Article(id=1153809123884912963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675612800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-06, revisedDate=1679328000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753019131871, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753019131871, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753019131871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753019131871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153809123054440769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='5', pageStart='745', pageEnd='919', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753019131673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481656846, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526310380417245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526310384611550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=745, endPage=759, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153809124388229447, articleId=1153809123884912963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=A Survey of Driving Risk Assessment for Autonomous Vehicles, columnId=1153809123859747138, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=SOTIF/Co-Editors-in-Chief: CHEN Junyi, ZHANG Yuxin, ZHAO Yang, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conducting a thorough driving risk assessment is important for the driving safety of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, the existing driving risk assessment methods are divided into three categories, namely, the single objectoriented methods, the reachability setbased methods, and the potential fieldbased methods. In order to conduct a comprehensive comparison of these methods and reveal their distinct characteristics and applicability, the paper proposes five evaluation dimensions, including realtime capability, the duration of the valid prediction horizon, application feasibility, the inclusion of various risk sources and adaptability in different scenarios. The research gaps and potential future research directions in driving risk assessment for autonomous vehicles are analyzed and prospected.

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行驶风险评估对自动驾驶系统的安全运行至关重要。将现有行驶风险评估方法分为3类,包括面向单一目标物的、基于可达集的和基于势场论的评估方法。提出5个评价维度,包括计算实时性、结果时效性、应用可行性、内容充分性和场景泛用性,对评估方法进行了全面比较,揭示其特点和适用情况。对自动驾驶行驶风险评估面临的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。

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陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。Tel:13817663422 E-mail:
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熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:

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熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:

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熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:

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指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
TTC[34] TTC表示主车在不采取 避撞措施的情况下,与 前车发生碰撞的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行 驶、主车匀速 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTC}}} = \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) - {x}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {l}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }$ 式中: $x\left( t\right)$$v\left( t\right)$ 分别为车辆在 $t$ 时刻的位置和速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车; ${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为前车的长度。
MTTC[19] MTTC表示主车与前车 以固定加速度行驶时, 发生碰撞的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{MTTC}}} = \frac{-{\Delta V} \pm \sqrt{{V}^{2} + {2\Delta aD}}}{\Delta a}$ 式中: ${\Delta V}$${\Delta a}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对速度和相对加速度; $D$ 为主车 和前车的相对距离; $V$ 为主车的速度。
TTB [ 10 ] TTB 表示主车以最大减 速度减速至前车相同速 度所需的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行 驶、主车以最 大减速度行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTB}}} = \frac{{\Delta p} + {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}}$ 式中: ${\Delta p}$ 为两车的起始纵向距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}$${a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }$ 分别为两车的相对速 度和主车最大减速度。
TM[21] TM表示主车驾驶员在 前车突然减速时,可利 用的反应时间。 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TM}}} = \frac{D + {v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: $D$ 为两车的起始距离; $v$$a$ 分别为车的速度和加速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为 前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车。
THW[22] THW表示主车以当前速 度到达前车当前位置所 需的时间。 直道跟车场景 主车匀速行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{THW}}} = \frac{{p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}}{{v}_{0}^{\text{host }}}.$ 式中: ${p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}$ 为主车与前方障碍物的距离; ${v}_{0}^{\mathrm{{host}}}$ 为主车的速度。
TTO [ 33 ] TTO 表示前车到达主车 目标位置的时间 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTO}}} = \frac{-{V}_{\mathrm{r}} - \sqrt{{V}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} - 2 \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{r}} \cdot {D}_{\mathrm{O}}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为主车和目标位置的距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{r}}$${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为前车和主车的相对 速度和相对加速度。
PET[23] PET 表示两车到达潜在 冲突点的时间差。 路口场景、 汇入场景 冲突涉及的两 辆车均以恒定 加速度行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{PET}}} = {T}_{2} - {T}_{1} = \frac{-2{v}_{\mathrm{B}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{B}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( {{v}_{\mathrm{B}}{\Delta t} - {x}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right) }}{2{a}_{\mathrm{B}}} - \frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{A}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{A}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{A}}{x}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{2{a}_{\mathrm{A}}} + {\Delta t}$ 式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{A}}$${x}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车到冲突点的距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{A}}$${v}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{A}}$${a}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为由匀加速到匀速的反应时间。
