Article(id=1154016879577387035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686240000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-09, revisedDate=1690473600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753068664687, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753068664687, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753068664687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753068664687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154016878675611672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='153', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753068664473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481546563, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154016880005206046, articleId=1154016879577387035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Energy Management in Composite Power Supply Based on Wavelet Transform and Fuzzy Control, columnId=1154016879946485789, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Low-Carbon Technologies Setion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a lithium battery and supercapacitor, the paper establishes a realtime wavelet transformfuzzy control energy management control strategy. The objective is to enable the supercapacitor to handle high frequency signals at a reasonable state of charge (SOC) and the lithium battery to manage low frequency signals, all under the premise of satisfying dynamic performance requirements. Secondly, the vehicle model was developed based on Matlab/Simulink and ADVISOR software, and simulation tests were carried out under NEDC cycle conditions. The simulation results show that, compared with the single lithium battery, the peak driving current of the lithium battery in the composite power supply is reduced by 20.68% and its lifespan is increased by 16.75% under the wavelet transformfuzzy control strategy. Finally, a scaleddown experimental platform of the composite power system was built and tested under NEDC conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategy effectively manages the energy of the hybrid electric vehicle.

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以锂电池超级电容构成的复合电源电动汽车为研究对象,在满足动力性能的前提下,为实现超级电容在合理的荷电状态(SOC)下承担高频率信号,且锂电池承担低频率信号的目标,建立了实时小波变换模糊控制的能量管理控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink 和ADVISOR软件搭建整车模型,并在NEDC循环工况下进行仿真测试。仿真结果表明,与单一锂电池相比,在小波变换模糊控制策略下,复合电源锂电池的驱动峰值电流降低了20.68%,寿命提高了16.74%。搭建了按一定比例缩小的复合电源系统试验平台,并在NEDC工况下进行试验验证。结果表明,小波变换模糊控制策略对复合电源电动汽车的能量管理具有良好的控制效果。

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申彩英(1981-),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车电驱动系统及其控制技术。Tel: 15141640963 E-mail:
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史江昆(1998-),男,河南周口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车驱动与控制技术。Tel: 13673413570 E-mail:

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史江昆(1998-),男,河南周口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车驱动与控制技术。Tel: 13673413570 E-mail:

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史江昆(1998-),男,河南周口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车驱动与控制技术。Tel: 13673413570 E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=小波变换), Keyword(id=1154016946988241482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=模糊控制), Keyword(id=1154016947046961739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=复合电源)], refs=[Reference(id=1154016950549205618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=2, issue=2, pageStart=294, pageEnd=298, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=许兵, 张维刚, journalName=机械设计与制造, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许兵, 张维刚. 纯电动汽车复合电源能量管理控制策略研究[J]. 机械设计与制造, 2021,2(2):294-298., articleTitle=纯电动汽车复合电源能量管理控制策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154016950612120179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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language=CN, label=图 14, caption=复合电源超级电容器电压曲线, figureFileSmall=lzn01pzSA94eyXaDa0cCjQ==, figureFileBig=PzgIW514y+T1t4/ReOGxBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154016949727122024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
