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Taking a fuel cell electric light truck as the research object, a simulation model of the power system was built using Matlab/Simulink, in order to improve the economic efficiency and durability of the fuel cell system through the optimization of its energy management strategy. Based on the foundational fuzzy control, an improved fuzzy control strategy was developed to restrict the rate of change in the fuel cell output power. The performance of this strategy was compared with the finite state machine control strategy and the original fuzzy control to validate the simulation. The simulation results show that, under the NEDC and UDDS cycle conditions, the hydrogen consumption of the improved fuzzy control strategy is reduced by 5.65% and 8.29% respectively compared to the original strategy. Compared with the finite state machine control strategy, the improved fuzzy control strategy yields a reduction in hydrogen consumption by 16.63% and 10.64% with smaller fluctuations in the fuel cell output power, which results in a more stable performance and enhanced economic efficiency and durability of the fuel cell system.

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以某款燃料电池电动轻型卡车作为研究对象,以提高燃料电池系统的经济性和耐久性为目的,利用Matlab/Simulink搭建了燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统仿真模型,对其能量管理策略进行优化。在原模糊控制策略的基础上进行改进,对燃料电池输出功率变化率进行约束,制定了一种改进后的模糊控制策略。将改进后的模糊控制策略与有限状态机控制策略和原模糊控制策略进行对比仿真验证。结果表明,在NEDC和UDDS循环工况下,改进后的模糊控制策略比原模糊控制策略氢耗量分别减少5.65%和8.29%;与有限状态机控制策略相比,改进后的模糊控制策略的氢耗量分别减少16.63%和10.64%,并且改进后的模糊控制策略的燃料电池输出功率波动幅度更小,变化更加稳定,提高了燃料电池系统的经济性和耐久性。

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赵国强(1998-),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统设计及能量管理。Tel: 19958860278 E-mail:

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赵国强(1998-),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统设计及能量管理。Tel: 19958860278 E-mail:

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赵国强(1998-),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统设计及能量管理。Tel: 19958860278 E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on Power Adaptation and Coordinated Control of AUV Fuel Storage Hybrid Battery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153824303154974878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=30, authorNames=LI Wenguang, FENG Guosheng, JIA Sumei, journalName=Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Wenguang, FENG Guosheng, JIA Sumei. Research on Multi-Energy Management System of Fuel Cell Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Control[J]. 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Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Rule Learning[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2021. 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参数
整备质量/kg 1 445
满载质量/kg 3 200
轴距/m 3.35
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.932
空气阻力系数 0.453
主减速比 11.241
轮胎滚动半径/m 0.316
滚动摩擦因数 0.012
传动效率 0.95
最大爬坡度/% 30
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 120
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参数
整备质量/kg 1 445
满载质量/kg 3 200
轴距/m 3.35
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.932
空气阻力系数 0.453
主减速比 11.241
轮胎滚动半径/m 0.316
滚动摩擦因数 0.012
传动效率 0.95
最大爬坡度/% 30
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 120
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参数 值/种类
燃料电池种类 质子交换膜燃料电池
峰值功率/kW 30
怠速功率/kW 2
储氢罐容积/L 200
储氢罐压力/MPa 35
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参数 值/种类
燃料电池种类 质子交换膜燃料电池
峰值功率/kW 30
怠速功率/kW 2
储氢罐容积/L 200
储氢罐压力/MPa 35
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参数 值/种类
动力电池种类 磷酸铁锂蓄电池
电池组容量/Ah 42
电池组电压/V 350
电池组能量/kWh 13
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参数 值/种类
动力电池种类 磷酸铁锂蓄电池
电池组容量/Ah 42
电池组电压/V 350
电池组能量/kWh 13
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300353179747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/种类
电机种类 永磁同步电机
峰值功率/kW 80
额定功率/kW 40
额定转矩/Nm 120
峰值转矩/Nm 280
