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In response to the issue of vehicle brake jitters commonly seen in electrichydraulic composite braking systems driven by multiaxis distributed motors, two strategies are proposed: a motor braking power correction strategy during the pressure buildup stage and a coordinated control strategy based on feedforwardfeedback. These strategies respectively address brake jitter by coordinating the composite braking force during the pressure buildup phase and other stages. A PID controlbased strategy for ABS has been developed to resolve the braking conflict arising from the simultaneous operation of the ABS and the motor braking system by adjusting the motor braking force. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was validated by conducting a comprehensive joint simulation using TruckSim, Matlab/Simulink, and AMESim. Results show that the brake jolt decreases by 20.66% during the pressure buildup phase and 92.59% during the motor exit phase, significantly improving the overall driving experience. Furthermore, the ABS control strategy facilitates the recuperation of braking energy while maintaining the ideal slip ratio. Supported by the full vehicle braking test results, the coordinated control strategy achieves efficient recuperation of braking energy while ensuring good braking performance.

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针对多轴分布式电机驱动车辆电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题,提出了一种建压阶段电机制动力修正策略和一种基于前馈反馈的协调控制策略,分别在建压阶段和其他阶段通过协调复合制动力来解决制动抖动的问题。针对防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统共同作用时的制动矛盾,提出了一种基于PID控制的ABS控制策略,主要通过改变电机制动力来解决制动矛盾的问题。通过TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink及AMESim联合仿真验证,制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善。而ABS控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收;结合整车制动试验,表明协调控制策略在保证制动效果良好的同时实现了制动能量回收,效果显著。

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田端洋(1993-),男,辽宁本溪人,博士,主要研究方向为电动汽车动力学及其控制。Tel: 13194359135 E-mail:
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靳立强(1976-),男,吉林长春人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轮毂电机和车辆底盘系统。Tel: 17808081373 E-mail:

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靳立强(1976-),男,吉林长春人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轮毂电机和车辆底盘系统。Tel: 17808081373 E-mail:

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Research on Integrated Control System of Braking Energy Recovery and Anti-Lock Braking of Electric Car[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on Integrated Control System of Braking Energy Recovery and Anti-Lock Braking of Electric Car, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153982996072878784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153982908957184792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=31, authorNames=JIN Liqiang, ZHENG Ying, LI Jianhua, journalName=Advances in Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIN Liqiang, ZHENG Ying, LI Jianhua, et al. A Study of Novel Regenerative Braking System Based on Super-capacitor for Electric Vehicle Driven by In-Wheel Motors[J]. 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部件 参数
整车 车辆满载质量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 24000
轴距 $l/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${1420} - {1900} - {1900}$
质心高度 ${h}_{a}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1 175
质心距一轴的距离 $l/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 2 700
车轮滚动半径 ${r}_{\mathrm{d}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.57
行星齿轮减速比 ${i}_{0}$ 11.4
制动器效能因数 $K/\left( {\mathrm{{Nm}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}}\right)$ 1500
轮毂电机 额定转矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{Nm}}$ 500
额定功率 $P/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 90
额定转速 ${N}_{\mathrm{e}}/\left( {\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}}\right)$ 1 712
蓄电池 额定容量/Ah 120
总电压/V 600
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部件 参数
整车 车辆满载质量 $m/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 24000
轴距 $l/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${1420} - {1900} - {1900}$
质心高度 ${h}_{a}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1 175
质心距一轴的距离 $l/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 2 700
车轮滚动半径 ${r}_{\mathrm{d}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.57
行星齿轮减速比 ${i}_{0}$ 11.4