整备质量/kg 1361
空气阻力系数 0.25
滚动阻力系数 0.015
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.3
旋转质量换算系数 1.1
轴距/m 2.55
车轮滚动半径/m 0.32
传动效率 0.97
电机功率/kW 75
), ArticleFig(id=1154016949794230889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=整车部分基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
整备质量/kg 1361
空气阻力系数 0.25
滚动阻力系数 0.015
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.3
旋转质量换算系数 1.1
轴距/m 2.55
车轮滚动半径/m 0.32
传动效率 0.97
电机功率/kW 75
), ArticleFig(id=1154016949869728362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 名称 参数
锂电池 额定电压/V 3.2
额定容量/Ah 6
串联数目/节 87
并联数目/节 30
超级电容器 额定电压/V 2.7
额定容量/F 3000
串联数目/节 119
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类型 名称 参数
锂电池 额定电压/V 3.2
额定容量/Ah 6
串联数目/节 87
并联数目/节 30
超级电容器 额定电压/V 2.7
额定容量/F 3000
串联数目/节 119
), ArticleFig(id=1154016950024917612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 160
0-100 km/h加速时间/s 10
最大爬坡度/% 20
综合工况续驶里程/km 170
), ArticleFig(id=1154016950092026477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=整车性能指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 160
0-100 km/h加速时间/s 10
最大爬坡度/% 20
综合工况续驶里程/km 170
), ArticleFig(id=1154016950154941038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 SOC
驱动模式 Z1 Z1 S1 $\mathrm{N}1$
S1 H1 $\mathrm{N}1$ $\mathrm{N}3$
H1 S1 S1 $\mathrm{N}1$
$\mathrm{N}1$ Z1 $\mathrm{N}1$ N3
制动模式 Z1 M1 S1 N3
S1 H1 M1 $\mathrm{N}2$
M1 Z1 S1 H1
$\mathrm{N}1$ M1 M1 H1
), ArticleFig(id=1154016950226244207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879577387035, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同工作模式下部分模糊规则, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 SOC
驱动模式 Z1 Z1 S1 $\mathrm{N}1$
S1 H1 $\mathrm{N}1$ $\mathrm{N}3$
H1 S1 S1 $\mathrm{N}1$
$\mathrm{N}1$ Z1 $\mathrm{N}1$ N3
制动模式 Z1 M1 S1 N3
S1 H1 M1 $\mathrm{N}2$
M1 Z1 S1 H1
$\mathrm{N}1$ M1 M1 H1
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基于小波变换-模糊控制的复合电源能量管理
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史江昆 , 申彩英 , 陈鑫
汽车工程学报 | 低碳技术专栏 2024,14(1): 14-23
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汽车工程学报 | 低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(1): 14-23
基于小波变换-模糊控制的复合电源能量管理
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史江昆 , 申彩英 , 陈鑫
作者信息
  • 辽宁工业大学 锦州 121001
  • 史江昆(1998-),男,河南周口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车驱动与控制技术。Tel: 13673413570 E-mail:

通讯作者:


申彩英(1981-),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车电驱动系统及其控制技术。Tel: 15141640963 E-mail:
Energy Management in Composite Power Supply Based on Wavelet Transform and Fuzzy Control
Jiangkun SHI , Caiying SHEN , Xin CHEN
Affiliations
  • Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.02
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以锂电池超级电容构成的复合电源电动汽车为研究对象,在满足动力性能的前提下,为实现超级电容在合理的荷电状态(SOC)下承担高频率信号,且锂电池承担低频率信号的目标,建立了实时小波变换模糊控制的能量管理控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink 和ADVISOR软件搭建整车模型,并在NEDC循环工况下进行仿真测试。仿真结果表明,与单一锂电池相比,在小波变换模糊控制策略下,复合电源锂电池的驱动峰值电流降低了20.68%,寿命提高了16.74%。搭建了按一定比例缩小的复合电源系统试验平台,并在NEDC工况下进行试验验证。结果表明,小波变换模糊控制策略对复合电源电动汽车的能量管理具有良好的控制效果。

电动汽车  /  小波变换  /  模糊控制  /  复合电源

Focusing on a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a lithium battery and supercapacitor, the paper establishes a realtime wavelet transformfuzzy control energy management control strategy. The objective is to enable the supercapacitor to handle high frequency signals at a reasonable state of charge (SOC) and the lithium battery to manage low frequency signals, all under the premise of satisfying dynamic performance requirements. Secondly, the vehicle model was developed based on Matlab/Simulink and ADVISOR software, and simulation tests were carried out under NEDC cycle conditions. The simulation results show that, compared with the single lithium battery, the peak driving current of the lithium battery in the composite power supply is reduced by 20.68% and its lifespan is increased by 16.75% under the wavelet transformfuzzy control strategy. Finally, a scaleddown experimental platform of the composite power system was built and tested under NEDC conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategy effectively manages the energy of the hybrid electric vehicle.

