽度与电池宽度相当, 在实际生产应用中会占据较大的空间, 降低了电池包内的空间利用率, 且由于冷却液进口位置位于蛇形管的两端, 所以安装会存在一定的困难。
柳佩文等 [ 7 ] 通过在传统 $\mathrm{Z}$ 型 BTMS 的基础上增加了一个出口, 设计了一种新型风冷结构, 结果表明, 优化了出口位置和尺寸后, 与初始模型相比, 电池组最高温度和最大温差分别降低了 ${2.84}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ (5.10%) 和 ${4.36}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ (89.33%)。然而,由于当今电池能量密度的提升, 同样的空间要布置更多的电池, 单纯的采用风冷系统难以满足电池组散热的需求, 且新增的出风口与旧出风口垂直安放, 会出现干涉的可能性, 有成本增加的风险。
上述研究仅限于单一冷却方式下提高电池组性能的作用, 并未考虑电池实际热量分布的情况, 在实际中方形电池热量多集中在下方, 电池上方仅极耳有热量的堆积。本文基于此特点设计了一种集成风冷液冷混合冷却方式的电池包结构, 电池热量较多的下方采用液冷系统, 上方则采用风冷系统以均衡电池组的温度差。在此结构中, 流体的进出口均位于同一侧, 这样的设计有利于其在空间中的布置, 并在此基础上研究了风冷与液冷流体在电池包内速度的最佳配合。此外, 针对液冷系统流动过程中出现的流量不均匀以及分离涡的情况进行了结构的优化, 并进行仿真分析, 验证了优化后的结构拥有更佳的电池组散热性能。
磷酸铁锂电池相比其他电池具有高安全性、长寿命、高温性能好、环保、高能量密度等多种优点,在新能源汽车领域得到了广泛应用 [ 8 ] 。所选用的电池型号为国轩高科的方形磷酸铁锂单体动力电池产品, 相关参数见 表 1
实际的电池发热速率不是一个固定值。动力电池在充放电过程中, 电池内部化学反应较复杂, 热量的产生与电池的类型、充放电速率和工作温度都直接相关 [ 9 ]
根据磷酸铁锂电池的工作原理, 电池的充放电即锂离子与电子分别在内、外电路移动的过程, 每一个环节都会产生热量。从电化学的角度讲, 锂离子电池的生热量主要来自于 4 个部分 [ 10 ] : 反应热 ${Q}_{1}$ ,焦耳热 ${Q}_{2}$ ,极化热 ${Q}_{3}$ 和副反应热 ${Q}_{4}$
电池总的产热量 ${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 可以表示为:
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{m}} = {Q}_{1} + {Q}_{2} + {Q}_{3} + {Q}_{4}\text{。} $
目前,国内外进行生热速率计算时,广泛采用 BERNARDI 等 [ 3 ] 所建立的电池生热速率模型,如式(2)所示。
$ Q = I\left\lbrack {\left( {{U}_{\mathrm{{OCV}}} - U}\right) + {T}_{b}\frac{\partial {U}_{\mathrm{{OCV}}}}{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{b}}}}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: ${U}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}$ 为开路电压,单位 $\mathrm{V}$ ; $U$ 为工作电压, 单位 $\mathrm{V};{T}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为电池的热力学温标,单位 $\mathrm{K}$
采用文献 [ 5 ] 中对同款磷酸铁锂电池由式 (2)结合试验数据拟合得出的产热表达式为:
$ Q = m{c}_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{\mathrm{d}T}{\mathrm{\;d}t} = 4 \times {10}^{-3}{I}^{2} + {0.114I} $
根据式 (3) 可计算得出不同放电倍率下电池的产热量, 见 表 2
采用直接测量电池的体积和质量的方法 [ 11 ] , 通过计算可得电池密度为 ${2136.75}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
首先,将每个组分的质量除以混合物总质量, 得到每个组分在混合物中的质量分数。
其次, 将每个组分的比热容乘以其质量分数 [ 12 ] ,得到每个组分的质量比热容。
最后,将每个组分的质量比热容相加,得到混合物的总质量比热容,如式(4)所示。
$ {C}_{\mathrm{P}} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{C}_{i}{m}_{i}}{m} \circ $
式中: $m$ 为单体电池质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{C}_{i}$ 为电池内部各材料比热容,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${m}_{i}$ 为电池内部各材料的质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}$
电池的导热系数通常可以通过试验测量获得, 也可以使用一些理论模型进行估算。
最常用的模型是热传导方程模型,如式 (5) 所示。
$ q = - k \times A \times \left( {\partial T/\partial x}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $q$ 为单位时间内通过单位面积传递的热量, 单位 $\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};k$ 为材料的导热系数,单位 $\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; $A$ 为传热面积,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};\partial T/\partial x$ 为沿传热方向的温度梯度,单位 $\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{m}$
