Article(id=1153764465922270149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728489600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-10, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753008484582, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753008484582, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753008484582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753008484582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153764464802390978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='123', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753008484316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754446917960, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153764466379449288, articleId=1153764465922270149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Rack Force Estimation in Steer-by-Wire Systems, columnId=1153764466308146119, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=2024 Conference of China SAE Branch of Automotive Steering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rack force is a critical parameter in road feel design and steering follow-up control for steer-by-wire systems. Since it is difficult to measure rack force directly in mass-produced vehicles, its estimation becomes a key aspect in steer-by-wire. This article adopts two methods to estimate the rack force. The first method is based on vehicle dynamics, using Luenberger observer to obtain lateral velocity and the tire brush model is applied to analyze steering resistance torque. The second method is based on steering dynamics, involving a dynamic model for the steering actuator and the direct estimation of rack force using a Kalman filter. The results of the two methods are compared through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, and then a rule-based fusion strategy using multiple variables is proposed to combine the strengths of the two methods. Finally, bench test results show that the proposed fusion strategy effectively improves the accuracy and real-time performance of rack force estimation under different working conditions.

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齿条力是线控转向系统路感设计和转向跟随控制中的关键参数,但是由于其在量产车中难以被直接测量,因此,对其观测成为线控转向中的一个关键环节。采用两种方法观测齿条力,一种是基于车辆动力学的观测方法,采用龙伯格观测器观测车辆侧向速度,并结合轮胎刷子模型分析转向阻力矩;另一种是基于转向动力学的观测方法,通过建立转向执行机构动力学模型,并采用卡尔曼滤波实现对齿条力的直接观测。在此基础上,通过硬件在环台架试验比较两种方法的齿条力观测效果,提出基于多变量的规则式融合策略对两种方法进行优势互补。通过台架试验验证所提出的融合策略能在不同工况下有效提高齿条力观测的准确性和实时性。

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季学武(1964-),男,安徽无为人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力学及控制、智能车底盘设计。 E-mail:
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赵欣羽(2002-),女,陕西西安人,学士,主要研究方向为线控底盘。 E-mail:

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赵欣羽(2002-),女,陕西西安人,学士,主要研究方向为线控底盘。 E-mail:

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赵欣羽(2002-),女,陕西西安人,学士,主要研究方向为线控底盘。 E-mail:

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车速/(km/h) 评价指标 转向动力学 车辆动力学
40 相关系数 0.963 6 0.986 3
均方根误差/N 411.26 288.74
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.15
60 相关系数 0.973 4 0.975 4
均方根误差/N 398.45 393.15
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.13
80 相关系数 0.978 1 0.983 3
均方根误差/N 344.39 439.68
延迟时间/s 0.06 0.09
), ArticleFig(id=1175717457265308519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465922270149, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中高车速下两种观测方法在不同车速下的时域表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车速/(km/h) 评价指标 转向动力学 车辆动力学
40 相关系数 0.963 6 0.986 3
均方根误差/N 411.26 288.74
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.15
60 相关系数 0.973 4 0.975 4
均方根误差/N 398.45 393.15
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.13
80 相关系数 0.978 1 0.983 3
均方根误差/N 344.39 439.68
延迟时间/s 0.06 0.09
), ArticleFig(id=1175717457332417384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465922270149, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车速/(km/h) 评价指标 摩擦补偿前 摩擦补偿后
10 相关系数 0.786 4 0.884 5
均方根误差/N 475.35 385.27
延迟时间/s 0.14 0.14
20 相关系数 0.864 3 0.926 7
均方根误差/N 638.64 505.24
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1175717457424692073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465922270149, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

低速下基于转向动力学的方法在摩擦补偿前后时域表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车速/(km/h) 评价指标 摩擦补偿前 摩擦补偿后
10 相关系数 0.786 4 0.884 5
均方根误差/N 475.35 385.27
延迟时间/s 0.14 0.14
20 相关系数 0.864 3 0.926 7
均方根误差/N 638.64 505.24
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1175717457508578154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465922270149, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

车速/

(km/h)