electric vehicle  /  wavelet transform  /  fuzzy control  /  composite power supply
史江昆, 申彩英, 陈鑫. 基于小波变换-模糊控制的复合电源能量管理. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 14 -23 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.02
Jiangkun SHI, Caiying SHEN, Xin CHEN. Energy Management in Composite Power Supply Based on Wavelet Transform and Fuzzy Control[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 14 -23 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.02
日益严峻的能源短缺与环境污染问题使电动汽车成为研发热点, 高效的能量利用率及零污染排放的环境友好性使其受到研究机构的青睐 [ 1 ] 。以锂电池为主要能源、超级电容为辅助能源的复合电源系统可以弥补单一蓄电池在功率密度、环境温度以及循环寿命等方面的不足, 从而满足电动汽车在急加速、爬坡等方面的峰值功率需求 [ 2 ] 。当前复合电源系统能量管理的难点在于如何设计合理的控制策略,提高第二能量源的能量利用率,并延长锂电池的循环使用寿命。此外, 由于复合电源系统的结构设计较复杂, 如何设计混合能源系统的拓扑结构, 实现两种储能装置合理分配整车需求功率, 显得尤为重要。
目前, 复合电源能量管理控制策略有基于规则的能量管理方法和基于能量策略优化的方法。基于规则的能量管理方法主要有模糊控制策略、逻辑门限控制策略以及小波变换等。王维强等 [ 3 ] 提出了双能源系统的再生制动力分配模糊控制策略, 仿真显示该策略有效提高了能量回收效率,增加了电动汽车的续驶里程。王永军等 [ 4 ] 提出了基于小波规则的能量管理策略, 结果显示该策略可以更好地抑制燃料电池的瞬态峰值功率。基于能量策略优化的方法主要有随机动态规划、粒子群优化等。田丽媛等 [ 5 ] 提出了基于动态规划优化算法的纯电动汽车能量管理控制策略, 减少了动力电池的能量消耗, 提高了能量利用率。耿文冉等 [ 6 ] 为了实现降低整车能耗和控制电池电量的双重目标, 提出了基于粒子群优化的多目标能量管理策略。
虽然相关学者对复合电源能量管理策略进行了诸多研究, 但忽略了车辆在行驶过程中频繁变化的高频功率信号对锂电池的冲击。由于锂电池的化学性质, 当其频繁受到高频率或快速变化的电流冲击时,不仅会减少循环使用寿命,还会对其耐久性产生负面影响。为了更好地解决这一问题, 现阶段主要采用小波变换算法对整车需求功率进行滤波处理, 小波变换能把整车需求功率分为高频信号和低频信号, 利用超级电容吸收高频信号, 进而延长锂电池寿命。但小波变换不能实时监测储能装置的 SOC变化 [ 7 ] ,为了实现超级电容在合理的 SOC 下承担高频率信号, 同时锂电池承担低频率信号的目标, 本文提出了一种基于小波变换-模糊控制的复合电源能量管理策略, 不仅对整车需求功率进行分解, 还维持了超级电容在合理的 SOC 范围内工作, 从而减少高频电流对锂电池的冲击, 降低锂电池的峰值电流, 延长循环使用寿命, 提高整车经济性能 [ 8 ]
动力电池、超级电容和 $\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 转换器之间的不同组合方式形成了多种拓扑结构, 主要有被动并联式、半主动控制式和主动控制式 3 种 [ 9 ] 。被动并联式拓扑结构只能靠阻抗来输出电流, 导致超级电容器的利用率很低; 主动控制式拓扑结构复杂, 使用成本高。为了充分发挥两种能量源的优势, 结合锂电池和超级电容器的工作特性, 最终确定采用超级电容器与双向 DC/DC 转换器串联后再与锂电池并联的这种半主动控制式结构。复合电源系统的拓扑结构如 图 1 所示,双向 $\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器的电路如 图 2 所示。
图中: ${U}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{U}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为变换器的输入电压和输出电压; ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 为开关; ${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 为二极管; ${\mathrm{C}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 为为滤波电容; $L$ 为电感。
结合文献可知, 储能系统与驱动电机之间通过功率进行能量传递, 但在传递过程中易受转换效率特性的影响, 因此, 选择效率模型作为仿真模型 [ 10 ] 。其效率 $\eta$ 的表达式为:
$ \eta = \frac{{U}_{\text{out }}{I}_{\text{out }}}{{U}_{\text{in }}{I}_{\text{in }}} $
式中: ${U}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{U}_{\text{out }}$ 为转换器的输入电压和输出电压; ${I}_{\text{in }}$${I}_{\text{out }}$ 为转换器的输入电流和输出电流。