TLC[36] TLC 表示车辆在穿越任 何车道边界之前可用的 时间。 变道场景 主车匀速行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TLC}}} = \frac{{y}_{\mathrm{{ll}}}}{v\sin \psi }$ 式中: $v$ 为车速; $\psi$ 为航向角; ${y}_{11}$ 为靠近车道边界一侧的车轮距离该车道 边界的距离。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163227485012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=时间指标对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
TTC[34] TTC表示主车在不采取 避撞措施的情况下,与 前车发生碰撞的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行 驶、主车匀速 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTC}}} = \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) - {x}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {l}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }$ 式中: $x\left( t\right)$$v\left( t\right)$ 分别为车辆在 $t$ 时刻的位置和速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车; ${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为前车的长度。
MTTC[19] MTTC表示主车与前车 以固定加速度行驶时, 发生碰撞的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{MTTC}}} = \frac{-{\Delta V} \pm \sqrt{{V}^{2} + {2\Delta aD}}}{\Delta a}$ 式中: ${\Delta V}$${\Delta a}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对速度和相对加速度; $D$ 为主车 和前车的相对距离; $V$ 为主车的速度。
TTB [ 10 ] TTB 表示主车以最大减 速度减速至前车相同速 度所需的时间。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行 驶、主车以最 大减速度行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTB}}} = \frac{{\Delta p} + {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}}$ 式中: ${\Delta p}$ 为两车的起始纵向距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}$${a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }$ 分别为两车的相对速 度和主车最大减速度。
TM[21] TM表示主车驾驶员在 前车突然减速时,可利 用的反应时间。 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TM}}} = \frac{D + {v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: $D$ 为两车的起始距离; $v$$a$ 分别为车的速度和加速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为 前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车。
THW[22] THW表示主车以当前速 度到达前车当前位置所 需的时间。 直道跟车场景 主车匀速行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{THW}}} = \frac{{p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}}{{v}_{0}^{\text{host }}}.$ 式中: ${p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}$ 为主车与前方障碍物的距离; ${v}_{0}^{\mathrm{{host}}}$ 为主车的速度。
TTO [ 33 ] TTO 表示前车到达主车 目标位置的时间 直道跟车场景 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTO}}} = \frac{-{V}_{\mathrm{r}} - \sqrt{{V}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} - 2 \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{r}} \cdot {D}_{\mathrm{O}}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为主车和目标位置的距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{r}}$${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为前车和主车的相对 速度和相对加速度。
PET[23] PET 表示两车到达潜在 冲突点的时间差。 路口场景、 汇入场景 冲突涉及的两 辆车均以恒定 加速度行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{PET}}} = {T}_{2} - {T}_{1} = \frac{-2{v}_{\mathrm{B}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{B}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( {{v}_{\mathrm{B}}{\Delta t} - {x}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right) }}{2{a}_{\mathrm{B}}} - \frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{A}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{A}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{A}}{x}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{2{a}_{\mathrm{A}}} + {\Delta t}$ 式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{A}}$${x}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车到冲突点的距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{A}}$${v}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{A}}$${a}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为由匀加速到匀速的反应时间。
TLC[36] TLC 表示车辆在穿越任 何车道边界之前可用的 时间。 变道场景 主车匀速行驶 ${T}_{\mathrm{{TLC}}} = \frac{{y}_{\mathrm{{ll}}}}{v\sin \psi }$ 式中: $v$ 为车速; $\psi$ 为航向角; ${y}_{11}$ 为靠近车道边界一侧的车轮距离该车道 边界的距离。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163361702745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
STN[25] STN 表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的横向减速性能和主 车的极限横向减速性 能之比。 直道跟车场景 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{STN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }}{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{y} + \frac{2}{{t}_{tc}^{2}}\left\lbrack {y \pm \left( {{\omega }_{\mathrm{h}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}}\right) /2 + \dot{y}{t}_{tc}}\right\rbrack }{\pm {a}_{y,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\omega }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为主车的宽度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为前车的宽度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }\text{、}{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime }$$\ddot{y}$ 分 别为主车避免碰撞所需的横向加速度、主车横向加速度和主 车和前车的相对横向加速度; $y$$\dot{y}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对 横向距离和相对横向速度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$${a}_{y,\max } > 0$ 为主车可实现 的最大侧向加速度; ${t}_{tc}$ 为前面提到的TTC。
${\mathrm{{BTN}}}^{\lbrack {25}\rbrack }$ BTN表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的纵向减速性能和主 车的极限纵向减速性 能之比。 直道跟车场景 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{BTN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}}{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{x} - {\dot{x}}^{2}/{2x}}{-{a}_{x,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}^{\prime }$ 为主车需要的纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$$- {a}_{x,\max } < 0$ 为主车可实现的最大纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}$$\ddot{x}$ 分别为主车纵向减 速度以及主车和前车的纵向相对减速度; $x$$\dot{x}$ 分别为主车和 前车的相对纵向距离和相对纵向速度。
DRAC[24] DRAC 表示车辆在当 前状态下所需的避撞 减速度。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行驶、主车匀速行驶 ${a}_{\mathrm{{DRAC}}} = \frac{{\left( {V}_{i} - {V}_{i - 1}\right) }^{2}}{2\left\lbrack {\left( {{X}_{i - 1} - {X}_{i}}\right) - {L}_{i - 1}}\right\rbrack }$ 式中: $i$ 为主车; $i - 1$ 为前车; $L$ 为指车的长度; $V$ 为速度; $X$ 为位置。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163487531868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=加速度指标对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
