Article(id=1153824230971003177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704124800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-02, revisedDate=1710259200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753022733681, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753022733681, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753022733681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753022733681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153813374610690435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753020145323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481646291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=715, endPage=722, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153824231461736746, articleId=1153824230971003177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=The Influence of Structural Parameters on Ejector Performance, columnId=1153813375445356933, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Technology and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on the hydrogen ejector used in fuel cells, a CFD simulation model was established to study the influence of structural parameters, such as the nozzle throat diameter D, the nozzle angle ø and the mixing chamber diameter D, on the ejector's performance. The results show that the influence of structural parameters on the ejector's performance varies across different power levels of the fuel cell stack. In the lowpower range, the entrainment ratio significantly increases with the nozzle angle, while in the highpower range, the entrainment ratio decreases as the nozzle angle increases. The influence of the mixing chamber diameter on the ejector's performance is opposite. In the lowpower range, the entrainment ratio decreases as the mixing chamber diameter increases, while in the highpower range, the entrainment ratio increases with the mixing chamber diameter. Based on the influence patterns, the design method for key structural parameters of the ejector was developed, and the optimal parameter range was obtained.

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以燃料电池用氢气引射器为研究对象,通过建立引射器內部流场CFD仿真模型,研究了喷嘴直径D、喷嘴角度@和混合室直径D等结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律。结果表明,在不同功率段,结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律不同。在低功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而显著增大,在高功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而减小。混合室直径D对引射性能的影响则相反,在低功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而减小,在高功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而增大。基于上述影响规律,形成了引射器关键参数设计选取方法,并给出了参数优化设计区间。

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史明涛(1994-),男,河南周口人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学和燃料电池系统。Tel:18811053806 E-mail:

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史明涛(1994-),男,河南周口人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学和燃料电池系统。Tel:18811053806 E-mail:

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史明涛(1994-),男,河南周口人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学和燃料电池系统。Tel:18811053806 E-mail:

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orderNo=5, keyword=混合室直径)], refs=[Reference(id=1153824288407802632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230971003177, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘坚, 钟财富, journalName=中国能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘坚, 钟财富. 我国氢能发展现状与前景展望[J]. 中国能源, 2019,41(2):32-36., articleTitle=我国氢能发展现状与前景展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153824288483300106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230971003177, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LIU Jian, ZHONG Caifu, journalName=Energy of China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jian, ZHONG Caifu. 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工况 功率/kW 一次流质 量流量 需求 计量比 水蒸气体 积分数/% 氮气体积 分数/%
1 7.10 0.09 3.00 6 4
2 19.30 0.26 2.00 6 4
3 37.10 0.52 1.50 6 4
4 53.00 0.78 1.50 6 4
5 61.70 0.96 1.50 6 4
6 69.10 1.13 1.50 6 4
7 76.40 1.31 1.50 6 4
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工况 功率/kW 一次流质 量流量 需求 计量比 水蒸气体 积分数/% 氮气体积 分数/%
1 7.10 0.09 3.00 6 4
2 19.30 0.26 2.00 6 4
3 37.10 0.52 1.50 6 4
4 53.00 0.78 1.50 6 4
5 61.70 0.96 1.50 6 4
6 69.10 1.13 1.50 6 4
7 76.40 1.31 1.50 6 4
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参数
一次流入口质量流量/( $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{s}$ ) 0.09 ~1.31
一次流入口温度 ${/}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 50
二次流入口压力/ $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{kPa}}\left( \mathrm{A}\right) }\right\rbrack$ 168.90~232.30
二次流入口温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 53~71
引射器出口压力/ $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{kPa}}\left( \mathrm{A}\right) }\right\rbrack$ 170~250
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参数
一次流入口质量流量/( $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{s}$ ) 0.09 ~1.31
一次流入口温度 ${/}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 50
二次流入口压力/ $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{kPa}}\left( \mathrm{A}\right) }\right\rbrack$ 168.90~232.30
二次流入口温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 53~71
引射器出口压力/ $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{kPa}}\left( \mathrm{A}\right) }\right\rbrack$ 170~250
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工况 试验测试(试验介质:氢气) CFD 仿真 相对 误差/ %
一次流 人口实 际流量/ (NL/ min) 一次流入 口实际压 力/kPa (A) 一次 流入 口温 度/℃ 二次流 人口实 际流 量/ (NL/ min) 引射器 出口实 际压力/ 二次流 人口实 测压 力/kPa (A) 二次 流入 口实 际温 度/℃ 二次 流入 口相 对湿 度/% 氮气 含量/ % 引射 器实 际压 升/kPa 引射 比(试 验) 一次 流入 口流 量/ (g/s) 二次 流流 量/ 一次流 流量/ (NL/ min) 二次流 流量/ (NL/ min) 引射 比(仿 真)
1 235.80 465.70 25 212 126.50 116.30 65.60 95.50 0 10.20 0.90 0.35 0.82 236.00 213.90 0.91 0.90
2 283.60 575.60 25 148 131.60 104.00 65.90 94.60 0 27.60 0.52 0.42 0.59 283.10 154.70 0.55 4.50
3 330.00 689.40 25 170 137.40 107.50 65.60 95.30 0 29.90 0.52 0.49 0.67 330.30 173.70 0.53 2.20
4 377.00 801.60 25 196 141.60 110.90 65.70 95.30 0 30.70 0.52 0.56 0.73 377.50 190.40 0.50 -2.80
5 425.20 919.60 25 221 146.70 115.40 65.90 95.00 0 31.30 0.52 0.63 0.82 424.70 213.90 0.50 -3.20
6 471.80 1028.10 25 245 152.10 120.30 65.10 94.80 0 31.80 0.52 0.70 0.90 471.90 234.80 0.50 -4.20
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工况 试验测试(试验介质:氢气) CFD 仿真 相对 误差/ %