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300420288612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=电机参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/种类
电机种类 永磁同步电机
峰值功率/kW 80
额定功率/kW 40
额定转矩/Nm 120
峰值转矩/Nm 280
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L M H
L SOC M H H H M
M M M
H L L
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300558700646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=模糊控制器的规则, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L M H
L SOC M H H H M
M M M
H L L
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300634198119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC终值/% 耗氢量/g
有限状态机控制 66.40 129.99
模糊控制 66.75 114.85
改进后的模糊控制 67.44 108.36
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300705501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=NEDC 工况下的性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC终值/% 耗氢量/g
有限状态机控制 66.40 129.99
模糊控制 66.75 114.85
改进后的模糊控制 67.44 108.36
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300772610153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC终值/% 耗氢量/g
有限状态机控制 67.70 147.89
模糊控制 68.16 144.10
改进后的模糊控制 68.20 132.15
), ArticleFig(id=1153824300843913322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824230522212647, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=UDDS 工况下的性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC终值/% 耗氢量/g
有限状态机控制 67.70 147.89
模糊控制 68.16 144.10
改进后的模糊控制 68.20 132.15
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基于模糊控制的燃料电池电动轻卡能量管理策略研究
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赵国强 1, 2 , 田韶鹏 1, 2 , 肖哲 1, 2 , 杨灿 1, 2
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 723-732
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 723-732
基于模糊控制的燃料电池电动轻卡能量管理策略研究
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赵国强1, 2 , 田韶鹏1, 2, 肖哲1, 2, 杨灿1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室佛山分中心 佛山仙湖实验室 佛山 528200
  • 2 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 赵国强(1998-),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统设计及能量管理。Tel: 19958860278 E-mail:

Research on Fuzzy Control-Based Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Electric Light Trucks
Guoqiang ZHAO1, 2 , Shaopeng TIAN1, 2, Zhe XIAO1, 2, Can YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Foshan Xianhu Laboratory Foshan Sub-Center of Guangdong Laboratory of Advanced Energy Science and Technology Foshan 528200 China
  • 2 School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.16
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以某款燃料电池电动轻型卡车作为研究对象,以提高燃料电池系统的经济性和耐久性为目的,利用Matlab/Simulink搭建了燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统仿真模型,对其能量管理策略进行优化。在原模糊控制策略的基础上进行改进,对燃料电池输出功率变化率进行约束,制定了一种改进后的模糊控制策略。将改进后的模糊控制策略与有限状态机控制策略和原模糊控制策略进行对比仿真验证。结果表明,在NEDC和UDDS循环工况下,改进后的模糊控制策略比原模糊控制策略氢耗量分别减少5.65%和8.29%;与有限状态机控制策略相比,改进后的模糊控制策略的氢耗量分别减少16.63%和10.64%,并且改进后的模糊控制策略的燃料电池输出功率波动幅度更小,变化更加稳定,提高了燃料电池系统的经济性和耐久性。

燃料电池电动轻卡  /  能量管理  /  经济性  /  模糊控制

Taking a fuel cell electric light truck as the research object, a simulation model of the power system was built using Matlab/Simulink, in order to improve the economic efficiency and durability of the fuel cell system through the optimization of its energy management strategy. Based on the foundational fuzzy control, an improved fuzzy control strategy was developed to restrict the rate of change in the fuel cell output power. The performance of this strategy was compared with the finite state machine control strategy and the original fuzzy control to validate the simulation. The simulation results show that, under the NEDC and UDDS cycle conditions, the hydrogen consumption of the improved fuzzy control strategy is reduced by 5.65% and 8.29% respectively compared to the original strategy. Compared with the finite state machine control strategy, the improved fuzzy control strategy yields a reduction in hydrogen consumption by 16.63% and 10.64% with smaller fluctuations in the fuel cell output power, which results in a more stable performance and enhanced economic efficiency and durability of the fuel cell system.

