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In order to promote the development of autonomous vehicle applications, conducting accurate and reliable safety testing and evaluation is essential. This paper proposes a safety evaluation method for autonomous vehicles tailored to highspeed ramp traffic scenarios using natural driving data. By analyzing the conflict characteristics in the confluence area, the models for calculating traffic conflict indicators such as TTC, PET and MSS are established to determine the safety evaluation indicators. The fuzzy clustering of natural driving indicator data is used to obtain the threshold ranges for these indicators. The autonomous vehicle simulation test has been built. The importance criterion weight distribution method based on interlayer correlation and the gray correlation scoring model are applied. The comprehensive evaluation scores regarding the safety of autonomous vehicles are calculated under different control algorithms. The results show a distinct correlation in the distribution of safety indices between the test vehicle's driving behavior and ideal driving behavior. By calculating the overall correlation degree, the scores can directly reflect the comprehensive safety performance of different autonomous driving systems.

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针对高速匝道交通场景提出了一种基于自然驾驶数据的自动驾驶汽车安全性评价方法。通过分析合流区冲突特征,建立碰撞时间(Time to Collision, TTC)模型、后侵占时间(Post Encroachment Time, PET)模型、最小安全换道距离(Minimum Safe Spacing, MSS)交通冲突指标计算模型来确定安全性评价指标,利用模糊聚类自然驾驶指标数据确定指标阈值范围,搭建自动驾驶汽车仿真测试试验,应用层间相关性的重要性准则权重分配方法和灰色关联评分模型,计算得到不同控制算法下自动驾驶汽车安全性的综合评价得分。结果表明,被试车辆驾驶行为与理想驾驶行为在各安全性指标的关联度分布明显,计算总体关联度,得分可以直观说明不同自动驾驶系统的综合安全性能。

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A Research Review of Grey Relational Degree Model[J]. Statistics and Decision, 2020(15):29-34. 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特征指标 指标值
TTC/s 5.26 3.42 3.36
PET/s 2.95 2.37 3.44
车间距离/m 15.11 17.06 14.45
加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0.15 0.19 0.17
换道时间/s 3.16 3.48 3.04
), ArticleFig(id=1153978777668407476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978736241267314, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同算法中主车综合指标值汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征指标 指标值
TTC/s 5.26 3.42 3.36
PET/s 2.95 2.37 3.44
车间距离/m 15.11 17.06 14.45
加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0.15 0.19 0.17
换道时间/s 3.16 3.48 3.04
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匝道合流交通场景下自动驾驶汽车安全性测试评价方法
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李文礼 , 李中峰 , 李超 , 易帆
汽车工程学报 | 智能安全技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 354-362
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汽车工程学报 | 智能安全技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 354-362
匝道合流交通场景下自动驾驶汽车安全性测试评价方法
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李文礼 , 李中峰, 李超, 易帆
作者信息
  • 重庆理工大学 汽车零部件先进制造技术教育部重点实验室 重庆 400054
  • 李文礼(1983-),男,河南驻马店人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车测试与评价。Tel: 023-68667370 E-mail:

Research on Safety Testing and Evaluation Methods for Autonomous Vehicles in Ramp Merging Traffic Scenarios
Wenli LI , Zhongfeng LI, Chao LI, Fan YI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Automobile Parts, Ministry of Education Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.03
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针对高速匝道交通场景提出了一种基于自然驾驶数据的自动驾驶汽车安全性评价方法。通过分析合流区冲突特征,建立碰撞时间(Time to Collision, TTC)模型、后侵占时间(Post Encroachment Time, PET)模型、最小安全换道距离(Minimum Safe Spacing, MSS)交通冲突指标计算模型来确定安全性评价指标,利用模糊聚类自然驾驶指标数据确定指标阈值范围,搭建自动驾驶汽车仿真测试试验,应用层间相关性的重要性准则权重分配方法和灰色关联评分模型,计算得到不同控制算法下自动驾驶汽车安全性的综合评价得分。结果表明,被试车辆驾驶行为与理想驾驶行为在各安全性指标的关联度分布明显,计算总体关联度,得分可以直观说明不同自动驾驶系统的综合安全性能。

自动驾驶汽车  /  安全性评价  /  模糊聚类分析  /  灰色关联度

In order to promote the development of autonomous vehicle applications, conducting accurate and reliable safety testing and evaluation is essential. This paper proposes a safety evaluation method for autonomous vehicles tailored to highspeed ramp traffic scenarios using natural driving data. By analyzing the conflict characteristics in the confluence area, the models for calculating traffic conflict indicators such as TTC, PET and MSS are established to determine the safety evaluation indicators. The fuzzy clustering of natural driving indicator data is used to obtain the threshold ranges for these indicators. The autonomous vehicle simulation test has been built. The importance criterion weight distribution method based on interlayer correlation and the gray correlation scoring model are applied. The comprehensive evaluation scores regarding the safety of autonomous vehicles are calculated under different control algorithms. The results show a distinct correlation in the distribution of safety indices between the test vehicle's driving behavior and ideal driving behavior. By calculating the overall correlation degree, the scores can directly reflect the comprehensive safety performance of different autonomous driving systems.

