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The widespread adoption of electric vehicles has raised higher demands for the technology related to power batteries. Consequently, a thermal management system that keeps the battery within an optimal temperature range has become a core technical requirement for major manufacturers. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards lowtemperature thermal management technology, driven by the performance degradation and life decay of lithiumion batteries in winter's cold conditions. Based on the degradation mechanism of lithiumion batteries in cold conditions, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of lowtemperature thermal management systems. Additionally, in conjunction with the latest research progress, it summarizes a set of evaluation methods for lowtemperature thermal management of electric vehicles.

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电动汽车的普及对动力电池相关的技术提出了更高的要求,使电池保持在合适温度区间工作的动力电池热管理系统已经成为各大厂商的核心技术需求。由于锂离子电池在冬季低温环境下性能下降、寿命衰减尤为明显,低温热管理技术更是近年来动力电池研究的重点。从锂离子电池在低温环境中的性能劣化机理出发,对低温热管理系统的发展现状进行了综述,并结合最新研究进展,归纳了一套电动汽车低温热管理评价方法。

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余庆华(1987-),男,湖北荆州人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储热技术、热管理、锂电安全和氢氨技术。Tel: 18186065549 E-mail:
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黄珂睿(1998-),男,江苏丹阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力电池热管理。Tel: 15256969879 E-mail:

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黄珂睿(1998-),男,江苏丹阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力电池热管理。Tel: 15256969879 E-mail:

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序号 评价项目 评价指标 参考值 研究类型 试验 参考文献
1 预热时间 平均升温速率/(℃/min) ${2.21} \sim {2.47}$ 仿真+试验 -20 ℃至 10 ℃加热试验 [ 35 ]
约 4 仿真+试验 -40 ℃至 0 ℃加热试验 [ 37 ]
约 20 仿真+试验 (自加热锂离子电池) -40 ℃至 0 ℃加热试验 [ 38 ]
2 能量消耗 单位温度能量消耗率/(%/℃) 0.2 仿真+试验 -20℃至 0℃加热试验
3 温度均匀性 温度极差 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ <5 试验 -25 ℃至 5 ℃加热试验 [ 43 ]
4 充放电性能 放电容量保持率1% 78 仿真+试验 -15 ℃环境下 1.6 C 倍率放电试验 [ 48 ]
充电容量保持率/% 91.9 试验 -20 ℃环境下快充试验 [ 45 ]
80 仿真 -50 ℃环境下 15 min 快充 [ 49 ]
5 对电池老化的影响 电池健康状态SOH/% 综合性能
90
仿真+试验 600次低温加热试验 [ 52 ]
6 环境适应性 仿真+试验 不同环境下综合试验 [ 53 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1153978781862715580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978731946304256, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=低温热管理评价方法总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 评价项目 评价指标 参考值 研究类型 试验 参考文献
1 预热时间 平均升温速率/(℃/min) ${2.21} \sim {2.47}$ 仿真+试验 -20 ℃至 10 ℃加热试验 [ 35 ]
约 4 仿真+试验 -40 ℃至 0 ℃加热试验 [ 37 ]
约 20 仿真+试验 (自加热锂离子电池) -40 ℃至 0 ℃加热试验 [ 38 ]
2 能量消耗 单位温度能量消耗率/(%/℃) 0.2 仿真+试验 -20℃至 0℃加热试验
3 温度均匀性 温度极差 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ <5 试验 -25 ℃至 5 ℃加热试验 [ 43 ]
4 充放电性能 放电容量保持率1% 78 仿真+试验 -15 ℃环境下 1.6 C 倍率放电试验 [ 48 ]
充电容量保持率/% 91.9 试验 -20 ℃环境下快充试验 [ 45 ]
80 仿真 -50 ℃环境下 15 min 快充 [ 49 ]
5 对电池老化的影响 电池健康状态SOH/% 综合性能
90