在电池的导热系数计算中, 需要测量电池内部各部分的温度分布, 同时还需确定电池的材料热导率和电池的结构参数 [ 13 ] 。可以通过试验测量的方式获得电池内部的温度分布, 再使用上述热传导方程模型进行计算, 可得出电池的导热系数。
计算可得 $x$ 方向导热系数为 $1\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) , y$$z$ 方向的导热系数均为 ${29}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
此研究的对象是某款电动汽车所使用的方形磷酸铁锂电池, 其标准容量为 ${15}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ ,外形尺寸为 18 $\mathrm{{mm}} \times {140}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {65}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。电池的各组成材料的物化参数见 表 3 。根据前文提供的数学式, 得到仿真参数设置,其中 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电倍率下产热量为 ${15934.07}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}, x$ 方向导热系数为 $1\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) , y$$z$ 方向导热系数为 ${29}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,平均比热容为 ${1633}\mathrm{\;J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,电池的平均密度为 ${2136.75}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 。使用计算流体力学(CFD) 仿真软件进行生热仿真, 从而得到电池表面温度数据。为验证仿真模型的准确性, 进行了单体电池的 1 C 放电温升试验, 并在试验中使用了恒温箱和电子负载。恒温箱的温度被设定为 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电子负载放电电流被设定为恒流 ${15}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,并检测了单体电池表面的温度。试验系统中的恒温箱和电子负载如 图 1 所示, 在试验中输入 ${15}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的持续电流并设置恒温箱的温度为常温,测出电池 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电电流下的温升情况,而 2 所示则为电池表面温度的试验与仿真结果对比情况。
经将试验与仿真测出的数据对比可得, 两者的总体误差在 2.8% 以内, 则所建立的仿真模型具有较高的准确性。
用 Catia 软件对电池组进行三维建模, 以 8 个电池为一组, 总共分为 3 组。再利用 ANSYS 对成组电池进行网格划分及受热分析。对该模型采用多面体网格划分, 为确定合适的网格数, 进行了网格无关性验证。在常温下 $\left( {{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 进行 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电,仿真结果如 图 3 所示,当网格数量大于 $4 \times {10}^{5}$ 个时,电池组的最高温度和温差变化幅度均小于 ${0.02}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,因此, 将采用类似的网格尺寸对系统进行离散。
在 Fluent Meshing 中一般都是对面网格质量进行提升 [ 14 ] ,体网格提升不明显。
网格的优化: 一般来说, 面网格的扭曲度要求在 0.7 以下, 而体网格的扭曲度要求在 0.9 以下可视为合格。当部分网格质量较差时,则需要对网格 [ 15 ] 进行优化,面网格可通过 Diagnostic Tool 进行优化, 体网格通过 Auto Node Move 进行优化, Fluent Meshing 手册中推荐的优化指标见 表 4表 5
经过上述优化后, 求解得出成组电池的网格划分情况, 如 图 4 所示。最大的偏斜度为 0.36 , 如 图 5 所示。由此可知, 网格质量可以满足求解需要。
使用CFD仿真软件进行多个放电倍率(0.5C, $1\mathrm{C},{1.5}\mathrm{C},2\mathrm{C},{2.5}\mathrm{C}$ ) 下的电池组模型计算时, 我们选择上文计算得到的电池发热量数据, 并设置了环境温度为 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,箱体与外界进行对流换热系数为 ${3.0}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,重力加速度为 ${9.8}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ (考虑自然对流)。根据仿真结果,如 图 6 ~7 所示,随着放电倍率的增加, 电池组的最高温度不断增大, 且在高倍率放电时, 出现了过热的情况, 在电池组中温度分布呈现中心的温度最高,两侧的温度最低, 随着距离中心越远,温度逐渐降低。
风扇强化换热的原理是加剧空气的流动, 提高流动的空气与固体壁面之间的对流换热系数 [ 16 ] , 风扇设计的核心参数包括几何尺寸、风量、风压等。
通常来讲, 风扇的尺寸越大, 动力越强, 但由于其将占据更大的空间, 因此在产品整体尺寸固定的前提下,这会缩减其他组件可用空间。
风量 $Q$ 与温升和功耗之间存在如下的关联:
$ P = {Q\Delta T\rho }{C}_{\mathrm{p}} \circ $
式中: $P$ 为功耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};Q$ 为风量,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s};\rho$ 为空气的密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\Delta T}$ 为温升,单位 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为空气的定压比热容,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