STN[25] STN 表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的横向减速性能和主 车的极限横向减速性 能之比。 直道跟车场景 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{STN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }}{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{y} + \frac{2}{{t}_{tc}^{2}}\left\lbrack {y \pm \left( {{\omega }_{\mathrm{h}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}}\right) /2 + \dot{y}{t}_{tc}}\right\rbrack }{\pm {a}_{y,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\omega }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为主车的宽度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为前车的宽度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }\text{、}{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime }$$\ddot{y}$ 分 别为主车避免碰撞所需的横向加速度、主车横向加速度和主 车和前车的相对横向加速度; $y$$\dot{y}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对 横向距离和相对横向速度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$${a}_{y,\max } > 0$ 为主车可实现 的最大侧向加速度; ${t}_{tc}$ 为前面提到的TTC。
${\mathrm{{BTN}}}^{\lbrack {25}\rbrack }$ BTN表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的纵向减速性能和主 车的极限纵向减速性 能之比。 直道跟车场景 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{BTN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}}{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{x} - {\dot{x}}^{2}/{2x}}{-{a}_{x,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}^{\prime }$ 为主车需要的纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$$- {a}_{x,\max } < 0$ 为主车可实现的最大纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}$$\ddot{x}$ 分别为主车纵向减 速度以及主车和前车的纵向相对减速度; $x$$\dot{x}$ 分别为主车和 前车的相对纵向距离和相对纵向速度。
DRAC[24] DRAC 表示车辆在当 前状态下所需的避撞 减速度。 直道跟车场景 前车匀速行驶、主车匀速行驶 ${a}_{\mathrm{{DRAC}}} = \frac{{\left( {V}_{i} - {V}_{i - 1}\right) }^{2}}{2\left\lbrack {\left( {{X}_{i - 1} - {X}_{i}}\right) - {L}_{i - 1}}\right\rbrack }$ 式中: $i$ 为主车; $i - 1$ 为前车; $L$ 为指车的长度; $V$ 为速度; $X$ 为位置。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163584000864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
${\text{DTC}}^{\lbrack {38}\rbrack }$ DTC表示后车减速到与前车相 同速度时所行驶的距离。 直道跟车场景 前车以恒定加速度行驶。 主车以恒定加速度行驶 ${d}_{\mathrm{{DTC}}} = {v}_{\mathrm{r}}t + \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}}{{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相对速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相 对加速度; $t$ 为驾驶员感知反应时间。
DSS[39] DSS 用于计算前车以最大减速度 减速至停车的距离与主车以最大 减速度减速至停车的距离之差。 直道跟车场景 前车以最大减速度减速 主车以最大减速度行驶 ${d}_{\mathrm{{DSS}}} = \left( {{d}_{2} + \frac{{v}_{1}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right) - \left( {{v}_{2}{\Delta t} + \frac{{v}_{2}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right)$ 式中: ${d}_{2}$ 为主车与前车之间的距离; ${v}_{1}$${v}_{2}$ 分别为主车和 前车的速度; $\mu$ 为路面附着系数; $g$ 为重力加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为驾 驶员反应时间。
PSD [ 40 ] PSD表示车辆到潜在碰撞点的距 离与可实现的最小停车距离之 比。 直道跟车场景 主车以最大减速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{PSD}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{v}^{2}/{2a}}$ 式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}$ 为主车到潜在碰撞点的距离; ${d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}$ 为车辆可实 现的最小停车距离; $v$ 为主车的速度; $a$ 为主车可实现的最 大纵向减速度。
${d}_{\min }$[37] ${d}_{\min }$ 表示车辆跟车时能保证安全 的最小距离。 直道跟车场景 主车先以最大加速度行 驶、后以最小减速度行 驶;前车以恒定加速度 行驶 ${d}_{\min } = \left\lbrack {{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\rho + \frac{1}{2}{a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}{\rho }^{2} + \frac{{\left( {v}_{r} + \rho {a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}\right) }^{2}}{2{a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}} - \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}}{2{a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}}}\right\rbrack$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为主车和前车的速度; $\rho$ 为反应时间; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}$ 为前车的最大加速度; ${a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}$ 为主车最小减速 度; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}$ 为前车的最大减速度。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163659498338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=距离指标汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 计算公式
${\text{DTC}}^{\lbrack {38}\rbrack }$ DTC表示后车减速到与前车相 同速度时所行驶的距离。 直道跟车场景 前车以恒定加速度行驶。 主车以恒定加速度行驶 ${d}_{\mathrm{{DTC}}} = {v}_{\mathrm{r}}t + \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}}{{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相对速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相 对加速度; $t$ 为驾驶员感知反应时间。
DSS[39] DSS 用于计算前车以最大减速度 减速至停车的距离与主车以最大 减速度减速至停车的距离之差。 直道跟车场景 前车以最大减速度减速 主车以最大减速度行驶 ${d}_{\mathrm{{DSS}}} = \left( {{d}_{2} + \frac{{v}_{1}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right) - \left( {{v}_{2}{\Delta t} + \frac{{v}_{2}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right)$ 式中: ${d}_{2}$ 为主车与前车之间的距离; ${v}_{1}$${v}_{2}$ 分别为主车和 前车的速度; $\mu$ 为路面附着系数; $g$ 为重力加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为驾 驶员反应时间。
PSD [ 40 ] PSD表示车辆到潜在碰撞点的距 离与可实现的最小停车距离之 比。 直道跟车场景 主车以最大减速度行驶 ${R}_{\mathrm{{PSD}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{v}^{2}/{2a}}$ 式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}$ 为主车到潜在碰撞点的距离; ${d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}$ 为车辆可实 现的最小停车距离; $v$ 为主车的速度; $a$ 为主车可实现的最 大纵向减速度。
${d}_{\min }$[37] ${d}_{\min }$ 表示车辆跟车时能保证安全 的最小距离。 直道跟车场景 主车先以最大加速度行 驶、后以最小减速度行 驶;前车以恒定加速度 行驶 ${d}_{\min } = \left\lbrack {{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\rho + \frac{1}{2}{a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}{\rho }^{2} + \frac{{\left( {v}_{r} + \rho {a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}\right) }^{2}}{2{a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}} - \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}}{2{a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}}}\right\rbrack$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为主车和前车的速度; $\rho$ 为反应时间; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}$ 为前车的最大加速度; ${a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}$ 为主车最小减速 度; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}$ 为前车的最大减速度。