一次流 人口实 际流量/ (NL/ min) 一次流入 口实际压 力/kPa (A) 一次 流入 口温 度/℃ 二次流 人口实 际流 量/ (NL/ min) 引射器 出口实 际压力/ 二次流 人口实 测压 力/kPa (A) 二次 流入 口实 际温 度/℃ 二次 流入 口相 对湿 度/% 氮气 含量/ % 引射 器实 际压 升/kPa 引射 比(试 验) 一次 流入 口流 量/ (g/s) 二次 流流 量/ 一次流 流量/ (NL/ min) 二次流 流量/ (NL/ min) 引射 比(仿 真)
1 235.80 465.70 25 212 126.50 116.30 65.60 95.50 0 10.20 0.90 0.35 0.82 236.00 213.90 0.91 0.90
2 283.60 575.60 25 148 131.60 104.00 65.90 94.60 0 27.60 0.52 0.42 0.59 283.10 154.70 0.55 4.50
3 330.00 689.40 25 170 137.40 107.50 65.60 95.30 0 29.90 0.52 0.49 0.67 330.30 173.70 0.53 2.20
4 377.00 801.60 25 196 141.60 110.90 65.70 95.30 0 30.70 0.52 0.56 0.73 377.50 190.40 0.50 -2.80
5 425.20 919.60 25 221 146.70 115.40 65.90 95.00 0 31.30 0.52 0.63 0.82 424.70 213.90 0.50 -3.20
6 471.80 1028.10 25 245 152.10 120.30 65.10 94.80 0 31.80 0.52 0.70 0.90 471.90 234.80 0.50 -4.20
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组合类型
${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为变量 1.60、1.70、 1.80 60 3.25
$\varphi$ 为变量 1.60 60、50、40 30、15、7 3.25
$D/{D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为变量 1.60 60 3.25、3.63、 3.81、4.00、 4.38
), ArticleFig(id=1153824288311333635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230971003177, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=引射器结构参数组合, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合类型
${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为变量 1.60、1.70、 1.80 60 3.25
$\varphi$ 为变量 1.60 60、50、40 30、15、7 3.25
$D/{D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为变量 1.60 60 3.25、3.63、 3.81、4.00、 4.38
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结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律
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史明涛 , 李学锐 , 张剑 , 李波
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 715-722
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 715-722
结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律
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史明涛 , 李学锐, 张剑, 李波
作者信息
  • 东风汽车集团有限公司 研发总院 武汉 430058
  • 史明涛(1994-),男,河南周口人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学和燃料电池系统。Tel:18811053806 E-mail:

The Influence of Structural Parameters on Ejector Performance
Mingtao SHI , Xuerui LI, Jian ZHANG, Bo LI
Affiliations
  • Research & Development Institute Dongfeng Motor Corporation Wuhan 430058 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.15
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以燃料电池用氢气引射器为研究对象,通过建立引射器內部流场CFD仿真模型,研究了喷嘴直径D、喷嘴角度@和混合室直径D等结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律。结果表明,在不同功率段,结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律不同。在低功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而显著增大,在高功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而减小。混合室直径D对引射性能的影响则相反,在低功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而减小,在高功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而增大。基于上述影响规律,形成了引射器关键参数设计选取方法,并给出了参数优化设计区间。

引射器  /  参数优化  /  喷嘴直径  /  喷嘴角度  /  混合室直径