制动器效能因数 $K/\left( {\mathrm{{Nm}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}}\right)$ 1500
轮毂电机 额定转矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{Nm}}$ 500
额定功率 $P/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 90
额定转速 ${N}_{\mathrm{e}}/\left( {\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}}\right)$ 1 712
蓄电池 额定容量/Ah 120
总电压/V 600
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制动初速度/(km/h) 动能消耗/kJ 回收的能量/kJ 能量回收率/%
40 1481 1421 95.95
80 5925 4955 83.63
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制动初速度/(km/h) 动能消耗/kJ 回收的能量/kJ 能量回收率/%
40 1481 1421 95.95
80 5925 4955 83.63
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制动初速度/(km/h) 动能消耗/kJ 回收的能量/kJ 能量回收率/%
40 1481 904 61.04
80 5 925 2489 42.01
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制动初速度/(km/h) 动能消耗/kJ 回收的能量/kJ 能量回收率/%
40 1481 904 61.04
80 5 925 2489 42.01
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建压阶段冲击度/ 电机退出阶段冲击度/
无协调控制策略 -5.20 127.94
有协调控制策略 -3.87 9.48
冲击度减小率/% 25.58 92.59
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建压阶段冲击度/ 电机退出阶段冲击度/
无协调控制策略 -5.20 127.94
有协调控制策略 -3.87 9.48
冲击度减小率/% 25.58 92.59
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建压阶段冲击度/
最大值 最小值 差值
无协调控制 -10.36 -1.52 8.84
固定范围控制 -9.27 -3.50 5.77
有协调控制 -8.22 -5.08 3.14
冲击度减小率/% 20.66
), ArticleFig(id=1153982994068001439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153982908957184792, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=协调过程冲击度变化, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建压阶段冲击度/
最大值 最小值 差值
无协调控制 -10.36 -1.52 8.84
固定范围控制 -9.27 -3.50 5.77
有协调控制 -8.22 -5.08 3.14
冲击度减小率/% 20.66
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多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究
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靳立强 , 李星辰 , 田端洋 , 刘少杰 , 刘嘉鑫 , 解文周
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024,14(2): 241-254
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024, 14(2): 241-254
多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究
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靳立强 , 李星辰, 田端洋 , 刘少杰, 刘嘉鑫, 解文周
作者信息
  • 吉林大学 汽车工程学院 长春 130022
  • 靳立强(1976-),男,吉林长春人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轮毂电机和车辆底盘系统。Tel: 17808081373 E-mail:

通讯作者:


田端洋(1993-),男,辽宁本溪人,博士,主要研究方向为电动汽车动力学及其控制。Tel: 13194359135 E-mail:
Electro-Hydraulic Composite Brake Control for Multi-Axis Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles
Liqiang JIN , Xingchen LI, Duanyang TIAN , Shaojie LIU, Jiaxin LIU, Wenzhou XIE
Affiliations
  • College of Automotive Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.08
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针对多轴分布式电机驱动车辆电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题,提出了一种建压阶段电机制动力修正策略和一种基于前馈反馈的协调控制策略,分别在建压阶段和其他阶段通过协调复合制动力来解决制动抖动的问题。针对防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统共同作用时的制动矛盾,提出了一种基于PID控制的ABS控制策略,主要通过改变电机制动力来解决制动矛盾的问题。通过TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink及AMESim联合仿真验证,制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善。而ABS控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收;结合整车制动试验,表明协调控制策略在保证制动效果良好的同时实现了制动能量回收,效果显著。

多轴分布式电驱动车辆  /  电液协调控制  /  ABS与RBS协调控制  /  制动能量回收

In response to the issue of vehicle brake jitters commonly seen in electrichydraulic composite braking systems driven by multiaxis distributed motors, two strategies are proposed: a motor braking power correction strategy during the pressure buildup stage and a coordinated control strategy based on feedforwardfeedback. These strategies respectively address brake jitter by coordinating the composite braking force during the pressure buildup phase and other stages. A PID controlbased strategy for ABS has been developed to resolve the braking conflict arising from the simultaneous operation of the ABS and the motor braking system by adjusting the motor braking force. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was validated by conducting a comprehensive joint simulation using TruckSim, Matlab/Simulink, and AMESim. Results show that the brake jolt decreases by 20.66% during the pressure buildup phase and 92.59% during the motor exit phase, significantly improving the overall driving experience. Furthermore, the ABS control strategy facilitates the recuperation of braking energy while maintaining the ideal slip ratio. Supported by the full vehicle braking test results, the coordinated control strategy achieves efficient recuperation of braking energy while ensuring good braking performance.