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163722412900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估方法 指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 示意图或公式
面向单一 目标物的 评估方法 确定性评估 方法 TTC、THW 等, 详见 表1 <inline-formula> 3</inline-formula> 与具体指标有关 应用于特定场景 主车、周围车辆 以恒定速度或恒 定加速度行驶等 与具体指标有关
概率性评估 方法 碰撞可能 性 [ 48 ] 预测周围车辆的 轨迹, 并结合主 车轨迹进行碰撞 检测来计算碰撞 可能性 不限 驾驶行为分类能 覆盖所有可能的 驾驶行为;运动 参数分布符合某 种概率分布,包 括均匀分布、混 合高斯分布等
基于势场论的评估方法 排斥力 [ 71 ] 将各场景元素在 主车位置产生场 强的矢量和与主 车虚拟质量相乘 来计算排斥力 不限 场景元素之间的 风险关系可以用 场强表征 $\left\{ \begin{matrix} {E}_{S} = {E}_{R} + {E}_{V} + {E}_{D} \\ {F}_{j} = {E}_{S}{M}_{j}\left\lbrack {{R}_{j}\exp \left( {-{k}_{3}{v}_{j}\cos {\theta }_{j}}\right) \left( {1 + D{R}_{j}}\right) }\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right.$ 式中: ${E}_{S}$ 为总场强; ${E}_{R}\text{、}{E}_{V}\text{、}{E}_{D}$ 分别为静止目 标物、运动目标物、驾驶员行为特点相关的场 强; ${M}_{i}$ 为主车虚拟质量; ${R}_{i}$ 为道路条件系数; ${v}_{i}$ 为主车速度; ${\theta }_{i}$ 为主车速度方向与场强方向的 夹角; $D{R}_{i}$ 为主车驾驶员风险系数; ${k}_{3}$ 为校准系 数; ${F}_{i}$ 为作用在车上的斥力,即当前主车风险 值。
势能 [ 72 ] 将排斥力按距离 积分来计算势能 ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}} = {\omega }_{\mathrm{L}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{L}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{B}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{B}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{V}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}, v}$ 式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}}$ 为主车上的总势能; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}}$ ; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 分别为车道标记、道路边界以 及他车产生的安全势能; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{V}}$ 分别为 车道标记安全势能修正系数、道路边界安全势 能修正系数和车辆安全势能修正系数。
基于可达集的评估方法 可达集 [ 85 ] 通过计算车辆从 初始状态集开始 随着时间推移能 达到的状态集来 表征风险 不限 周围车定速、定 加速度等
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163806298982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=评估方法比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估方法 指标 说明 主要应用场景 假设 示意图或公式
面向单一 目标物的 评估方法 确定性评估 方法 TTC、THW 等, 详见 表1 <inline-formula> 3</inline-formula> 与具体指标有关 应用于特定场景 主车、周围车辆 以恒定速度或恒 定加速度行驶等 与具体指标有关
概率性评估 方法 碰撞可能 性 [ 48 ] 预测周围车辆的 轨迹, 并结合主 车轨迹进行碰撞 检测来计算碰撞 可能性 不限 驾驶行为分类能 覆盖所有可能的 驾驶行为;运动 参数分布符合某 种概率分布,包 括均匀分布、混 合高斯分布等
基于势场论的评估方法 排斥力 [ 71 ] 将各场景元素在 主车位置产生场 强的矢量和与主 车虚拟质量相乘 来计算排斥力 不限 场景元素之间的 风险关系可以用 场强表征 $\left\{ \begin{matrix} {E}_{S} = {E}_{R} + {E}_{V} + {E}_{D} \\ {F}_{j} = {E}_{S}{M}_{j}\left\lbrack {{R}_{j}\exp \left( {-{k}_{3}{v}_{j}\cos {\theta }_{j}}\right) \left( {1 + D{R}_{j}}\right) }\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right.$ 式中: ${E}_{S}$ 为总场强; ${E}_{R}\text{、}{E}_{V}\text{、}{E}_{D}$ 分别为静止目 标物、运动目标物、驾驶员行为特点相关的场 强; ${M}_{i}$ 为主车虚拟质量; ${R}_{i}$ 为道路条件系数; ${v}_{i}$ 为主车速度; ${\theta }_{i}$ 为主车速度方向与场强方向的 夹角; $D{R}_{i}$ 为主车驾驶员风险系数; ${k}_{3}$ 为校准系 数; ${F}_{i}$ 为作用在车上的斥力,即当前主车风险 值。
势能 [ 72 ] 将排斥力按距离 积分来计算势能 ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}} = {\omega }_{\mathrm{L}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{L}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{B}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{B}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{V}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}, v}$ 式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}}$ 为主车上的总势能; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}}$ ; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 分别为车道标记、道路边界以 及他车产生的安全势能; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{V}}$ 分别为 车道标记安全势能修正系数、道路边界安全势 能修正系数和车辆安全势能修正系数。
基于可达集的评估方法 可达集 [ 85 ] 通过计算车辆从 初始状态集开始 随着时间推移能 达到的状态集来 表征风险 不限 周围车定速、定 加速度等
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163877602154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险评估方法 决策规划 测试评 价
决策 运动 规划
紧急 情况 非紧急 情况
面向单一对象的 确定性 ★★★ ★☆☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
概率性 ★☆☆ ★★★ ★★☆ ★☆☆
基于势场论的 ★☆☆ ★★☆ ★★★ ★☆☆
基于可达集的 ★★☆ ★★☆ ★★★ ★★★
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163957293932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=风险评估方法适用情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险评估方法 决策规划 测试评 价
决策 运动 规划
紧急 情况 非紧急 情况
面向单一对象的 确定性 ★★★ ★☆☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
概率性 ★☆☆ ★★★ ★★☆ ★☆☆
基于势场论的 ★☆☆ ★★☆ ★★★ ★☆☆
基于可达集的 ★★☆ ★★☆ ★★★ ★★★
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自动驾驶汽车行驶风险评估方法综述
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熊璐 , 吴建峰 , 邢星宇 , 吴新政 , 陈君毅
汽车工程学报 | 预期功能安全专题/联席主编:陈君毅,张玉新,赵洋 2024,14(5): 745-759
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汽车工程学报 | 预期功能安全专题/联席主编:陈君毅,张玉新,赵洋 2024, 14(5): 745-759
自动驾驶汽车行驶风险评估方法综述
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熊璐 , 吴建峰, 邢星宇, 吴新政, 陈君毅
作者信息
  • 同济大学 上海 201804
  • 熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:

通讯作者:


陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。Tel:13817663422 E-mail:
A Survey of Driving Risk Assessment for Autonomous Vehicles
Lu XIONG , Jianfeng WU, Xingyu XING, Xinzheng WU, Junyi CHEN
Affiliations
  • Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.01
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行驶风险评估对自动驾驶系统的安全运行至关重要。将现有行驶风险评估方法分为3类,包括面向单一目标物的、基于可达集的和基于势场论的评估方法。提出5个评价维度,包括计算实时性、结果时效性、应用可行性、内容充分性和场景泛用性,对评估方法进行了全面比较,揭示其特点和适用情况。对自动驾驶行驶风险评估面临的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。

自动驾驶汽车  /  风险评估  /  行驶风险  /  场景  /  综述

Conducting a thorough driving risk assessment is important for the driving safety of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, the existing driving risk assessment methods are divided into three categories, namely, the single objectoriented methods, the reachability setbased methods, and the potential fieldbased methods. In order to conduct a comprehensive comparison of these methods and reveal their distinct characteristics and applicability, the paper proposes five evaluation dimensions, including realtime capability, the duration of the valid prediction horizon, application feasibility, the inclusion of various risk sources and adaptability in different scenarios. The research gaps and potential future research directions in driving risk assessment for autonomous vehicles are analyzed and prospected.