由于系统阻力存在, 风扇的实际工作量低于最大风量。空气压力则用风洞测试来确定。最后从 PQ线、尺寸、噪声、寿命等方面进行考虑后选择合适的风扇类型。
对于此应用场景, 选取两个并联的涡轮增压 ${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 普鸣轴流风扇进行抽风处理,具体参数见 表 6
关于液冷板的设计, 常见的直列式液冷板将液体从一个端口进入板中, 然后通过板的内部管道流动, 最后从板的另一端口流出。这种液冷板的优点是简单、易于安装和维护, 但缺点是在整个板上温度分布不均匀。现有相关研究发现, 大部分方形电池的发热集中在电池底部 [ 17 ] ,少部分的方形电池的发热集中在正负极附近, 所以本设计为一种与箱体一体式压铸的双进双出蛇型流道液冷板, 辅以搅拌摩擦焊, 且位于箱体的下方。此设计可使温度较均匀地分布, 降低热失控的风险。双进双出液冷板的设计如 图 8 所示,
材质选用铝合金, 冷却液为体积分数 50% 的乙二醇,在常温下参数见 表 7
将安装孔及螺栓简化后建立的三维模型如 图 9 所示, 箱体与液冷板集成为一体, 液冷板采用双进双出蛇形流道的结构。在电池包后方偏上端的位置开有多个椭圆形进气口, 前方开两个孔用于抽风, 实现箱体内的强制对流换热。箱体下安装有保温层, 电池包内电池组采用三并八串的连接方式用于电量的供给。
对于电池包箱体各零件说明如下。
1)导电排是用于连接单体电池或电池模组之间的导电元件。它的作用是传递电流, 确保电池单体或模组之间的电流连通性和电能传输, 材料选用铝合金。
2)导热垫放置在电池模组的底部, 用于填充电池模组或单体电池之间的间隙, 以提高热量的传导效率, 确保热量能有效地从单体电池传递到冷却系统,型号选用贝格斯 Gap Pad 5000S30。
3)单体电池间放置导热系数极小的陶瓷纤维基材气凝胶隔热垫厚度为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,型号选用由 Aspen Aerogels 生产的 Pyrogel® XT-E,气凝胶可起到良好的隔热与缓冲的作用, 防止电芯热失控。
4)聚酰亚胺改性耐火保温隔热泡沫材料作为电池包的保温层, 其形状可根据实际需求进行裁剪加工,除了导热系数低之外,还需具备阻燃、绝缘、柔软、抗高温和质量轻等特点。
5)环氧板放置于前端板的底部用于制作电池模组的结构支撑和隔离层, 采用环氧玻璃布板 (FR-4) 材料, 其具有较高的机械强度、绝缘性能和耐热性。
6)前端板和侧板, 用来封闭和固定单体电池的重要组件, 保护单体电池免受外部环境的侵入, 防止单体电池受到机械损伤或污染, 材料均采用铝合金。
各零件参数见 表 8
电芯侧面和侧板有 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚绝缘材料 $\mathrm{{pc}}$ ,仿真采用热阻来代替它。电芯底面和导热垫之间有 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{W}$ 的热阻,采用固体化的空气替代它,其厚度为 ${0.024}\;2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
为了计算流体流动和传热的模型, 采用了以下假设。
1)冷却液为不可压缩流体。
2)恒定的流动和传热。
3)恒定的固体和流体性质。
4)辐射和自然对流造成的热损失可忽略不计。
5)可忽略的重力。
6)无滑移壁面。
对于单个电池, 能量守恒方程为:
$ {\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}{C}_{\mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {T}_{b}}{\partial t} = \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{\mathrm{b}}\nabla {T}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) + S $
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{b}},{C}_{\mathrm{b}},{T}_{\mathrm{b}}$${k}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 分别为电池的密度、比热容、 温度和导热系数; $S$ 为电池产生的热量,单位 $\mathrm{J}$
对于电池包使用的冷却剂, 能量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和质量守恒方程如式 (8) $\sim \left( {10}\right)$ 所示。
$ {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}\overrightarrow{u}T}\right) = \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla {T}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) 。 $
$ \frac{\partial \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\overrightarrow{u}}\right) }{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\overrightarrow{u}\overrightarrow{u}}\right) + \nabla \cdot p = \nabla \cdot \left( {{\mu }_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla \overrightarrow{u} + {\mu }_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla \overrightarrow{{u}^{T}}}\right) 。 $
$ \nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\overrightarrow{u}}\right) = 0\text{。} $