评价指标

转向

动力学

车辆

动力学

融合

策略

10 相关系数 0.959 6 0.754 3 0.959 6
均方根误差/N 811.26 2 165.98 811.26
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.20 0.11
30 相关系数 0.945 7 0.938 9 0.945 7
均方根误差/N 248.73 364.88 248.73
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.12 0.08
60 相关系数 0.968 5 0.972 1 0.969 7
均方根误差/N 327.35 288.46 305.57
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.09 0.08
100 相关系数 0.969 7 0.973 4 0.972 5
均方根误差/N 324.39 258.92 277.25
延迟时间/s 0.09 0.11 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1175717457663767403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465922270149, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

融合策略与两种齿条力观测方法的时域表现对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

车速/

(km/h)

评价指标

转向

动力学

车辆

动力学

融合

策略

10 相关系数 0.959 6 0.754 3 0.959 6
均方根误差/N 811.26 2 165.98 811.26
延迟时间/s 0.11 0.20 0.11
30 相关系数 0.945 7 0.938 9 0.945 7
均方根误差/N 248.73 364.88 248.73
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.12 0.08
60 相关系数 0.968 5 0.972 1 0.969 7
均方根误差/N 327.35 288.46 305.57
延迟时间/s 0.08 0.09 0.08
100 相关系数 0.969 7 0.973 4 0.972 5
均方根误差/N 324.39 258.92 277.25
延迟时间/s 0.09 0.11 0.10
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汽车线控转向系统齿条力观测方法研究
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赵欣羽 , 李佳祺 , 刘贺 , 季学武
汽车工程学报 | 2024中国汽车工程学会转向技术分会学术年会精选论文 2025,15(1): 116-123
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汽车工程学报 | 2024中国汽车工程学会转向技术分会学术年会精选论文 2025, 15(1): 116-123
汽车线控转向系统齿条力观测方法研究
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赵欣羽 , 李佳祺, 刘贺, 季学武
作者信息
  • 清华大学 车辆与运载学院,北京 100084
  • 赵欣羽(2002-),女,陕西西安人,学士,主要研究方向为线控底盘。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

季学武(1964-),男,安徽无为人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力学及控制、智能车底盘设计。 E-mail:
Rack Force Estimation in Steer-by-Wire Systems
Xinyu ZHAO , Jiaqi LI, He LIU, Xuewu JI
Affiliations
  • School of Vehicle and Mobility,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.12
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齿条力是线控转向系统路感设计和转向跟随控制中的关键参数,但是由于其在量产车中难以被直接测量,因此,对其观测成为线控转向中的一个关键环节。采用两种方法观测齿条力,一种是基于车辆动力学的观测方法,采用龙伯格观测器观测车辆侧向速度,并结合轮胎刷子模型分析转向阻力矩;另一种是基于转向动力学的观测方法,通过建立转向执行机构动力学模型,并采用卡尔曼滤波实现对齿条力的直接观测。在此基础上,通过硬件在环台架试验比较两种方法的齿条力观测效果,提出基于多变量的规则式融合策略对两种方法进行优势互补。通过台架试验验证所提出的融合策略能在不同工况下有效提高齿条力观测的准确性和实时性。

线控转向  /  齿条力观测  /  龙伯格观测器  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  融合策略

Rack force is a critical parameter in road feel design and steering follow-up control for steer-by-wire systems. Since it is difficult to measure rack force directly in mass-produced vehicles, its estimation becomes a key aspect in steer-by-wire. This article adopts two methods to estimate the rack force. The first method is based on vehicle dynamics, using Luenberger observer to obtain lateral velocity and the tire brush model is applied to analyze steering resistance torque. The second method is based on steering dynamics, involving a dynamic model for the steering actuator and the direct estimation of rack force using a Kalman filter. The results of the two methods are compared through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, and then a rule-based fusion strategy using multiple variables is proposed to combine the strengths of the two methods. Finally, bench test results show that the proposed fusion strategy effectively improves the accuracy and real-time performance of rack force estimation under different working conditions.