multi-axle distributed electric drive vehicle  /  electro-hydraulic coordinated control  /  ABS and RBS coordinated control  /  recuperation of braking energy
靳立强, 李星辰, 田端洋, 刘少杰, 刘嘉鑫, 解文周. 多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (2) : 241 -254 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.08
Liqiang JIN, Xingchen LI, Duanyang TIAN, Shaojie LIU, Jiaxin LIU, Wenzhou XIE. Electro-Hydraulic Composite Brake Control for Multi-Axis Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (2) : 241 -254 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.08
多轴重载车辆拥有卓越的载重和运输能力 [ 1 ] 。 轮毂电机驱动也具备响应迅速、控制精度高、易于实现复合制动、提高能量回收率等优点 [ 2 ] 。因此, 多轴轮毂电机驱动车辆的发展前途光明 [ 3 ] 。但是多轴电驱动车辆轴数多,轴距长,载重大且行驶工况复杂,因而所需要的能源供给量更大 [ 4 ] 。为了减少能量损失, 从制动能量回收角度出发, 对多轴电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制策略进行研究, 保证车辆在制动稳定的前提下进行制动能量回收。
近年来, 国内外学者对电液复合制动控制进行了广泛研究。在国外, 美国 Texas A&M 大学的 GAO Yimin 等 [ 5 - 7 ] 介绍了 3 种典型的制动力分配策略并进行了仿真分析。东京大学的 SAKAI 等 [ 8 ] 采用模型跟随控制来保障车轮在抱死时仍能很好地协调再生制动力,确保制动安全。HELLGREN 等 [ 9 ] 从影响能量回收角度着手,通过建立能量回收理论模型, 介绍了几种提高能量回收率的方法。
目前, 国内对于电液复合制动系统的研究主要有以下 3 个方面。
1)制动力矩最优分配问题。复合制动系统的力矩分配控制策略直接决定车辆的制动稳定性与能量回收效率,同时也会影响制动感觉以及舒适性。 余卓平等 [ 10 ] 、刘辉等 [ 11 ] 、徐薇 [ 12 ] 、乔帅 [ 13 ] 从不同方面入手,优化制动力矩的分配,减小能量的损耗。
2)模式切换制动冲击问题。由于电机与液压制动系统存在响应特性与控制精度上的差异, 制动模式切换可能引起制动力矩突变, 从而导致整车冲击度增大、舒适性降低。针对上述问题,目前关于电机再生制动与机械摩擦制动的协调控制方式主要分为以下几类: 余卓平等 [ 14 ] 的发挥电机优势对控制偏差进行补偿;张体环 [ 15 ] 、SHANG Mingli等 [ 16 ] 等采用前馈-反馈控制来实现复合制动系统快速响应; 杨阳等 [ 17 ] 通过调整电机响应速度从而与机械制动系统保持一致; 张雷等 [ 18 ] 的控制再生制动撤出与摩擦制动介入的速率或时机。
3)制动防抱死期间力矩协调问题。电机再生制动与 ABS 协调控制可分为 3 类: ①电机退出, 由摩擦制动完成防抱死控制,如张雷等 [ 19 ] 提出一种 ABS 触发后再生制动退出控制方法; ②再生制动与摩擦制动共同完成防抱死控制,如高会恩 [ 20 ] 提出在防抱死控制的减压阶段进行电机逐步退出的协调策略; ③再生制动独立完成防抱死控制, 如靳立强等 [ 21 ] 用大转矩轮毂电机实现了单独依靠电机制动力进行防抱死控制。
目前, 对于复合制动方面的研究已有很多, 但其中更多的是针对复合制动中的某一个方面, 且在多轴重载车辆上的研究较少。对多轴重载汽车的复合制动问题进行研究后, 提出了一套完整的制动策略。首先, 通过目标车辆的电液复合制动系统搭建相应的 AMESim 制动系统模型, 并针对电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题建立与整车相匹配的复合制动力协调控制策略, 为确保车辆在防抱死控制期间制动稳定, 制定 ABS 控制策略以协调电机与液压制动力。然后,综合应用TruckSim、Matlab/ Simulink 以及 AMESim 三个软件建立的联合仿真模型进行相应工况的仿真分析, 验证策略的正确性。 最后,通过整车试验验证策略的可行性。
传统多轴重载车辆制动系统多采用气压制动、 气液制动以及全液压制动,它们各有优缺点。而想实现电液复合制动, 不能单独将传统制动系统移植到电驱动车辆上, 而是要使电机对于整车的贡献度实现最大化。依据两轴车辆的复合制动系统经验, 在原多轴车辆全液压制动系统的基础上增加电机制动力实现复合制动系统的构建。由于车辆在绝大多数情况下的整车制动减速度在 ${1.96}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 左右,电机制动可以满足日常所需, 车辆在制动过程中, 优先采用电机制动, 以最大限度地回收制动能量。
图 1 ~2 为该多轴电驱动车辆复合制动系统原理图。其中, 图 1 为整车制动系统模块化结构, 图 2 是以车辆左侧第 3 个车轮为例, 进行单轮制动系统阐述。
图 1 中, 虚线为反馈信号线, 如轮速反馈、 轮缸压力反馈等。整车制动系统为模块化分布, 每个轮端制动模块均由各自的液压制动系统模块 (Hydraulic Braking Circuit Module, HBCM) 与再生制动系统模块 (Regenerative Braking System Module, RBSM)构成,并由制动控制单元 (Brake Control Unit, BCU)、电机控制单元 (Motor Control Unit, MCU) 以及电池管理系统 (Battery Management System, BMS) 共同作用。
图 2 可知, 液压制动回路模块主要由液压源、电液比例阀、继动阀以及梭阀构成。其中, 电液比例阀油路为线控液压制动回路, 是主要的控制油路, 继动阀油路作为冗余控制手段。当车轮出现抱死趋势时, 开关阀关闭, 由电液比例阀单独控制来实现轮缸压力调节。动力源主要包括液压泵、溢流阀、单向阀组以及蓄能器等元件。