仿真+试验 600次低温加热试验 [ 52 ]
6 环境适应性 仿真+试验 不同环境下综合试验 [ 53 ]
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动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究
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黄珂睿 1, 2 , 鲁锐华 3 , 余庆华 1, 2 , 李致远 1, 2 , 颜伏伍 1, 2
汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 479-490
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 479-490
动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究
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黄珂睿1, 2 , 鲁锐华3, 余庆华1, 2 , 李致远1, 2, 颜伏伍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070
  • 2 武汉理工大学 湖北省新能源与智能网联汽车工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
  • 3 湖北航天化学技术研究所 襄阳 441003
  • 黄珂睿(1998-),男,江苏丹阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力电池热管理。Tel: 15256969879 E-mail:

通讯作者:


余庆华(1987-),男,湖北荆州人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储热技术、热管理、锂电安全和氢氨技术。Tel: 18186065549 E-mail:
Research on Evaluation Techniques for Low-Temperature Thermal Management Systems in Power Batteries
Kerui HUANG1, 2 , Ruihua LU3, Qinghua YU1, 2 , Zhiyuan LI1, 2, Fuwu YAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Auto Parts Technology Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 2 Hubei New Energy and Intelligent Connected Vehicle Engineering Technology Research Center Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 3 Hubei Aerospace Chemical Technology Research Institute Xiangyang 441003 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.15
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电动汽车的普及对动力电池相关的技术提出了更高的要求,使电池保持在合适温度区间工作的动力电池热管理系统已经成为各大厂商的核心技术需求。由于锂离子电池在冬季低温环境下性能下降、寿命衰减尤为明显,低温热管理技术更是近年来动力电池研究的重点。从锂离子电池在低温环境中的性能劣化机理出发,对低温热管理系统的发展现状进行了综述,并结合最新研究进展,归纳了一套电动汽车低温热管理评价方法。

动力电池  /  锂离子电池  /  低温热管理  /  评价技术

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles has raised higher demands for the technology related to power batteries. Consequently, a thermal management system that keeps the battery within an optimal temperature range has become a core technical requirement for major manufacturers. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards lowtemperature thermal management technology, driven by the performance degradation and life decay of lithiumion batteries in winter's cold conditions. Based on the degradation mechanism of lithiumion batteries in cold conditions, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of lowtemperature thermal management systems. Additionally, in conjunction with the latest research progress, it summarizes a set of evaluation methods for lowtemperature thermal management of electric vehicles.

power battery  /  lithium ion battery  /  low temperature thermal management  /  evaluation technology
黄珂睿, 鲁锐华, 余庆华, 李致远, 颜伏伍. 动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 479 -490 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.15