steer-by-wire  /  rack force estimation  /  luenberger observer  /  Kalman filter  /  fusion strategy
赵欣羽, 李佳祺, 刘贺, 季学武. 汽车线控转向系统齿条力观测方法研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (1) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.12
Xinyu ZHAO, Jiaqi LI, He LIU, Xuewu JI. Rack Force Estimation in Steer-by-Wire Systems[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (1) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.12
随着汽车电子和控制技术的不断进步以及汽车智能化水平的提升,线控转向系统(Steer by Wire,SBW)取消了方向盘与转向器之间的机械连接,具有响应速度快、操纵稳定性高、传动比设计灵活、驾驶舱布局自由度大等优点,已成为当前转向系统研究的重点和未来的发展方向。
转向系统中的齿条力能有效反映整车的运动状态和轮胎的受力情况,是线控转向系统路感设计[1-2]和转向跟随控制前馈补偿[3]的关键参数,对SBW的研发与应用具有重要意义。但由于成本等原因,齿条力在量产车中难以被直接测量,因此,齿条力观测成为线控转向中的一个关键环节。
为满足上述路感和控制反馈的需求,齿条力观测算法需具有高准确性和实时性。目前,齿条力观测算法主要包括两种:一种是基于车辆动力学的方法[4-5],该方法利用轮胎回正力矩和转向拉杆的运动学关系来估计齿条力,但在实际应用中,车辆和轮胎参数具有一定的不确定性;另一种是基于转向动力学的方法[6-8],该方法利用转向执行电机电流和输出转矩的线性关系对齿条力进行直接观测,能应用于更多工况,但是容易受到转向系统内部摩擦力的影响。针对两种观测方法在不同工况下具有不同的观测表现的问题,研究人员提出了融合算法,通过设计不同转向工况下替换或加权的策略实现上述两种观测方法的优势互补[9-11]
本文以能反映轮地耦合作用力的转向系统齿条力作为观测对象,分别采用上述两种观测方法对齿条力进行观测,并基于硬件在环台架试验结果制定了基于多变量的规则式融合策略对两种方法进行优势互补,实现对齿条力在不同工况下高准确性、低延时的观测。
在基于车辆动力学的齿条力观测方法中,车辆的侧向速度作为计算轮胎因侧偏而引起回正力矩的关键变量,直接影响齿条力观测结果的准确性。然而,实际车辆上一般不装配侧向速度传感器,因此,要获得齿条力的第一步就是对侧向速度进行观测,最终基于侧向速度的观测结果,建立轮胎刷子模型计算车辆在转向过程中的回正力矩,进而计算得到齿条力。
考虑车辆的侧向和横摆运动,建立线性二自由度运动学微分方程[12]
( k 1 + k 2 ) V y V x + 1 V x ( a k 1 - b k 2 ) ω r - k 1 δ = m ( V y . + V x ω r )   , ( a k 1 - b k 2 ) V y V x + 1 V x ( a 2 k 1 + b 2 k 2 ) ω r - a k 1 δ = I z ω r   .
式中: m为整车质量; a b分别为车辆前轴和后轴到质心的距离; I z为车辆绕 z轴的转动惯量; k 1 k 2分别为前轴和后轴的等效侧偏刚度; V x为车辆纵向速度; ω r为横摆角速度; δ为前轮转角; V y为车辆侧向速度。
定义系统状态方程,对侧向速度 V y进行观测:
x ˙ = A x + B u   , y = C x + D u  
式中: u = δ x = [ V y , ω r ] T y = [ ω r , a y ] T
系数矩阵 A B C D可以被推导为式(3)的形式:
A = k 1 + k 2 m V x a k 1 - b k 2 m V x - V x a k 1 - b k 2 I z V x a 2 k 1 + b 2 k 2 I z V x   , B = - k 1 m - a k 1 m   , C = 0 1 k 1 + k 2 m V x a k 1 - b k 2 m V x   , D = 0 - k 1 m