autonomous vehicle  /  safety evaluation  /  fuzzy cluster analysis  /  grey correlation degree
李文礼, 李中峰, 李超, 易帆. 匝道合流交通场景下自动驾驶汽车安全性测试评价方法. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 354 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.03
Wenli LI, Zhongfeng LI, Chao LI, Fan YI. Research on Safety Testing and Evaluation Methods for Autonomous Vehicles in Ramp Merging Traffic Scenarios[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 354 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.03
随着自动驾驶汽车行业的发展, 对其安全性进行准确可靠的测试评价逐渐受到重视 [ 1 ] 。目前,国内外学者针对自动驾驶汽车测试评价从不同角度进行了深入研究。基于公开道路或封闭试验场地测试, 通常使用通过性指标与平均人工接管次数指标来评价自动驾驶汽车的安全性 [ 2 ] 。GUO Yifan 等 [ 3 ] 采用实测和 VISSIM 仿真相结合的手段获取了合流区交通流运行数据, 分析大型车比例和加速车道长度对合流路段的影响, 利用交通冲突和速度一致性指标评价合流区的安全性。通过自动驾驶车辆相关赛事中车辆的表现及评价指标值来评价无人驾驶车辆性能的优异, 如 DARPA 组织了 3 届无人驾驶车辆比赛 [ 4 ] ,以完成所有规定项目所消耗时间的长短作为评价指标对比赛结果进行评价。此类方法不区分指标间的重要性差异, 评价结果不够全面, 存在测试风险且效率低下。明小松 [ 5 ] 依据不同交通冲突的 TTC 累积频率分布, 确定了严重冲突和一般冲突的阈值, 以交通冲突率与冲突密度为评价指标, 采用灰色聚类法, 将合流区交通安全划分为 4 个等级。朱冰等 [ 6 ] 提出一种自动驾驶安全性聚类评价参数——场景危险率,面向多维度逻辑场景对自动驾驶安全性进行聚类评价。宋瑞 [ 7 ] 利用统计平均数法确定指标权重,结合各个场景的评分值和所占权重对智能车辆的场景通过综合性能进行综合评价。董芳 [ 8 ] 搭建弯道驾驶行为虚拟视景仿真平台, 利用改进层次分析法和灰色关联法对弯道环境下的无人车智能行为进行评价。此类方法考虑指标间的重要性差异, 联合指标评价对象的综合水平, 但现有的测试评价研究大都通过专家意见计算指标权重,确定指标最优值,评价结果容易受专家主观因素的影响,评价过程复杂且不具有普适性。
本文针对高速匝道交通场景, 利用交通冲突指标计算模型来确定适用于自动驾驶汽车的客观安全性评价指标。以有人驾驶行为特点为参考, 利用模糊聚类分析人类自然驾驶特性, 确定自动驾驶安全性评价指标的阈值范围。应用层间相关性的重要性准则权重分配方法和灰色关联评分模型, 较准确地对自动驾驶系统的安全性进行综合量化评价分析, 从而降低了评价方法的主观性和评价成本, 提高了测试评价效率。
为研究高速匝道合流区自动驾驶汽车安全性测试与评价方法, 首先需要了解合流区的结构特点以及车辆汇入的影响因素, 分析其交通冲突的可能原因, 为有针对性的交通调查和后续交通冲突分析模型奠定基础。
合流描述了将来自同一方向的不同交通流合并为一个交通流的过程。高速匝道合流区承载着连接匝道与高速公路主路的功能, 匝道车流与主路车流在该区域汇合为一个车流,完成并道过程 [ 9 ] 。高速匝道合流过程为所在匝道的车辆, 即合流车辆在行驶到合流区鼻端位置时, 开始执行合流操作汇入目标车道, 即高速公路主路。匝道合流过程, 如 图 1 所示。
在不同方向的车辆通过匝道并入主线的过程中, 匝道车辆必须先加速, 然后等待时机并入主线。在相对集中的区域, 两条车流汇合为一条, 车道数量减少, 车辆之间的相对位置接近, 也增加了交通冲突的风险。合流区的冲突行为主要包括:当目标车道上的车辆驶入合流区时, 为规避匝道上车辆之间的风险,会减速向内变道,导致追尾风险增加; 车辆在加速车道上伺机进入主线会造成换道冲突;已完成与主线并线的车辆在匝道到来时向内变道导致变道冲突的风险。由于车辆行为的不同, 整个汇流区的冲突发生率相对于基本路段有所增加。
现有交通冲突判定多分为两类, 即追尾冲突和换道冲突。以时间模型和距离模型对匝道合流交通冲突行为进行分析。
在同一车道行驶的车辆, 采用主车车头位置与前车车尾位置之间的距离除以主车与前车的瞬间相对纵向车速所得出的时间, 即 TTC 作为追尾交通冲突的判定模型 [ 10 ] 。如果满足相同车道且前、后两车的相对速度不为 0 的条件下, TTC 计算结果为负值, 则追尾交通行为不可能发生。
$ \mathrm{{TTC}} = - \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) }\text{。} $
式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)$ 为车间距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right)$ 为相对速度。
$ {v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) = {v}_{\mathrm{{Tv}}}\left( t\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{{sv}}}\left( t\right) 。 $