Kerui HUANG, Ruihua LU, Qinghua YU, Zhiyuan LI, Fuwu YAN. Research on Evaluation Techniques for Low-Temperature Thermal Management Systems in Power Batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 479 -490 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.15
参考文献引用格式:
黄珂睿, 鲁锐华, 余庆华, 等. 动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究[J]. 汽车工程学报, 2024, 14(3):479-490.
HUANG Kerui, LU Ruihua, YU Qinghua, et al. Research on Evaluation Techniques for Low-Temperature Thermal Management Systems in Power Batteries[J].Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering,2024,14(3):479-490.(in Chinese)
随着电动汽车的普及,动力电池正面临着复杂环境的考验, 恶劣的低温环境不仅会影响锂离子电池的放电性能, 限制其充电速度, 还会使它的容量不可逆转地降低, 缩短其使用寿命, 甚至在充电时可能由于内部短路而造成热失控, 引发重大安全事故。而切实可行的解决方法是为电动汽车设计一套低温环境下的热管理方案, 将电池的温度维持在适宜的区间。因此, 动力电池低温热管理系统的性能决定了电动汽车在冬季低温环境下的使用体验与使用寿命。而由于低温加热方案种类繁多,目前动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术的发展仍处于起步阶段, 其量化评价还没有一个通用的标准, 难以横向比较不同低温热管理系统的性能。鉴于此, 本文对锂离子电池在低温下的性能劣化机理进行分析, 归纳了目前主流的动力电池低温快速加热方案, 同时提出了动力电池低温热管理系统的评价方法, 旨在为不同动力电池低温热管理系统的设计和测试提供参考。
在低温环境中使用锂离子电池面临不少困难, 如充放电导致的容量显著降低、寿命衰减加剧、循环倍率性能差等 [ 1 ] ,产生这些问题的原因如 图 1 所示,可以归结为以下几点 [ 2 ]
1)电解液在低温条件下黏度会增加甚至凝固, 使离子电导率降低。
2)电解液在低温条件下与电池负极、隔膜的浸润性能下降。
3)负极在低温条件下析锂增加,与电解液反应生成的产物会导致固态电解质界面(SEI膜)厚度增加。
4)低温条件下锂离子扩散系数降低,电荷转移阻抗增大。
锂离子电池在低温下的放电性能主要受限于电解液阻抗和固态电解质界面膜阻抗大幅增加。
GUO等 [ 4 ] 的研究表明, 在低温下, 离子电导率、锂离子转移数、溶剂化锂离子脱溶性能都会降低,这显著增加了电解液的电阻。GAO Fei等 [ 5 ] 利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了 ${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4} - \mathrm{C}$ 电极的充放电动力学,结果表明,在 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, ${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 基阴极的电荷转移电阻是室温时的 3 倍。LI Qiuyan 等 [ 6 ] 通过更换电池的部件进行对比试验,结果表明,Li ${}^{ + }$ 脱溶过程是低温Li ${}^{ + }$ 输运的主要动力学障碍。 这些因素会导致锂电池低温下的容量和工作电压的降低。HE Han等 [ 7 ] 向钴酸锂电池电解液中加入碳酸氟乙烯酯(FEC)以改善 SEI 膜的形成特性,结果表明,在 $- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,其容量保留率对比普通钴酸锂电池提高了 60.9%。此外, FEC 的加入使阴极-电解液界面形成了一层薄而稳定的CEI膜,加快了Li ${}^{ + }$ 的迁移速率, 提高了电化学反应速率, 强化了低温下的电池性能。
在低温下, 锂离子电池的充电也存在着不少问题, 如充电速度缓慢、寿命衰减、锂枝晶生长易造成短路引发安全事故等 [ 8 ]
PIAO Nan 等 [ 9 ] 提出,低温时,特别是在大电流和高 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的情况下,金属锂很容易在石墨层中析出, 并进一步与电解质发生反应, 使 SEI 膜增厚, 极化增加, 从而缩短容量和寿命。这大大限制了锂电池在低温环境下的充电速度。ZIER 等 [ 10 ] 用聚焦离子束(FIB)对经四氧化锇染色处理的循环石墨电极进行横断面处理, 揭示了金属锂和电解质还原层在电极上的沉积和分布的信息, 表明锂电池在低温充电时其负极表面易堆积形成金属锂枝晶, 而锂枝晶可能对隔膜造成损伤, 引起内部短路, 诱发电池热失控, 严重增加安全隐患。同时, TIPPMANN 等 [ 11 ] 也模拟了锂离子电池的充电过程,对比了常温和低温下负极析锂情况, 结果表明, 低温下由于界面反应阻抗增加, 使负极比常温条件下更容易达到析锂电位, 锂离子无法正常嵌入石墨负极中, 而是以原子的形态沉积在负极表面, 久而久之就会形成锂枝晶, 如 图 2 所示。SUN Pengfei 等 [ 12 ] 使用 ${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池在低温下进行充电试验,发现由于低温环境下极化效应更显著, 充电时更容易超过截止电压而产生过充, 通过对电压差曲线的分析, 得出锂离子损耗是低温过充导致电池寿命衰减的主要原因。
为了保证电动汽车在低温下的行驶性能、延长电池的使用寿命, 电动汽车的低温热管理系统便显得尤为重要。电动汽车低温热管理系统的核心是电池低温快速加热系统, 而电池低温加热系统根据热源的位置分为外部加热和内部加热 [ 13 ] ,具体分类如 图 3 所示。
外部加热法是目前比较成熟的电池预热方法, 且相对容易实现。外部加热法通常可以分为两类, 一类是基于流体, 对空气、液体或相变材料进行加热,间接加热电池;另一类基于电热元件,如珀尔贴效应元件、PTC加热器、电热膜等,这些加热元件通常贴附在电池表面,直接加热电池 [ 14 ]