基于 Matlab/Simulink 搭建 DC/DC 效率模型, 如 图 3 所示。
依据国标 GB 1589-2016 [ 11 ] 的规定,结合市面上某款电动汽车的技术参数, 列举整车部分参数见 表 1
对于复合电源系统的车型而言, 合理地配置锂电池和超级电容器的数目, 可以有效减轻整车质量。复合电源系统的主要参数见 表 2
根据国标 GB/T 28382-2012 [ 12 ] 、GB/T 18385—2005[13]中的相关政策,制定整车具体性能指标见 表 3
为了确保计算结果的准确性, 在 NEDC 工况下对整车模型进行仿真, 通过仿真结果可知, 0- ${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 加速时间为 ${6.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,最高车速为 ${170}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ , 最大爬坡度为 ${25}\%$ ,综合工况行驶里程为 ${240}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ , 进而验证电机功率、超级电容器和锂电池的单体数量的选择符合要求。
复合电源能量管理控制策略的最终目的, 是在满足整车动力性能的前提下, 以锂电池为主要能源, 超级电容器为辅助能源, 使超级电容尽可能承担较大的峰值电流;在车辆制动过程中,超级电容优先接受回馈电流。
首先利用实时小波变换算法将汽车需求功率信号分解成高、低频两个部分; 其次提取高频功率信号; 最后将高频功率信号、锂电池 SOC 和超级电容 SOC三个变量输入模糊控制器, 经过模糊推理机制,输出为超级电容器的比例因子 $K$ 。控制策略如 图 4 所示。
由于汽车在行驶过程中频繁受到高频信号冲击,导致锂电池的使用寿命大大减少,为了改善这种情况, 本文提出小波变换控制策略, 将整车需求功率分解成高频信号和低频信号, 超级电容吸收高频信号。
定义系统的输入功率信号为 $x\left( t\right)$ ,利用 Mallat 算法对输入功率信号进行分解,计算如式 (2) $\sim$ (3) 所示。
$ {S}_{2j}x\left( n\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in Z}}{h}_{k}{S}_{{2j} - 1}x\left( {n - {2}^{j - 1}k}\right) 。 $
$ {W}_{2j}x\left( n\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in Z}}{g}_{k}{S}_{{2j} - 1}x\left( {n - {2}^{j - 1}k}\right) 。 $
式中: ${S}_{2j}x\left( n\right) \text{、}{W}_{2j}x\left( n\right)$ 分别为分解后的高、低频功率信号,与其对应的分别是高通滤波器 ${h}_{k}\left( {H\left( \omega \right) }\right)$ 、低通滤波器 ${g}_{k}\left( {G\left( \omega \right) }\right)$ ,如式 (4) $\sim \left( 5\right)$ 所示。
$ H\left( \omega \right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in Z}}{h}_{k}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{ik\omega }} \circ $
$ G\left( \omega \right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in Z}}{g}_{k}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{ik\omega }} \circ $
在分解过程中, 会产生最高层次近似系数和所有层次细节系数,如式(6)~(7)所示。
$ c{A}_{1}\left( k\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{n}{h}_{0}\left( {n - {2k}}\right) c{A}_{0}\left( n\right) 。 $
$ c{D}_{1}\left( k\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{n}{h}_{1}\left( {n - {2k}}\right) c{A}_{0}\left( n\right) 。 $
用最高层次近似系数 $c{A}_{1}\left( k\right)$ 表示低频部分,其余的细节系数 $c{D}_{1}\left( k\right)$ 表示高频部分,两者之和为原始功率信号的全部信息,即:
$ x\left( t\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}c{A}_{0}\left( n\right) {\varphi }_{j, k}\left( t\right) \\ = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}c{A}_{1}\left( n\right) {\varphi }_{j - 1, k}\left( t\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}c{D}_{1}\left( n\right) {\omega }_{j - 1, k}\left( t\right) \\ = {A}_{1}\left( t\right) + {D}_{1}\left( t\right) \text{。} $