为了在仿真中验证策略, 在 AMESim 系统中建立了再生制动系统和液压制动系统的仿真模型。所搭建的再生制动系统模型如 图 3 所示。在正弦激励的输入下, 电机输出转矩对指令转矩的响应如 图 4 所示,响应时间约为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ ,符合工程及相关研究对轮毂电机力矩输出特性的要求。
液压制动系统模型如 图 5 所示, 包括双回路制动阀模块、继动阀模块、电液比例阀模块、制动轮缸模块、开关阀模块以及主油压控制模块等,但仿真过程中, 仅关注与行车制动密切相关的电液比例阀控制部分。系统在增压阶段和减压阶段的响应如 图 6 ~7 所示。整体响应时间保持在 ${100} \sim {200}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 之间,满足制动法规 GB7258-2017 对制动系统的要求。
制动控制整体架构分为感知层、控制层、分配层、协调层、防滑层、执行层。感知层通过解析驾驶员的制动输入获得驾驶员的制动意图; 控制层结合车辆模型输出的车辆状态信息执行复合制动力协调控制策略; 分配层完成轴间制动力分配, 并结合电机特性、电池 SOC 完成复合制动力的二次分配; 协调层建立电机制动力修正策略与基于前馈-反馈的协调控制策略, 从而减少车辆在制动过程中的抖动;防滑层建立防抱死控制策略,提高车辆在制动工况下的稳定性; 执行层通过接收来自控制层的力矩指令, 并通过再生制动系统与液压制动系统将制动力矩作用在多轴电驱动车辆模型上, 从而完成闭环控制。
复合制动力需要协调控制的根本原因在于电机制动力与液压制动力的响应差异, 如 图 8 所示。二者在相互协调的过程中势必会造成整车制动力不足或超调, 为了解决制动中的协调问题, 要针对不同阶段搭建协调控制策略,来实现协调工作。
由图可知, 实际制动力矩与期望制动力矩差异最大的地方在于建压阶段和电机退出阶段, 这是由于在初始建压阶段时, 液压制动响应较慢, 当制动模式由纯电机制动转为复合制动模式时, 电机制动力已经饱和, 无法提供多余的电机制动力来消除液压制动初期的迟滞效应。而电机退出阶段时, 电机制动力退出得太快, 为了解决这一协调过程中的动态误差, 首先在建压阶段建立电机制动力修正策略, 通过限制电机制动力的最大值使电机有多余的制动力来消除迟滞效应, 后续建立前馈-反馈协调控制策略, 使电机制动力在电机退出阶段能配合液压制动力的变化而下降, 保障复合制动力平稳变化。复合制动协调控制架构如 图 9 所示。
电机制动力矩修正模块通过对电机制动力矩最大值进行限制, 使有更多的电机制动力矩来满足总力矩补偿部分的需求。因此, 要了解液压制动力在建压阶段的响应特性, 明确液压制动力在过渡阶段的缺损量。考虑到过渡阶段的时间较短, 对目标压力为 ${1000}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 的斜坡输入下的响应进行分析,其仿真结果如 图 10 所示。
由图可知,当目标压力为 ${1000}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 时,液压制动系统的压力缺损量随着斜率的上升而增大, 阶跃响应时缺损量最大。考虑驾驶员踩踏板的速率, 选择压差区间 ${\Delta p}$${300} \sim {800}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,并根据式 (1) 来确定协调控制提前介入时的制动强度大小。
$ {\Delta z} = \frac{8 \cdot {\Delta p} \cdot K}{{mg} \cdot {r}_{d}}。 $
式中: ${\Delta z}$ 为协调控制介入时刻与当前电机制动力矩所能提供的最大制动强度的差值; $K$ 为制动器效能因数。将 ${\Delta p}$ 代入,得 ${\Delta z} \in \left( {{0.026},{0.069}}\right)$ ,放大求整,得 ${\Delta z} \in \left( {{0.03},{0.07}}\right)$
对应的协调介入时刻可表示为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {z}_{\text{high }} = {z}_{\text{regmax }} - {0.03}, \\ {z}_{\text{low }} = {z}_{\text{regmax }} - {0.07}。 \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${Z}_{\text{regmax }}$ 为纯电机制动模式下的最大制动强度; ${Z}_{\text{high }}$${Z}_{\text{low }}$ 为所设定的电机制动补偿介入门限值的界限。
建立的建压阶段电机制动力矩修正策略如 图 11 所示。不同制动强度变化率下的电机协调控制曲线, 如 图 11 b 所示。建压阶段电机制动力矩修正阶段策略,如 图 12 所示。
由于电机制动系统在力矩响应特性上明显要优于液压制动系统, 采用电机制动系统对液压制动系统进行补偿控制, 建立如 图 13 所示的前馈-反馈的协调控制算法, 确保制动系统输出稳定, 力矩波动小。
图中,单轮需求总制动力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{brk}}}$ 作为控制系统的输入,单轮实际总制动力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{bf}}}$ 作为控制系统的输出,所分配的液压制动力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}$ 作为系统的扰动量, 电机制动力矩作为控制量。 ${G}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( s\right)$ 为液压制动系统的传递函数, ${G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right)$ 为电机传递函数, ${G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right)$ 为反馈系统的传递函数, ${G}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( s\right)$ 为前馈系统的传递函数。 