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To quantitatively evaluate the environmental benefits of the recycling process for new energy vehicle power batteries, and to provide support for the improvement of the management system and relevant standards for endoflife power batteries, thereby assisting in the implementation of the national “twocarbon" goal, the paper selects ternary lithium batteries as the research subject. The paper identifies typical scenarios for power battery recycling and utilization, divides the lifecycle of ternary lithium batteries into four stages: raw materials acquisition, manufacturing and assembly, usage, and scrap recovery and establishes the corresponding GaBi model. Based on different recycling methods, such as wet recycling A, wet recycling B, and firewet combined recovery, a life cycle evaluation model for ternary lithium batteries was built and the carbon reduction efficiency of the recycling and reuse process was calculated. The research results show that the recycling of ternary lithium batteries significantly reduces carbon reductions. Specifically, the carbon dioxide emission reductions for each recycling method are as follows: 60.71 kg CO2/kWh for wet recycling A, 150.00 kg CO2/kWh for wet recycling B, and 153.57 kg CO2/kWh for firewet combined recycling. The carbon dioxide emission reduction efficiency of the three different recovery processes is ranked from best to worst as follows: firewet combined recovery, wet recovery B and wet recovery A. Proper recycling of power batteries can significantly reduce carbon emissions during the recycling process, thus producing greater environmental benefits.

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为量化评价新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程的环境效益,为报废动力电池管理体系和回收再利用相关标准的完善提供支撑,助力国家“双碳”目标的实现,以三元锂电池为研究对象,选取典型的动力电池回收利用场景,将三元锂电池的生命周期划分为4个阶段:原材料获取、制造装配、使用和报废回收,并建立相应的GaBi模型,基于湿法回收A、湿法回收B、火法湿法联合回收3种不同回收利用方式进行三元锂电池生命周期评价模型搭建与回收再利用过程减碳成效测算。研究结果表明,三元锂电池回收再利用过程有较好的减碳成效,基于3种不同回收工艺的三元锂电池回收再利用可以减少CO2排放量分别为:湿法回收A为60.71 kg CO2/kWh;湿法回收B为150.00 kg CO₂/kWh;火法湿法联合回收为153.57 kg CO₂/kWh。基于这3种不同回收工艺的CO₂减排效果从优至劣依次为:湿法火法联合回收、湿法回收B和湿法回收A。合理的动力电池回收利用方式可以显著减少其回收利用过程中的碳排放量,从而产生更好的环境效益。

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陈轶嵩(1988-),男, 陕西周至人, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车生命周期评价、汽车产业规划与政策分析。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:
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刘永涛(1989-),男, 安徽砀山人, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车测试评价和智能车辆控制技术。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:

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刘永涛(1989-),男, 安徽砀山人, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车测试评价和智能车辆控制技术。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:

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刘永涛(1989-),男, 安徽砀山人, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车测试评价和智能车辆控制技术。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:

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Research on Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction over the Life Cycle of Battery Electric Vehicles with Different Power Batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2022,12(4):517-527. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction over the Life Cycle of Battery Electric Vehicles with Different Power Batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154016938511552981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=389, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=TAO Yuan, WANG Zhuopu, WU Bangle, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAO Yuan, WANG Zhuopu, WU Bangle, et al. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling Technologies for Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023,389 . 136008 ., articleTitle=Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling Technologies for Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154016935881724277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, awardId=2023-JC-QN-0664, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-QN-0664), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154016935957221754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, awardId=18YJCZH110, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJCZH110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154016936007553407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, awardId=2023JBGS-13, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023JBGS-13), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154016936141771141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, 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电池零件 原料 比例/% 模型质量/kg
正极 三元锂 28.200 47.940
铝箔 19.700 33.490
负极 石墨 18.300 31.110
铜箔 11.400 19.380
粘合剂 六氟磷酸锂 1.900 3.230
PVDF 2.400 4.082
电解液 碳酸乙烯酯 5.400 9.180
二甲基碳酸酯 5.400 9.180
隔膜 聚乙烯(PP) 0.300 0.510
聚丙烯(PE) 1.700 2.890
1.400 2.380
壳体 玻璃纤维 0.400 0.680
聚丙烯(PE) 1.200 2.040
冷却液 乙二醇 1.000 1.700
BMS 晶体管 0.650 1.105
电阻器 0.650 1.105
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电池零件 原料 比例/% 模型质量/kg
正极 三元锂 28.200 47.940
铝箔 19.700 33.490
负极 石墨 18.300 31.110
铜箔 11.400 19.380
粘合剂 六氟磷酸锂 1.900 3.230
PVDF 2.400 4.082
电解液 碳酸乙烯酯 5.400 9.180
二甲基碳酸酯 5.400 9.180
隔膜 聚乙烯(PP) 0.300 0.510
聚丙烯(PE) 1.700 2.890
1.400 2.380
壳体 玻璃纤维 0.400 0.680
聚丙烯(PE) 1.200 2.040
冷却液 乙二醇 1.000 1.700
BMS 晶体管 0.650 1.105
电阻器 0.650 1.105
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物质名称 质量/kg 建模质量/kg
硫酸镍 7.580 212.240
硫酸钴 2.710 75.880
硫酸锰 1.620 45.360
碳酸锂 1.770 49.560
纳米氧化铝 0.015 0.431
氨水 2.870 80.360
液碱 14.100 394.800
天然气 1.950 54.600
氧气 0.275 7.700
氮气 0.104 2.912
22.410 627.480
7.090 198.520
二氧化碳 1.050 18.580
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物质名称 质量/kg 建模质量/kg
硫酸镍 7.580 212.240
硫酸钴 2.710 75.880
硫酸锰 1.620 45.360
碳酸锂 1.770 49.560
纳米氧化铝 0.015 0.431
氨水 2.870 80.360
液碱 14.100 394.800
天然气 1.950 54.600
氧气 0.275 7.700
氮气 0.104 2.912
22.410 627.480
7.090 198.520
二氧化碳 1.050 18.580
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参数
汽车总质量/kg 849
电池系统质量/kg 170
百公里电耗/(kWh/100 km) 9.18
续驶里程 $/\mathrm{{km}}$ 305
电池容量/kWh 28
总行驶里程 $/\mathrm{{km}}$ 200 000
电池充放电效率/% 95
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参数
汽车总质量/kg 849
电池系统质量/kg 170
百公里电耗/(kWh/100 km) 9.18
续驶里程 $/\mathrm{{km}}$ 305
电池容量/kWh 28
总行驶里程 $/\mathrm{{km}}$ 200 000
电池充放电效率/% 95
), ArticleFig(id=1154016935718146418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 周期 总量 原材料 获取 制造 装配 使用 阶段 报废 回收
A-1 ${2.72}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.70}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
A-2 ${2.55}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${3.30}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.70}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
B-1 ${2.66}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.20}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
B-2 ${2.24}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.40}\mathrm{E} + {02}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.20}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
