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With the rapid development of advanced intelligent connected vehicles, their safety has become a widespread concern. Currently, the mechanisms to ensure functional safety are a major research focus both domestically and internationally. Countries are gradually establishing standards for vehicle safety performance, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) continues to refine the Functional Safety (ISO 26262) and Safety of the Intended Functionality (ISO 21448) standards. On this basis, the safety objectives of most automotive products, especially intelligent chassis systems related to autonomous driving, such as brakebywire and steerbywire actuators, are classified under Automotive Safety Integrity Level D (ASIL D). This paper summarizes industry research on redundancy mechanisms in system safety architecture, analyzes and organizes failoperational safety architecture across different levels of autonomous driving, and examines functional safety degradation strategies. Finally it discusses the potential for integrating ISO 21448 into the ISO 26262 standard to effectively prevent accidents due to errors in the vehicle's Electronic/Electrical (E/E) systems and insufficient actuator performance, thereby providing stronger assurance for safe vehicle operation.
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随着高阶智能网联汽车的快速发展,其安全性引发了广泛关注,现阶段功能安全保障机制是国内外的研究热点。各国针对车辆安全性能逐步制定了相应的标准,国际标准化组织也不断完善功能安全(ISO26262)和预期功能安全(ISO 21448)标准。因此,大多数汽车产品的安全目标,尤其是与自动驾驶相关的智能底盘系统(线控制动与线控转向执行机构)都可归类为汽车安全完整性等级中的D级别。基于行业研究资料总结了系统安全架构冗余机制,分析和梳理了不同自动驾驶等级的故障运行安全架构以及功能安全降级策略,展望了将ISO 21448引入ISO 26262标准的融合思路,以有效避免因车辆的E/E系统错误和执行器性能不足而引发的事故,为车辆安全行驶提供保障。
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罗通强(1988-),男,广东廉江人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为整车系统集成和人因分析。Tel:18666287979, E-mail:53191436@qq.com |
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罗通强(1988-),男,广东廉江人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为整车系统集成和人因分析。Tel:18666287979, E-mail:53191436@qq.com
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故障运行安全架构:2003D 方案, figureFileSmall=2nPqjVW5k9r4BQqTJcLIvQ==, figureFileBig=MUo9cMTAeD9jWp+atdZvvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153801998915854433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YSll4lCxWCmS91RKUH4e0g==, figureFileBig=rYyYbGrrw1xOuJ8J7E1m+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153801998982963298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=
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传统的 ISO 21448 与 ISO 26262 开发流程, figureFileSmall=bJ+PViGXxLD8Eut/zLWyag==, figureFileBig=VUU+/aX6VkMFZkpnMN7CJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153801999775686765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=83u+8PmAR3DFWW7rq1N7FQ==, figureFileBig=uFGn99EqDe+UH53FH5RDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153801999838601326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=
ISO 21448 与 ISO 26262 融合的开发流程, figureFileSmall=83u+8PmAR3DFWW7rq1N7FQ==, figureFileBig=uFGn99EqDe+UH53FH5RDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153801999893127279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
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智能汽车冗余架构类型, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
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| No. | 阶段 | 细节内容 |
| 1 | 明确系统功能和要求 | 要定义场景的开发要求, 通过考虑 ISO 26262 和 ISO 21448 来定义功能安全要求和系 统功能要求。 |
| 2 | 假设对顶层系统的预估 | 基于测试用例和场景,需要假设开发系统对顶层系统(车辆)的影响。 |
| 3 | 简化待开发系统的功能 | 为了分析风险,将具有代表性的情况划分为几个特征并得出简化后的结果。 |
| 4 | 确认与ISO 21448相关的风险原因, 并评估风险是否可接受 | 与ISO 21448 目标相关的风险可通过系统功能、简化的结果和更高的系统假设进行 评估。 |
| 5 | 确定风险是否可接受 | 系统的风险源是否可以接受通过上一步的推导结果来决定。 |
| 6 | 减除开发系统的要求 | 通过上一步的推导结果建立系统的安全目标。 |
| 7 | 触发事件的识别和评估 | 该过程可用于分析影响系统性能的因素,以及导致系统性能下降的不良条件。 |
| 8 | 通过触发事件验证概念阶段 | 将第 2 阶段的场景和第 7 阶段的触发事件应用到所开发的系统中并进行验证。 |
| 9 | | 确定 ISO 21448 分配的方法和标准 |
| 10 | | 确定剩余风险是否可接受 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153802000077676658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764484944123, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
ISO 21448 流程分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | 阶段 | 细节内容 |
| 1 | 明确系统功能和要求 | 要定义场景的开发要求, 通过考虑 ISO 26262 和 ISO 21448 来定义功能安全要求和系 统功能要求。 |
| 2 | 假设对顶层系统的预估 | 基于测试用例和场景,需要假设开发系统对顶层系统(车辆)的影响。 |
| 3 | 简化待开发系统的功能 | 为了分析风险,将具有代表性的情况划分为几个特征并得出简化后的结果。 |
| 4 | 确认与ISO 21448相关的风险原因, 并评估风险是否可接受 | 与ISO 21448 目标相关的风险可通过系统功能、简化的结果和更高的系统假设进行 评估。 |
| 5 | 确定风险是否可接受 | 系统的风险源是否可以接受通过上一步的推导结果来决定。 |
| 6 | 减除开发系统的要求 | 通过上一步的推导结果建立系统的安全目标。 |
| 7 | 触发事件的识别和评估 | 该过程可用于分析影响系统性能的因素,以及导致系统性能下降的不良条件。 |
| 8 | 通过触发事件验证概念阶段 | 将第 2 阶段的场景和第 7 阶段的触发事件应用到所开发的系统中并进行验证。 |
| 9 | | 确定 ISO 21448 分配的方法和标准 |
| 10 | | 确定剩余风险是否可接受 |
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