由于 Haar 小波在时域中的滤波短且正逆变换相同,所以得到广泛应用 [ 14 ] 。文献 [ 15 ] 中的研究结果表明, 采用 3 阶 Haar 小波对整车需求功率信号分解的准确率更高, 因此, 本文采用 3 阶 Haar 小波对汽车需求功率信号进行分解。即: 第 1 层分解出低频信号 ${A}_{1}$ 和高频信号 ${D}_{1}$ ,随即对低频信号 ${A}_{1}$ 进行第 2 层分解得到低频信号 ${A}_{2}$ 和高频信号 ${D}_{2}$ ,依次类推,最终超级电容接受高频信号 ${D}_{1} + {D}_{2} + {D}_{3}$ , 锂电池接受低频信号 ${A}_{3}$
为了确保车辆在行驶过程中快速实现功率信号在两种储能装置之间的实时分配, 需要设计一个滑动窗口 [ 16 ] ,即在滤波过程中,选取一段固定长度的矩形窗以固定的速率向前移动并实时采集数据, 将采集的数据进行小波变换以达到实时性效果 [ 17 ] 。 而 Mallat 算法对数据数量的要求为 2 的整次幂, 因此,滑动窗口长度的大小为 ${2}^{j}, j \in Z$ 。为了确定合理的滑动窗口长度,取长度为4、8、16、32、64、 128 的滑动窗口分别在 NEDC 工况下进行电池平均功率变化率测试, 结果显示, 随着滑动窗口长度的增加, 电池平均功率变化率在逐渐减小, 在滑动窗口长度大于 16 时, 电池平均功率变化率不再变动, 即实时小波变换已经达到最优效果。在确保滤波效果良好的前提下, 为了提高实时小波变换的速度, 滑动窗口的长度应尽可能小。因此, 滑动窗口的长度为 32。
设定系统的采样频率为 ${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ ,电池工作频率上限为 ${f}_{\mathrm{c}}$ ,滑动窗口的长度为 $L$ ,则分解层数 $n$ 与三者的关系如式(9)~(10)所示。
$ n = \operatorname{round}\left\lbrack {\frac{{\lg }^{\left( {f}_{\mathrm{s}}/{f}_{\mathrm{c}}\right) }}{{\lg }^{2}} - 1}\right\rbrack \circ $
$ n \leq {\lg }_{2}^{L} \circ $
设定系统的采样频率为 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,锂电池的工作频率范围为 $\left\lbrack {{10}^{-2},{10}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ ,代入式 (9) 和式 (10), 得到分解层数的范围是 $\left\lbrack {2,5}\right\rbrack$ 层。以超级电容与锂电池的输出能量之比为信噪比, 通过对比不同分解层数的信噪比来确定最终的小波分解层数。基于 NEDC 工况对 Haar 小波进行仿真测试, 结果显示, 随着分解层数的增加, 信噪比的数值逐渐变小, 最大值为 7.2 ,最小值为 1.3 。这表明分解层数越高, 得到的高频信号越多,对锂电池的保护作用越强。 因此, 小波变换的分解层数为 5 。
由于模糊控制策略在鲁棒性、容错能力、语言规则理解等方面具有很强的优势, 所以采用模糊控制规则将超级电容的 SOC 控制在合理的范围内, 使其充分发挥 “削峰填谷” 的作用。此外, 模糊控制策略需遵循以下规则:
1)当汽车需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{r}} > 0$ 时,在满足汽车动力性的前提下, 使锂电池安全稳定地输出电流, 超级电容负责高峰值的驱动电流;
2)当汽车需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{r}} < 0$ 时,即车辆处于制动或减速状态,可最大限度地使超级电容接收回馈能量。
电动汽车复合电源的工作模式分为驱动模式与制动模式, 由于复合电源在两种工作模式下的需求功率不同, 则需要设计两种不同的模糊控制器以达到更好的控制效果。两种模糊控制器均采用 Mamdani结构,即以汽车需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 、锂电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ (SOC)、超级电容 $\mathrm{{SOC}}\left( {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{2}\right)$ 为输入变量,超级电容器输出的比例因子 $K$ 为输出变量。