C-1 ${2.66}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.51}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
C-2 ${2.23}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${6.92}\mathrm{E} + {02}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.51}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154016935772672371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880667906082, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=三元锂电池不同回收利用方法生命周期不同阶段二氧化碳排放量 单位: $\mathrm{{kg}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 周期 总量 原材料 获取 制造 装配 使用 阶段 报废 回收
A-1 ${2.72}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.70}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
A-2 ${2.55}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${3.30}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.70}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
B-1 ${2.66}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.20}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
B-2 ${2.24}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${8.40}\mathrm{E} + {02}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.20}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
C-1 ${2.66}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${5.01}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.51}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
C-2 ${2.23}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${6.92}\mathrm{E} + {02}$ ${2.03}\mathrm{E} + {03}$ ${1.93}\mathrm{E} + {04}$ ${2.51}\mathrm{E} + {02}$
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新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程减碳成效测算
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刘永涛 , 刘永杰 , 袁诗泉 , 李育隆 , 陈轶嵩
汽车工程学报 | 低碳技术专栏 2024,14(1): 24-32
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汽车工程学报 | 低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(1): 24-32
新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程减碳成效测算
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刘永涛 , 刘永杰, 袁诗泉, 李育隆, 陈轶嵩
作者信息
  • 长安大学 汽车学院 西安 710064
  • 刘永涛(1989-),男, 安徽砀山人, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车测试评价和智能车辆控制技术。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:

通讯作者:


陈轶嵩(1988-),男, 陕西周至人, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车生命周期评价、汽车产业规划与政策分析。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:
Assessing Carbon Reduction Effect of New Energy Vehicles During the Power Battery Recycling Process
Yongtao LIU , Yongjie LIU, Shiquan YUAN, Yulong LI, Yisong CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Automobile Chang'an University Xi'an 710064 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.03
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为量化评价新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程的环境效益,为报废动力电池管理体系和回收再利用相关标准的完善提供支撑,助力国家“双碳”目标的实现,以三元锂电池为研究对象,选取典型的动力电池回收利用场景,将三元锂电池的生命周期划分为4个阶段:原材料获取、制造装配、使用和报废回收,并建立相应的GaBi模型,基于湿法回收A、湿法回收B、火法湿法联合回收3种不同回收利用方式进行三元锂电池生命周期评价模型搭建与回收再利用过程减碳成效测算。研究结果表明,三元锂电池回收再利用过程有较好的减碳成效,基于3种不同回收工艺的三元锂电池回收再利用可以减少CO2排放量分别为:湿法回收A为60.71 kg CO2/kWh;湿法回收B为150.00 kg CO₂/kWh;火法湿法联合回收为153.57 kg CO₂/kWh。基于这3种不同回收工艺的CO₂减排效果从优至劣依次为:湿法火法联合回收、湿法回收B和湿法回收A。合理的动力电池回收利用方式可以显著减少其回收利用过程中的碳排放量,从而产生更好的环境效益。

动力电池  /  生命周期评价  /  GaBi模型  /  减碳成效测算