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{f}},{C}_{\mathrm{f}},\overrightarrow{u},{\mu }_{\mathrm{f}},{T}_{\mathrm{f}},{k}_{\mathrm{f}}$$p$ 分别为流体的密度、比热容、速度矢量、流体粘度、温度、导热系数和压力。
雷诺数的定义为:
$ {R}_{e} = \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{D}_{\mathrm{f}}{v}_{\text{fin }}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{f}}}。 $
式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水力直径, $m;{v}_{\mathrm{{fin}}}$ 为流体流速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
式 (11) 中的水力直径可定义为:
$ {D}_{f} = \frac{4A}{P}\text{ 。 } $
式中: $A$$P$ 分别为进口截面的面积和周长。
本节研究了传统单一液冷与混合冷却方式在常温下 $\left( {{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 不同放电倍率下最高温度与最大温差的情况。其中冷却液的入口速度均设置为 $1\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ , 混合冷却中风速为 $3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,入口温度均为 ${298.15}\mathrm{\;K}$ , 图 10图 11 显示了两种散热方式下电池组最高温度与温差随放电倍率变化的情况。
图 10 ~11 可知,随着电池放电倍率的不断增大, 电池组最高温度和最大温差均不断增加, 根据前人的研究发现 [ 18 ] ,锂离子电池的最佳工作温度应维持在 ${20} \sim {45}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 范围内,而对于动力电池组, 电池之间的温差应小于 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。对于单一液冷系统, 在 $2\mathrm{C}$${2.5}\mathrm{C}$ 放电时最大温差为 ${5.16}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${6.48}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 均大于 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,温度一致性较差,且在 ${2.5}\mathrm{C}$ 放电时最高温度达到了 ${46.87}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,此时电池组温度过高影响整体的放电性能。而混合冷却系统在多个放电倍率工况下均可保持电池组在最佳的温度范围内工作,且在放电功率为 $2\mathrm{C}$${2.5}\mathrm{C}$ 时电池最大温差分别为 ${3.41}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${4.07}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相较于单一液冷系统温度分布均匀性得到了明显的提高。
为研究流速的作用需尽量减少其他因素的影响,仿真中设置初始温度 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电池包内自然对流换热系数设置为 $3\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,模拟电池 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电 [ 19 ] ,只开启液冷系统并分别设置液冷板进口速度为 ${0.1},{0.3},{0.5},{1.0},{2.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,然后仿真得到电池的最高温度与温差数据, 如 图 12 所示。
图 12 可知, 开启液冷系统后电池组的最大温度相较于之前的 38.74 °C 均有所降低,由于前端板、环氧板的影响, 电池的热量从下部导热垫传至液冷板中经由温度较低的冷却液带走。随着进口速度由 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 逐渐增加到 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,最高温度和最大温差均依次降低, 但下降的速度开始呈放缓的趋势,从 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${1.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 最大温度仅下降了 ${0.21}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 之后随着流速的增加, 温度下降的收益较小。综上所述, ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的流速可以达到最佳的 “性价比” 和冷却效果,后续混合冷却的研究也将采用 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的液冷边界进口速度进行进一步的仿真分析。
在偏向电池包上方的区域增加风冷可以在一定程度上减少电池上方残留积累的热量, 从而使电池组温度更加均匀、增强性能降低热失控的风险, 电池包内热量比较分散且分布比较均匀、冷却表面的空气阻力比较小, 可以采用抽风冷却设计。在同样的常温环境下进行 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电仿真,下方冷却液进口速度取为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,进口风速分别取2.0,3.0,4.0, ${5.0},{6.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,仿真得出各组的数据如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可知, 相比于仅使用液冷系统, 采用混合冷却可以有效地降低电池组的最高温度和温差。当进口风速从 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加到 ${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,最高温度和温差的减少趋势近似为线性变化。根据仿真结果看,随着风速不断增加,冷却性能逐渐提高。 然而, 过高的风速会导致风扇产生过多的热量, 增加系统散热的难度, 还可能降低风扇的使用寿命, 增加更换零件的成本。此外, 过高的风速还会增大噪声, 在某些特定场合可能不太适宜。