计算式为:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} {G}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( s\right) = \frac{1}{{0.08s} + 1}, \\ {G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right) = \frac{1}{{0.01s} + 1}, \\ {G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right) = {k}_{\mathrm{{bc}}} + \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{tx}}}}{s} + {k}_{\mathrm{{dx}}}{s}_{ \circ } \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: ${k}_{\mathrm{p}x}\text{、}{k}_{\mathrm{i}x}\text{、}{k}_{\mathrm{d}x}$ 分别为协调控制中的比例、积分以及微分系数。
为了确定前馈系统的传递函数 ${G}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( s\right)$ ,假设单轮所需总制动力矩为 0 ,则:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{{brf}}} = \left( {{T}_{\mathrm{e}} + {T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}} \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( s\right) }\right) {G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right) \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right) , \\ {T}_{\mathrm{{bf}}} = {T}_{\mathrm{{brf}}} + {T}_{\mathrm{{bhf}}}, \\ {T}_{\mathrm{e}} = {T}_{\mathrm{{brk}}} - {T}_{\mathrm{{bf}}} \circ \end{array}\right. $
综合可得:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{e}} = - {T}_{\mathrm{{bf}}}, \\ {T}_{\mathrm{{bf}}} = \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( s\right) + {G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right) \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right) \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( s\right) }{1 + {G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right) \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right) }{T}_{\mathrm{{brf}}}。 \end{array}\right. $
由于动态调节的目标 ${T}_{\mathrm{e}} = 0$ ,则前馈传递函数为:
$ {G}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( s\right) = - \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( s\right) }{{G}_{\mathrm{{bc}}}\left( s\right) \cdot {G}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( s\right) }。 $
对于复合制动系统来说, 防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统属于两个独立系统, 其在控制过程中必须考虑是否存在电机制动力, 因为目前的防抱死控制系统的制动力为液压制动力, 而电液制动力的响应差异是其在共同作用时会不可避免地造成制动矛盾。复合制动防抱死控制策略旨在通过协调电机与液压制动力, 确保车辆在防抱死控制期间的制动稳定。考虑到电机制动力调节速度快、精度高,而传统纯液压制动技术十分成熟, 如果在防抱死期间能合理调配两种制动系统, 则可在保证制动效能的前提下提高能量回收效率。因此, 本文对一种以电机调节为主, 液压调节为辅的 ABS 控制策略进行研究分析。电机液压防抱死协调控制架构, 如 图 14 所示。
由图可知, ABS 控制模块的接收变量为驾驶员请求力矩, 输出变量为经过 ABS 控制系统控制后的电机制动力矩与液压制动力矩, 再经过 AMESim 制动系统作用到 TruckSim 中的车辆模型。当 ABSflag =0时, 不进入 ABS 控制模式; 当 ABSflag=1时, 车辆进行 ABS 控制。当车辆处于纯电机或复合制动状态时, 进入电机 PID 与液压逻辑门限防抱死协调控制流;当车辆处于纯液压制动模式时,进入纯液压 ABS防抱死调节控制流。
为验证控制策略的可行性, 采用 PID 控制算法进行防抱死控制。PID 控制器的输入为理想滑移率 ${s}^{ * }$ 与车轮实际滑移率 $s$ 的差值,输出为电机或液压制动力矩的调整量,增量形式如式 (7) 所示。