To quantitatively evaluate the environmental benefits of the recycling process for new energy vehicle power batteries, and to provide support for the improvement of the management system and relevant standards for endoflife power batteries, thereby assisting in the implementation of the national “twocarbon" goal, the paper selects ternary lithium batteries as the research subject. The paper identifies typical scenarios for power battery recycling and utilization, divides the lifecycle of ternary lithium batteries into four stages: raw materials acquisition, manufacturing and assembly, usage, and scrap recovery and establishes the corresponding GaBi model. Based on different recycling methods, such as wet recycling A, wet recycling B, and firewet combined recovery, a life cycle evaluation model for ternary lithium batteries was built and the carbon reduction efficiency of the recycling and reuse process was calculated. The research results show that the recycling of ternary lithium batteries significantly reduces carbon reductions. Specifically, the carbon dioxide emission reductions for each recycling method are as follows: 60.71 kg CO2/kWh for wet recycling A, 150.00 kg CO2/kWh for wet recycling B, and 153.57 kg CO2/kWh for firewet combined recycling. The carbon dioxide emission reduction efficiency of the three different recovery processes is ranked from best to worst as follows: firewet combined recovery, wet recovery B and wet recovery A. Proper recycling of power batteries can significantly reduce carbon emissions during the recycling process, thus producing greater environmental benefits.

power battery  /  life cycle assessment  /  GaBi model  /  calculation of carbon reduction effect
刘永涛, 刘永杰, 袁诗泉, 李育隆, 陈轶嵩. 新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程减碳成效测算. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 24 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.03
Yongtao LIU, Yongjie LIU, Shiquan YUAN, Yulong LI, Yisong CHEN. Assessing Carbon Reduction Effect of New Energy Vehicles During the Power Battery Recycling Process[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 24 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.03
动力电池是电动车辆的重要组成部分, 能否科学有效地回收、合理地利用, 不仅直接影响我国新能源汽车产业的可持续发展, 也会影响到国家 “双碳”目标的实现 [ 1 ] 。倪飞等 [ 2 ] 分析了我国现阶段汽车产业和新能源汽车废旧动力电池的回收利用情况, 并研究了在生产者责任延伸制度 (EPR) 下我国的新能源汽车动力电池报废回收途径,旨在为我国的新能源汽车产业退役动力电池回收再利用提供科学参考。苗雪丰 [ 3 ] 通过建立电池循环利用模型, 并利用博弈论法分析各模型中某一成员对其他成员的影响机理。OLOFSSON 等 [ 4 ] 对混合动力公交车的磷酸铁锂电池以及镍钴锰三元锂电池进行了生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA), 研究表明磷酸铁锂电池会产生比三元锂电池更大的环境影响, 且这种影响主要是在正极材料的生产中造成的, 要减少相应的影响, 可以通过火法回收技术或湿法回收技术进行回收利用。生产车用锂离子电池需消耗多种矿产资源与一次能源, 并且还有大量温室气体和其他污染物生成, FARIA 等 [ 5 ] 预计伴随而来的总体排放和能源消耗也将大量参与车辆的生产和处置。PETER S[6-7]根据动力电池的 LCA 工具, 对纯电动车辆及燃油汽车的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 及其他排放气体进行对比,发现两种汽车在生命周期内的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量受车辆运行阶段的排放影响最大。王琢璞 [ 8 ] 针对三元电池、磷酸铁锂电池等典型动力电池, 利用全生命周期分析模型定量化评估并对比分析了不同回收利用技术的综合环境影响, 识别环境污染的关键环节和主要因子, 评估废旧动力电池回收利用的不同技术及其组合情景下的整体环境效益,为动力电池回收利用技术政策的制定提供一定参考。
综上所述, 国内外对动力电池回收过程和生命周期的研究较多, 成果丰富, 但缺乏不同动力电池回收利用方法减碳效果的测算研究, 其减排绩效和经济优化潜力较大。因此,在国家“双碳”目标背景下,为了量化评价新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程的环境效益, 为报废动力电池管理体系和回收利用相关标准的完善提供科学支撑, 本研究以 LCA 为工具进行新能源汽车动力电池回收利用过程的减碳成效测算研究。
由于三元锂电池能量密度高、低温性能好等优点, 近年来在新能源乘用车上的应用十分广泛, 如特斯拉、奇瑞汽车、北汽新能源、江淮汽车等国内外主流车企均选择三元锂电池作为其新能源车型的动力电池。本研究分析三元锂电池的生命周期情况, 从而计算其回收利用过程中的减碳成效。
以三元锂电池为研究对象, 将生命周期划分为 4 个过程:原料投入过程、制造过程、使用过程和废弃回收过程。对以上过程分别建立特征模型, 建模过程中忽略三元锂电池中质量较小的部件, 优化或忽略对碳排放没有影响的废气、废固、废水排放, 以保证建模过程的可操作性。参考长安大学刘书如 [ 9 ] 的建模功能单位,本研究所选三元锂电池为同类电池。系统边界如 图 1 所示。