Focusing on the hydrogen ejector used in fuel cells, a CFD simulation model was established to study the influence of structural parameters, such as the nozzle throat diameter D, the nozzle angle ø and the mixing chamber diameter D, on the ejector's performance. The results show that the influence of structural parameters on the ejector's performance varies across different power levels of the fuel cell stack. In the lowpower range, the entrainment ratio significantly increases with the nozzle angle, while in the highpower range, the entrainment ratio decreases as the nozzle angle increases. The influence of the mixing chamber diameter on the ejector's performance is opposite. In the lowpower range, the entrainment ratio decreases as the mixing chamber diameter increases, while in the highpower range, the entrainment ratio increases with the mixing chamber diameter. Based on the influence patterns, the design method for key structural parameters of the ejector was developed, and the optimal parameter range was obtained.

ejector  /  parameter optimization  /  the nozzle throat diameter  /  the nozzle angle  /  the mixing chamber diameter
史明涛, 李学锐, 张剑, 李波. 结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 715 -722 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.15
Mingtao SHI, Xuerui LI, Jian ZHANG, Bo LI. The Influence of Structural Parameters on Ejector Performance[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 715 -722 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.15
氢能是国家能源战略规划的重要部分 [ 1 ] ,因其清洁环保、可再生和便于储存等优点, 在分布式储能、交通运输、航空航天等方面有广泛的应用前景。质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC) 具有超低温运行、 高效能源转换率、高能量密度、高动态响应等优势, 是氢能开发的关键技术。为提高燃料电池的系统效率和氢气利用率,氢气供给子系统通常采用氢气循环方案, 对阳极反应剩余的氢气进行循环回收利用。氢气循环装置主要有循环泵和引射器 [ 2 ] ,相较于有寄生功率消耗、成本较高和可靠性较低的氢泵, 引射器是一种利用高速流体引射另一股低速流体的机械装置。其原理是利用收缩喷管内流体速度迅速提高,压力迅速下降的现象,与二次流形成压力差, 从而起到引射二次流的作用。在该过程中, 高速流体的一部分动能通过流体掺混转移到低速流体上,使剩余氢气能重新回流到电堆参与反应。引射器无运动部件, 不需要消耗功率且具有结构简单、体积小、成本低等优点 [ 3 - 7 ] ,因此普遍应用于氢气循环供给系统。
引射器性能受内部流道结构和进出口工况条件等因素影响。引射器设计的难点在于, 当其在低功率工况点工作时, 引射性能表现较差, 难以满足燃料电池系统阳极循环流量的需求。为解决这一技术难点, 一方面, 学者们提出喷嘴可调引射器、双引射器、引射器和氢泵联合回氢等多种方案 [ 8 ] 。可调喷嘴引射器通过在喷嘴处增加可调控针头,在不同工况下通过伸缩针头实现喷嘴有效流通面积条件, 从而改善引射性能 [ 9 ] 。双引射器方案、引射器和氢泵联合方案 [ 10 ] 则是通过增加小口径引射器(并联) 或氢泵(串联或并联)来弥补引射器在低功率段循环流量的不足。但上述方案均提高了系统的复杂度, 控制策略复杂且可靠性较低。另一方面, 学者们对固定结构引射器在宽域工况下的性能进行研究。PEI Pucheng 等 [ 11 ] 研究了引射回流比随电堆阳极压降的变化,并对引射器进行了结构参数优化。 贠海涛等人 [ 7 ] 通过拟合试验数据获得了压降和电流的表达式, 将压降表达式应用到仿真模型上, 并对喷嘴直径、混合室直径、混合室长度等几何参数进行了优化, 优化后的引射回流比达到 1.20。
目前对于 ${80}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 以上的中大功率燃料电池系统用引射器在宽域工作范围内的性能研究较少见, 对喷嘴角度等参数的优化分析不够深入。本文针对 ${80}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 级燃料电池用引射器,建立三维仿真模型, 研究引射器内部流道结构参数对引射性能的影响规律, 分析流道尺寸对内部流场的影响机理, 以期获得达到最佳引射性能的参数区间, 为高性能引射器的设计提供理论参考。
在氢气循环系统中, 引射器布置在比例阀的下游, 引射器的二次流入口连接在电堆出口处, 对出口的循环气体起抽吸作用。如 图 1 所示, 高压一次流气体在收缩喷嘴内速度提高, 压力降低, 在吸入室、混合室与二次流在不稳定波和漩涡作用下充分掺混, 并在混合室形成稳定的低压区域, 对二次流产生持续的抽吸效果。在扩散段内, 混合气体压力上升, 并趋近于电堆阳极入口压力。
引射器常用工作条件见 表 1 。为保证电堆内电化学反应正常进行,减小阳极传质损失并降低阳极水淹风险, 氢气供应化学计量比在低功率段一般大于 2 甚至更高,在中高功率段一般大于 1.20。由于电化学反应产生的水会通过质子交换膜扩散到阳极, 少量阴极空气中的氮气也会渗透到阳极, 所以引射器二次流的入口实际上是氢气、水蒸气和氮气的混合气。为方便分析, 文中将二次流入口处水蒸气和氮气的体积分数分别设置为 6% 和 4%。
引射器性能一般用氢气引射比 ${\mathrm{{ER}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 来量化,氢气引射比越高代表引射器性能越好。氢气引射比定义为二次流氢气与一次流氢气体积流量的比值:
$ {\mathrm{{ER}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} = \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{s},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{p},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}} = {\mathrm{{SR}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} - 1\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${V}_{\mathrm{s},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 为二次流氢气体积流量, ${V}_{\mathrm{p},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 为一次流氢气体积流量,单位 $\mathrm{{NL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,表示 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、101.30 $\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 标准状态下的体积流量; ${\mathrm{{SR}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 为阳极化学计量比,该指标用来作为阳极循环系统的性能评价指标。
影响引射器性能的结构参数众多, 包括喷嘴直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、喷嘴角度 $\varphi$ 、混合室直径 $D$ 、混合室长度 $L$ 、 扩压角 $\theta$ 、扩散段长度 ${L}_{1}$ 等。相关学者的研究 [ 13 - 15 ] 认为引射器喷嘴直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、引射器喷嘴角度 $\varphi$ 和混合室直径 $D$ 是影响引射器性能的关键参数。其中喷嘴直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 一般由所匹配燃料电池的功率决定,因此本文重点讨论引射器喷嘴角度 $\varphi$ 和混合室直径 $D$ 对引射器性能的影响。其他结构参数采用经验推荐值, 喷嘴出口位置 $\mathrm{{NXP}}$${0.50}\mathrm{D}$ ,一般而言,对二次流不造成阻塞情况下, NXP 越小引射性能越好;混合室长度和扩散段长度分别取 ${4D}$${10D}$ ;扩压角 $\theta$ 根据 [ 11 ] 推荐值 ${2.50} \sim {4.00}^{ \circ }$${2.50}^{ \circ }$ ,以避免过大的扩压角导致流动分离,来减小扩压段的流动损失。综上所述, 引射器关键设计尺寸如 图 2 所示。
本文使用 ANSYS Fluent 来模拟引射器内部流动, 采用如下假设:
1)忽略气液相变和重力的影响;
2)假设二次流入口工质为氢气、水蒸气和氮气的理想混合物;
3)假设流动为完全发展的可压缩湍流流动。
求解的控制方程如下。
连续性方程:
$ \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho \overrightarrow{v}}\right) = 0\text{。} $
动量守恒方程:
$ \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho \overrightarrow{v}\overrightarrow{v}}\right) = - \nabla p + \nabla \cdot \bar{\tau } + \rho \overrightarrow{g}\text{。} $
能量守恒方程:
$ \nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\overrightarrow{v}\left( {{\rho E} + p}\right) }\right\rbrack = \nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\lambda \nabla T - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{q}}{h}_{\mathrm{q}}{\overrightarrow{J}}_{\mathrm{q}} + \left( {\overline{\bar{\tau }} \cdot \overrightarrow{v}}\right) }\right\rbrack 。 $
组分运输方程:
$ \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho \overrightarrow{v}{Y}_{\mathrm{q}}}\right) = - \nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow{J}}_{\mathrm{q}} \circ $
其中:
$ \rho = \frac{p}{\mathrm{{RT}}}\text{。} $
$ \overline{\bar{\tau }} = \mu \left\lbrack {\left( {\nabla \overrightarrow{v} + \nabla {\overrightarrow{v}}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right) - \frac{2}{3}\nabla \cdot \overrightarrow{v}I}\right\rbrack 。 $
$ {\overrightarrow{J}}_{\mathrm{q}} = - \left( {\rho {D}_{\mathrm{q},\mathrm{m}} + \frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}}{S{c}_{\mathrm{t}}}}\right) \nabla {Y}_{\mathrm{q}} - \frac{{D}_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{q}}\nabla T}{T} \circ $