式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{{Tv}}}\left( t\right)$ 为前车车速; ${v}_{\mathrm{{sv}}}\left( t\right)$ 为主车车速。
车辆合流的发生带来更多的换道行为, 原行驶于不同车道的车辆在经过换道后集中于同一车道, 通过 PET 模型可以较好地将换道可能导致的冲突予以量化计算 [ 11 ] ,即将两车先后到达同一断面的时间差作为判定车辆冲突是否发生的计算指标, 如 图 2 所示。
$ {\mathrm{{PET}}}_{i}\left( t\right) = {t}_{i} - {t}_{i} - 1\text{。} $
式中: PET 为车辆换道冲突判定指标,单位 $\mathrm{s}$ ; ${t}_{i}$ 为后车通过指定断面的时刻,单位 $\mathrm{s};{t}_{i - 1}$ 为前车通过指定断面的时刻,单位 $\mathrm{s}$
当匝道主车执行汇入行为时,与目标车道上的前方车辆需保持最小的纵向安全距离,即保证换道时无事故发生,称为最小安全换道距离 [ 12 ] 。高速匝道合流区汇入过程,如 图 3 所示。图中, $\mathrm{m}$ 车 (自车)从当前车道合并至目标车道, $\mathrm{n}$ 车是目标车道上的前方车辆。切入过程中可能会发生斜向碰撞、侧向刮擦和追尾碰撞。
考虑所有可能发生的碰撞形式, $\mathrm{m}$ 车与 $\mathrm{n}$ 车不发生碰撞的条件为:
$ {X}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < {X}_{\mathrm{n}}\left( t\right) - {L}_{\mathrm{n}} - {W}_{\mathrm{m}}\sin \left( {\theta \left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
式中: ${X}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\mathrm{m}$ 车的纵向位移; ${X}_{\mathrm{n}}$$\mathrm{n}$ 车的纵向位移; ${L}_{\mathrm{n}}$$\mathrm{n}$ 车的车长; ${W}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\mathrm{m}$ 车的车宽; $\theta \left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻车辆进入车道切线方向与车道纵向的夹角。
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right)$$\mathrm{m}$ 车辆的左前点位置与 $\mathrm{n}$ 车辆尾部位置之间的纵向距离, 则:
$ {S}_{r}\left( t\right) = {X}_{\mathrm{n}}\left( t\right) - {X}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) - {L}_{\mathrm{n}} - {W}_{\mathrm{m}}\sin \left( {\theta \left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) > 0$ ,则不会引起任何形式的碰撞,将式 (5) 改写为:
$ {S}_{r}\left( t\right) = {S}_{r}\left( 0\right) + {\int }_{0}^{t}{\int }_{0}^{\lambda }\left( {{a}_{x\mathrm{n}}\left( \tau \right) - {a}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( \tau \right) }\right) \mathrm{d}\tau \mathrm{d}\lambda + \\ \left( {{v}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( 0\right) - {v}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( 0\right) t}\right) \text{。} $
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( 0\right) = X\mathrm{n}\left( 0\right) - {X}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( 0\right) - {L}_{\mathrm{n}}$ ,为 $\mathrm{m}$ 车和 $\mathrm{n}$ 车起始的最小纵向距离; ${a}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}$$\mathrm{m}$ 车的纵向加速度; ${a}_{x\mathrm{n}}$$\mathrm{n}$ 车的纵向加速度; ${v}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}$$\mathrm{m}$ 车的纵向速度; ${v}_{x\mathrm{n}}$$\mathrm{n}$ 车的纵向速度。 $\mathrm{m}$ 车和 $\mathrm{n}$ 车之间不发生任何碰撞的条件,即为 $\mathrm{m}$ 车完成车辆换道行为时和 $\mathrm{n}$ 车的最小安全换道距离(MSS(n, m)),于是:
$ \operatorname{MSS}\left( {\mathrm{n},\mathrm{m}}\right) = \max \left( {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\int }_{0}^{\lambda }\left( {{ax}\mathrm{n}\left( \tau \right) - {a}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( \tau \right) }\right) \mathrm{d}\tau \mathrm{d}\lambda + }\right. \\ \left( {{v}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( 0\right) - {v}_{x\mathrm{\;m}}\left( 0\right) t}\right) )\text{。} $
由式 (7) 可知, 最小换道安全距离主要取决于主车和目标车车道前车之间的相对纵向速度、相对纵向加速度以及主车换道完成所用时间。
依据上述交通冲突指标计算模型, 选取自动驾驶车辆在测试过程中的 TTC、PET、车间距离、加速度以及车辆换道完成时间为安全性评价指标。
为研究分析匝道合流交通冲突行为, 通过无人机航拍视频, 对自然驾驶数据进行识别和记录, 提取冲突指标数据。
本文中使用的拍摄器材为小型四旋翼无人机, 其自身搭载的相机能提供高清航拍视频, 从而为后续车辆的检测和追踪提供高质量的数据支持。采集区域为某高速汇入口, 目标车道为三车道, 加速车道为双车道,全长 $L$${860}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,变速段长度为 ${350}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 渐变长度为 ${160}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,出入口渐变率为 $1/{40}$ ,匝道限速 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 。车道 ID 由上至下分别名为 $1 \sim 5$ 。采集区域如 图 4 所示。
为尽量避免外界因素的影响, 选择天气晴朗、 光照充足时进行实地拍摄。视频拍摄时段包含高峰时段和非高峰时段。拍摄过程共获得有效视频时长 80 min。
通过无人机航拍采集的合流区段视频共包括 507 个车辆样本, 其中 428 辆车为匝道车辆, 需进行汇入行为行驶至目标车道, 80 辆车为目标车道车辆。由于在合流区域车辆行为的差异使冲突增加以及受法规的限制, 车辆行驶较缓慢, 在采集样本中最大平均车速为 ${24.07}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,最小平均车速为 10.84 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,平均车速主要分布范围为 ${13} \sim {19}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,是合流区的代表车速区间。将合流区间的样本车辆碰撞时间按区间频数和累计频次进行统计和分析, 特征值如 图 5 所示,主要分布范围为 ${1.5} \sim 5\mathrm{\;s}$
后侵占时间,即两车先后到达同一断面的时间差, 并将其作为判定车辆冲突是否发生的计算指标。将合流区间匝道位置的换道样本车辆的后侵占时间区间频数和累计频次进行统计和分析, 后侵占时间特征值如 图 6 所示。最小后侵占时间为 0.23 s, 最大后侵占时间为 ${5.87}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,主要分布范围为 ${1.0} \sim {3.5}$ s,占比样本数据超过 80%。
车间距离,即主车车头位置与前车车尾位置之间的距离。将合流区间的样本车辆车间距离区间频数和累计频次进行统计和分析, 车辆间距离特征值如 图 7 所示。在采集样本中仅统计 $0 \sim {80}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内的车间距离分布情况,最小车间距离为 ${2.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,车间距离主要分布范围为 ${10} \sim {50}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,占比样本数据超过 75。
换道完成时间是指合流驾驶员从可以开始执行换道操作起到完成换道行为之间所持续的时间, 具体时间分布如 图 8 所示。在高速匝道合流区内, 最大换道完成时间为 ${6.67}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,最小换道完成时间为 ${0.73}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,平均换道完成时间为 ${2.29}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。换道完成时间主要分布范围为 $1 \sim 3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,占比样本数据超过 80%。
根据对象的特征属性建立模糊数据矩阵, 基于模糊等价矩阵使用传递闭包法进行聚类关系, 即用模糊数学的方式将对象样本间的模糊关系进行定量, 以便客观且精确地完成聚集。
步骤 1: 构建原始数据矩阵。