将三元锂电池分成 8 个部分建立模型, 主要包括电池正负极、电池管理系统(BMS)等。该步骤存在两种生命周期, 分别是不考虑回收再利用和考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期, 二者都具有一致的原料输入渠道、生产、运行、再利用这 4 部分。其中, 原材料获取阶段将分为回收再利用原材料获取和正常生产原材料获取, 以体现报废回收过程对三元锂电池生命周期的影响, 便于计算回收再利用过程的减碳成效,其他阶段在建模上不区分。 在回收利用阶段, 将选用 3 种市场上主流的回收方法对三元锂电池的回收利用过程分别进行建模。这 3 种回收方法为湿法回收 A (赣锋锂业三元锂电池综合回收)、湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ (格林美新材料公司三元锂电池湿法回收)、火法-湿法联合回收(Umicore 公司VAL’EAS废旧锂离子电池回收处理流程)。 湿法回收 $\mathrm{A}$ 和湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ 两种工艺的最大区别是回收再生的产品不同, 前者只对废旧三元锂电池中的镍、钴、锰元素进行了回收, 而后者还对锂元素进行了回收并重新用于正极材料生产。火法-湿法联合回收则是废旧锂电池系统经过简单的预处理拆解和放电后进行高温熔炼、浸出及氧化、高温烧结等过程重新制得电池正极材料。
建模过程中所涉及的数据资料等来源于文献搜集和数据库调用, 三元锂电池的基本数据提取自湖南大学汽车生命评价机构的 “常用锂电池材料基础数据库” [ 10 ] ;此外,关于能耗等数据来自四川大学和亿科环境合作开发的 “中国生命周期引用数据集成 库 (Chinese Reference Life Cycle Database, CLCD)” [ 11 ] ; 动力电池回收的相关清单数据来源于企业项目环境报告书 [ 12 ] 以及部分硕士学位论文文献 [ 13 - 16 ] 、企业专利 [ 17 - 18 ] 、期刊论文 [ 19 - 20 ]
通过文献搜集和数据库调用, 整理出三元锂电池各个部件所占比例及材料质量, 见 表 1
三元锂电池正极材料为镍钴锰酸锂, 通过文献搜集得到生产 $1\mathrm{\;{kWh}}$ 三元锂电池正极材料所需要的原材料清单,见 表 2 。其中,质量代表生产 $1\mathrm{\;{kWh}}$ 三元锂电池正极材料需要的原材料的质量, 建模质量是指模型中使用的材料的实际质量, 用于模型的输入和计算。
研究对象选取某畅销纯电动微型汽车 E100 ,其电池容量为 ${28}\mathrm{{kWh}}$ , $\mathrm{{NEDC}}$ 纯电续驶里程为 305 $\mathrm{{km}}$ ,本文选取的装配三元锂电池整车使用阶段的相关参数见 表 3
$ {E}_{x} = \sum \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{p}_{j} \cdot {e}_{i} \cdot {G}_{j} \circ $
$ {P}_{xk} = \left( {\sum \sum {p}_{j} \cdot {e}_{i} \cdot {P}_{jk}}\right) + G{P}_{xk} \circ $
式中: ${E}_{x}$ 为原料 $x$ 在制造过程中的总能耗; ${p}_{j}$ 为原料在各制造过程中需要的第 $j$ 种能源的能耗在总能耗中的占比; ${e}_{i}$ 为原料在第 $i$ 个制造过程中的直接能耗; ${G}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 种能源在制造环节中的总能耗; ${P}_{xk}$ 为原料 $x$ 在制造过程中出现的第 $k$ 种有害物的总质量; ${P}_{jk}$ 为第 $j$ 种能源在制造环节中出现的第 $k$ 种污染物的总质量; $G{P}_{xk}$ 为原料 $x$ 在制造阶段直接生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的总质量。
$ {E}_{y} = \left( {\sum {m}_{x} \cdot {E}_{x}}\right) + {G}_{y} \circ $
$ {E}_{\mathrm{a}} = \sum \left( {{E}_{ij} + {G}_{j}}\right) 。 $
$ {P}_{yk} = \left( {\sum {m}_{x} \cdot {P}_{xk}}\right) + G{M}_{yk} \circ $
$ {P}_{\mathrm{a}k} = \sum {P}_{jk} + G{P}_{\mathrm{a}k} \circ $
式中: ${E}_{y}$ 为零件 $y$ 在制造装配环节中的总能耗; ${m}_{x}$ 为零件 $y$ 制造所需的材料 $x$ 的总质量; ${E}_{x}$ 为材料 $x$ 在制造环节中的能耗; ${G}_{y}$ 为零件 $y$ 装配过程中的生产能耗; ${E}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为电池在制造装配环节的总能耗; ${E}_{ij}$ 为电池制造环节中第 $i$ 阶段直接消耗的第 $j$ 种能量; ${G}_{j}$ 为电池装配环节中消耗的第 $j$ 种能量; ${P}_{yk}$ 为零件 $y$ 在制造装配环节中生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的总质量; ${P}_{xk}$ 为材料 $x$ 在制造环节中生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的质量; $G{M}_{yk}$ 为零件 $y$ 在装配环节中直接生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的总质量; ${P}_{\mathrm{a}k}$ 为电池制造装配环节中生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的总量; ${P}_{jk}$ 为电池制造环节中生成的第 $k$ 种有害物的质量; $G{P}_{\mathrm{a}k}$ 为电池装配环节中直接生成的第 $k$ 种污染物的总质量。
$ {\mathrm{{EC}}}_{\mathrm{b}} = \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{a}}} \cdot {30}\% \times \frac{{\mathrm{{EC}}}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{b}}} + {\mathrm{{EC}}}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( {1 - {E}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\mathrm{{EC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为电池使用阶段电能损耗; ${M}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{M}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为电池质量、整车质量; ${\mathrm{{EC}}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为车辆使用阶段总耗电量; ${E}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为电池充放电的效率。
$ {R}_{E} = {E}_{\mathrm{O}} - {E}_{\mathrm{R}} \circ $
$ {R}_{M} = {M}_{\mathrm{O}} - {M}_{\mathrm{R}} \circ $