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( k\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( {k - 1}\right) + \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( k\right) , \\ \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( k\right) = {K}_{\mathrm{p}} \times \Delta {T}_{1}, \\ \Delta {T}_{1} = e\left( k\right) - e\left( {k - 1}\right) + \frac{\tau }{{T}_{\mathrm{i}}}\left( {e\left( k\right) }\right) + \\ \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\tau }\left\lbrack {e\left( k\right) - {2e}\left( {k - 1}\right) + e\left( {k - 2}\right) }\right\rbrack 。 \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: $e\left( k\right)$ 为第 $k$ 时刻滑移率差值; $\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( k\right)$ 为第 $k$ 时刻的转矩增量; $\tau$ 为采样周期; ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$$\mathrm{{PID}}$ 比例参数; ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}$${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为积分、微分时间常数; ${T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( k\right) ,{T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( {k - 1}\right)$ 分别为第 $k$ 和(k - 1)时刻的制动力矩,其中 ${T}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为电机制动力矩或液压制动力矩。
通过建立液压逻辑门限来解决电机PID在某些工况下的调节受限问题, 从而保证车辆的制动稳定性。 电机 PID 与液压逻辑门限协调控制策略, 如 图 15 所示。
由图可知, 当车辆处于复合制动模式且出现抱死趋势时, 进行电机 PID 调节, 对调节后的电机制动力矩以及车轮滑移率进行检测。当电机制动力 ${T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}$ 趋近于此时能提供的最大电机制动力矩 ${T}_{\operatorname{mmax}}$ ,且车轮滑移率 $s$ 小于理想滑移率的下限 ${s}^{ * }$ low 时,进入 Count_incre计数环节。
当Count_incre>menxian 为真时, 退出电机 PID 调节控制, 进入液压协调环节, 对应式为:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} {T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( k\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( {k - 1}\right) , \\ {T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( k\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( {k - 1}\right) \times {1.1}。 \end{matrix}\right. $
当滑移率 $s$ 大于 ${s}^{ * }{}_{\text{low }}$ 时,液压进入保压阶段, 进入电机PID控制模块。
当Count_incre>menxian 为假时, 继续电机 PID 调节,液压保持原值。
同理,当电机制动力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}$ 趋近于 0 时,且车轮滑移率 $s$ 大于理想滑移率的上限 ${s}^{ * }{}_{\text{up }}$ 时,进入 Count_incre计数环节。
当Count_decre>menxian 为真时, 退出电机 PID 调节控制, 进入液压协调环节, 对应式为:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} {T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( k\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left( {k - 1}\right) , \\ {T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( k\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}\left( {k - 1}\right) \times {0.8}。 \end{matrix}\right. $
当滑移率 $s$ 小于 ${s}^{ * }{}_{\mathrm{{up}}}$ 时,液压进入保压阶段, 进入电机PID控制模块。
当Count_decre>menxian 为假时, 继续电机 PID 调节,液压保持原值。
在整个电机液压协调控制过程中, 保证电机制动系统与液压制动系统在同一时刻只有一种制动力矩调节, 以提高整体的制动稳定性。
运用 TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink 及 AMESim 三个软件建立联合仿真平台, 并设定相应的仿真工况, 对建立的复合制动力协调控制策略以及复合制动防抱死控制策略进行仿真验证及分析。车辆参数见 表 1