空气预热结构简单, 与电池散热系统兼容性良好, 通常由外部加热装置如车载空调加热空气, 并借由风扇强制对流预热电池,其结构如 图 4 所示。
王发成等 [ 15 ] 设计并制作了使用电热丝加热空气的加热箱, 将其加装在汽车原来的散热系统中, 在 $- {15}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的低温环境下,把电池单体加热到 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。 加热结果表明,电池单体表面温度近似直线上升, 每 87 s 升高 1 ℃。JI Yan 等 [ 16 ] 使用单个 18650 电池, 通过电化学-热耦合 (ECT) 模型探究了电池内部的热生成机制, 仿真结果表明, 空气预热的升温速率由于空气比热容较小,只能达到 ${0.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 左右。空气预热法结构简单、成本低,但升温速率较慢,已无法满足目前人们对新能源汽车的要求。
液体预热是一种基于液冷式热管理系统的预热方法。由于液体具有更高的导热系数和比热容,使它的升温速率更高 [ 17 ] 。按照冷却液与电池是否直接接触又分为间接接触式液体预热与直接接触式 (浸没式)液体预热。常用的液体预热系统主要由加热器、换热器、泵和循环管组成, 其结构如 图 5 所示。热交换器安装在电池组上, 与电池组紧密接触, 当液体介质通过热交换器时, 热量从液体传递到蓄电池。
一般来说, 直接接触式 (浸没式) 液体预热比间接接触式液体预热的传热系数更高, 这意味着其温升率也更高 [ 18 ] 。WANG Yabo 等 [ 19 ] 建立了一套三维计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,仿真结果表明,直接接触式液体预热升温速率最高可达 ${4.18}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,而电池组内的温升差小于 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其结果也得到了试验验证。相比于间接接触式液体预热方法, 直接接触式液体预热具有更高的加热效率和更好的温度一致性, 但其需要液体具有良好的绝缘性能和高导热性能。相比于空气预热,液体预热需要更好的密封性, 系统设计复杂, 成本较高。
电热元件与电池直接接触, 有效地将电能转化为热能, 为电池加热。电热元件包括珀尔贴效应元件、PTC 加热器、电热膜,其基本结构如 图 6 所示。 珀尔贴效应元件利用电流流过两种不同导体界面时, 从外界吸收或放出热量的效应, 通过控制电流来实现电池加热 [ 20 ] 。ALAOUI 等 [ 21 ] 对珀尔贴效应元件预热效率进行了试验研究。结果表明,远离元件的电池单体升温速率约为 ${0.6}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,靠近元件的电池单体升温速率可达 $1{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。因此,即使珀尔贴效应预热具有安装简单、成本低等优点, 但由于温度梯度的存在, 其预热后的温度一致性有待进一步研究。PTC加热器是一种正温度系数的半导体材料, 其可以在加热的过程中保持一个稳定的温度,能有效防止加热过程中电池局部过热 [ 22 ] 。JIN Xin 等 [ 23 ] 在电池间布置了开槽铝板,并将 PTC 电阻带嵌入其中,测得升温速率能达到 ${0.35}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。 电热膜一般由金属箔制成并绝缘封装, 通过电流流过电热膜时产生的热量来加热电池。LEI Zhiguo 等 [ 24 ] 提出了一种用于电池预热的宽线金属膜方法。 他们进行了 ${35}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 大功率锂离子电池在低温下的充放电特性试验。结果表明, 该方法升温速率为 2.67 °C/min。
由于外部加热法能耗高, 且结构相对复杂, 内部加热法已成为研究的热门。内部加热法主要包括自加热锂离子电池和外部电流激励加热, 其结构分别如 图 7图 8 所示。
WANG Chaoyang 等 [ 26 ] 提出了一种在低温下能自加热的锂离子电池结构 SHLB, 如 图 7 所示。该新型结构在电池内部嵌入了具有一定电阻的薄镍箔。镍箔有两个凸耳,其中一个连接到负极,另一个延伸到外面形成第 3 个端子,也称为激活端子。 此外, 激活端与负极端通过开关连接, 由电池表面温度控制。当开关打开时,电池处于自热过程,电子流过镍箔, 从而产生大量的欧姆热, 使电池温度迅速上升。一旦电池表面温度达到阈值,开关关闭并停止自热。试验结果表明,电池从 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的升温时间为 ${19.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,升温速率约为 ${61.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 消耗电池容量的 ${3.8}\%$ ;当起始温度降低到 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 加热时间增加至 ${29.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,升温速率约为 ${60.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 消耗电池容量的 5.5%。YANG Xiaoguang 等 [ 27 ] 通过建立电化学-热耦合模型模拟 SHLB 电池的产热特征, 结果表明, 镍箔在活化过程中产生的欧姆热平均占电池内部热量的 78%。然而,由于传热不良, SHLB 电池存在较大的温度梯度, 当电池表面温度升至 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,内部镍箔温度可达 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。虽然此温度梯度可以通过嵌入多块镍箔改善 [ 28 ] ,但这会导致电池容量密度下降、成本升高,且带来较严重的短路风险。