龙伯格观测是一种基于输出测量来估计动态系统状态的方法,该方法通过极点配置法自由设置带宽,并通过增添误差前馈补偿来提高侧向速度观测的稳态性能和暂态性[13]。在可用测量信号受噪声影响不明显的侧向速度观测场景下,龙伯格观测器是一个理想的选择。
为提高系统的抗干扰性能,龙伯格观测器引入增益矩阵 L实现闭环控制:
x ^ ˙ = A x ^ + B u + L ( y - y ^ )   , y ^ = C x ^ + D u  
观测误差方程可以表示为:
e ˙ = x ^ ˙ - x ˙ = A - L C x ^ - x = A - L C e
由上式可知,矩阵 ( A - L C )的极点决定了误差的衰减速率,根据线性时不变系统的稳定性判据,需要通过极点配置保证矩阵 ( A - L C )全部特征值 β 1 , . . . , β n具有负实部,使误差衰减能达到预期的速率,观测器的状态将渐近地逼近实际状态。
齿条力计算需要得到总的轮胎转向阻力矩,上述侧向速度观测结果将用于计算由轮胎侧偏而引起的回正力矩,同时,还需考虑主销后倾和重力产生的回正力矩,由此,齿条力可以表示为:
F r = M a l i g n + M j a c k l s
1)轮胎侧偏引起的回正力矩 M a l i g n
前轮受力及其产生的力矩是齿条力的重要组成,其中,侧向力 F y通过引起轮胎侧偏产生回正作用。假设图1中主销后倾角 θ c和主销内倾角 θ k较小,那么该回正力矩可以近似为侧向力 F y和轮胎拖距总和的乘积:
M a l i g n = F y × ( t m + t p )
式中: t m为固定的机械间隙; t p为轮胎气动拖距。
根据FIALA等[14]提出的轮胎刷子模型,建立侧向力与前轮侧偏角之间非线性关系的有效近似为:
F y = - C α t a n ( α ) + C α 2 3 μ F z t a n ( α ) | t a n ( α ) | -
C α 3 27 ( μ F z ) 2 t a n 3 ( α )
式中: C α为前轴等效侧偏刚度; F z为前轴负荷; μ为路面附着。前轮侧偏角 α可以表示为:
α = V y + a × ω r V x - δ
假设轮胎机械间隙 t m恒定,气动拖距 t p建模为HSU等[15]提出的侧偏角的递减线性函数:
t p = t p , 0 - s g n ( α ) t p , 0 C α 3 μ F z t a n ( α )
2)主销后倾和重力产生的回正力矩 M j a c k
转向过程中,由于主销后倾车轮会在重力的作用下产生回正作用,因此,在假设前轮左右载荷近似相等的条件下,可以将轮胎近似为2段等效的弹簧模型[5]
M j a c k = - C 1 δ , | δ | < δ d   , - C 2 δ + ( C 2 - C 1 ) × s g n ( δ d ) × δ d , | δ | δ d  
式中: δ d为前轮转角死区; C 1 C 2分别为模型第1和第2阶段的弹性系数。
由此,结合上文计算得到的两种轮胎转向阻力矩,代入式(6)即可计算得到齿条力。
在基于转向动力学的齿条力观测方法中,首先将转向执行电机的旋转运动等效到齿条直线运动方程中,利用电机电流和输出转矩的线性关系建立SBW转向执行机构的动力学方程,选择卡尔曼滤波作为观测器来降低传感器噪声干扰和信号延迟,最后对转向系统内部的摩擦力进行定量分析,采用LuGre模型对齿条力观测结果进行摩擦补偿。
齿条运动近似为直线运动,因此,需将转向执行电机的旋转运动等效到齿条直线运动方程中,得到齿轮齿条子系统的动力学微分方程为:
F e - F r = ( M r + M e ) × x ¨ r + ( B r + B e ) × x ˙ r
式中: F e为电机等效到齿条的输出力; B e M e分别为电机等效到齿条的阻尼系数和质量; B r M r分别为齿条阻尼系数和质量; x r为齿条位置; F r为齿条力。
其中,转向执行电机的输出力与永磁同步电机的q轴电流可以用一阶线性关系来描述:
F e = K t × i q × r 2 × 1 R
式中: K t为电机转矩系数; i q为电机的q轴电流。
