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To fully utilize the energysaving and emissionreduction performance of the oilelectric hybrid system on mine truck, a dualmode energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed for a series hybrid electric mine truck. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) was used to construct the models of "optimal fuel consumption mode of engine" and "optimal efficiency mode of range extender" in this EMS. On this basis, a dualmode EMS was designed to adjust the power output of the range extender and battery pack, realizing the realtime adjustment of the energy consumption for the vehicle under complex working conditions. Finally, the proposed EMS was verified by hardware in the loop simulation with actual working condition data. The results show that compared with the rule strategy and equivalent consumption minimization strategy, the fuel saving rate of the dualmode EMS increases by 12.74% and 7.4% respectively, further improving the fuel saving performance of the realtime strategy.

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为充分发挥油电混动系统在矿卡上的节能减排性能,针对串联式混合动力矿卡提出一种双模能量管理策略(EMS)。利用反向传播神经网络(BPNN)构建了“发动机最优油耗模式”和“增程器效率最优模式”模型,在此基础上,设计了一种双模EMS来调整增程器与电池包的功率输出,实现了整车在复杂工况下的能耗实时调整,以实际工况数据对提出的策略进行了硬件在环仿真验证。结果表明,与规则策略和等效能耗最小策略相比,双模EMS的节油率分别提升了12.74%和7.4%,进一步提升了实时策略的节油性能。

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梁岩岩(1992-),女,山东枣庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源动力系统能量管理策略控制理论及方法。Tel: 0516-87567738。E-mail:

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梁岩岩(1992-),女,山东枣庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源动力系统能量管理策略控制理论及方法。Tel: 0516-87567738。E-mail:

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项目 参数
整车参数 整备质量/kg 43000
滚阻系数 0.02
空气密度 $/\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{2}/{\mathrm{m}}^{4}}\right)$ 1.2258
旋转质量换算系数 1.1
重力加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 9.8
空阻系数 0.8
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 16
车轮半径/mm 737
发动机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 2100
最大转矩/Nm 1 695
电机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 3500
最大转矩/Nm 3000
发电机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 2200
最大转矩/Nm 2000
电池包参数 最大功率/kW 125
电池容量/Ah 200
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167266599859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=整车及零部件参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
整车参数 整备质量/kg 43000
滚阻系数 0.02
空气密度 $/\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{2}/{\mathrm{m}}^{4}}\right)$ 1.2258
旋转质量换算系数 1.1
重力加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 9.8
空阻系数 0.8
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 16
车轮半径/mm 737
发动机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 2100
最大转矩/Nm 1 695
电机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 3500
最大转矩/Nm 3000
发电机参数 最大转速/(r/min) 2200
最大转矩/Nm 2000
电池包参数 最大功率/kW 125
电池容量/Ah 200
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167350485941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数数值
发动机最优油耗 模式模型 $\lbrack \mathrm{W}1 = - {6.91}, - {5.53},{4.10}, - {4.57},{6.920}$ $1 = {7.47},{5.06},{0.27}, - {2.87},{6.24}\mathrm{\;W}2 =$ ${0.33}, - {0.12}, - {0.55},{0.33}, - {0.17}\mathrm{T}{\theta 2} =$ $- {0.1731}\rbrack$
增程器最优效率 模式模型 $\lbrack \mathrm{W}1 = {6.44},{9.13}, - {7.87},{1.98}, - {6.6301}$ $= - {7.10}, - {8.17},{0.19},{1.42}, - {5.69}\mathrm{\;W}2 =$ ${0.69}, - {0.16}, - {0.36},{0.74}, - {0.08}\mathrm{T}{\theta 2} =$ 0.34 $\rbrack$
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167400817591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=两种模式的BPNN模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数数值