式中: ${R}_{E}$ 为单位重量电池节省的能量; ${E}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为单位重量电池的原料制造能耗; ${E}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为单位重量电池的再生材料制造能耗; ${R}_{M}$ 为单位重量电池回收有害物质量; ${M}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为单位重量电池的原料制造生成有害物质量; ${M}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为单位重量电池的再生材料制造生成有害物质量。
依据 2.1 节中的三元锂电池材料及车辆数据清单, 搭建三元锂电池原材料获取阶段 GaBi 模型, 如 图 2 所示。
赣锋锂业三元锂电池湿法回收工艺(湿法回收 A)将在报废回收阶段回收获得的硫酸镍、硫酸钴、 硫酸锰以及铜、铝等材料作为三元锂电池生产过程中的一部分原材料的替代品, 以此为思路进行基于赣锋锂业湿法回收 A 且考虑回收再制造的三元锂电池原材料获取阶段的 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 模型构建。
格林美新材料公司的三元锂电池湿法回收工艺 (湿法回收 B)经过预处理、酸溶浸出、萃取提纯、 三元前驱体合成、三元电池材料合成等过程回收得到三元锂正极材料。将回收所获得的三元正极材料作为一部分新三元锂电池生产的原料, 进行基于湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ 对三元锂电池进行回收再利用的原材料获取阶段的 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 模型构建。
Umicore 公司研发的 VAL’ EAS 流程处理废旧锂离子电池是废旧锂电池火法-湿法联合回收工艺的典型之一, 废旧锂离子电池没有像通常流程一样经过预处理, 而是直接进入到冶炼炉内熔炼成合金,紧接着溶解合金,分离、净化后可获得较高纯度的以镍(Ni)和钴(Co)元素为主的化合物,熔炼过程中所产生的有害气体会经过特殊净化处理后排放。基于火法-湿法联合回收的回收工艺进行回收再利用的三元锂电池原材料获取阶段的 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 模型构建。
图 3 为搭建的基于湿法回收 A 且考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期评价GaBi模型。
同理,将三元锂电池各阶段的 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 模型串联起来, 可以得到不考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期评价模型和基于 3 种不同回收方法的三元锂电池回收再利用生命周期评价模型。
材料周期和燃料周期是生命周期全球变暖评价模型的两个组分。
原料制造过程的温室气体排放计算式为:
$ {P}_{\text{mat }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{l}\left\lbrack {{\left( {m}_{ij}\right) }_{l \times s} \cdot {\left( {p}_{1ij}\right) }_{s \times \mathrm{t}}}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: ${m}_{ij}$ 为第 $i$ 个部件所包含的第 $j$ 种材料; ${p}_{1ij}$ 为制造第 $i$ 种车用材料生成的第 $j$ 种温室气体排量; $l$ 为动力系统零部件数量; $s$ 为材料种类数; $\mathrm{t}$ 为温室气体排放当量类型。
装配环节中的温室气体排放计算式为:
$ {P}_{\operatorname{man}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{l}\left\lbrack {{\left( {e}_{2ij}\right) }_{l \times r} \cdot {\left( {p}_{2ij}\right) }_{r \times \mathrm{t}}}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: ${e}_{2ij}$ 为第 $i$ 个组成部分制造装配过程所需的第 $j$ 种能源量; ${p}_{2ij}$ 为制造第 $i$ 种能源生成的第 $j$ 种有害物排量; $r$ 为能源种类数; $\mathrm{t}$ 为污染物排放当量类型。
能源生产过程中的温室气体排放计算式为:
$ {P}_{\text{fuel }} = \left( {{3.5} \times K \times C/{100e}}\right) \cdot {\left( {p}_{3ij}\right) }_{r \times \mathrm{t}} \circ $
式中: $K$ 为电动汽车行驶总里程数,单位 $\mathrm{{km}};C$ 为汽车百公里公称电耗,单位 $\mathrm{{kWh}}/{100}\mathrm{\;{km}};e$ 为电能传输效率; ${p}_{3ij}$ 为制造第 $i$ 种能源生成的第 $j$ 种有害物质量。
生命周期中排放废气总质量的计算式为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{{LCA}}} = {P}_{\text{mat }} + {P}_{\text{man }} + {P}_{\text{fuel }} \circ $
计算上述 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 模型的平衡度,输出其生命周期中各环节能耗及废气排放值,基于 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 软件系统生成不同回收模式的三元锂电池的 GWP, GWP 为全球变暖值,以 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 值作为基准当量。三元锂电池不同回收利用方式和生命周期各环节中的 GWP 值如 图 4 ~9 所示。
基于同一种回收方式的三元锂电池生命周期, 考虑回收再利用的生命周期产生的 GWP 值更小, 3 组对比对象 (湿法回收 A、湿法回收 B、湿法-火法联合回收)的 GWP 总数差值分别为 ${1700}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} - \mathrm{{eq}}$${4200}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} - \mathrm{{eq}}$${4300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} - \mathrm{{eq}}$ , ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} - \mathrm{{eq}}$ 为二氧化碳当量。
通过以上对比分析可知, 废旧三元锂电池的回收再利用可以有效减小三元锂电池生命周期所产生的温室效应, 且在 3 种回收再利用的方式中, 以 Umicore 公司研发的 VAL’ EAS(火法-湿法联合回收)流程为最优。