autonomous vehicle  /  risk assessment  /  driving risk  /  scenario  /  survey
熊璐, 吴建峰, 邢星宇, 吴新政, 陈君毅. 自动驾驶汽车行驶风险评估方法综述. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (5) : 745 -759 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.01
Lu XIONG, Jianfeng WU, Xingyu XING, Xinzheng WU, Junyi CHEN. A Survey of Driving Risk Assessment for Autonomous Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (5) : 745 -759 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.01
安全是自动驾驶系统上路运行的首要条件 [ 1 ] 。 近年来, 随着驾驶自动化水平的提高, 自动驾驶汽车在行驶过程中遇到的场景越来越复杂, 需要执行的驾驶任务也越来越多样。复杂的场景和多样的驾驶任务给自动驾驶系统带来了巨大的安全挑战 [ 2 ] 。 行驶风险评估作为保证和检验自动驾驶系统安全运行的重要手段,一直是自动驾驶领域的研究重点 [ 3 ]
本文对现有行驶风险评估方法进行分类, 在分类的基础上阐述行驶风险评估的最新进展;通过全面的对比分析, 揭示不同类型评估方法的特点和适用情况, 为行驶风险评估方法的研究与应用提供借鉴。本文余下部分:第 1 节介绍问题定义;第 2 节将现有行驶风险评估方法分为 3 类, 并展开详细介绍; 第 3 节提出 5 个对比维度并对现有的评估方法进行对比分析; 第 4 节分析行驶风险评估所面临的问题,并对未来研究方向进行展望。
从风险的内涵上, 本文将 “风险” 定义为碰撞可能性和碰撞严重度的组合 [ 4 ] 。“风险”一词往往与对驾驶员、乘员、其他交通参与者造成伤害的情况相关联, 而碰撞是造成驾驶员、乘员或其他交通参与者伤害的直接原因 [ 1 ] 。其中,碰撞可能性用于表征车辆行驶过程中与周围的交通参与者或障碍物发生碰撞的可能性, 碰撞严重度用于表征碰撞对驾驶员、乘客及其他交通参与者等造成伤害的严重程度。考虑到自动驾驶系统(下文简称 “系统” )研发过程中,最首要的是系统运行时能有效避免碰撞、保证安全,因此,本文主要围绕碰撞可能性展开综述。
从时间跨度上可以将风险分为 3 类: 第 1 类是预期使用周期下的风险, 其包含了系统在整个生命周期中可能出现的不同场景下的风险; 第 2 类是一段行驶过程中或场景下的风险, 其为系统在某个特定场景中的风险;第 3 类是具体时刻下的风险,其为系统在行驶过程中所处场景的具体时刻下的风险。
虽然风险评估既可以用于指导决策规划, 也可以服务于测试评价, 但也存在一定的区别。当风险评估用于指导决策规划时, 主要考虑当前时刻下的风险 [ 5 - 8 ] ,即第 3 类风险评估。在进行此类风险评估时,需全面考虑当前场景和时刻下主车周围各种目标物对主车造成风险的大小, 从而及时准确地发现潜在危险并为决策提供参考。当风险评估用于测试评价时 [ 9 - 12 ] ,关注的是整个测试过程中的风险, 即第 2 类风险评估。其建立在对第 3 类风险评估的基础上, 反映被测对象在一段场景中的总体风险水平。至于第 1 类风险评估, 可以借助类似国际标准 ISO 26262 [ 13 ] 和 ISO 21448 [ 14 ] 中推荐的方法进行风险评估, 即结合危害分析识别的危害事件与相应的运行场景进行分析, 进而得到系统在预期使用周期中的风险等级;也可以基于对第 2、3 类风险评估得到风险结果。
综上所述, 由于第 1、2 类风险评估是建立在第 3 类风险评估基础上的, 所以本文的行驶风险评估主要考虑具体时刻下车辆的碰撞可能性。
现有的行驶风险评估方法主要通过对主车及其他交通参与者进行运动学或动力学建模并引入一定程度的假设以预测车辆的轨迹、覆盖区域等信息, 基于此计算主车和其他交通参与者碰撞的可能性并作为风险评估的依据。如 图 1 所示, 本文将现有的风险评估方法分为 3 类, 包括面向单一目标物的评估方法、基于势场论的评估方法以及基于可达集的评估方法。其中, 面向单一目标物的评估方法又可分为确定性评估方法和概率性评估方法。面向单一目标物的评估方法和基于可达集的评估方法的共同点是都需要通过检测冲突或碰撞来评估风险, 不同的是面向单一目标物的方法主要从轨迹出发进行碰撞检测, 进而评估风险; 而基于可达集的方法是从区域的角度出发进行碰撞检测, 并通过非碰撞区域的大小来表征风险。与前两类评估方法不同, 基于势场论的评估方法不需要检测碰撞, 而是通过结合专家知识和事故数据分析得到风险因素(例如车辆 [ 15 ] 、障碍物等)的基础上,根据物理学中场的概念对风险关系进行建模, 实现风险评估。
面向单一目标物的评估方法是指通过计算主车与单一目标物或场景元素发生碰撞的可能性来评估风险, 例如计算与前车发生碰撞的可能性。这类风险评估方法在进行风险评估时, 需要考虑主车和某个目标物的未来轨迹在时空上的接近程度。根据评估模型是否考虑目标物的运动不确定性, 本文将面向单一目标物的评估方法分为确定性评估方法和概率性评估方法。
确定性评估方法是一种忽略交通参与者运动不确定性的风险评估方法, 在这种方法中, 一般利用简化物理模型来描述交通参与者的运动并选取某种指标来表征风险, 当指标计算结果超过某一阈值时便认为存在风险。
常用的简化物理模型是定常模型, 即假设车辆的运动参数 (如加速度、速度和航向角等) 在短时间内是恒定的; 在简化物理模型的基础上通过计算特定指标来评估风险, 本文将这些指标划分为 3 类:时间指标、加速度指标和距离指标。时间指标包括碰撞时间(Time-to-Collision, TTC) [ 16 - 18 ] 、修正 碰 撞 时 间 (Modified Time-to-Collision, MTTC) [ 19 ] 、模型预测碰撞时间 (Model Predictive Time-to-Collision, MPrTTC) [ 20 ] 、制动时间(Time to Brake, TTB) [ 10 ] 、转向时间(Time to Steer, TTS) [ 10 ] 、时间裕度(Time Margin, TM) [ 21 ] 、车头时距 (Time Headway, THW) [ 22 ] 、后侵入时间 (Post Encroachment Time, PET) [ 23 ] 等; 加速度指标包括避撞减速率(Deceleration Rate to Avoid a Crash, DRAC) [ 24 ] 、制动威胁系数 (Brake-Threat-Number, BTN)和转向威胁系数(Steer-Threat-Number, STN) [ 25 - 27 ] 等; 距离指标有最小安全距离(Minimum Safety Distance, MSD) [ 28 ] 、碰撞距离(Distance to Collision, DTC) [ 29 ] 等。