设论域 $\mathbf{X} = \left\{ {{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\cdots ,{x}_{n}}\right\}$ 为被分类的对象, 每个对象有 $m$ 个元素描述其特征,即为:
$ {x}_{i} = \left\{ {{x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},\cdots ,{x}_{im}}\right\} \;\left( {i = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right) $
可以得到原始数据矩阵为:
$ \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {x}_{11} & {x}_{12} & \cdots & {x}_{3m} \\ {x}_{21} & {x}_{22} & \cdots & {x}_{2m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ {x}_{n1} & {x}_{n2} & \cdots & {x}_{nm} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
步骤 2: 数据标准化处理。
数据之间存在着不同的性质、量纲等特性, 要保证原始数据不受量级和单位限制的干扰并能适应模糊聚类的特点, 则必须将原始数据矩阵进行规范化处理。
数据进行归一化处理, 把原始客观数据采用线性化的方式转移到 $0 \sim 1$ 之间的范围。
$ {N}_{i} = \frac{{x}_{i} - {x}_{\min }}{{x}_{\max } - {x}_{\min }}。 $
式中: ${N}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个指标数据归一化处理结果; ${x}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个指标数据; ${x}_{\max }$${\mathrm{x}}_{\min }$ 分别为客观数据的理论最大值和理论最小值。
步骤 3: 建立模糊相似矩阵。
根据标准化处理后的数据矩阵 ${\left( {\mathbf{x}}_{ij}\right) }_{nxm}$ 建立模糊相似矩阵 $\mathbf{R} = {\left( {r}_{ij}\right) }_{nxm}$ ,其中 ${r}_{ij}$ 为指标 ${x}_{i}$${x}_{j}$ 的相似程度,称之为相似系数,通过式 (9) 计算为:
$ {r}_{ij} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{m}\left( {{x}_{ik} \land {x}_{jk}}\right) }{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{m}\left( {{x}_{ik} \vee {\lambda }_{jk}}\right) }, \\ \left( {{\mathbf{x}}_{ij} > 0, i, j = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $\Lambda$ 取小运算; $V$ 取大运算从而可以得到模糊相似矩阵
$ \mathbf{R} = {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {r}_{11} & {r}_{12} & \cdots & {r}_{3m} \\ {r}_{21} & {r}_{22} & \cdots & {r}_{2m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ {r}_{n1} & {r}_{n2} & \cdots & {r}_{nm} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack }_{m \times n} $
步骤4: 模糊聚类。
根据步骤 3 所得模糊相似矩阵 $\mathbf{R}$ ,则存在一个最小自然数 $k\left( {k \leq n}\right)$ ,使传递闭包 $t\left( \mathbf{R}\right) = {\mathbf{R}}^{k}$ ,对于任何自然数 $b \geq k$ ,恒有 ${\mathbf{R}}^{b} = {\mathbf{R}}^{k}$ ,
利用平方法求出 $\mathbf{R}$ 的传递闭包:
$ \mathbf{R} \rightarrow {\mathbf{R}}^{2} \rightarrow {\mathbf{R}}^{4} \rightarrow \cdots \text{ 。 } $
${\mathbf{R}}^{{2}^{\prime }} \circ {\mathbf{R}}^{{2}^{\prime }} = {\mathbf{R}}^{{2}^{\prime }}\left( {{2}^{i} \leq n, i \leq {\log }_{2}n}\right)$ ,则 $t\left( \mathbf{R}\right) =$ ${\mathbf{R}}^{{2}^{i}}$ ,此时传递闭包 $t\left( \mathbf{R}\right) = {\mathbf{R}}^{k}$ 为模糊等价矩阵。由大至小取 $\lambda \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 不同的值,确定相应的 $\lambda$ 截矩阵, 对模糊等价矩阵进行不同的分类。