fuel cell electric light truck  /  energy management  /  economy  /  fuzzy control
赵国强, 田韶鹏, 肖哲, 杨灿. 基于模糊控制的燃料电池电动轻卡能量管理策略研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 723 -732 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.16
Guoqiang ZHAO, Shaopeng TIAN, Zhe XIAO, Can YANG. Research on Fuzzy Control-Based Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Electric Light Trucks[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 723 -732 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.16
作为传统燃油汽车的一种改进方案, 新能源汽车技术得到了广泛的发展。纯电动汽车由于续驶里程短、充电难等问题,发展受限;燃料电池电动汽车由于具有效率高、产物无污染、加氢速度快、续驶里程长等特点, 逐渐成为研究的热点。
由于单个燃料电池能量密度低,动态响应较慢, 无法进行制动能量的回收, 所以燃料电池+动力电池同时作为动力源可以弥补这些缺点。因此, 在两个动力源之间合理地分配整车需求功率, 是提高整车动力性和燃料经济性的关键。燃料电池汽车能量管理策略一般分为基于规则的控制策略、基于预测的控制策略等。基于规则的控制策略逻辑简单, 比较容易实现; 基于预测的控制策略可以实现对未来某时刻需求功率的预测, 从而实现能量优化分配 [ 1 ] 。吴澈等 [ 2 ] 研究了功率跟随控制策略,发现其与开关控制策略相比,功率跟随控制策略更加普遍适用于实际行驶工况, 但是燃料电池的耐久性却得不到保障。张梦等 [ 3 ] 提出并验证了模糊控制策略,实现了在燃料电池和动力电池之间的较优功率分配, 但是车辆可能存在频繁启停、变载的问题。CHEN Hao 等 [ 4 ] 提出了一种基于预测的控制策略, 设计了新的二次规划求解器, 使改进的 MPC 具有实时性, 也使车辆耗氢量进一步降低, 但优化过程实现难度较大, 难以用于实际开发。
基于此, 本文以一款燃料电池电动轻型卡车 (以下简称 “轻卡” )作为研究对象,基于 Matlab/ Simulink 搭建了燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统模型, 研究了有限状态机控制策略和模糊控制策略, 并且制定了改进后的模糊控制策略, 在 NEDC 和 UDDS 循环工况下进行仿真分析, 仿真结果验证了改进后的模糊控制策略可以进一步提高轻卡的行驶经济性和耐久性, 减少燃料电池频繁变载, 为后续开发出适合燃料电池电动轻卡的能量管理策略提供了一定的参考。
燃料电池电动轻卡的动力系统由燃料电池系统、动力电池、驱动电机和传动系统等共同组成, 如 图 1 所示。燃料电池和动力电池可以同时作为动力源, 为驱动电机提供动力驱动车辆, 并且燃料电池也可以通过 $\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器为动力电池充电,在车辆进行制动的时候, 动力电池还能进行制动能量的回收。
其中, 要根据整车参数来选择燃料电池、动力电池、驱动电机的参数, 整车参数见 表 1
燃料电池系统是燃料电池电动轻卡重要的动力来源之一, 燃料电池电堆的性能取决于不同温度下燃料电池输出电流和电压的关系, 燃料电池的电压与电流密度的关系称为极化曲线 [ 5 ] ,可以表示为:
$ {E}_{\mathrm{{Ner}}} = - \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{f},1}}{2F} + \frac{R{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}{2F}\ln \left( \frac{{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}}{{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} * {p}_{{\mathrm{o}}_{2}}{}^{0.5}}\right) 。 $
$ {U}_{\mathrm{{act}}} = - \frac{R{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}{2\alpha F}\lg \frac{i}{{i}_{0}}。 $
$ {U}_{\text{ohm }} = - i{A}_{0} \cdot {R}_{0} \circ $
$ {U}_{\text{con }} = {\alpha }_{1}{i}^{k}\ln \left( {1 - \frac{i}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}}}\right) 。 $
$ U = {E}_{\text{Ner }} + {U}_{\text{act }} + {U}_{\text{ohmic }} + {U}_{\text{con }}。 $
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{Ner}}}$ 为能斯特输出电压值; ${G}_{\mathrm{f},1}$ 为液态吉布斯常数; $F$ 为法拉第常数; $R$ 为理想气体常数; ${T}_{\mathrm{K}}$ 为热力学温度; ${p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\text{、}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\text{、}{p}_{{\mathrm{o}}_{2}}$ 依次为水、氢气、氧气介质的压力; ${U}_{\text{act }}$ 为燃料电池活化极化损失; $\alpha$ 为转化因子; $i$ 为当前电流仿真密度; ${i}_{0}$ 为反应过程中交换的电流密度; ${U}_{\mathrm{{ohm}}}$ 为欧姆极化损失; ${A}_{0}$ 为单位活化面积; ${R}_{0}$ 为单位活化面积内阻; ${U}_{\mathrm{{con}}}$ 为浓度极化损失; ${\alpha }_{1}$ 为电流放大常数; $k$ 为质量传输常数; ${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为电流密度极限值; $U$ 为燃料电池实际输出电压。