由于基于转向执行电机电流的齿条力观测模型属于典型的线性模型,本文采用开环观测方法处理含有惯性补偿的速度信号的导数和不确定参数时,不可避免地会导致滞后和误差,因此,本文采用经典的观测器算法卡尔曼滤波对齿条力进行观测。假设转向负载变化速度远小于观测器的收敛速度,将转向负载看成模型中的一个状态,建立系统状态方程为:
x ˙ = 0 1 0 0 - ( B r + B e ) M r + M e - 1 M r + M e 0 0 0 x + 0 1 M r + M e 0 u   , y = 1 0 0 0 1 0 x  
式中: u = F e x = [ x r , x ˙ r , F r ] T y = [ x r , x ˙ r ] T
转向执行电机在克服转向阻力矩时,还需要额外克服转向系统内部的摩擦力矩,这种现象对于低速工况下的齿条力观测结果影响尤为显著。摩擦作为一种非线性现象,LuGre摩擦模型[16]结合了摩擦的静态和动态效应,能有效补偿摩擦对系统性能的影响,其基本形式可以表示为:
d z d t = v - | v | g ( v ) z
式中: z为内部状态变量,代表接触表面的微观变形; v为接触表面的相对速度,在转向系统中可以用方向盘转速来表示; g ( v )是与速度相关的函数,用于描述库伦摩擦力和Stribeck效应,可以表示为:
g ( v ) = F c + ( F s - F c ) e - v v s β
式中: F s为静摩擦力; F c为库伦摩擦力; v s为Stribeck速度; β为经验参数,通常在0.5~2.0之间。
由此,转向系统内部的摩擦力可以表示为:
F f = σ 0 z + σ 1 d z d t + σ 2 v
式中: σ 0为模型中的鬓毛刚度; σ 1为鬓毛阻尼; σ 2为粘性摩擦系数。
摩擦补偿后的齿条力可以表示为:
F r , c o m = F r + F f
图2为线控转向试验台架整体框图,该台架试验平台主要由管柱式电动助力转向系统、实时控制器、阻力加载模块、油门踏板、加速踏板和屏幕等机械部分组成。其中,基于CarSim的整车实时仿真环境接收转向执行模块的齿条位置传感器信号,并将实时的车辆及道路状态作为输出反馈给控制器;方向盘模块和转向执行模块分别接收控制器发出的控制信号,并将传感器信号反馈给控制器实现闭环控制,同时,转向阻力加载装置提供转向外负载。
中心区转向试验主要考察汽车在中高速行驶时的操纵稳定性,试验测试标准参考国家标准GB/T 6323—2014[17]。试验分别对40、60、80 km/h车速下中心区转向工况进行测试,方向盘角输入近似为正弦波,输入频率为0.2 Hz。图3展示了80 km/h车速下,齿条力和侧向速度的观测结果以及车辆侧向加速度信号,表1展示了两种观测方法在3种不同车速下时域方面的观测表现。
从观测结果以及对应的时域指标可以看出,基于车辆动力学观测方法中,车辆侧向速度观测算法具有较强的跟踪性能,但在大转角工况下存在一定误差。出现这种现象的主要原因是,线性二自由度模型在大转角工况下难以对车辆横向载荷转移进行有效描述。对齿条力观测结果进行横向比较,基于车辆动力学观测方法的协方差更接近1且均方根误差更低,说明在中高速下的中心区转向试验中,基于车辆动力学的观测方法准确性更高,误差更小。纵向比较,基于转向动力学的观测均方根误差随车速降低而增大。出现这一现象的主要原因是,在低车速下该方法更容易受到系统内部摩擦带来的影响。同时,从延迟时间来看,基于转向动力学的观测方法表现更优。从力的产生原因方面分析,基于转向动力学的观测方法得到的齿条力观测结果主要依赖于转向执行电机对车辆转向行为的直接反馈,而基于车辆动力学的观测方法则间接地对车辆运动学信号进行分析得到齿条力,车辆的惯性特性使系统对外界信号激励的响应相对更慢,因此,延迟时间更长,实时性较差。
转向轻便性试验主要考察汽车在低速行驶时的操纵性能和转向轻便性,测试标准同样参考国家标准GB/T 6323—2014[17],参考路径为双纽线,分别对车速10 km/h和20 km/h工况进行测试。由于低速下车辆运动学信号准确性较低,基于车辆动力学的齿条力观测结果误差较大,所以选择基于转向动力学的观测方法。该方法在10 km/h车速下摩擦补偿前后的齿条力观测结果对比如图4所示,表2展示了两组观测结果时域方面的观测表现。