发动机最优油耗 模式模型 $\lbrack \mathrm{W}1 = - {6.91}, - {5.53},{4.10}, - {4.57},{6.920}$ $1 = {7.47},{5.06},{0.27}, - {2.87},{6.24}\mathrm{\;W}2 =$ ${0.33}, - {0.12}, - {0.55},{0.33}, - {0.17}\mathrm{T}{\theta 2} =$ $- {0.1731}\rbrack$
增程器最优效率 模式模型 $\lbrack \mathrm{W}1 = {6.44},{9.13}, - {7.87},{1.98}, - {6.6301}$ $= - {7.10}, - {8.17},{0.19},{1.42}, - {5.69}\mathrm{\;W}2 =$ ${0.69}, - {0.16}, - {0.36},{0.74}, - {0.08}\mathrm{T}{\theta 2} =$ 0.34 $\rbrack$
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167459537848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 MAE MSE MRE
规则策略 0.2550 0.006 4 0.0820
ECMS 0.227 6 0.006 3 0.070 9
双模 EMS 0.1950 0.006 0 0.054 0
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167526646713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=三种策略车速跟随效果的评价结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 MAE MSE MRE
规则策略 0.2550 0.006 4 0.0820
ECMS 0.227 6 0.006 3 0.070 9
双模 EMS 0.1950 0.006 0 0.054 0
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167593755578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 ICE-MT 规则策略 ECMS 双模EMS
累积油耗/L 91.36 70.93 66.86 61.89
电池 SOC 终值 0.35 0.35 0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1153809167656670139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809125885595983, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=ICE-MT 和 3 种策略的性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 ICE-MT 规则策略 ECMS 双模EMS
累积油耗/L 91.36 70.93 66.86 61.89
电池 SOC 终值 0.35 0.35 0.35
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串联式混合动力矿卡双模能量管理策略研究
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梁岩岩 1 , 刘吉超 1 , 陈正 2 , 杨海 1
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(5): 839-847
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(5): 839-847
串联式混合动力矿卡双模能量管理策略研究
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梁岩岩1 , 刘吉超1, 陈正2, 杨海1
作者信息
  • 1 江苏汇智高端工程机械创新中心有限公司 徐州 221000
  • 2 中国矿业大学 材料与物理学院 徐州 221116
  • 梁岩岩(1992-),女,山东枣庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源动力系统能量管理策略控制理论及方法。Tel: 0516-87567738。E-mail:

Research on Dual-Mode Energy Management Strategy for a Series Hybrid Electric Mine Truck
Yanyan LIANG1 , Jichao LIU1, Zheng CHEN2, Hai YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiangsu Advanced Construction Machinery Innovation Center Ltd. Xuzhou 221000 China
  • 2 School of Materials and Physics China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221116 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.10
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为充分发挥油电混动系统在矿卡上的节能减排性能,针对串联式混合动力矿卡提出一种双模能量管理策略(EMS)。利用反向传播神经网络(BPNN)构建了“发动机最优油耗模式”和“增程器效率最优模式”模型,在此基础上,设计了一种双模EMS来调整增程器与电池包的功率输出,实现了整车在复杂工况下的能耗实时调整,以实际工况数据对提出的策略进行了硬件在环仿真验证。结果表明,与规则策略和等效能耗最小策略相比,双模EMS的节油率分别提升了12.74%和7.4%,进一步提升了实时策略的节油性能。

串联式混合动力  /  矿卡  /  双模  /  能量管理策略  /  反向传播神经网络

To fully utilize the energysaving and emissionreduction performance of the oilelectric hybrid system on mine truck, a dualmode energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed for a series hybrid electric mine truck. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) was used to construct the models of "optimal fuel consumption mode of engine" and "optimal efficiency mode of range extender" in this EMS. On this basis, a dualmode EMS was designed to adjust the power output of the range extender and battery pack, realizing the realtime adjustment of the energy consumption for the vehicle under complex working conditions. Finally, the proposed EMS was verified by hardware in the loop simulation with actual working condition data. The results show that compared with the rule strategy and equivalent consumption minimization strategy, the fuel saving rate of the dualmode EMS increases by 12.74% and 7.4% respectively, further improving the fuel saving performance of the realtime strategy.