结合 $\mathrm{{GaBi}}$ 平衡表对三元锂电池各生命周期 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的排放数据进行分析对比, 测算三元锂电池回收利用过程的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排成效。各回收利用技术路线及生命周期不同阶段 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量见 表 4 。表中 $\mathrm{A} - 1$$\mathrm{\;A} - 2$ 、 B-1、B-2、C-1、C-2分别代表基于湿法回收 A 的不考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期、基于湿法回收 $\mathrm{A}$ 且考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期、基于湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ 且不考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期、基于湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ 且考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期、基于湿法-火法联合回收且不考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期、基于湿法一火法联合回收且考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期。
通过数据对比分析可知, 基于 3 种不同报废回收工艺的 6 类三元锂电池生命周期中, 考虑了回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量远远小于相对应的没有考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期,其中 3 组对比对象 $\left( {\mathrm{A}\text{、}\mathrm{B}\text{、}\mathrm{C}}\right) {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放总量的减少量分别为 ${1700}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$${4200}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$${4300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 。而由于 3 组对比对象在制造装配阶段、使用阶段和报废回收阶段的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量没有差异,所以在原材料获取阶段产生的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放减少量即为生命周期 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放减少总量。同时,基于湿法-火法联合回收且考虑回收再利用的三元锂电池生命周期不仅产生的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量最少,仅有 ${22300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,进行回收再利用可以产生最大的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排量,达到 ${4300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 。这表明, 报废三元锂电池的回收再利用可以显著减少三元锂电池生命周期的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放。由于本文研究对象的电池容量为 ${28}\mathrm{{kWh}}$ ,基于 3 种不同回收工艺的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排成效依次为:湿法回收 $\mathrm{A}$ (赣锋锂业锂电池综合回收技术)减碳量为 ${60.71}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{kWh}}$ 、湿法回收 $\mathrm{B}$ (格林美新材料公司废旧锂电池湿法回收技术)减碳量为 ${150.00}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{kWh}}$ ,湿法一火法联合回收(Umicore 公司研发的 VAL’ EAS 工艺)减碳量为 ${153.57}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{kWh}}$
1)退役动力电池的回收利用具有巨大的经济效益和环境效益。随着动力电池报废量逐年增加, 合理的回收利用模式变得更重要。考虑动力电池的回收再利用方式可以显著减少其生命周期碳排放量,从而产生巨大的环境效益。
2)本研究所选择的 3 种典型动力电池回收工艺的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排效果从优至劣依次为: 湿法-火法联合回收>湿法回收B>湿法回收A。根据研究结果, 湿法一火法联合回收的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排效果最佳,表明该回收工艺在动力电池的生命周期评价中具有更好的环境表现。
3)未来, 可以考虑通过扩展动力电池边界, 将退役动力电池梯次利用阶段和使用阶段嵌入动力电池车辆运行生命周期场景中, 进行全生命周期减碳评价, 全面评估动力电池生命周期内能源消耗与环境影响情况。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-QN-0664)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJCZH110)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023JBGS-13)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102222113)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102223204)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.03
  • 接收时间:2023-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-02
  • 修回日期:2023-09-24
基金
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-QN-0664)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJCZH110)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023JBGS-13)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102222113)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102223204)
作者信息
    长安大学 汽车学院 西安 710064

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陈轶嵩(1988-),男, 陕西周至人, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为新能源汽车生命周期评价、汽车产业规划与政策分析。Tel:029-82334478 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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