时间指标上, TAMKE 等 [ 30 ] 提出了一种通过预测当前场景变化来计算的 TTC、TTB、TTS 的有效算法, 并将这些指标作为碰撞预警系统的触发器。 KIM 等 [ 31 ] 基于TTC ${}^{-1}$ 得出风险图并将其用于确定避撞控制策略。MULDER 等 [ 32 ] 将 THW 作为 TTC 的辅助指标来评估跟车场景的风险水平。WENG Bowen 等 [ 20 ] 根据主车与他车的动作状态与位置, 结合车辆运动学模型计算发生碰撞的时间,作为模型预测碰撞时间(MPrTTC)来评估风险。LEE 等 [ 33 ] 使用定加速度模型作为周围车辆的运动预测模型来计算预测占用图(Predictive Occupancy Map, POM), 并基于 POM 计算主车到占用区域所需的时间。朱西产等 [ 21 ] 以驾驶员在前车突然减速时所需的最小反应时间, 作为跟车场景下的风险评估指标。时间指标对比见 表 1
加速度指标一般由车辆的极限加减速性能以及所在场景中车辆为避免碰撞所需的加减速性能确定。KIEFER 等 [ 35 ] 分析了避免碰撞所需的减速度, 并讨论了所需减速度的计算方法, LI Yingshuai 等 [ 24 ] 提出用 DRAC 来表征风险,该指标通过计算在当前状态下车辆避免碰撞所需的减速度来表征风险。此外, 有研究者根据驾驶员的避撞策略, 包括转向和制动, 提出了转向威胁指标 (Steer-Threat-Number, STN) 和制动威胁指标 (Brake-Threat-Number, BTN), 如 图 2 所示。NILSSON 等 [ 25 ] 用 STN 和 BTN 来评估风险,即当避碰能力确定时, STN和BTN越大,意味着发生事故的可能性越大。 与此类似, TYAGI [ 26 ] 又提出了加速威胁指标 (Acceleration Threat Number, ATN) 和减速威胁指标(Deceleration Threat Number, DTN),并结合 STN 和 BTN 进行碰撞风险检测。加速度指标对比见 表 2
距离指标通过主车到碰撞点的距离来表征风险, 用于风险评估的距离指标本质上类似于时间度量。WINKLER 等 [ 28 ] 基于 TTC 的变换获得了避免碰撞的最小安全距离。WANG Wuhong 等 [ 29 ] 使用碰撞距离 (Distance to Collision, DTC) 作为风险指标。Mobileye [ 37 ] 提出的责任敏感模型中要求车辆在行驶时要保证与前车的最小纵向安全距离以防止发生追尾事故, 并给出了最小安全距离的计算公式, 该公式中的系数可以随着天气、驾驶环境等因素的不同而动态调整。距离指标对比见 表 3
确定性评估方法的优点是可以快速评估当前情况的风险。由于使用了简化模型, 提高了运算效率, 所以这些方法可以快速评估风险。但是由于忽略了车辆运动的不确定性和车外场景的不确定性 [ 41 ] ,使该类评估方法的应用场景受限 [ 42 ]
概率性评估方法在评估过程中考虑车辆在运动过程中存在的不确定性, 利用概率模型来描述其运动, 进而评估风险。具体而言, 概率性评估方法首先预测周围车辆的轨迹, 再结合主车未来轨迹进行碰撞检测, 最后根据碰撞检测结果得出主车的碰撞可能性; 但预测车辆的运动轨迹并不是一项确定性的任务。一方面是因为运动的不确定性, 即从驾驶员的驾驶行为到输入车辆的控制指令再到车辆的实际轨迹, 都有复杂的交互作用, 包括人车交互、车路交互以及人与交通环境的交互, 交互的复杂性导致了驾驶员的驾驶行为、输入车辆的运动控制参数存在不确定性; 另一方面是因为观测的不确定性 [ 43 ] ,即许多参数在现有技术水平下难以精确测量。例如,轮胎在道路上的摩擦因数 [ 44 ] 就很难测量, 从而导致输入风险评估的参数本身存在不确定性。
综上所述, 在预测周围车辆轨迹时, 必须考虑车辆在运动过程中的不确定性。基于运动过程中的不确定性, 本文将概率性评估方法分为两类, 一类是基于驾驶行为不确定性 [ 45 - 46 ] 的评估方法,另一类是基于运动控制参数不确定性的评估方法。其中, 驾驶行为不确定性是指因无法直接确定驾驶行为而产生的不确定性。例如, 车辆行驶时无法直接确定周围车辆是否会变道。运动控制参数不确定性是指因无法直接确定输入车辆的运动控制参数而产生的不确定性。例如, 横纵向加速度产生的不确定性。至于观测不确定性, 因为很多研究者进行风险评估时,均假设输入参数可以准确获得 [ 47 ] ,所以本文不对其重点讨论。
在考虑驾驶行为不确定性进行风险评估时, 首先需要预测驾驶行为, 常用的驾驶行为预测模型包括交互多重模型 (Interacting Multiple Model, IMM) [ 48 ] 、隐马尔可夫模型(Hidden Markov Models, HMMs) [ 45 , 49 - 50 ] 、动态贝叶斯网络 (Dynamic Bayesian Networks, DBN) [ 51 ] 、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)等 [ 52 ] 。KIM 等 [ 48 ] 基于主车当前状态生成离线轨迹,使用 IMM 预测周围车辆的变道概率并利用三次多项式生成周围车辆运动轨迹, 最后根据车辆出现在同一位置的可能性来计算碰撞概率, 图 3 展示了对车辆变道行为和变道轨迹的预测情况。ZHANG Lijun等 [ 4 ] 利用 IMM 融合定转向角速率定加速度模型和行为预测模型来预测周围车辆的轨迹, 并基于主车和周围车辆的碰撞可能性和碰撞严重度进行风险评估; SCHREIER 等 [ 53 ] 采用贝叶斯网络检测周围车辆的驾驶行为并根据驾驶行为预测周围车辆的轨迹, 依据预测的碰撞时间和碰撞概率进行风险评估。
一般的驾驶行为预测模型在正常情况下可以较准确地预测驾驶员行为, 但实际交通环境中也会出现一些异常驾驶行为, 这些异常驾驶行为往往较难预测,且对行驶安全有较大影响 [ 54 ] 。因此,异常驾驶行为检测也是风险评估需要考虑的问题, RYAN 等 [ 55 ] 利用高斯过程(Gaussian Processes, GP) 和 卷 积 神 经 网 络 (Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN) 进行异常驾驶行为检测, 试验表明,该方法能较准确地检测到异常驾驶行为。