为验证搭建的复合制动策略在常规制动下的可行性及能量回收效果,进行车速在 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}\text{、}{80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,制动减速度为 ${1.96}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}\text{、}{4.9}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 的仿真验证。 工况设置为: 驾驶员在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时踩制动踏板,并在后继 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内达到期望值,路面附着系数为 0.9 。
图 16 可知,当初速度为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机所能提供的最大值满足驾驶员制动所需,因而处于纯电机制动模式;当速度为 ${80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机最大值难以满足制动所需,因而处于复合制动模式。随着制动的进行,车速和轮速平稳下降,电机最大制动力矩逐渐满足制动所需, 为提高能量回收效率并保证整车总制动力矩不变, 液压制动力矩逐渐退出至 0。 当车速小于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机制动力矩经协调控制策略退出, 液压制动力矩做出相应补偿, 保证制动减速度维持在 ${1.96}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 左右。由 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 曲线和 表 2 可知, 在制动过程中, 轮毂电机处于发电状态, 电池 SOC 逐渐增加, 回收的能量随着车速的增加而增加, 但能量回收率有所下降。这是由于高速制动时, 液压制动力矩对电机制动力矩进行补偿, 消耗了部分能量。
图 17 可知, 低速制动和高速制动均为复合制动模式。电机制动力矩依据电机外特性曲线变化和液压制动力矩进行补偿叠加, 以确保总制动力矩满足制动需求。各轴的制动力矩依据轴荷进行分配, 并存在着明显的分层现象。当车速低于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 可以平顺地完成由复合制动模式到纯液压制动模式的转换。整车制动减速度保持在 ${4.9}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 左右。依据 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 曲线和 表 3 可知,与制动强度 ${1.96}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 相比,该工况下能量回收率较低, $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 上升也较低, 这是由于制动过程中, 液压开始逐渐占据主导地位, 部分能量转为热能进行耗散。此外, 对比不同制动初速度可知, 随着车速上升, 制动能量回收率逐渐降低。
为进一步验证协调控制策略的可行性, 对所设计的缓慢制动与迅速制动两种工况进行仿真分析。 缓慢制动工况主要验证在协调控制下,车辆制动过程的改良情况, 迅速制动工况主要验证在建压阶段, 可变电机修正区间对制动结果的影响。
缓慢制动工况: 制动初速度为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 内达到期望制动减速度 ${3.92}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,路面附着系数为 0.9 。仿真结果如 图 18表 4 所示。
由图 ${18}\mathrm{a}$$\mathrm{b}$ 可知,经协调控制后,在建压阶段因液压制动系统响应较慢带来的迟滞效应变化减小, 稳定阶段期望制动力矩与实际制动力矩相差不大, 同时在电机退出阶段, 制动力矩的瞬间缺损量为 ${1000}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ ,但随着制动进行,缺损量逐渐变小, 持续时间约为 ${100}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 。由 表 4 可知,当协调控制策略介入后,在建压阶段制动减速度未出现明显的阶梯状,制动冲击度较无协调控制减小了 25.58%; 在电机退出阶段,制动冲击度比无协调下降了 92.59%。因此,所设计的协调控制策略对车辆制动过程中的协调变化问题具有明显的改进作用。
图 18 缓慢制动工况仿真结果
迅速制动工况:制动初速度为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,在 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内达到期望制动减速度 ${3.92}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,路面附着系数为 0.9, 仿真结果如 图 19表 5 所示。
图 19表 5 可知, 相较于无协调控制, 有协调控制与固定范围协调控制均明显减少了液压制动系统在建压过程中的迟滞效应和整车制动冲击度。 其中, 有协调控制下的制动冲击度比无协调控制的制动冲击度下降了 20.66%。且有协调控制下的制动冲击度差值最小,为 ${3.14}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ ,这意味着整车制动减速度波动更小,车辆在建压过程中运行更稳定。
为验证所搭建的 ABS 控制策略在不同路面下的有效性,分别针对均一路面 $\left( {\mu = {0.2}}\right)$ 和对接路面 $\left( {\mu = {0.2}\text{到}\mu = {0.5}}\right)$ 进行仿真验证。