激励直流电预热是电池通过短时大电流自放电以产生焦耳热,提高电池温度的方法。激励直流电预热电池的方法目前还很少使用。这主要是因为它会导致锂沉积 [ 29 ] 、降低电池容量,减少循环寿命 [ 30 ] 。QU Zhiguo 等 [ 31 ] 通过间断施加激励直流电的方式预热电池, 这种方法与连续激励直流电预热相比,避免了锂沉积,电池从-10 ℃升温到 10 ℃用了 ${175}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,升温速率约为 ${6.9}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$
激励交流电预热是在电池正极和负极上施加一定频率的交流电, 通过电池的内阻抗产生热量。锂在电池内发生嵌锂反应后立即发生脱嵌锂反应。这样就避免了激励直流电预热造成的锂沉淀和容量损失。ZHANG Jianbo 等 [ 32 ] 建立了频域热生成速率模型, 考虑了不同环境下传热系数对温度上升速率的影响,结果表明,在幅值为 $7\mathrm{\;A}$ ,频率为 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的激励交流电下,电池在 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内从-20 °C上升至 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 升温速率约为 ${1.67}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。通过选择合适的交流参数, 可以使电池低温预热更高效、均匀。
激励脉冲电流预热是指将脉冲电流信号施加到电池上, 通过内部阻抗产生热量。与恒定的激励直流/交流电预热相比,激励脉冲电流预热可以降低电池容量的损失, 同时在相同截止电压的条件下, 升温速率更快 [ 31 ] 。WU Xiaogang 等 [ 33 ] 提出了一种容量损失最小化的脉冲预热优化方法, 结果表明, 电池在 ${308}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内从 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 升温至 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,且在 30 次循环后容量仅衰减 0.035%。
电动汽车热管理系统的合理设计能保障车辆宽温域环境适应能力、电池热安全和乘员舱热舒适性, 同时也对低温环境下的整车能耗有显著影响 [ 34 ] 。低温环境对电动汽车的充放电性能、续驶里程、电池容量、电池峰值功率等都会有不同程度的影响 [ 35 ] ,因此,对动力电池的低温热管理系统进行高效、准确的评价有助于改善电池系统的低温适用性, 进而提高整车的可靠性、安全性, 降低能耗水平。近年来, 国内外相关研究人员通过不同的评价指标对动力电池低温热管理系统进行了评价, 为了建立尽可能完善的评价体系, 本文选取了预热时间、能量消耗、温度均匀性、充放电性能、对电池老化的影响、环境适应性作为评价项目。
预热时间, 即从低温环境启动到能发车所需的等待时间, 是最直接影响驾驶体验的参数。预热时间由平均升温速率决定。国内外也有大量的学者通过低温热管理系统的平均升温速率来表征电池低温热管理系统的性能。其表示方法为:
$ \mathrm{{ROR}} = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{t}} - {T}_{0}}{t}\text{ 。 } $
式中: $\mathrm{{ROR}}$ 为平均升温速率,单位 ${}^{o}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}};{T}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为目标温度,单位 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{0}$ 为初始温度,单位 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};t$ 为加热时间,单位 $\min$
GUO Shanshan 等 [ 35 ] 基于电热耦合模型对交流加热方法下的电池低温热管理系统进行了预热时间维度的评价,研究结果表明在交流加热过程中,电池单体温度从 $- {20.3}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 上升到 ${10.02}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 用时 ${13.7}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,平均升温速率为 ${2.21}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ;电池组温度从 $- {20.84}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 上升到 ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 用时 ${12.4}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,平均升温速率 ${2.47}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 表现出良好的加热特性。WANG Lincheng 等 [ 36 ] 提出一种基于微热管阵列的锂离子电池低温加热方法, 通过预热时间评价低温热管理加热性能, 试验结果为,该低温热管理系统能在 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内将电池组从 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热到 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,分析指出预热时间较长导致电池低温热管理性能下降的原因是集成的低温热管理系统和散热组件对低温加热时的温升产生了负面影响。