燃料电池的极化曲线和效率曲线如 图 2图 3 所示。
燃料电池系统各项参数见 表 2
在燃料电池电动轻卡中, 动力电池主要有为汽车行驶提供能量, 在汽车制动时储存制动能量的作用。本文所采用的 Rint 等效电路模型的基本原理如式(6)~(7)所示 [ 6 ]
$ {U}_{\text{bat }} = {U}_{\text{bus }} = n\left( {{U}_{\text{ocv }} - {I}_{\text{bat }}{R}_{\text{bat }}}\right) 。 $
$ {x}_{\mathrm{{soc}}}\left( t\right) = {x}_{\mathrm{{soc}}}\left( 0\right) - \frac{{\int }_{0}^{t}{I}_{\mathrm{{bat}}}\mathrm{d}t}{3600Q}。 $
式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{{soc}}}\left( 0\right)$ 为蓄电池初始值; ${x}_{\mathrm{{soc}}}\left( t\right)$ 为蓄电池 $t$ 时刻的荷电状态; $Q$ 为额定电容量; ${U}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}$ 为电池的开路电压; ${R}_{\mathrm{{bat}}}$ 是电池的总内阻; ${U}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}$ 是总线电压; ${I}_{\mathrm{{bat}}}$ 为电池电流; $n$ 为单体电池个数。
动力电池参数见 表 3
等效电路如 图 4 所示。
电机驱动系统是燃料电池电动轻卡最关键的系统, 它的任务是在驾驶员的控制下, 高效率地将动力电池能量转化为车轮的动能, 或者将车轮上的动能反馈到电池中 [ 7 ] 。电机转矩、转速和功率之间的关系为:
$ P = \frac{n \times T}{9550}\text{。} $
式中: $P$ 为电机功率; $n$ 为电机转速; $T$ 为电机转矩。
电机参数见 表 4
电机效率分布如 图 5 所示。
利用Matlab/Simulink 搭建的燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统如 图 6 所示, 动力系统主要包括燃料电池电堆、动力电池、电机、DC/DC转换器等。
能量管理主要是为了维持电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 值,减少对燃料电池使用寿命不利的情况, 提高燃料电池电动轻卡的经济性。合理的能量管理策略可以实现能量的最优分配, 充分发挥各动力源的优势。因此, 本研究基于有限状态机控制策略和模糊控制策略, 制定了改进后的模糊控制策略, 以此来找到更加适合燃料电池电动轻卡的能量管理控制策略。
有限状态机控制策略又被称为逻辑门限控制策略,其基本原理 [ 10 ] 是: 负载所需功率以及动力电池 SOC 状态来确定燃料电池系统的不同输出功率, 以此来提高动力电池的工作效率。本文根据燃料电池电动轻卡的实际运行工况, 搭建了有限状态机控制模型,如 图 7 所示。
在有限状态机能量管理控制策略中, 根据燃料电池电动轻卡实际运行工况设置了有限状态机控制策略的限制条件, 具体参数包括: 燃料电池系统的峰值输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}\max }$ 、怠速输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}\min }$ 、高效率的输出功率 ${P}_{\text{fcopt }}$ ,动力电池的峰值输出功率 ${P}_{\text{battmax }}$ , 动力电池的 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的上限 ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 和下限 ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$ ,根据所需功率的大小, 将其分为 3 个状态, 具体控制规则 [ 11 ] 如下。
1)当需求功率 ${P}_{\text{req }} < 0$ 时,车辆处于减速制动状态。如果此时 $\mathrm{{SOC}} > {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ ,为了保护燃料电池和动力电池,二者均停止工作; 如果 ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min } \leq$ $\mathrm{{SOC}} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ ,此时燃料电池停止工作,制动能量储存在动力电池中, 电池处于充电模式; 如果 $\mathrm{{SOC}} < {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$ ,此时燃料电池会输出最大功率,除了提供车辆行驶所需的功率外, 多出的能量还可以为动力电池充电。
2)当 ${P}_{\text{req }} > {P}_{\text{fcmax }}$ 时,光靠燃料电池输出的最大功率已经不能满足车辆行驶过程所需功率, 剩余功率靠动力电池提供。