对提取的驾驶特性安全指标进行模糊聚类分析。建立数据矩阵, 将评价指标作为各车辆的特征数据,数据矩阵 $\mathbf{X} = {\left( {\mathbf{x}}_{ij}\right) }_{n} \times 4$ 每个样本由 4 个主要指标来描述,即 ${\mathbf{x}}_{ij} = \left( {{x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},{x}_{i3},{x}_{i4}}\right) , i = 1,2$ , $\cdots , n$ ,其中 ${x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},{x}_{i3},{x}_{i4}$ 分别表示车辆的特征指标。标准化处理, 建立相似矩阵及传递闭包的结果,得到以下不同 $\lambda$ 分类结果 ${0.97} > {0.96} > {0.95} > {0.94} >$ ${0.93} > {0.92} > {0.91} > {0.9} > {0.89}$
利用混合 $F$ 统计量确定最佳分类数 [ 13 ] ,如式 (10)所示。
$ F\left( k\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}{n}_{i}{\begin{Vmatrix}{v}_{ik} - {v}_{k}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2} \cdot \left( {n - c}\right) }{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{ni}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{ijk} - {v}_{ik}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2} \cdot \left( {c - 1}\right) }。 $
式中: ${n}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 类样品数量; ${v}_{ik}$ 为第 $i$ 类样品第 $k$ 个变量的聚类中心; ${v}_{k}$ 为第 $k$ 个变量聚类中心的平均值; ${x}_{ijk}$ 为第 $j$ 个样品的第 $k$ 个变量值。统计量服从自由度为(c - 1, n - c)的 $F$ 分布,如式 (11) 所示。
$ \text{ Mixed } - F = \frac{P}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{P}1/F\left( k\right) }\text{ 。 } $
混合 $F$ 统计量 Mixed- $F$ 综合反映了各种变量的类间密切度和类间离散度的情况。类内的紧密度越大, 类间的离散度越高, 所得到的分类效果也就越好 [ 14 ] 。因此,可以得到 $\lambda = {0.91}$ 时的样本数据分类为最佳聚类。
行驶安全性指标中碰撞时间、后侵占时间、车间距离与换道完成时间指标的最优值是依据模糊聚类自然驾驶指标数据进行确定, 碰撞时间指标的最优值取为 ${4.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,后侵占时间指标的最优值取为 ${3.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,避让车间距离指标的最优值取为 ${17}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,换道持续时间指标的最优值取为 ${2.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。最大加速度指标的最优值按照指标正负性不同取测试数据中的最小值。
利用数据波动性和数据间相关关系对指标进行客观赋权, 将权重指标值带入灰色关联度公式进行计算,总体关联度代表了自动驾驶安全性水平。
由于各项指标的单位并不相同, 在对指标进行处理前, 需通过标准化去除指标的量纲。
CRITIC 权重法 [ 15 ] 一般使用正向化或逆向化处理。两者含义不同, 因而对其进行标准化的公式也不同。
正向化或逆向化处理:
1)所用指标的值越大越好(正向指标)
$ {x}_{ij}^{\prime } = \frac{{x}_{j} - {x}_{\min }}{{x}_{\max } - {x}_{\min }}。 $
2)所用指标的值越小越好(逆向指标)
$ {x}_{ij}^{\prime } = \frac{{x}_{\max } - {x}_{j}}{{x}_{\max } - {x}_{\min }} \circ $
在 CRITIC 法中, 通过标准差的形式来表现各指标取值范围的不同变化状况, 标准偏差越大说明该指标的数据波动性越大, 能反映出更多的信息, 该指标本身的影响力也就越强, 需要为该指标分配更高的权重。
$ {\bar{x}}_{j} = \frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{x}_{ij}, \\ {S}_{j} = \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left( xij - {\bar{x}}_{j}\right) }^{2}}{n - 1}}\text{。} $
式中: ${S}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个指标的标准差。
通过相关系数来说明指标数据之间的相关关系, 如果与其他指数的关联性越高, 则该指标的信息与其他指标之间的冲突度就越小, 表现为相同的信息就越多, 所能反映的评价信息也就有了重叠之处, 在一定意义上也就降低了该指标的影响程度, 因此, 应该降低为该指标所分配的权重。