HUANG Deyang 等 [ 37 ] 采用等效电路模型对极低温条件下的方形电池组进行在环测试, 测试结果显示电池温度从 $- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 上升到 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 用时低于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ , 平均升温速率为 $4{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。ZHANG Guangsheng 等 [ 38 ] 改进了加热方法后对自加热三元锂离子电池系统进行低温加热,可以在 $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内将电池温度从 $- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 提高到 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均升温速率约为 ${20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 在相同温升条件下, 预热时间大幅减少, 低温热管理系统性能提升。
由此可见, 对于非自加热锂离子电池, 优秀的低温热管理系统所能提供的升温速率至少为 ${2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 即电池从 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热至 ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 用时应少于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$
低温环境下加热电池所消耗的能量对于电动汽车而言无法忽视, 因此, 动力电池低温热管理系统的能量消耗是重要的评价项目。对于不同的新能源汽车,其电池组质量、体积等也不尽相同,使用能量消耗作为评价指标无法反映其相对性能。而引入单位温度能量消耗率, 即每上升单位温度, 低温热管理系统消耗的能量占电池组储存能量的百分比作为评价指标更合理。单位温度能量消耗率的表示方法为:
$ \mathrm{{ECR}} = \frac{{E}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{b}} \times {T}_{\mathrm{r}}} \times {100}\% \text{。} $
式中: $\mathrm{{ECR}}$ 为单位温度能量消耗率,单位 $\% /{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};{E}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为低温热管理系统消耗的能量,单位 $\mathrm{{Wh}};{E}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为电池组储存能量,单位 $\mathrm{{Wh}};{T}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为上升温度,单位 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
XU Jun 等 [ 39 ] 基于一种用于低温电池热管理的混合自加热法比较了其与传统自加热法的能量消耗率, 结果表明, 混合自加热法的单位温度能量消耗率为 ${0.2}\% {/}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,与传统自加热法的 ${0.45}\% {/}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 相比,单位温度能量消耗率降低了 55.6%,低温热管理系统性能显著提升。刘志平等 [ 40 ] 对采用PTC水加热的动力电池低温热管理系统进行优化及验证, 对优化前后的车型进行综合测试, 在充电量相同的情况下, 优化后的低温热管理系统能量消耗降低了 ${0.9}\mathrm{{kWh}}$ 。 MA Yan 等 [ 41 ] 提出了一种非线性模型预测控制电池低温热管理优化策略, 并建立了一个受压缩机转速等多变量约束的多目标优化函数来调节电池温度和能耗, 该策略与单独使用电加热器相比, 单位温度能量消耗率降低了 45%。
结合以上研究可知, 优秀的低温热管理系统加热策略的单位温度能量消耗率应小于传统自加热法的 ${0.45}\% {/}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,即电池从 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热至 ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 所消耗的电池组储存能量小于9%。
动力电池的性能不仅与平均温度有关, 而且与温度的分布有关。温度分布不均匀会使局部的电流与荷电状态 (SOC) 差异过大, 从而使可用容量下降、性能降低、寿命衰减。因此, 动力电池低温热管理系统在预热过程中需要考虑到温度分布均匀性 [ 42 ] 。温度均匀性可以使用电池组或电池包、电池单体各点温度的极差来表示: 温度极差=各点最高温度一各点最低温度。国内外均有采用温度均匀性评价电池低温热管理加热系统的研究。ZHU Jiangong 等 [ 43 ] $- {25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下对 ${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池进行恒流恒压低温充电测试, 通过在电池的几何中心嵌入一个热电偶来测试低温交流加热过程中的电池温度均匀性, 结果表明, 在交流加热方法下进行测试,电池单体表面的温差不超过 ${2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电池组内部温差不超过 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电池单体和电池组的温度均匀性良好。同时, 也可以通过建立有限元模型表征温度均匀性评价低温热管理过程, LEI Zhiguo 等 [ 44 ] 通过瞬态三维加热有限元模型研究了自加热法和宽线金属膜加热法的锂离子电池单体的温度均匀性, 在不同外界条件下对两种低温热管理方式进行比较, 通过高低温度极差和温度分布的标准差进行定量比较评价这两种低温热管理方式。杨玉梅等 [ 45 ] 以 32 组单体电池的温差不超过 ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为指标,来评价其低温热管理策略的有效性。