3)当 ${P}_{\text{req }} < {P}_{\text{fcmax }}$ 时,如果 $\mathrm{{SOC}} > {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ ,燃料电池停止工作, 动力电池独自提供所需功率; 如果 ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{nor }} \leq \mathrm{{SOC}} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ ,燃料电池输出最小功率,剩余功率由动力电池提供; 如果此时 ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min } \leq$ $\mathrm{{SOC}} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{nor }}$ ,燃料电池高效率运行,多余功率由动力电池提供; 如果此时 $\mathrm{{SOC}} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$ ,动力电池停止工作, 燃料电池单独工作, 独自提供整车所需的功率。
模糊控制是以专家的研究经验为前提, 以模糊控制理论为基础的控制方法, 具有以下优点: 控制方法通俗易懂, 接近于人类的逻辑思维; 鲁棒性相比于其他控制策略更强。模糊控制器主要包括模糊化过程、知识库、模糊推理决策逻辑过程和精确化过程等 4 个过程 [ 12 ] ,其主要原理如 图 8 所示。
1) 变量和输出变量设计
本模糊控制器的输入变量为系统需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 和动力电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 值,根据计算和控制需求,系统需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 的论域范围为 $\left\lbrack {0,{40}}\right\rbrack ,\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,{100}}\right\rbrack$ 。输出变量为燃料电池系统输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ , 其论域为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$
2) 输入变量和输出变量的模糊分布
系统需求功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 的模糊子集设置为 $\{ \mathrm{L},\mathrm{M}$ , $\mathrm{H}\}$ ,其意义为小值、中值、大值, $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的模糊子集设置为 $\{ \mathrm{L},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{H}\}$ ,其意义为小值、中值、大值,燃料电池系统输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 的模糊子集设置为 $\{ \mathrm{L},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{H}\}$ ,其意义为小值、中值、大值,采用 trimf 函数与 trapmf 函数相结合的方法 [ 13 ] 设置变量的隶属函数,则输入输出变量的模糊分布如 图 9 ~11 所示。
模糊规则的制定如下 [ 14 ]
1)当 SOC 值低于某一门限值的时候, 燃料电池系统应该输出较大功率, 在为燃料电池电动轻卡行驶提供所需功率的同时, 多余功率则为动力电池充电。
2)当 SOC 值高于某一门限值时, 燃料电池怠速运行或者不运行, 动力电池作为主要的动力输出源。
3)当$\mathrm{{SOC}}$值处于规定的区间时,要根据实际行驶所需功率, 来确定燃料电池系统运行情况, 以此实现动力电池 SOC 值变化较小的目的。
4)尽量减少燃料电池的启停次数。
基于以上规则所制定的模糊控制器的规则见 表 5
由于传统的模糊控制主要依赖专家经验, 导致系统的控制精度低,细节不可控,可能会使轻卡的车载燃料电池出现功率波动范围大、大幅变载情况, 动力电池可能会存在 SOC 波动较大、调节迟滞等缺点。为了进一步提高燃料电池系统的经济性和耐久性, 减少燃料电池输出功率波动, 本文对传统的模糊控制能量管理策略进行改进, 提出一种新的模糊能量管理策略, 根据控制过程的实际需求进行优化。
1)由于燃料电池输出功率波动幅度大,不利于燃料电池的使用寿命 [ 15 ] ,所以需要对燃料电池的输出功率进行限制,即对模糊控制器的输出 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 进行限制。控制思路如 图 12 所示。
其中, $K$ 为所设置的燃料电池输出功率最大变化率 $\left( {\mathrm{{kW}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ ,当 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 需求变化率大于 $K$ 时, ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 以速率 $K$ 增加至实际所需功率。
2)当动力电池 SOC 较高且轻卡需求功率较低时,燃料电池输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 很低,为了避免燃料电池的频繁启停, 空调等电气附件需求功率都由燃料电池提供。
结合实车参数, 本文在 Matlab/Simulink 软件中搭建动力系统仿真模型, 其中包括燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统模型与能量管理控制策略模型。以 NEDC 工况和 UDDS 工况作为测试工况 [ 16 ] ,来验证所提出的改进的模糊控制策略的正确性和有效性, 仿真结果如下。
NEDC 工况总路程为 ${10.93}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,总持续时间为 ${1184}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,最高车速为 ${120}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 。UDDS 工况总路程 [ 17 ] ${11.99}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,总持续时间为 ${1369}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,最高车速是 ${91.2}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$图 13图 14 分别为在 NEDC 和 UDDS 工况下, 3 种不同的能量管理控制策略下的工况跟随曲线。