从试验结果可以看出,在加入摩擦补偿模型前,该方法在低车速时虽然能基本实现对齿条力真实值的跟踪,但随着车速的降低,观测误差逐渐增大。产生误差的主要原因在于,转向执行电机在克服转向阻力矩时,还需要额外克服转向系统内部的摩擦力矩。图4a中绿色的信号代表摩擦补偿后的齿条力观测信号,与红色的原始观测信号相比,摩擦模型对原先信号转折处观测误差较大的部分进行了补偿。图4b对比了原始观测误差信号与模拟的内部摩擦力信号。由图可知,上述两种信号的大小和变化趋势基本一致,说明本文建立的摩擦补偿模型能较好地模拟SBW中的摩擦力,同时印证了低速下基于转向动力学的模型观测结果的误差主要来源于系统内部摩擦的结论。
针对单一观测方法无法满足实际行驶中复杂路况的问题,需要对两种方法的观测结果进行融合。将齿条力观测时域评价中的相关系数和延迟时间作为融合策略中待优化的指标,基于前文试验结果分析不同观测方法结果的准确性和延迟时间的敏感性,对不同行驶工况进行分类,制定替换或加权的融合策略实现不同工况下齿条力的高准确性和低延时观测。
根据车速和前轮转角设计的融合权重的分配情况可以通过图5展示的MAP图进行可视化。基于融合策略得到的齿条力可以表示为:
F m e r g e = k × F s t e e r + ( 1 - k ) × F v e h
式中: F m e r g e为融合后的齿条力观测值; F s t e e r为基于转向动力学得到的齿条力观测值; F v e h为基于车辆动力学得到的齿条力观测值; k为融合权重。
为验证融合策略的合理性和有效性,本文在试验台架中部署并测试了齿条力观测算法及融合策略,并基于车速和前轮转角对4种典型行驶工况进行试验测试。测试结果如图6所示,时域评价指标对比见表3
从齿条力观测结果及时域评价来看,在不同车速和前轮转角工况下,融合策略能有效调整不同观测方法的权重以获得更准确的齿条力观测结果。在低速大转角工况下,基于车辆运动学的齿条力观测结果准确性和实时性均较差,因此,融合策略将权重全部赋予转向动力学的方法,得到了较准确的观测结果。
随着车速提升至60 km/h,车辆动力学观测方法的可信度提升,此时增加该方法的权重能降低转向动力学方法结果中的噪声干扰,同时保证较小的时间延迟。在车速达到100 km/h的高速测试工况下,基于车辆动力学观测方法的准确性进一步提升,此时,根据融合策略在小转角工况下更多依赖车辆动力学的观测结果,大转角工况下更多参考转向动力学的观测结果能降低车辆的横向载荷转移对观测结果的影响。综上所述,本文提出的融合策略能实现对不同工况下两种观测方法结果在准确性和延迟时间两个指标上的同时优化。
本文将转向系统齿条力作为研究对象,主要采用两种方法观测齿条力。一是基于车辆动力学的观测方法,通过建立二自由度车辆模型对侧向速度进行观测。基于侧向速度的观测结果,通过轮胎刷子模型计算得到齿条力。二是基于转向动力学的观测方法,通过建立转向执行机构动力学模型对齿条力直接观测,并采用LuGre模型对观测误差进行摩擦补偿。
在Matlab/Simulink中部署两种齿条力观测算法,并通过硬件在环试验台架进行了中高速中心区转向试验和低速转向轻便性试验,比较了两种方法在不同工况下的观测效果。
对试验结果进行敏感性分析,将齿条力观测时域评价中的相关系数和延迟时间作为融合策略中待优化的指标,制定基于车速和方向盘转角的规则式融合策略,并在硬件在环台架试验平台对融合策略进行验证。试验结果表明,融合策略能实现对齿条力在不同工况下的高准确性、低延时观测。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.12
  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
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    清华大学 车辆与运载学院,北京 100084

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季学武(1964-),男,安徽无为人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力学及控制、智能车底盘设计。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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