综上所述, 优秀的低温热管理系统在加热过程中电池各点温度的极差应小于 ${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
锂离子电池的充放电性能是锂离子电池检测项目中的一项主要评价指标, 它能直接反映电池的性能与容量大小 [ 46 ] 。在低温环境下,热管理系统的性能直接影响了锂离子电池的充放电性能, 因此, 有必要将锂离子电池的充放电性能作为评价低温热管理系统性能的指标之一。充放电性能可以使用充电容量保持率和放电容量保持率表示, 具体方法如下。
${20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 恒温条件下,对电池进行恒流恒压充电,搁置 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后进行 $1\mathrm{C}$ 恒流放电至截止电压,记录放电容量, 重复 5 次后取放电容量平均值为标定容量;将电池在 ${20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 恒温条件下进行 $1\mathrm{C}$ 恒流放电至截止电压,接着在 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 低温环境下充分浸车后,在启用低温热管理系统的前提下进行 $1 \sim 5\mathrm{C}$ 的恒流充电,测量 $1 \sim 5\mathrm{C}$ 的充电容量,则不同倍率下的充电容量保持率可表示为:
$ {\mathrm{{CR}}}_{\mathrm{c}} = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{n}}} \times {100}\% \text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为不同倍率充电时的容量保持率,单位 $\% ;{C}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为不同倍率充电容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}};{C}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为标定容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}}$
将电池在 ${20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 恒温条件下进行恒流恒压充电, 接着在 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 低温环境下充分浸车后,在启用低温热管理系统的前提下进行 $1 \sim 5\mathrm{C}$ 的恒流放电,测量 $1 \sim 5\mathrm{C}$ 的放电容量,则不同倍率下的放电容量保持率可表示为:
$ {\mathrm{{CR}}}_{\mathrm{d}} = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{n}}} \times {100}\% \text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为不同倍率放电时的容量保持率,单位 $\%$${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为不同倍率放电容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}};{C}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为标定容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}}$
SUN Mingyang 等 [ 47 ] 通过共晶相变材料对 36 块 18650 型动力电池组在 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下进行低温加热, 与不使用低温热管理系统的电池组对比表明, 该低温热管理系统的电能释放量在 $1\mathrm{C}$ 放电倍率下增加 6.8%,在 2 C 放电倍率下增加 5%。YAZICI [ 48 ] 采用 $\mathrm{{PCM}}$ /石墨基复合材料对处于 $- {15}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的锂离子电池进行预热,在 ${1.6}\mathrm{C}$ 的放电倍率下对非预热和预热情况下的放电容量进行对比, 观察到非预热情况下标称电压的截至值急剧下降, 容量损失接近 100%,而在预热情况下,放电容量损失仅为 22%。 杨玉梅等 [ 45 ] 通过试验测得在其设计的热管理系统下, 锂电池组即便处于低温条件仍能正常工作, 并且充入电量达到电池组额定容量的 91.9%。YANG Xiaoguang 等 [ 549 ] 提出了一个能实现无锂枝晶快速充电的可控电池结构,该电池系统即便是在 $- {50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的低温环境下也能在 15 min 内充电至总量的 80%。 进一步对其在低温条件下的充电耐久性进行了研究分析,结果显示,在 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${3.5}\mathrm{C}$ 的充电条件下持续循环 4 500 次,其电容量损失也小于 20%,这个循环次数得到的结果相当于动力电池汽车在低温环境下行驶 12 年或 450 000 km 后仍能正常使用。
结合以上研究可知, 优秀的低温热管理系统应使电池在 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 低温环境下做到不同倍率的充放电容量保持率达到约 80%。
锂电池的老化主要表现为阻抗增加和容量衰退 [ 50 ] 。低温环境下,动力电池低温热管理系统的加热策略会对动力电池的综合性能以及使用寿命均产生不利影响, 并最终导致电池老化程度加深, 提前发生报废。电池的老化可以通过电池的健康状态 SOH表示为:
$ \mathrm{{SOH}} = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{C}_{0}} \times {100}\% \text{。} $
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为当前额定放电容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}};{C}_{0}$ 为初始放电容量,单位 $\mathrm{{Ah}}$
MIN Haitao 等 [ 51 ] 在分析了低温时热管理系统的性能和电池 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 损耗特性之后,提出了一种新的控制策略, 既能使驾驶舱和电池维持在合适温度范围, 也能调节电池加热时的负荷电流, 仿真研究结果表明,电池 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的损耗同比之前不做处理的自加热方式下降了约 3.11%~3.76%,而驾驶座舱和电池温度却几乎不受影响。这种电池低温热管理策略既能满足原本的温度需求, 也能减少电池老化。而针对大型汽车锂离子电池组长期以来在低温条件下性能不佳的情况, JIANG Jiuchun 等 [ 52 ] 提出了一种能有效减少电池 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 损耗的内部自加热方式, 在进行放电试验的同时又使用交流电完成自加热过程, 通过这种热管理策略能有效避免低温时出现锂析现象。从得到的试验结果来看, 电池包在 ${600}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的时间内从 $- {20.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热到 ${2.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,且温度分布均匀。更重要的是, 经过多达 600 次的加热试验, 没有发现锂的明显析出, 也没有出现明显的热老化应力,说明该动力电池系统的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 没有受到太大的影响。
结合以上研究可知, 优秀的低温热管理系统在 600 次低温加热后,电池 SOH 不低于 90%。
环境气候尤其是温度随着气候和地区的变化有较大的起伏, 即使低温区域也仍然有着很宽的变化范围(如 $- {40} \sim {0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ),低温热管理系统能否适用于不同环境条件是一个值得考量的重要指标。
胡凯 [ 53 ] 通过数值仿真与试验研究相结合的方法, 研究了在其设计的一套动力电池热管理系统作用下, 在电池单体放电情况下的温升曲线, 试验证明在 $- {35} \sim - {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 温区范围内任一温度条件下,动力电池仍能正常放电且在 ${600}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的时间内被均匀预热, 说明该低温热管理系统具有很好的温度适应性。
选取预热时间、能量消耗、温度均匀性、充放电性能、对电池老化的影响、环境适应性作为动力电池低温热管理系统的评价项目,其对应的评价指标与参考值见 表 1
本文从锂电池在低温环境下的性能劣化机理入手,综述了目前主流的低温快速加热方法, 结合相关学者的研究, 选取了预热时间、能量消耗、温度均匀性、充放电性能、对电池老化的影响、环境适应性作为评价项目,并归纳了对应的参考值。
动力电池低温热管理系统的评价技术发展目前仍处于起步阶段, 如何为种类繁多的低温热管理方案提供更精确合理的评价方法也是不小的挑战。未来电池低温热管理系统评价技术的发展趋势主要体现在:
1)构建电池的理论模型, 从电化学机理的角度, 分析不同参数对锂离子电池的影响, 为评价指标提供理论参考;
2)采用监测数据与理论模型结合的方式, 依靠先进的算法, 实时评估电池当前状态;
3)同时考量系统成本、复杂度、可靠性等其他方面的因素,构建多维度的评价体系;
4)对于不同的加热策略, 针对性地采用不同的评价指标与评价模型, 尽可能全面地反映不同低温热管理技术的特性。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划资助项目(2021BAA016)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2022IVA024)
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2024年第14卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.15
  • 接收时间:2023-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-30
  • 修回日期:2023-03-04
基金
湖北省重点研发计划资助项目(2021BAA016)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2022IVA024)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070
    2 武汉理工大学 湖北省新能源与智能网联汽车工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
    3 湖北航天化学技术研究所 襄阳 441003

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余庆华(1987-),男,湖北荆州人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为储热技术、热管理、锂电安全和氢氨技术。Tel: 18186065549 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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