式中: $\rho$ 为密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\overrightarrow{v}$ 为速度向量,单位 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ; $p$ 为压力,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ; $\bar{\tau }$ 为应力张量,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ; $\overrightarrow{g}$ 为重力加速度,单位 $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};E$ 是能量,单位 $\mathrm{J};R$ 是气体常数,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;\lambda$ 是热传导系数,单位 $\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$$I$ 为单位张量; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 是湍流粘度,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$$S{c}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为湍流施密特数; ${h}_{\mathrm{q}}$ 为某一组分 $\mathrm{q}$ 的焓, 单位 $\mathrm{J};{\overrightarrow{J}}_{\mathrm{q}}$ 为扩散通量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{Y}_{\mathrm{q}}$ 为质量分数; ${D}_{\mathrm{q},\mathrm{m}}$ 为质量扩散系数,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{D}_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{q}}$ 为热扩散系数,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
求解引射器内部流动时,采用 $\operatorname{SST}k - \omega$ 湍流模型,该模型在引射器模拟中被证实表现较好 [ 10 ] 。 控制方程使用基于 Coupled 算法的求解器求解, 梯度项采用 Least Squares Cell-Based Scheme 格式离散, 压力项采用二阶格式离散, 其他项采用二阶迎风格式离散。求解引射器内部流动时, 边界条件的设置见 表 2
为确保网格质量, 本文构建了八面体网格, 如 图 3 所示, 并在近壁区域、喷嘴出口区域和混合室区域对网格进行加密处理, 同时对网格无关性进行了验证。
图 4 的对比可知, 当网格数量较小时, 随着网格量的增加, 氢气引射比发生明显变化, 表现为网格相关性。当网格量大于 100 万个时, 引射比随网格量的变化低于 1%,表现为网格无关性,可以忽略网格量对仿真结果的影响。因此, 本文选取网格量 127 万个进行仿真计算, 如 图 4 中红圈所示。
为了验证模型的可靠性, 本文对口径为 1.60 $\mathrm{{mm}}$ 的引射器进行了试验测试。测试在中国汽车技术研究中心的氢气循环系统测试台架上完成, 如 图 5 所示。测试介质采用氢气,二次流进气温度设置为 ${65}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相对湿度为 ${95}\%$ ,详细测试工况条件见 表 3图 6 给出了引射器测试台架原理, 台架通过控制一次流入口压力和流量、二次流入口和引射器出口压力, 能模拟引射器搭载燃料电池系统时的工作状态, 可测试引射器性能。 图 7 为引射器 CFD 仿真和试验测试结果的对比, 结果发现, 试验和仿真所得到的引射比误差在 $\pm 5\%$ 以内( 表 3 ),说明本文采用的引射器仿真模型可靠。
根据以上讨论, 本文要优化的引射器关键参数为喷嘴直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、喷嘴收缩角 $\varphi$ 和等容混合室直径 $D$ , 同时保持引射器其他结构参数不变。进一步结合流场分析, 阐述了上述几何关键参数对引射器性能的影响机制。 表 4 给出了要优化的引射器结构参数的组合。
引射器最重要的结构参数是喷嘴出口直径, 一般根据适配燃料电池系统功率的不同, 来设计不同的喷嘴直径。喷嘴直径设计值一般由等熵关系式给出:
$ m = \frac{\pi }{4}{D}_{\mathrm{t}}^{2}{p}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{k}{{R}_{0}{T}_{0}}{\left( \frac{2}{k + 1}\right) }^{\frac{k + 1}{k - 1}}}。 $
式中: $m$ 为质量流量,单位 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{s}$ ; $k$ 为绝热系数 1.40; ${R}_{0}$ 为通用气体常数,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; ${p}_{0}$${T}_{0}$ 分别为一次流入口总压(Pa)和总温(K)。
可知,喷嘴出口直径与 $m\text{、}{p}_{0}$${T}_{0}$ 相关。当一次流流量和温度给定时, 入口压力越大, 喷嘴出口直径的设计值越小。同时,对喷嘴出口直径进行设计时,需考虑一次流前端供氢部件的最大输出压力和管路的耐压能力。该系统所采用的比例阀出口最大压力为 ${1200}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,管路耐压能力为 ${3000}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,因此这里取 ${p}_{0} = {1200}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 进行设计。对于电堆功率为 ${78}\mathrm{{kW}}$ 的系统,额定功率下阳极消耗量为 ${1.31}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{s}$ , 设置一次流入口压力为 ${1200}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,可以得到喷嘴出口直径为 ${1.60}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。考虑设计余量,选取直径 1.60、 1.70、 ${1.80}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 三个尺寸来进行参数对比分析。等容混合室直径与喷嘴出口直径之比固定为 $D/{D}_{\mathrm{t}} =$ 3.25。 图 8 为不同喷嘴出口直径下引射器的氢气引射比随电堆功率的变化规律。由图可知, 喷嘴出口直径对引射比的影响与电堆功率强相关。具体表现为,随着喷嘴直径增大,当电堆功率在 ${7.10} \sim {37.10}$ $\mathrm{{kW}}$ 内,引射器的引射比随喷嘴直径的增大显著减小; 当电堆功率在 ${37.10} \sim {76.40}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 内,引射器的引射比随喷嘴直径的增大而略有增大。结果表明, 较小的喷嘴出口直径有利于引射器在低功率段下的性能, 而对高功率段下引射器的性能影响很小。因此, 设计引射器喷嘴直径时, 在满足燃料电池系统峰值功率流量需求、供氢部件输出压力和管路耐压能力的前提下, 喷嘴出口直径设计越小, 对低功率段引射性能越有利。