在考虑车辆运动控制参数不确定性时, 首先要得到运动控制参数, 例如, 加速度、转向角等的概率分布情况, 再基于运动控制参数的概率分布情况得到车辆控制输入, 并将其输入车辆运动模型得出运动轨迹,最后基于轨迹进行风险评估。在对运动控制参数分布进行建模时, 最简单的方式是利用均匀分布进行建模, JOERER 等 [ 56 ] 根据车辆的最大减速度和加速度得到车辆运动轨迹界限。假设车辆的加速度分布是均匀概率分布, 并计算选择特定轨迹的碰撞可能性, 最后通过汇总在轨迹边界中的每个轨迹的碰撞可能性来计算当前场景下的碰撞可能性。很明显,这种均匀分布的假设与实际情况差距较大。为提高风险评估的准确性, 部分研究人员选用高斯混合模型来建立运动控制参数分布模型, ZHOU Huajian 等 [ 57 - 58 ] 等通过对驾驶员避撞行为进行建模, 利用自然驾驶数据构建车辆避撞时的横纵向加速度分布的高斯混合模型 [ 57 ] ,并结合马尔可夫蒙特卡洛抽样算法得到车辆未来横纵向加速度。 JASOUR 等 [ 59 ] 利用深度神经网络来预测运动控制参数在高斯混合模型下分布的均值和协方差矩阵, 用这种学习得到的高斯混合模型来描述运动控制参数的不确定性。此外, 也有学者利用专家经验来描述运动控制参数的分布情况, BROADHURST 等 [ 60 ] 根据驾驶员行为特点构建运动控制参数的分布模型, 通过蒙特卡罗采样方法得到车辆未来的控制输入。EIDEWALL 等 [ 61 ] 在 BROADHURST 等 [ 60 ] 的工作基础上, 通过引入迭代采样算法和驾驶员在实际驾驶中的能见度限制提升了原有风险评估方法的性能。
由运动控制参数分布生成运动控制参数时, 一般利用采样 [ 58 - 62 ] 的方法进行生成,但采样法一直存在如何平衡采样频率和可靠性之间的问题。即想要得到可靠的结果, 需要提高采样频率, 但过高的采样频率又会使算法计算实时性受到影响。WANG Hong 等 [ 63 ] 利用 HighD 数据集训练 LSTM 来直接预测周围车辆在一段时间内的速度和轨迹, 提高了算法计算速度。
与确定性评估方法相比, 概率性评估方法的计算成本更高 [ 64 ] ,但由于考虑了车辆在运动过程中的不确定性, 使场景中动态元素之间风险评估的量化更加合理。此外, 由于考虑了更多的影响因素, 如车间交互, 使概率评估方法具有更长的预测时域, 可以更早地检测到车辆行驶过程中的碰撞风险。
基于势场论的评估方法借鉴了物理学中的势场理论, 利用斥力场来描述碰撞风险。该类方法最初是用于解决机器人领域运动规划问题的 [ 65 ] ,后被引入自动驾驶领域。SATTEL 等 [ 66 ] 结合势场论开发了自动驾驶汽车的运动规划算法。在风险评估中, 基于势场论的评价方法是假设场景中的元素均会产生场强, 这些场强作用于车辆会产生排斥力, 排斥力按距离积分之后就会得到势能。在场强计算上, 不同场景元素会产生大小不同的场强, CAO Haotian 等 [ 67 ] 在计算作用于车辆的场强时,考虑了场景中道路边界和障碍物的坐标计算场强。此外, YANG Zhaosheng 等 [ 68 ] 将车辆与障碍物之间的相对距离作为场强计算的核心参数。DIXIT等 [ 69 ] 在传统势场论的基础上考虑了车道中心线和车道边界来计算作用在车辆上的总场强; LU Bing 等 [ 70 ] 在计算车辆产生的场强时, 考虑了车辆类型对场强计算的影响;WANG Jianqiang 等 [ 71 ] 在考虑车路的基础上, 进一步考虑了驾驶员驾驶风格来计算场强。 具体在构建场强计算公式时, 一般涉及到的核心参数包括车辆和目标物之间的相对距离和相对速度。 为使计算得到的场强能更多地反映未来的风险, 有学者 [ 72 - 73 ] 在相对位置和相对速度的基础上又引入加速度参数来计算场强。当得到车辆所在位置的场强之后, 将场强和车辆虚拟质量相乘便可得到排斥力。在计算虚拟质量时, 通常会综合考虑车辆实际质量和行驶速度 [ 71 ] ,这是因为车辆自身的速度也会影响行驶时的风险。例如, 车辆高速行驶时的风险会高于低速行驶时的风险。在量化风险时, 部分学者会直接用排斥力来量化风险水平[71, 74] ,即作用在车上的排斥力越大, 车辆行驶过程中的风险越大; 也有学者尝试用势能来量化风险水平 [ 72 ] 图 4 为势能场的示意图。
基于势场论的评估方法的优点是可同时考虑多个场景元素进行风险评估, 评估结果能更全面地表征主车的风险;但该评估方法中有很多难以直接确定的系数,从而影响了该方法的应用 [ 75 ]
可达集是指车辆从初始状态集开始随着时间推移能达到的状态的集合 [ 76 ] 。基于可达集的评估方法在每一个时间步下计算车辆在一定约束条件下可以达到的状态集合 [ 77 ] ,利用得到的可达集大小来表征风险。WU Xinzheng 等 [ 78 ] 利用运动学模型预测主车和周围车辆的轨迹并基于碰撞检测计算主车的可行驶区域, 结合存在周围车辆时主车实际可行域的大小和无周围车辆时主车理想可行域的大小之比构建归一化可行域(Normalized Drivable Area, DNDA)来评估风险, 图 5 为 DNDA 构建过程示意图。
FALCONE 等 [ 79 ] 建立了车辆模型和驾驶员模型, 并在道路边界和地面附着系数的限制下求解车辆的可达集。在利用可达集表征风险时, 有研究人员通过可达集面积的大小来表征风险, 随着可达集面积的减少,系统可执行的动作也会变少 [ 76 ] ,从而导致车辆行驶过程中的碰撞可能性变大。在车辆实际行驶过程中,障碍物的位置和大小会显著影响车辆的可达集大小, ALTHOFF 等 [ 80 ] 讨论了不同障碍物大小和空间布置下车辆可达集的变化, 如 图 6 所示, 随着障碍物在道路中占据的空间越来越大, 车辆的可达集变得越来越小。SONTGES 等 [ 81 ] 在考虑位置、速度和道路边界约束的基础上, 进一步预测了周围车辆在未来几秒钟内的轨迹,使评估结果能反映未来几秒钟的风险水平; 也有研究人员将可达集与概率结合起来, 用概率可达集来表征风险, KHATTAR 等 [ 82 ] 通过计算车辆在每一个时间步下可到达区域内与其他目标物的碰撞概率来得出车辆在未来一段时间内的风险水平。
基于可达集的评估方法的优点是能在考虑多种场景元素的情况下计算车辆所有可能到达的状态, 以全面地评估风险。但是, 这也导致其计算过程复杂,计算实时性差 [ 83 ] ,同时,由于非线性系统的可达集求解非常困难 [ 84 ] ,现有的方法常用简化模型来进行可达集求解, 这在一定程度上影响了评估结果的准确性。 表 4 展示了风险评估方法之间的比较情况。
在前文分析的基础上, 本节通过提出 5 个评估维度对本文分类的三大类、四小类风险评估方法进行对比讨论。
当自动驾驶汽车上路运行时, 要求其能实时、 快速地评估风险, 且输出的评估结果能反映未来一段时间内的风险水平以保证决策的安全性; 同时, 由于风险评估方法最终需要应用于实车, 所以需要考虑其在实车上应用的可行性。此外, 由于实际环境中能给自动驾驶汽车造成风险的因素是多种多样的, 车辆遇到的场景也是多种多样的, 所以需要对风险评估方法是否可以考虑不同的风险因素, 及其是否适用于不同场景中的风险评估进行分析。