驱动模式下: 汽车需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{\;M}1,\mathrm{\;H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1}\right\rbrack$ , 隶属度函数均为梯形;SOC 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ , 模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1}\right\rbrack ,\mathrm{Z}1$$\mathrm{N}1$ 设为高斯形,其余设为三角形; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{2}$ 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{\;M}1,\mathrm{\;H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1}\right\rbrack$ , $\mathrm{Z}1$$\mathrm{N}1$ 设为高斯形,其余设为三角形;比例因子 $K$ 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,2}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\lbrack {Z1},{Z2}$ , $\mathrm{S}1,\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{H}1,\mathrm{N}1,\mathrm{N}2,\mathrm{N}3,\mathrm{N}4,\mathrm{N}5,\mathrm{N}6\rbrack ,\mathrm{Z}1$ 和N5设成高斯形,其余均设成三角形隶属度函数。
制动模式下: 汽车需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{\;M}1,\mathrm{\;H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1}\right\rbrack$ , 隶属度函数均为梯形;SOC 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ , 模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1}\right\rbrack ,\mathrm{Z}1$$\mathrm{N}1$ 设为高斯形, 其余设为三角形; SOC 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{H}1}\right\rbrack ,\mathrm{Z}1$ 和 H1 设成高斯形,其余为三角形; 比例因子 $K$ 的模糊论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,{1.9}}\right\rbrack$ ,模糊子集为 $\lbrack \mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{Z}2,\mathrm{S}1$ , $\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{\;N}1,\mathrm{\;N}2,\mathrm{\;H}1,\mathrm{\;N}3,\mathrm{\;N}4,\mathrm{\;N}5\rbrack ,\mathrm{Z}2\text{、}\mathrm{\;S}1\text{、}\mathrm{M}1$ 和 N1 设置成梯形,其余设为三角形隶属度函数。
其中, $\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{\;S}1,\mathrm{\;M}1,\mathrm{\;H}1,\mathrm{\;N}1$ 代表的实际意义分别是很小、小、中、大、很大; $\mathrm{Z}1,\mathrm{Z}2,\mathrm{\;S}1$ , $\mathrm{M}1,\mathrm{H}1,\mathrm{N}1,\mathrm{\;N}2,\mathrm{\;N}3,\mathrm{\;N}4,\mathrm{\;N}5,\mathrm{\;N}6$ 代表的实际意义是依次表示程度加大。
模糊规则的制定多是通过 If-and-Then 等条件语句来体现逻辑化思维 [ 10 ] 。列举驱动及制动模式下的部分模糊规则见 表 4
综上所述, 基于 Matlab/Simulink 搭建双模糊控制器的仿真模型, 如 图 5 所示。
将小波变换模块、模糊控制器模块、 $\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 转换器模块、超级电容模块添加到 ADVISOR2002/ BD_EV仿真模型中,建立复合电源系统整车仿真模型, 如 图 6 所示。
根据上述设计, 在 NEDC 循环工况下对小波变换一模糊控制策略进行仿真测试及分析。为了对比单一锂电池和复合锂电池的寿命情况, 引入电池寿命公式 [ 18 ] ,如式(11) $\sim$ (12)所示。
$ {Q}_{N} = {B}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{31329.7}}{RT}}{\left( N\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}\sqrt{5}\frac{{B}_{n}}{{B}_{1}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{370.3} + {370.3}{n}_{k}}{RT}}\frac{{n}_{k}{I}_{1}\Delta {t}_{k}}{3600}\right) }^{0.55} \circ $