由图可知, 几种能量管理策略均能实现较好的工况跟随。
SOC 是动力电池十分重要的一个状态, SOC 过高或过低都会影响动力电池的输出效率, 能量管理策略的目的是将电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 值维持在一定的范围内, 图 15 ~16 分别为经过 NEDC 工况和 UDDS 工况后, 动力电池 SOC 值的变化情况。
由图可知,在动力电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 初始值为 ${70}\%$ 的前提下,在 NEDC 循环工况的 ${800} \sim {1100}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时间段、 UDDS循环工况的 ${200} \sim {400}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时间段,由于整车的需求变化频繁,加上燃料电池系统的动态响应特性较差, 由动力电池提供大部分的需求功率, SOC 呈现一直下降趋势。在 NEDC、UDDS 循环工况下, SOC 变化率分别在 5%、3% 以内, 动力电池始终工作在高效区。
燃料电池的频繁启停、功率波动过大会导致其寿命和性能加速衰退, 因此, 合理的能量管理策略要避免燃料电池的频繁启停和较大的功率变化。 图 17图 18 分别为燃料电池输出功率在 NEDC循环工况和 UDDS 循环工况下的变化情况。 由图可知, 基于有限状态机控制策略, 燃料电池系统的输出功率变化幅度较大, 影响燃料电池的使用寿命,不利于燃料电池的耐久性 [ 18 ] 。在改进后的模糊控制策略下, 燃料电池系统的输出功率变化幅度较小,输出较平缓。此时燃料电池在启动后的大部分时间内, 能在怠速功率和额定功率之间运行, 并且在需求功率较低的工况下, 燃料电池能以略高于怠速功率的状态稳定工作,燃料电池工作在高效区间内 [ 19 ]
图 19图 20 分别为燃料电池系统在 NEDC 循环工况和 UDDS 循环工况下的耗氢量。由图可知, 在一个完整的 NEDC 循环工况,运行 ${1200}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,基于有限状态机控制策略、模糊控制策略、改进后的模糊控制策略耗氢量分别为 ${129.99}\mathrm{\;g}$${114.85}\mathrm{\;g}$${108.36}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,改进后的模糊控制策略较之前的耗氢量减少了 6.49 g;UDDS 循环工况运行 ${1369}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,基于有限状态机控制策略、模糊控制策略、改进后的模糊控制策略耗氢量分别为 ${147.89}\mathrm{\;g}$${144.10}\mathrm{\;g}$${132.15}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,改进后的模糊控制策略较之前的耗氢量减少了11.95 g。
NEDC、UDDS 循环工况下不同控制策略的性能对比见 表 5表 6
表 5表 6 可知, 在同样一个循环工况下, 改进后的模糊控制策略的耗氢量最低, 改进前的模糊控制策略次之, 有限状态机控制策略耗氢量最高。NEDC、UDDS循环工况下,改进后的模糊控制策略的 SOC 值比改进前的模糊控制策略分别高 0.69%、0.04%,验证了改进后的模糊控制策略能在一定程度上提高车辆的经济性。
本文以某燃料电池电动轻卡为研究对象, 基于 Matlab/Simulink 建立了燃料电池电动轻卡的动力系统仿真模型, 对其能量管理控制策略展开研究, 得出以下结论 [ 20 ]
1)建立了燃料电池电动轻卡动力系统模型, 用于对能量管理策略进行验证。
2)分别基于有限状态机控制方法、基于模糊控制方法建立了能量管理策略, 为了提高燃料电池经济性与耐久性, 减少燃料电池输出功率波动幅度, 在原来模糊控制策略的基础上, 对燃料电池输出功率变化率进行限制, 提出了一种改进后的模糊控制策略。
3)在 NEDC 和 UDDS 两种循环工况下, 对基于有限状态机控制策略、模糊控制策略以及改进后的模糊控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明, 与有限状态机控制策略相比, 模糊控制策略在 NEDC 和 UDDS 工况循环下分别减少氢耗量 11.64% 和 2.56%, 改进后的模糊控制策略分别减少氢耗量 16.63% 和 10.64%,提升了燃料电池经济性。
4)在 NEDC 和 UDDS 两种循环工况下,相较于有限状态机控制策略和模糊控制策略, 在改进后的模糊控制策略下,燃料电池的输出功率变化最小, 输出最平缓, 可以有效提高燃料电池经济性和耐久性, 为后续研发适合燃料电池电动轻卡的能量管理策略提供了一定的参考。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.16
  • 接收时间:2022-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-01
  • 修回日期:2022-04-13
基金
多能源线控移动出行平台物理架构研究与集成开发(XHD2020-003)
作者信息
    1 先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室佛山分中心 佛山仙湖实验室 佛山 528200
    2 武汉理工大学 汽车工程学院 武汉 430070
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.16
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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