综合考虑上述因素, 本文选择将风冷的进口风速设定为 ${5.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。在节省能源的前提下,相比仅使用液冷系统,最高温度降低了约 ${4.29}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,温差降低了约 ${1.67}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。这样可以减少电池组温度的集中趋势, 提高电池组的冷却效果。
综上所述,选取 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的冷却液进口速度、 ${5.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的风冷进口速度进行电池组的仿真来分析电池组的热量分布情况, 以及后续进一步优化电池包结构。设置温度为 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},1\mathrm{C}$ 放电工况下,箱体外侧为自然对流换热。对于冷却液模型, 本文选择标准 $k - \varepsilon$ 湍流模型,其优点在于计算速度较快,适用于工程实际问题 [ 20 ] $k$ 代表湍流的动能, $\varepsilon$ 代表湍流耗散率,相关方程如式(13)~(14)所示。
$ \frac{\partial \left( {\rho k}\right) }{\partial t} + u \cdot \nabla k = P - {\rho \varepsilon } + \nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( {\mu + \frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right) \nabla k}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: $k$ 为湍流动能,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};u$ 为平均流速, 单位 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$$P$ 为湍流产生项,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$$\varepsilon$ 为湍流耗散率,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3};\mu$ 为动力粘度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$ ; ${\mu }_{t}$ 为湍流粘度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{\sigma }_{k}$ 为可调参数。
$ \frac{\partial \left( {\rho \varepsilon }\right) }{\partial t} + u \cdot \nabla \varepsilon = {C}_{1}P - \frac{{C}_{2}{\rho \varepsilon k}}{\varepsilon } + \nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\left( {\mu + \frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}}\right) \nabla \varepsilon }\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: ${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 为可调参数,两者在 Fluent 中取值分别为 1.44 和 1.92 。
设置边界条件与环境初始条件 $\left( {{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 后进行计算, 得到如 图 14 所示的电池包以及冷却液仿真结果: 电池组最高温度为 ${27.95}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,最大温差为 ${0.86}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 14 可知, 电池组两侧的温度较低, 中间的温度高, 且进风侧温度低于出口侧的温度, 主要是由于进口温度低出口温度高冷却效率不同导致的。电池组下部温度相较于上方温度低,这是由于液冷带走热量的效率相比于风冷较高, 且电池的发热设置为连续的发热体, 但在实际放电中电池热量更偏向于下方, 所以这种散热设计迎合了电池生热的这种趋势。由 图 15 可知, 冷却液温度分布并不均匀, 且最外侧的流体温度升高程度相较于其余两条流道的流体更大, 所以可以使冷却液的流量更倾向于外侧流道, 以利于获得更好的散热效果。
在边界条件设置为风速 ${5.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,冷却液进口流速 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 情况下进行仿真,且分别截取 3 个流道的截面用来监测质量流量。仿真后得到最内侧、中间、最外侧的流道质量流量分别为 ${0.0218}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 、 0.0197 kg/s、0.0185 kg/s,最内侧流道流量最大, 最外侧流量最少。由上节可知, 外侧流道需要承担更多的热量消耗, 且为了使流量分配更加均匀, 可以通过增加阻拦物提高流量均匀性。