$ {B}_{n = }{21350}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{0.6706}{n}_{k}} + {16670}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{0.02748}{n}_{k}}\text{ 。 } $
式中: $N$ 为循环工况次数; ${Q}_{N}$ 为电池寿命损失百分比,取 ${0.2};{B}_{1}$ 为前因子,取 ${27672};{B}_{n}$$n$ 次循环之后的因子; $k$ 为采样间隔数; $\Delta {t}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为时间间隔,取 $1\mathrm{\;s};{n}_{k}$ 为在第 $k$ 点时的电池放电倍率; ${I}_{1}$ 为电池 $1\mathrm{C}$ 时的放电电流,单位 $\mathrm{A};R$ 为理想气体常数,取 ${8.314}\mathrm{\;J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$ 为温度,单位 $\mathrm{K}$
NEDC 工况下的速度-曲线关系,如 图 7 所示。 基于仿真数据, 由 图 8 可知, 单一锂电池峰值驱动电流为 ${113.470}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,基于小波变换一模糊控制的复合锂电池驱动峰值电流为 ${90.006}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,表明在此控制策略下复合锂电池的驱动峰值电流降低了 20.68%。通过单一锂电池与复合锂电池的电流对比发现, 在多数情况下,复合锂电池的电流均有明显降低,即表明超级电容的加入能降低锂电池的峰值电流, 减少高电流对锂电池的冲击, 进而延长使用寿命。此外, 分别对单一锂电池电动汽车以及复合锂电池电动汽车进行仿真测试, 单一锂电池的寿命损失为 6.45%,复合锂电池的寿命损失为 5.37%,寿命提高了 16.74%。由 图 9 可知,在绝大多数情况下,超级电容器相对于复合锂电池一直在承担高电流, 尤其是在 ${1120}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,超级电容器承担高频电流 92.195 A,而复合锂电池承担低频电流 ${20.178}\mathrm{\;A}$ 。这表明采用的控制策略不仅将整车需求功率分解成高、低频信号,还充分发挥了超级电容 “削峰填谷” 的优势, 最大限度地吸收大电流。此外, 从整个循环工况中可知, 在忽略系统损耗的情况下, 锂电池承担较小的功率,范围为 $0 \sim {29}\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,超级电容器承担较大的功率,范围为 $0 \sim {46}\mathrm{{kW}}$ 。在平稳工况下, 锂电池作为主要能量源为整车提供需求功率, 在急加速工况下,超级电容器发挥作用,为整车提供瞬时高功率。结合 图 9图 10 可知, 随着仿真时间的推移, 超级电容器的 SOC 值从 1 逐渐减少, 在 1 ${120}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时达到最小,为 0.586,之后出现较高的能量回收功率需求, 为避免高功率信号对锂电池进行冲击, 由超级电容器接收后续较大的能量回收功率, 导致超级电容器 SOC 大幅提升。当仿真结束时, 超级电容 SOC 值为 0.791 。这表明模糊控制策略能很好地将超级电容器 SOC 维持在 0.5 以上的合理范围之内。
在保证试验安全的前提下,为了验证小波变换一模糊控制策略的有效性, 搭建了按一定比例缩小的复合电源系统试验平台, 并在 NEDC 工况下对单一锂电池和复合电源系统进行试验测试。试验平台是由磷酸铁锂电池模组, 超级电容器模组, 双向 DC/DC转换器系统,负载模拟系统以及软件控制系统等 5 部分组成, 设备连接如 图 11 所示。
其中, 磷酸铁锂电池模组是由 24 节单体串联组成,单体额定电压为 ${3.2}\mathrm{\;V}\left( {{50}\mathrm{{Ah}}}\right)$ ,最高电压为 ${3.65}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,最低电压为 ${2.7}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,其额定端电压为 ${76.8}\mathrm{\;V}$ ; 超级电容器模组是由 2 块具有 CAN 接口的 48 V (165F)超级电容器单体串联组成;双向 DC/DC 转换器系统的额定功率为 ${20}\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,电压在 ${200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 以内, 电流在 ${120}\mathrm{\;A}$ 以内; 负载模拟系统的输入电源为 ${380}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的交流电,输入电流为 ${68}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,输入功率为44 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,输出功率 ${40}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ; 软件控制系统是由北京九州华海科技有限公司提供的RapidECU实时控制器。