$ {R}_{j} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{P}\left( {1 - {r}_{ij}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${r}_{ij}$$i$$j$ 评价指标之间的相关系数。
由 CRITIC 法的权重确定原理可知, 指标最终的客观权重包含指标间对比强度和冲突性信息。设:
$ {C}_{j} = {S}_{j}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{P}\left( {1 - {\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{{ij}}}}\right) = {S}_{j} \times {R}_{j}\text{。} $
${C}_{j}$ 越大,则第 $j$ 个评价指标的影响越大,需要为其分配更多的权重。
$j$ 个指标的客观权重值 ${W}_{j}$ 为:
$ {W}_{j} = \frac{{C}_{j}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{P}{C}_{j}}。 $
灰色关联 [ 16 ] 是指参考序列与比较序列之间的相似或相异程度, 其中比较序列由自动驾驶安全性评价指标序列组成, 参考序列由模糊聚类自然驾驶数据得出的指标最优值组成。根据序列曲线的几何形状的相似度判断其关联程度。曲线越接近, 相应序列之间的相关性越大, 反之亦然。
确定不同试验次数或者不同车辆的安全性评价指标值, 可将比较数列和参考数列进行无量纲处理, 消除量纲和数据级的影响。计算每个比较数列对参考数列在各个指标上的关联系数, 如式 (18) 所示。
${\xi }_{i}\left( j\right) =$
$ \frac{\mathop{\min }\limits_{i}\mathop{\min }\limits_{j}\left| {{X}_{0}\left( j\right) - {X}_{i}\left( j\right) }\right| + \rho \mathop{\max }\limits_{i}\mathop{\max }\limits_{j}\left| {{X}_{0}\left( j\right) - {X}_{i}\left( j\right) }\right| }{\left| {{X}_{0}\left( j\right) - {X}_{i}\left( j\right) }\right| + \rho \mathop{\max }\limits_{i}\mathop{\max }\limits_{j}\left| {{X}_{0}\left( j\right) - {X}_{i}\left( j\right) }\right| } $
式中: ${X}_{i}\left( j\right)$ 为第 $i$ 辆车的第 $j$ 个指标值; ${X}_{0}$ 为参考序列; $\rho$ 为分辨系数,在于提高关联系数之间的差异显著性。
为综合评价匝道合流场景下自动驾驶安全性行为, 用不同测试试验的评价指标计算总体关联度, 如式 (19) 所示。
$ {\gamma }_{i} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{w}_{j}{\xi i}\left( j\right) , j = 1,2,\cdots , m\text{。} $
式中: ${w}_{j}$ 为上面所求的车辆各安全性指标所占的权重。
将权重指标值代入灰色关联度式 (19), 可得到各车辆自动驾驶行为行驶水平总体关联度。 ${\gamma }_{i}$ 越大, 相应的车辆自动驾驶安全行为水平越好。
通过 PreScan 和 Simulink 的联合仿真搭建自动驾驶试验, 并利用车辆指标权重分配方法和灰色关联评分模型对车辆安全性进行综合分析。
搭建匝道合流仿真测试场景, 应用不同的自动驾驶车辆控制算法分别对车辆 ${\mathrm{V}}_{1}$${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$ 进行模拟测试。设置匝道口长度为 ${230}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,主车为行驶在匝道车道上的车辆且终点处于目标车道上最右侧车道,初始位置处于可变道起始点前 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,初始速度为 ${45}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 。干扰车一在邻车道的可变道起始点前 ${35}\mathrm{\;m}$ 位置处以 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的速度匀速行驶,干扰车二在邻车道的可变道起始点前 ${53}\mathrm{\;m}$ 位置处以 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的速度匀速行驶。设置仿真时间为 ${10}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,将仿真测试中主车和从车的位置、速度、加速度等数据信息输出, 处理计算得到自动驾驶汽车的安全性评价指标数据, 作为权重分配和灰色关联评分模型的输入。
利用CRITIC法计算得到评价指标权重为:
$ {w}_{1} = {0.136};\;{w}_{2} = {0.262};\;{w}_{3} = {0.324}; \\ {w}_{4} = {0.139};\;{w}_{5} = {0.139}_{ \circ } $