图 16 可知, 在进口处存在较大的分离涡, 流道的进口处可以看作是后台阶流动, 由于质量流量不变, 面积变大, 从而速度降低, 由伯努利方程进行近似分析,如式 (15) 所示。
$ p + \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}^{2} + {\rho gh} = C\text{ 。 } $
式中: $p$ 为流体中某点的压强,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}};v$ 为流体该点的流速,单位 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\rho$ 为流体密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; $g$ 为重力加速度,单位 $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};h$ 为该点所在高度,单位m; $C$ 为常量。
流道截面变化前有低压的趋势, 增大后有高压的趋势。由于粘性的作用, 边界层的总压低, 高压区压力比边界层总压要高,形成了流向逆压梯度, 最终产生了分离涡。分离涡浪费一部分的系统能量, 且会对散热性能有一定的影响。可以在产生分离涡处设计流线型结构壁面, 避免产生较大的分离涡, 从而减少能量消耗。
综上所述, 对液冷系统进行优化, 首先, 在流道进口位置存在较大分离涡的地方, 对原液冷板进行切割(切割位置尺寸为: $\varnothing 1 = {142}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\text{、}\varnothing 2 =$ ${110}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ),从而形成一个流线型的结构。同时,在靠近进口的地方设置偏向内侧流道的圆柱体阻碍物,其直径为 $6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (该位置尺寸为: ${D1} = {36}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , ${D2} = {28}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ),这样做可以提高流道内流体流动的均匀性。最后,在流道内增加了肋状结构,以强化换热通道,这些肋高度为 $H = {3.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,宽度为 $L =$ $4\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。优化后模型如 图 17 所示。
选取 3 个流道的截面测得质量流量分别为 ${0.0188},{0.0191},{0.0221}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,优化后最右侧的流道流量增多至 ${0.0221}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 从而增强了散热效果。采用对优化后的液冷板进行仿真得到的速度迹线图来分析流道内液体流动的情况。
图 18 可知, 结构优化后流道内不存在较大的分离涡, 且流速的分布更均匀, 通过增加肋结构来强化换热通道使冷却液与导热板更充分的接触带走更多的热量,电池组的最高温度从上一节的 ${27.95}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下降至 ${26.82}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电池包的冷却性能得到进一步的提升。
针对新能源汽车动力电池的热管理, 设计了一种新型的电池包结构, 通过 CFD 仿真分析对比了单一液冷与混合冷却的情况, 并对混合冷却结构的流道进行分析优化,可以得出如下结论。
1)风冷液冷混合冷却相较于只有液冷的方式有更好的散热效果, 电池组温度分布更均匀性, 在多个放电倍率下最高温度均控制在了 ${45}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以内, 最大温差控制在 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以内。
2)通过强化换热通道, 采用流线型等方式对液冷板优化后, 减小了分离涡的能量损耗, 并使受热最多的外侧通道流量从 ${0.0185}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加到 ${0.0221}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,提高了冷却效率,进一步减少了电池组的最高温度。
后续可以采用正交试验的方法探究多重变量, 如电池组间距, 风道数量, 肋结构尺寸等参数的最佳选择。此外, 本设计将为混合冷却方式的应用提供更多的选择与思路。
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2024年第14卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.16
  • 接收时间:2023-05-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-24
  • 修回日期:2023-06-29
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    1 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070
    2 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070

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杜小芳(1973-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车电子控制、汽车动力学、汽车零部件新技术开发。Tel: 18086006198 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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