综上所述, 本节提出以计算实时性、结果时效性、应用可行性、内容充分性和场景泛用性 5 个维度对风险评估方法进行评价,具体含义如下。
用于表征风险评估方法计算速度的快慢, 计算实时性好的风险评估方法能快速计算并得出风险评估结果, 给自动驾驶系统留出足够的时间进行决策。
用于表征风险评估结果有效时间的长短, 结果时效性好的风险评估方法能预测未来更长一段时间内的风险,输出的评估结果能在更长一段时间内有效。
用于表征风险评估方法在实车上应用的难易程度, 应用可行性好的风险评估方法一般需要的输入参数较少或需要的输入参数在实车上容易获取。
用于表征风险评估方法的评估内容对场景中各种风险来源的覆盖程度, 内容充分性好的风险评估方法能尽可能全面地考虑场景中不同的场景元素带来的风险,包括车辆、行人等带来的风险。
用于表征风险评估方法在不同场景下的适用程度, 场景泛用性好的风险评估方法应适用于自动驾驶汽车在行驶过程中可能遇到的所有场景。
根据前面提出的评估维度对本文涉及的风险评估方法进行对比,结果如 图 7 所示。
因为确定性评估方法一般具有显示的计算公式, 在输入数据之后能快速得出结果, 所以确定性评估方法的优点是具有很好的计算实时性; 同时, 由于确定性评估方法需要的输入参数较少且较容易获取, 所以其应用可行性也很好。但是, 由于确定所需信息时选择了特定的一种或几种场景和其中的特定目标物参数作为模型输入信息, 使确定性评估方法的内容充分性和场景泛用性并不好。例如, TTC 主要是为跟车场景设计的, 无法有效评估相邻车道的车对主车造成的风险;此外, 当场景变复杂时 TTC 也会失效 [ 86 ] ; 由于忽略了运动不确定性, 使风险评估的结果时效性也很差。
概率性评估方法能考虑目标物的运动不确定性, 且由于引入更符合实际的预测模型, 使该方法的评估结果具有很好的结果时效性。但是, 由于该类方法只能通过计算主车与特定类型目标物未来轨迹的冲突概率来评估风险, 如果需要评估其他类型目标物造成的风险,则需对该类目标物重新建立预测模型,所以其内容充分性不足。
基于势场论的和基于可达集的评估方法的评估内容可以包含多个场景元素, 且能适用于复杂的场景, 而不限于跟车、变道等特定场景, 因此, 这两类方法具有很好的内容充分性和场景泛用性。但是, 在构建评估方法时, 基于势场论的评估方法中有很多系数难以直接确定, 使该类方法的应用可行性较差。基于可达集的评估方法在求解车辆可达集的过程中会涉及隐函数求解, 求解难度较大, 因此该类方法的计算实时性较差。
综上所述, 确定性评估方法的计算实时性和应用可行性很好, 能快速评估风险, 适合用在紧急情况下的决策; 概率性评估方法的结果时效性很好, 能较早预测潜在碰撞进而及时调整车辆位置防止紧急情况的出现,适合用在非紧急情况下的决策中; 基于势场论的评估方法具有很好的内容充分性和场景泛用性, 其充分考虑了场景中的多种风险因素, 可以评估出风险最小的路径,因此适用于运动规划; 基于可达集的评估方法具有很好的内容充分性和场景泛用性, 因此也适用于运动规划; 此外, 由于可达集的评估方法在具有很好的内容充分性和场景泛用性的基础上, 还具有较好的应用可行性, 可以在不同类型的场景中输出归一化的结果 [ 78 ] ,所以尤其适用于测试评价。 表 5 展示了风险评估方法的适用情况。
本文系统地对现有风险评估方法进行了梳理和分类。确定性评估方法的计算实时性和应用可行性很好; 概率性评估方法具有很好的结果时效性; 基于势场论和基于可达集的评估方法的内容充分性和场景泛用性很好。
虽然对风险评估方法已有较多研究, 但是现阶段的风险评估方法仍存在一些挑战, 主要体现在以下几个方面。
(1)信息不完整场景下的风险评估。现有的风险评估方法多数都假设能获得所需的参数信息, 而在实际交通场景中,由于有传感器性能局限 [ 87 ] 和视野盲区 [ 88 ] 等情况的存在,使自动驾驶系统无法准确获得对主车造成风险的目标物的信息, 进而无法准确评估场景风险。未来可以借助智能网联技术获取更全面、更准确的场景信息用于风险评估。
(2)风险评估方法的鲁棒性。鲁棒性用于评价风险评估方法在偏离相关假设的场景下的风险评估能力 [ 89 ] 。现有风险评估方法大多数基于某些假设展开的, 例如定速假设、参数分布属于高斯分布等, 而实际交通场景复杂多样, 会出现偏离假设的场景, 一旦出现这种场景就可能导致车辆无法准确评估风险 [ 86 ] 。后续可以减弱风险评估中用到的假设或对不符合假设情况提出针对性的风险评估方法 [ 90 ]
(3)风险评估结果准确性证明。场景中的风险是真实存在的, 但缺乏真值来说明计算得到的风险值为什么是准确的。一种可能的方式是利用专家打分替代风险真值, 通过分析专家打分与风险评估结果的一致性来检验风险评估结果的准确性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503001)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(52232015)
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重大主题专项项目(cstc2019iscx-zdztzxX0041)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.01
  • 接收时间:2023-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-06
  • 修回日期:2023-03-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503001)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(52232015)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重大主题专项项目(cstc2019iscx-zdztzxX0041)
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    同济大学 上海 201804

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陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。Tel:13817663422 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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