series hybrid electric  /  mine truck  /  dual-mode  /  energy management strategy  /  back propagation neural network
梁岩岩, 刘吉超, 陈正, 杨海. 串联式混合动力矿卡双模能量管理策略研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (5) : 839 -847 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.10
Yanyan LIANG, Jichao LIU, Zheng CHEN, Hai YANG. Research on Dual-Mode Energy Management Strategy for a Series Hybrid Electric Mine Truck[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (5) : 839 -847 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.10
串联式混合动力技术是矿卡实现绿色低碳发展的重要途径之一。为充分发挥串联式油电混动系统在矿卡上的节能减排性能, 选择合理的能量管理策略(Energy Management Strategy, EMS)至关重要。
对于矿卡来说, EMS 调控的实时性和优化效果的一致性共同决定策略对随机工况的适应能力。目前, 已提出的实时策略主要包括: 规则策略和瞬时优化策略 [ 1 ] 。规则策略遵循转矩或功率平衡原则, 其特点是规则库的制定依赖专家经验, 设计简单, 便于工程应用 [ 2 ] 。例如,罗国鹏等 [ 3 ] 以能耗最小作为优化目标, 结合插电式混合动力车辆的需求转矩和电池荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)制定了控制规则库。钱立军等 [ 4 ] 提出一种 “发动机调速+ 离合器模糊PID控制+发动机动态转矩查表+双电机转矩补偿控制” 的转矩协调控制方法, 并制定了模式切换的逻辑规则。WASSIF 等 [ 5 ] 以离线计算得到发动机控制 MAP 图、车辆功率需求和 SOC 制定了功率分配规则。然而, 规则策略的优化效果依赖于专家经验, 主观性强, 对工况适应性较差。
不同于规则策略, 瞬时优化策略在遵循动力平衡原则的基础上, 通过解决能耗优化问题来实现最优策略的求取, 策略优化效果依赖于参考信息的完备性。例如,文献[6]~[8]提出的等效油耗最小策略 (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, ECMS)的优化效果取决于合适的等效因子的选取, 而等效因子的求取需要提前确定待优化的工况信息。文献[ 9 ] ~ [ 11 ] 提出的模型预测控制策略的优化效果依赖于提前预测的工况信息的准确性。文献[12]~[15]提出的近似最优化策略的优化效果取决于历史工况信息和未来工况信息的完整性。而在实际作业过程中, 矿卡的工况信息是随机变化的, 很难提前确定参考信息的完整性和准确性, 这就降低了策略优化效果的一致性。
为此, 提出一种不依赖于工况信息完备性的双模 EMS 来解决上述问题。策略利用 “发动机最优油耗模式”和 “增程器最优效率模式”,根据整车实时需求功率和电池包 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 状态,灵活地切换增程器与电池包的功率耦合方式, 在保证实时性的前提下,提升整车的节能效果。
以某型串联式混合动力矿卡为载体进行建模, 其动力拓扑结构如 图 1 所示。发动机和发电机组成增程器, 可同时向驱动电机及电池包供电; 驱动电机可由电池包、增程器单独供电或两者共同供电; 电池包既可放电驱动电机, 也可回收驱动电机的动能。由车辆动力学可知, $t$ 时刻轮端需求转矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right)$ 、转速 ${n}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right)$ 和功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right)$ 可表示为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) = \\ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} m\left( t\right) \cdot g \cdot \sin \theta \left( t\right) + \\ m\left( t\right) \cdot g \cdot \cos \theta \left( t\right) \cdot {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) + \\ \delta \cdot m \cdot \left( t\right) \cdot a\left( t\right) + {0.5}{C}_{\mathrm{D}} \cdot A \cdot {\rho }_{\mathrm{a}} \cdot v{\left( t\right) }^{2} \end{array}\right\rbrack \cdot {r}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) \\ {n}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) = {30v}\left( t\right) /\left\lbrack {\pi \cdot {r}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack , \\ {P}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}\left( t\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}\left( t\right) \cdot {n}_{\mathrm{w}}\left( t\right) /{9550} \end{array}\right. $
${r}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right)$
。(1)
式中: $m$ 为整车质量; $g$ 为重力加速度; $\theta$ 为坡道角; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为滚阻系数; $\delta$ 为旋转质量系数; $a$ 为车辆加速度; ${C}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为空气阻力系数; $A$ 为迎风面积; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气密度; $v$ 为车速; ${r}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}$ 为车轮半径。
鉴于逆变器仅作为交流转直流模块, 所以不考虑其效率损失, 继续对其他动力单元进行建模。
发动机的作业过程和油耗特性表示为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }{9550}, \\ {m}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) = \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot {\Delta t}}{3600} \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}\text{、}{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\text{、}{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\text{、}{\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为发动机输出的机械功率、转矩、转速和油耗率, ${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{e}}$${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 之间的关系可由三者间的 MAP 图来表征; ${\Delta t}$ 为发动机在当前 ${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 下的连续作业时间。