0197d13f-67dc-7336-98af-896b1c8dee66_6_960_1490_518_413_0.jpg
图9 指标权重
对仿真测试数据构成的指标比较序列和模糊聚类自然驾驶数据得出的指标参考序列进行无量纲处理, 消除量纲和数据级的影响, 保留各变量取值差异程度上的信息。计算每个比较数列对参考数列在各个指标上的关联系数为:
$ {\xi }_{1}\left( j\right) = \{ {0.54},{0.70},{0.53},{1.00},{0.58}\} , \\ {\xi }_{2}\left( j\right) = \{ {0.72},{0.51},{0.66},{0.61},{0.50}\} , \\ {\xi }_{3}\left( j\right) = \{ {0.69},{0.96},{0.51},{0.76},{0.61}{\} }_{ \circ } $
0197d13f-67dc-7336-98af-896b1c8dee66_7_228_463_526_351_0.jpg
图 10 指标关联度
利用基于灰色关联理论的评分计算模型得到不同控制算法下自动驾驶汽车安全性的综合评价得分, 计算总体关联度为:
$ {\gamma }_{1} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{w}_{1}{\zeta }_{1}\left( j\right) = {0.6510}, \\ {\gamma }_{2} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{w}_{2}{\zeta }_{2}\left( j\right) = {0.5984}, \\ {\gamma }_{3} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{w}_{3}{\zeta }_{3}\left( j\right) = {0.7017}{}_{ \circ } $
总体关联度大小的排序是V3>V1>V2。用总分数表示综合评价结果,选出的参考数列 $\mathrm{C}0$ 表示测试车辆理想行驶水平为满分 100 分, 由测试车辆与理想 $\mathrm{C}0$ 的关联度可知,总分数为:
$ {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{v}1} = {65.10};{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{v}2} = {59.84};{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{v}3} = {70.17}\text{。} $
通过分析仿真测试所得自动驾驶汽车安全性评价指标数据,可知车辆 ${\mathrm{V}}_{1}$ 的后侵占时间和最小车间距离偏小,换道可能导致的冲突较大; 车辆 ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$ 的碰撞距离时间和后侵占时间偏小, 在时间维度上不符合行驶安全性的要求; 车辆 ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$ 的各评价指标数据接近于最优值, 在测试过程中未发生碰撞, 符合行驶安全性要求。由灰色关联理论可知, 总体关联度值大小代表测试车辆驾驶行为与理想驾驶行为水平的接近程度。通过自动驾驶安全性评价指标数据及指标权重分析,车辆 ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$ 最接近理想驾驶行为水平,总得分直观说明其总体水平最高。
1)针对匝道合流场景分析交通冲突特征,从时间和空间维度出发, 确定驾驶安全性评价指标, 通过模糊聚类自然驾驶数据指标参数来确定评价指标阈值, 提高了评价结果的可靠性。
2)采用灰色关联理论, 基于各指标的客观赋值, 得到自动驾驶行为安全性的总体评分。该方法降低了评价方法的主观性和评价成本, 提高了测试评价效率。
3)搭建仿真测试试验, 对不同自动驾驶控制算法的匝道场景下的行驶安全性进行分析, 通过评价指标体系对自动驾驶汽车安全性做出了准确有效评价, 验证了模型的可行性。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0183)
  • 重庆市留学人员回国创业创新支持项目(CX2021070)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202201170)
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2024年第14卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.03
  • 接收时间:2022-11-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-03
  • 修回日期:2023-01-09
基金
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0183)
重庆市留学人员回国创业创新支持项目(CX2021070)
重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202201170)
作者信息
    重庆理工大学 汽车零部件先进制造技术教育部重点实验室 重庆 400054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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