试验测试流程如下: 首先将仿真Simulink模型编译成 .mot 文件,然后将 .mot 文件通过 $\mathrm{{MeCa}}$ 硬件设备刷写到 RapidEcu 控制器中, 最终在电脑 PC 端实时显示各项数据。
基于试验数据, 由 图 12 可知, 单一锂电池峰值驱动电流为 ${34.05}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,基于小波变换一模糊控制的复合锂电池驱动峰值电流为 ${26.95}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,表明复合锂电池的驱动峰值电流降低了 20.85%;通过单一锂电池与复合锂电池的电流对比发现, 在绝大部分情况下,复合锂电池的电流均有明显降低。此外, 分别对单一锂电池以及复合锂电池模组进行试验测试, 单一锂电池的寿命损失为 8.96%,复合锂电池的寿命损失为 7.54%,复合锂电池寿命提高了 15.86%。 将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比, 发现误差在允许的范围内,所采用的控制策略具有良好的控制效果。由 图 13 可知, 在绝大部分情况下, 超级电容器相对于复合锂电池一直在承担高电流, 特别是在 ${1120}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右时,超级电容器承担高频电流 ${28.70}\mathrm{\;A}$ , 而复合锂电池承担低频电流 ${3.11}\mathrm{\;A}$ 。此时将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比, 发现超级电容器不仅承担了绝大部分的高频电流, 而且电流变化趋势和仿真结果一致。同样, 复合锂电池不仅承担了低频电流, 而且电流变化趋势和仿真结果一致。依据超级电容器的物理特性, 本文以超级电容器的电压变化代表其 SOC 变化。结合 图 13图 14 可知, 超级电容器的电压从初始的 ${71}\mathrm{\;V}$ 逐渐减少,在 ${1120}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时达到最小,为 ${53}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,之后出现较高的能量回收功率需求, 为充分发挥超级电容器 “削峰填谷” 的作用, 在后续行车中对超级电容器进行充电, 进而出现超级电容器 SOC 大幅提升的现象。当试验结束时,电压值为 ${64}\mathrm{\;V}$ 。通过试验进一步验证了模糊控制策略能将超级电容器的 SOC 维持在合理的范围之内。
综上所述, 无论是从复合锂电池的驱动峰值电流以及寿命方面, 还是从超级电容的 SOC 方面与仿真结果进行对比, 均验证了小波变换-模糊控制策略的有效性, 对复合电源系统的能量管理具有良好的控制效果。
本文首先在确定复合电源系统拓扑结构以及整车基本参数后, 以某款电动汽车为原型, 应用 Matlab/Simulink 和 ADVISOR 软件搭建整车模型。 其次, 为了合理分配锂电池-超级电容两种能量源的功率输出, 建立了小波变换-模糊控制能量管理策略。最后,基于NEDC循环工况进行仿真测试并在保证安全的前提下, 搭建了按一定比例缩小的复合电源系统试验平台, 并对小波变换-模糊控制策略进行验证。结果表明:在满足电动汽车动力性能的前提下, 相较于单一锂电池, 基于小波变换-模糊控制策略下的复合锂电池的峰值驱动电流得到有效降低, 整体电流变得更加平缓, 循环使用寿命得到有效提高, 进一步提高了整车的经济性能。
1)通过对小波变换一模糊控制策略的复合锂电池与单一锂电池仿真, 以及试验结果的分析, 已经能得到预期结果, 因此, 本文并未与其他控制策略作对比。后续研究可以将其他控制策略与小波变换一模糊控制策略进行对比, 进而验证其他控制策略的优劣。
2)由于试验设备的原因,未能对锂电池的老化损失进行测量, 今后将改进试验设备, 将锂电池老化损失测量作为后续研究的一项内容。
  • 国家自然基金项目(51675257)
  • 辽宁省教育厅自然基金项目(LJKMZ20220978)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.02
  • 接收时间:2023-06-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
  • 修回日期:2023-07-28
基金
国家自然基金项目(51675257)
辽宁省教育厅自然基金项目(LJKMZ20220978)
作者信息
    辽宁工业大学 锦州 121001

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申彩英(1981-),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车电驱动系统及其控制技术。Tel: 15141640963 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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