发电机的作业特性可表示为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) = {U}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \\ = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \cdot {n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) }{9550} \\ = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}} \cdot {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) }{9550} \\ = {P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{g}}\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{g}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为发电机输出的电功率、电压及电流; ${T}_{\mathrm{g}}$${n}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为发电机从发动机端输入的转矩和转速; ${i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}}$ 为发动机到发电机端的机械传输效率; ${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为发电机的发电效率,它与 ${T}_{\mathrm{g}}$${n}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 呈非线性函数关系, 可用发电机效率 MAP 图表征。
根据安时积分法对电池包进行建模, 如式 (4) 所示。
$ \dot{\mathrm{{SOC}}}\left( t\right) = \frac{-{U}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) + \sqrt{{U}_{\mathrm{b}}{\left( t\right) }^{2} - 4{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) }}{2{C}_{\mathrm{{Ah}}} \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) }。 $
式中: ${U}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{Ah}}}$ 分别为电池包的端电压、内阻和电量,电池包输出电功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 可进一步表示为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {U}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) \geq 0, \\ {U}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) /{i}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) < 0 \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 分别为电池包回路电流、充电效率和放电效率。
驱动电机作业特性表述为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }{9550} = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {U}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \geq 0, \\ \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }{{i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) },{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < {0}_{ \circ } \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{n}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为驱动电机输出的机械功率、转矩和转速; ${U}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为驱动电机的电压、电流以及机械能与电能之间的转换效率。
${i}_{\mathrm{m}}$${T}_{\mathrm{m}}$${n}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 之间的关系可用驱动电机工作效率MAP图表征。此外, ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 以及 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 需遵循功率平衡原则:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) = \left( {{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,}\right. \\ \left. {{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \geq 0, \\ {P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right) = {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,}\right. \\ \left. {{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < 0。 \end{array}\right. $
驱动总成主要为了实现驱动电机降速增扭, 由式(1)和式(6)可得:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{d}},{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \geq 0, \\ {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) /{i}_{\mathrm{d}},{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < 0, \end{array}\right. \\ {T}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{d}} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{f}},{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \geq 0, \\ {T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{f}}/{i}_{\mathrm{d}},{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < 0, \end{array}\right. \\ {n}_{\mathrm{{wh}}}\left( t\right) = \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }{{i}_{\mathrm{f}}}。 \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${i}_{\mathrm{d}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为总成驱动效率和减速比。
由上述分析可知, 驱动电机的驱动功率由增程器和电池包共同提供, 且增程器产生的功率由发动机消耗燃油获得。因此, 建立以整车油耗最低为目标的能耗优化问题模型:
$ {m}_{\mathrm{f}} = \min {\int }_{t = {t}_{0}}^{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right) }{3600}\mathrm{d}t, \\ \text{S.t.:}\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{T}_{{\mathrm{e}}_{-\min }}\left( {{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right) ,{T}_{{\mathrm{e}}_{-\max }}\left( {{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right) }\right\rbrack \\ {T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{T}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\min }}\left( {{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) ,{T}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\max }}\left( {{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) }\right\rbrack \\ {n}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{n}_{{\mathrm{e}}_{-\min }},{n}_{{\mathrm{e}}_{-\max }}}\right\rbrack \\ {n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{n}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\min }},{n}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\max }}}\right\rbrack \\ \;\text{SOC}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{R}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\min }},{n}_{{\mathrm{g}}_{-\max }}}\right\rbrack \\ v\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{P}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{min}}}},{v}_{\mathrm{{max}}}}\right\rbrack \\ {P}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{P}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{min}}}},{v}_{\mathrm{{max}}}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right. $
式中各变量角标 $\min$$\max$ 表示该变量的最小值和最大值。
针对上述问题, 下面充分结合发动机最优油耗模式和增程器最优效率模式, 设计双模EMS。
双模 EMS 的具体实现框架如 图 2 所示, 核心思想是以当前系统能耗最优为目标, 根据驱动电机需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 和电池包 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 等信息,确定系统当前工作模式, 实现增程器和电池包输出功率的实时优化分配。
优化模式分为发动机最优油耗模式和增程器最优效率模式。
发动机最优油耗模式的优化思想是在 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) >$ ${P}_{{\mathrm{b}}_{ - }\max } \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min },{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }}\right\rbrack$ 的情况下, 通过改变 ${P}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 来调整 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,使:
$ {m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = \min \left\{ {{m}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right\} \text{。} $
以此得到发动机最小油耗对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }$ 。为此, 按以下步骤构造发动机最优油耗模式。
步骤 1: 根据发动机 “转速-转矩-油耗率” MAP数据,利用式 (2) 和式 (10) 确定每个 ${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 下对应的最小油耗 ${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 及其对应的 ${T}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ ,并得出此时的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ ,形成 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合。
步骤 2: 由式 (2) 可知, ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 呈高度非线性, 考虑反向传播神经网络 (Back Propagation Neural Network, BPNN) 具备拟合任何非线性系统输入输出之间关系的能力 [ 16 ] ,利用 $\mathrm{{BPNN}}$ 拟合 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 之间的关系。根据BPNN输入层、隐含层及输出层各层节点数量的选择经验 [ 11 ] ,构建一个 “1-5-1” 三层 BPNN 来拟合 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 的关系,如 图 3 所示, 对应的非线性模型为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\mathbf{H}}_{\text{in }} = \mathbf{X} \times {\mathbf{W}}_{1} + {\mathbf{\theta }}_{1}, \\ {\mathbf{H}}_{\text{ou }} = f\left( {\mathbf{H}}_{\text{in }}\right) , \\ \mathbf{Y} = h\left( {{\mathbf{H}}_{\text{ou }} \times {\mathbf{W}}_{2} + {\mathbf{\theta }}_{2}}\right) 。 \end{array}\right. $
式中: $\mathbf{X}$$\mathbf{Y}$ 分别为网络输入量矩阵和输出量矩阵; ${\mathbf{W}}_{1}$${\mathbf{W}}_{2}$ 分别为输入层到隐含层以及隐含层到输出层各节点的权值矩阵; ${\mathbf{\theta }}_{1}\text{、}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{2}$ 分别为隐含层各节点及输出层节点的阈值矩阵。
隐含层节点激励函数 $f\left( *\right)$ 和输出层节点激励函数 $h\left( *\right)$ 分别选择 tansig 和 purelin 函数。上述变量可进一步表示为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{X} = {P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }, \\ {\mathbf{W}}_{1} = \left\lbrack {{W}_{11},{W}_{12},{W}_{13},{W}_{14},{W}_{15}}\right\rbrack , \\ {\mathbf{\theta }}_{1} = \left\lbrack {{\theta }_{11},{\theta }_{12},{\theta }_{13},{\theta }_{14},{\theta }_{15}}\right\rbrack , \\ {\mathbf{W}}_{2} = {\left\lbrack {W}_{21},{W}_{22},{W}_{23},{W}_{24},{W}_{25}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}, \\ {\mathbf{\theta }}_{2} = {\theta }_{2}, \\ \mathbf{Y} = {m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }, \end{array}\right. $
步骤 3: 利用步骤 1 得到的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合去训练步骤 2 建立的式 (11),得出 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 之间的映射关系,相应地构建出发动机最优油耗模式数学模型。