图 9 为怠速工况(7.10kW)下喷嘴轴线上的压力和速度分布。可以看出, 一次流在渐缩喷管内压力逐渐降低, 速度逐渐提高, 实现了氢气压力势能向动能的转换。
本节对渐缩喷管的喷嘴角度展开参数研究。当喷嘴出口直径给定时, 改变喷嘴角度会影响到喷嘴长度,喷嘴角度越小,其长度越长。刘展睿 [ 17 ] 研究了喷嘴角度变化区间在 $4 \sim {10}^{ \circ }$ 时,引射器性能随喷嘴角度的变化规律。发现引射器氢气引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大先增大后减小。他认为喷嘴角度过小( ${4}^{ \circ }$ )时,增大了摩擦损失,而喷嘴角度较大 $\left( {10}^{ \circ }\right)$ 时,增大了引射器内部湍流脉动强度,而最佳的喷嘴角度应取 ${7}^{ \circ }$ 。该研究没有考虑不同功率下引射器的综合性能, 只取了 1 个功率点来进行优化设计, 且喷嘴角度参数范围区间取得过于保守, 没有考虑大角度下引射器的性能变化。
在此基础上,本文研究了喷嘴角度为 $7 \sim {60}^{ \circ }$ 的引射器性能,喷嘴出口直径固定为 $D = {1.60}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 对不同功率点下引射器的性能进行仿真, 以优化喷嘴角度参数。由 图 10 可知,在低功率段 (7.10~ ${19.30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ),氢气引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而显著增大;相反,在高功率段 (19.30~76.40 kW), 氢气引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而略微减小。观察发现, 喷嘴角度在低功率段对引射比的影响要远远大于其在高功率段的影响。尤其是引射器在第一个功率点(7.10kW)的性能受喷嘴角度的影响最大。 所以, 喷嘴角度设计需综合考虑喷嘴角度对不同功率段下引射器性能的影响。喷嘴角度在 ${40} \sim {60}^{ \circ }$ 区间时, 可以大大改善低功率段引射器的性能, 且对高功率段引射器的性能影响可以忽略, 因此设计值在此区间内取为佳。
当引射器工作时, 混合室内会形成稳定的低压区, 该区域的压力低于二次流进口压力, 压差作用使二次流体源源不断地被抽吸进引射器, 实现氢气循环。混合室的设计对于引射器性能至关重要, 因此, 本节针对混合室直径对于引射器性能的影响规律展开研究。算例的混合室直径 $D$${5.20} \sim$ ${7.00}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,即 $D/{D}_{\mathrm{t}} = {3.25} \sim {4.38}$ 。混合室长度与直径的比值固定为 $L/D = {3.50}$图 11 为不同电堆功率下混合室直径对氢气引射比的影响曲线。可知,在低功率段 $\left( {{7.1} \sim {19.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}}\right)$ ,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而降低,相反,在高功率段 (19.30~ ${76.40}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ),引射比随着混合室直径的增大而增大。
图 12 为引射器内部速度场和组分分布, 由图可知, 在混合室入口处, 一次流与二次流的流通面积呈同心圆分布, 一次流为中间的小圆, 其速度较大, 二次流在流体粘度或剪切力的影响下在交界处被一次流加速, 速度分布从分界处逐渐降低, 直至混合室壁面降为 0 。当一次流流量比较大时 (大功率时), 混合室入口处一次流流域的截面积固定, 混合室直径越大, 二次流可进入的截面积越大, 引射比越高。反之,一次流所占入口截面积越大,二次流可流通面积降低, 且在流体粘度的作用下, 引射器处于欠利用状态,显著降低了引射器的性能。 但是过大的混合室直径也会产生回流、旋涡等负面作用。因此, 当低功率时, 一次流流通截面积较小, 混合室直径应进行缩小, 从而维持混合室内稳定的真空压力, 更有利于小流量工况下引射比的提高。
因此, 选取混合室直径时, 应综合考虑混合室直径在低功率段和高功率段对引射比的影响。根据氢气循环模式和应用场景的不同,需选取不同的混合室直径:在单引射与双引射回氢模式中, 要重点提升低功率段下引射器的性能, 可以选取偏小的混合室直径 $\left( {{3.25}{D}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)$ ; 在氢泵-引射器联合回氢模式下, 要重点关注高功率段引射器的性能, 可以选取偏大的混合室直径 $\left( {4{D}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)$
本文针对 ${80}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 级燃料电池用引射器,分析了引射器结构参数对引射器性能的影响, 并给出了关键参数设计选取方法和推荐值。进一步结合流场分析了关键几何结构影响引射器性能的内在机制, 得出以下结论。
1)给定一次流压力时, 在满足额定功率流量的情况下,选择尽可能小的喷嘴出口直径有利于提升低功率段引射器的性能。
2)喷嘴角度 $\varphi$${40} \sim {60}^{ \circ }$ 时,相比小角度喷嘴, 减小了喷嘴内壁摩擦引起的流动损失, 增强了吸入室内的掺混作用, 可大大提高低功率段引射器的性能。
3)在 $D/{D}_{\mathrm{t}} = \left\lbrack {{3.23},{4.38}}\right\rbrack$ 区间内,随着混合室直径的增大, 低功率点下引射器的引射比逐渐减小; 相反, 高功率点下引射器的引射比逐渐增大。 混合室处于充分利用状态时, 引射器的性能达到最优。另外, 在不同的氢气循环模式下, 应选取不同的混合室直径以使引射器性能达到最佳。
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2024年第14卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.15
  • 接收时间:2024-01-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-02
  • 修回日期:2024-03-13
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    东风汽车集团有限公司 研发总院 武汉 430058
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