在制动初速度为 ${70}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, ${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内达到期望制动减速度 ${5.88}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 的工况下进行均一路面制动仿真。仿真结果如 图 20 所示。
由图可知, 在整车制动过程中, 电机制动力矩是主要调节力。由于电机响应速度快且采用PID控制算法,制动力矩的波动范围最大值约为 ${2500}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ , 随后波动逐渐减少。在此工况下, 电机依靠自身完全可以实现 ABS 功能, 因而液压制动力矩并无较大变动。整个过程的滑移率控制在 0.1 附近, 整车制动减速度约为 ${1.92}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 。由于电机制动力矩持续作用, 电池 SOC 由 70% 增长至 70.14%, 能量回收情况良好。
相同工况下车辆在对接路面 $\left( {\mu = {0.2}\text{到}\mu = {0.5}}\right)$ 的行驶工况的仿真结果, 如 图 21 所示。
由图可知, 依据策略进行 ABS 控制时, 由于路面附着发生变化, 需考虑电机与液压制动力矩的协调问题。由 图 21 b 可知,电机制动力矩在 ${2.8} \sim 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 期间逐渐达到最大值, 此时电机 ABS 调节功能受限,需提高液压基础制动力矩来保证 ABS 功能控制有效。因此,在电机制动力矩达到最大值后的 ${0.2}\mathrm{s}$ 内, 液压制动力矩开始增加, 直至滑移率恢复到安全范围, 此后再由电机制动力矩进行 ABS 控制。在整个制动过程中, 滑移率在低附着时保持在 0.1 左右,中附着时保持在 0.14 左右,整车制动减速度在低附时保持在 ${1.92}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 左右,中附着时保持在 4.84 $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 左右。由于电机制动力矩持续作用和调节,电池 SOC 从 70.00% 增长至 70.11%,增幅较大。
总之, 在两种路面上, ABS 控制策略都能在实现车辆防抱死控制功能的同时完成一定的制动能量回收, 控制效果良好。
由于多轴车辆的载荷过大以及道路条件的限制, 在确保安全的前提下只能进行小强度制动试验, 用以验证多轴电驱动车辆复合制动控制策略的可行性, 主要关注电机制动效果与制动能量回收能力。制动系统实物及架构如 图 22 所示。
本次试验为小强度复合制动试验工况设置:制动初速度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,测试路面为干沥青路面,即高附着路面, 驾驶员操纵制动踏板使车辆产生约 ${2.94}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 的制动减速度。小强度复合制动试验如 图 23 所示。
由图可知小强度复合制动试验测试结果, 驾驶员在 ${1385}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右操纵制动踏板使车辆在车速约 30 $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时开始制动,整体的制动减速度约为 ${3.43}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ , 电机制动力矩最大值为 ${500}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ 。在力矩协调过程中, 电机制动力矩优先作用, 液压制动力矩用来补偿剩余所需, 在低速电机退出阶段, 电机退出后, 液压能对制动力矩进行补偿,整体制动效果良好。 电机最大电流约为 ${100}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 在制动环节上升幅度较大。
由试验可得结论: 所设计的控制策略在小强度下制动可行。
针对四轴轮毂电机驱动车辆复合制动的抖动问题和 ABS 系统与电机制动系统的制动矛盾问题, 提出了复合制动力协调控制策略以及制动防抱死控制策略。由仿真可知, 制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了 20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了 92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善, 而 ABS 控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收。同时, 由试验结果可知, 本文所建立的控制策略可以保证车辆在安全稳定制动的前提下, 进行一定的制动能量回收, 并能很好地实现车轮防抱死功能。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2500703)
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2024年第14卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.08
  • 接收时间:2023-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-08
  • 修回日期:2023-06-08
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2500703)
作者信息
    吉林大学 汽车工程学院 长春 130022

通讯作者:


田端洋(1993-),男,辽宁本溪人,博士,主要研究方向为电动汽车动力学及其控制。Tel: 13194359135 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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