增程器最优效率模式的优化思想是在 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) >$ 0 且 $\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right) \in \left( {0,{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }}\right)$ 的情况下,通过调整 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,使:
$ {i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = \max \left\{ {{i}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) }\right) .}\right. \\ \left. {{i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) }\right\} \text{。} $
式中: ${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 为发动机和发电机组成的增程器的效率。
由式 (2) 和式 (3) 可知, ${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$${T}_{\mathrm{g}}\text{、}{n}_{\mathrm{e}}$${n}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 满足以下关系:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}}\left( t\right) , \\ {n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) = {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \circ \end{array}\right. $
以此获得增程器最大效率时的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }$ 。为此, 按以下步骤构造增程器最优效率模式。
步骤 1: 根据发动机和发电机的 “转速-转矩- 效率” MAP 数据,利用式(2)、式(3)和式 (13)确定增程器每个 ${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 下对应的最大效率 ${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }$ 及其对应的 ${T}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ ,并确定增程器中发动机的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ ,形成 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合。
步骤 2: 考虑到 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }$ 的高度非线性,同样以 图 3 所示的 “1-5-1” 结构的 BPNN 构建两个参数的映射关系,并利用 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合对式 (11) 进行训练, 确定出增程器最优效率模式的数学模型。
优化策略的实现过程如 图 4 所示, 具体描述如下。
步骤 1: 获取车辆状态参数 $v\left( t\right)$$a\left( t\right)$ 等信息。
步骤 2: 根据式 (1) 和式 (8) 计算 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right)$
步骤 3: 根据步骤 2 得到的 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right)$ 和电池包 $\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)$ 确定系统当前工作模式:
1) 当 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ (t) $\in \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{SOC}}\min ,\mathrm{{SOC}}\max }\right\rbrack$${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack \left( {0,{P}_{\mathrm{b}\_ \max } \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) }\right\rbrack \right\rbrack$ 时,进入纯电动模式;
2) 当 $\mathrm{{SOC}}\left( t\right) \in \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min },{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }}\right\rbrack$${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) >$ ${P}_{\mathrm{b}\_ \max } \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right)$ 时,进入发动机最优油耗模式;
3) 当 $0 < \operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right) < {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) > 0$ 时,进入增程器最优效率模式;
4) 当 $0 < \operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right) \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$${P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) < 0$ 时, 进入制动回馈模式。
步骤 4: 对步骤 3 所述的工作模式的具体实现方式进行阐述, 并根据式 (3)、式 (7) 和所进入的工作模式确定 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$ ,具体如下。
利用 3.1.1 节构建的发动机 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * } - {m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }$ 映射模型,在 $\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{e}\text{_}\min }^{ * },{P}_{\mathrm{e}\text{_}\max }^{ * }}\right\rbrack$ 区间内,遍历寻找 ${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) }\right)$ 最小的点,且该点对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$ 根据式 (3) 和式 (7) 需要满足:
${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) \geq$
$ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{b}\text{ max }} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) }{{i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) } \circ $
在此基础上, 进一步利用式 (7) 得出当前时刻的 ${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$
利用 3.1.2 节构建的增程器 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * } - {i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }$ 映射模型,在 $\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{e}\text{_}\min }^{ * },{P}_{\mathrm{e}\text{_}\max }^{ * }}\right\rbrack$ 区间内,遍历寻找 ${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) }\right)$ 最大的点,且该点对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$ 根据式 (3) 和式 (7) 需要满足:
${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) \geq$
$ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }{{i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{{eg}}} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( t\right) }\right) } \circ $
在此基础上, 进一步利用式 (7) 得出当前时刻的 ${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$
此时电池包电量处于可用区间, 仅电池包输出电能, 发动机不参与工作, 即:
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = 0, \\ {P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }{{i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) } \end{array}。}\right. $
4)制动回馈模式
此时电池包回收车辆制动能量,即:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = 0, \\ {P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right) = {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) ,{n}_{\mathrm{m}}\left( t\right) }\right) 。 \end{array}\right. $
步骤 5: 驱动电机控制器根据增程器和电池包输出的功率控制驱动电机输出转矩。
仿真载体选择的串联式混合动力矿卡参数见 表 1 。为了验证策略优化效果的一般性, 选择福建某水泥矿的实际工况进行策略验证, 车辆作业轨迹如 图 5 所示,全程约为 ${3.8}\mathrm{\;{km}}$
利用硬件在环试验台架搭建试验仿真平台, 如 图 6 所示。
结合 表 1 中提供的发动机、发电机参数, 利用其 MAP 数据, 按照式 (10) 和式 (13) 的优化思想,分别建立发动机最优油耗模式对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合和增程器最优效率模式对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{{re}}}^{ * }\left( {n}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 的数据点集合,如 图 7 所示。分别利用两个数据集训练得到两个模式的BPNN模型参数见 表 2
利用选择的工况, 分别对加载了规则策略、 ECMS 以及双模 EMS 的混合动力矿卡的车速跟随性和能耗进行仿真分析。同时, 为了验证策略的燃油经济性, 等功率的传统矿卡 (Internal Combustion Engine Mine Truck, ICE-MT) 的能耗也将一并分析。
采用 4 种误差对所述策略对应的车速跟随效果进行评价:绝对误差 $\mathrm{{AE}}$ 、平均绝对误差 $\mathrm{{MAE}}$ 、均方误差MSE、平均相对误差MRE,计算式为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathrm{{AE}} = {y}_{i} - {\widehat{y}}_{i} \\ \mathrm{{MAE}} = \frac{1}{M} \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}\left| {{y}_{i} - {\widehat{y}}_{i}}\right| \\ \mathrm{{MSE}} = \frac{1}{M} \cdot \sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}{\left( {y}_{i} - {\widehat{y}}_{i}\right) }^{2}} \\ \mathrm{{MRE}} = \frac{1}{M} \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}\left| \frac{{y}_{i} - {\widehat{y}}_{i}}{{\widehat{y}}_{i}}\right| \end{array}\right. $
式中: $M$ 为测试数据个数; ${y}_{i}$${\widehat{y}}_{i}$ 分别为实际值和期望值。
在分析能耗之前, 首先分析 3 种策略分配的功率是否能满足整车动力性需求。当车辆执行完 3 种策略分配的 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$${P}_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * }\left( t\right)$ ,得到的车速跟随效果如 图8 $\mathrm{a}$ 所示,实际与目标速度轨迹之间的 $\mathrm{{AE}}$ 曲线如 图 8 b 所示,相应的评价结果见 表 3
图 8 a 和 表 3 可知,双模 EMS 对应的 MAE、 MSE、MRE 比另外两种策略均有不同程度的下降, 但三种策略的速度变化趋势均能有效跟随实际车速的变化趋势, 验证了实时策略遵循的功率平衡原则。此外,由 图 8 b 可知,在 ${290}\mathrm{\;s}$${940}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时车辆处于急加速状态, 策略输出的功率无法满足目标功率,因此,出现短暂的跟随失步现象。
其次, 在确保车速跟踪效果的前提下, 为验证提出的双模 EMS 在节油方面的效果, 对所述 3 种策略及 ICE-MT 进行了 10 个循环工况的能耗仿真试验。考虑到本文研究的串联式混动矿卡所选用的磷酸铁锂电池的容量和特性,将电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 上下限分别设置为 0.8 和 0.35。 3 种策略对应的发动机工作点分布如 图 9 所示,对应的 SOC 与累积油耗变化曲线如 图 10 所示, ICE-MT 和 3 种策略的性能对比见 表 4 。 可见, 虽然 3 种策略对应的 SOC 阈值均能从 0.8 下降至期望的 0.35 , 但由于采用的优化方式不同, 使各自对应的发动机工作点分布也不尽相同, 节油效果差异明显。
首先, 相较于 ICE-MT, 3 种策略均发挥了电池辅助发动机工作的能力, 实现了不同程度的节油量。其次,如 图 9 a、b 和 c 1 所示,由于 ECMS 和双模 EMS 是在发动机全转速范围内求解瞬时油耗最小调整发动机工作点的, 因此, 发动机的工作点更集中于低油耗区, 使二者的燃油消耗量均比规则策略低。最后,由于双模 EMS 既考虑了 ECMS 的瞬时油耗最小,又考虑了增程器的瞬时效率最大,因此在 ${6950}\mathrm{\;s}$ 前,虽然 ECMS 的油耗量比双模 EMS 的少, 但该时间点之后随着车辆运行时间的增加, 双模 EMS 的节油效果逐渐优于 ECMS, 最终节油效果提升了7.4%,验证了双模 EMS 的能耗优化性能。
为提升混合动力矿卡在随机工况下的节能效果, 设计了一种不依赖工况信息的双模 EMS。该策略利用 “发动机最优油耗模式” 和 “增程器最优效率模式” 的优化特点, 灵活地根据整车实时需求功率和电池包 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 状态,切换增程器与电池包的功率耦合方式, 实现了能耗的实时优化。经过仿真验证, 得出以下结论。
1)双模 EMS 兼顾了 ECMS 的最小能耗特性和增程器最优效率特性, 提升了发动机在不同作业需求下的能耗利用率。
2)双模 EMS 在长时作业模式下,节油效果比规则策略和 ECMS 更明显, 为串联式混合动力矿卡的能耗在线优化调节提供了一种新的解决途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(62103415)
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2024年第14卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.10
  • 接收时间:2023-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-12
  • 修回日期:2023-09-04
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国家自然科学基金青年项目(62103415)
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    1 江苏汇智高端工程机械创新中心有限公司 徐州 221000
    2 中国矿业大学 材料与物理学院 徐州 221116
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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