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The paper examines the door sealing cavities near the B-pillar, C-pillar and the top of the tailgate of a SUV. The geometric features of these cavities are extracted and represented using three equivalent regular cavity models. The experimental studies on the sound phenomena and formation mechanism of these cavities were carried out in a small acoustic wind tunnel. The results indicate that the three cavities exhibit two different sound phenomena, i.e. strong resonance and weak resonance. Further numerical simulations are performed to analyze the acoustic characteristics of the cavities. The results show that self-excited oscillations are difficult to form in the small opening cavities, such as those near the B-pillar and C-pillar. Instead, pulsating excitation at the opening induces weak resonance in the cavity mode. In contrast, the cavities with wider openings near the tailgate can form self-excited oscillations, which resonate with cavity acoustic modes or Helmholtz resonance modes to produce strong resonance with whistling noise. The differences in phenomena and mechanisms between automobile door sealed cavities and large cavities are revealed. A method for determining the frequency of self-excited oscillations is proposed by characterizing the vortex motion in the Q-factor cloud diagram. Additionally, the contribution of self-excited oscillations to the peak values in the cavity sound pressure spectrum is clearly explained, while effectively defining their frequency.

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针对某SUV车的B柱、C柱和尾门顶部的车门密封空腔,抽取其典型几何特征等效为3种规则的空腔模型,在小型声学风洞中开展了这些空腔发声特征和形成机理试验研究。研究发现,3种空腔呈现了强共振和弱共振两种不同的声现象,进一步对该空腔声特征开展数值仿真计算。结果表明,B、C柱的小开口空腔难以形成自激振荡激励,开口处的脉动激励激发空腔模态产生弱共振;而尾门较宽的开口,可形成自激振荡,与空腔声模态或赫姆霍兹共振模态发生强共振,产生啸叫。揭示了汽车门密封空腔与大空腔在现象和机理上不同的原因,通过Q因子云图中的涡运动特征提出自激振荡频率确定方法,在有效定义自激振荡频率的同时,清晰阐明空腔声频谱中自激振荡对峰值贡献的原因。

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王毅刚(1964-),男,陕西蓝田人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车气动噪声分析、测试与控制。 E-mail:

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王毅刚(1964-),男,陕西蓝田人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车气动噪声分析、测试与控制。 E-mail:

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王毅刚(1964-),男,陕西蓝田人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车气动噪声分析、测试与控制。 E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=空腔), Keyword(id=1175545751666049553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=自激振荡), Keyword(id=1175545751728964114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=空腔声共振), Keyword(id=1175545751791878675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=风洞试验)], refs=[Reference(id=1175545753981305391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1964, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=ROSSITER J E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ROSSITER J E.Wind Tunnel Experiments on the Flow over Rectangular Cavities at Subsonic and Transonic 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峰值阶次 第1阶 第2阶 第3阶 第4阶 第5阶 第6阶
50 km/h峰值频率/Hz 457 902 1 347 1 781 1 957 2 214
Δf式(2) 445 445 434
100 km/h峰值频率/Hz 574 972 1 792 1 804 1 957 2 214
Δf式(2) 398 820
共振频率f/Hz[式(3) 850 965 1 582, 1 700, 2 125, 2 239, 2 2822 289
1 056
1 292
赫姆霍兹共振频率/Hz[式(4) 432
), ArticleFig(id=1175545753444434475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

尾门空腔试验峰值频率及公式计算频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值阶次 第1阶 第2阶 第3阶 第4阶 第5阶 第6阶
50 km/h峰值频率/Hz 457 902 1 347 1 781 1 957 2 214
Δf式(2) 445 445 434
100 km/h峰值频率/Hz 574 972 1 792 1 804 1 957 2 214
Δf式(2) 398 820
共振频率f/Hz[式(3) 850 965 1 582, 1 700, 2 125, 2 239, 2 2822 289
1 056
1 292
赫姆霍兹共振频率/Hz[式(4) 432
), ArticleFig(id=1175545753519931948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值阶次 第1阶 第2阶 第3阶 第4阶
50 km/h峰值频率/Hz 621 1 875 2 613 3 527
100 km/h峰值频率/Hz 644 1 875 2 613 3 527
共振频率f/Hz[式(3) 850

1 527

1 700

2 125

2 263

2 289

2 503

2 550

2 872

3 018

3 253

3 400

赫姆霍兹共振频率/Hz[式(4) 559
), ArticleFig(id=1175545753633178157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756968993940266, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

B柱空腔试验峰值频率及公式计算频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值阶次 第1阶 第2阶 第3阶 第4阶
50 km/h峰值频率/Hz 621 1 875 2 613 3 527
100 km/h峰值频率/Hz 644 1 875 2 613 3 527
共振频率f/Hz[式(3) 850

1 527

1 700

2 125

2 263

2 289

2 503

2 550

2 872

3 018

3 253

3 400

赫姆霍兹共振频率/Hz[式(4) 559
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某SUV车门密封空腔流激发声特征试验与仿真分析
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王毅刚 1, 3 , 彭紫宁 1, 3 , 张斌瑜 1, 2 , 张昊 1, 3
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025,15(2): 253-262
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汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025, 15(2): 253-262
某SUV车门密封空腔流激发声特征试验与仿真分析
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王毅刚1, 3 , 彭紫宁1, 3, 张斌瑜1, 2, 张昊1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学 汽车学院,上海 201804
  • 2 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 510000
  • 3 上海市地面交通工具空气动力学与热环境模拟重点实验室,上海 201804
  • 王毅刚(1964-),男,陕西蓝田人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车气动噪声分析、测试与控制。 E-mail:

Experimental and Simulation Study on Flow-Excited Acoustic Characteristics of SUV Door Seal Cavities
Yigang WANG1, 3 , Zining PENG1, 3, Binyu ZHANG1, 2, Hao ZHANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 201804,China
  • 2 GAC Automotive Research & Development Center,Guangzhou 510000,China
  • 3 Shanghai Key Lab of Vehicle Aerodynamics and Vehicle Thermal Management Systems,Shanghai 201804,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.13
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针对某SUV车的B柱、C柱和尾门顶部的车门密封空腔,抽取其典型几何特征等效为3种规则的空腔模型,在小型声学风洞中开展了这些空腔发声特征和形成机理试验研究。研究发现,3种空腔呈现了强共振和弱共振两种不同的声现象,进一步对该空腔声特征开展数值仿真计算。结果表明,B、C柱的小开口空腔难以形成自激振荡激励,开口处的脉动激励激发空腔模态产生弱共振;而尾门较宽的开口,可形成自激振荡,与空腔声模态或赫姆霍兹共振模态发生强共振,产生啸叫。揭示了汽车门密封空腔与大空腔在现象和机理上不同的原因,通过Q因子云图中的涡运动特征提出自激振荡频率确定方法,在有效定义自激振荡频率的同时,清晰阐明空腔声频谱中自激振荡对峰值贡献的原因。

车门密封系统  /  空腔  /  自激振荡  /  空腔声共振  /  风洞试验

The paper examines the door sealing cavities near the B-pillar, C-pillar and the top of the tailgate of a SUV. The geometric features of these cavities are extracted and represented using three equivalent regular cavity models. The experimental studies on the sound phenomena and formation mechanism of these cavities were carried out in a small acoustic wind tunnel. The results indicate that the three cavities exhibit two different sound phenomena, i.e. strong resonance and weak resonance. Further numerical simulations are performed to analyze the acoustic characteristics of the cavities. The results show that self-excited oscillations are difficult to form in the small opening cavities, such as those near the B-pillar and C-pillar. Instead, pulsating excitation at the opening induces weak resonance in the cavity mode. In contrast, the cavities with wider openings near the tailgate can form self-excited oscillations, which resonate with cavity acoustic modes or Helmholtz resonance modes to produce strong resonance with whistling noise. The differences in phenomena and mechanisms between automobile door sealed cavities and large cavities are revealed. A method for determining the frequency of self-excited oscillations is proposed by characterizing the vortex motion in the Q-factor cloud diagram. Additionally, the contribution of self-excited oscillations to the peak values in the cavity sound pressure spectrum is clearly explained, while effectively defining their frequency.

door sealing system  /  cavity  /  self-excitation oscillation  /  cavity sound resonance  /  wind tunnel test
王毅刚, 彭紫宁, 张斌瑜, 张昊. 某SUV车门密封空腔流激发声特征试验与仿真分析. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (2) : 253 -262 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.13
Yigang WANG, Zining PENG, Binyu ZHANG, Hao ZHANG. Experimental and Simulation Study on Flow-Excited Acoustic Characteristics of SUV Door Seal Cavities[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (2) : 253 -262 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.13
高速行驶汽车的气动噪声问题受到越来越多的关注,其中,汽车车门密封系统作为车外噪声向内传递的主要路径之一也受到了更多的关注。密封系统含有缝隙、空腔和密封条等结构,这些结构与气流产生耦合作用会导致空腔发声,严重时会出现啸叫,造成车内噪声出现峰值。因此,车门空腔结构在风激励下的流动现象和噪声问题受到了广泛的关注和研究。
对于空腔发声的研究,ROSSITER[1]通过试验提出了空腔振荡频率的半经验公式,揭示空腔发声的内在机理。后续学者的研究主要针对不同流动条件下的ROSSITER公式进行修正[2-7]。如EAST[8]通过对方形空腔进行的一系列试验发现,对于深腔在低马赫数下可能会出现空腔的前两阶ROSSITER模态之一,与空腔的深度模态产生锁定(lock-on)状态;ROCKWELL等[9]提出了ROSSITER模态、流体共振模态和流体弹性模态的概念,揭示了自激振荡、空腔声模态和结构模态共振是空腔发声的本质。上述研究都集中于开放式空腔,能反映空腔发声的一般特征和规律。而汽车上的空腔噪声较早的研究是天窗风振[10],后续逐渐拓展到后视镜、车门、行李架或其他支撑件上连接部位的缝隙或孔等的空腔噪声[11-14]。显然,这些空腔结构具有不同的结构特点,也会呈现不同的发声特征。车门密封空腔尺寸小,特别是缝隙尺寸仅有几毫米量级,空腔几何特征多样,结构多样(包含单道、双道密封),这些特点会呈现特有的空腔噪声特征[15-16]。HENDERSON[17]通过对汽车门空腔进行风洞试验,发现薄边界层更容易产生共振;FARKAS等[18]通过模拟计算发现,可压和不可压场计算出的自激振荡频率有很大差异;也有研究者对二维车门空腔流动和声源特征进行仿真计算,分析了自激振荡、边楞音和空腔深度模态关系,提出了赫姆霍兹共振在其中起作用,但没有明确流体激励和空腔以及赫姆霍兹共振腔之间的关系[19-20]。还有研究考虑了密封条弹性特征、流体非定常作用对空腔发声和声泄漏的影响[21-22]
可以看出,对汽车车门密封空腔声学问题研究较少,认为空腔发声机制仍遵循ROSSITER的自激振荡理论、声腔共振以及Helmholtz共振腔理论。对于上述车门具有复杂特征的密封结构,其发声现象和形成机理的具体特点研究还不足。在现有理论中,ROSSITER公式中的经验参数难以确定,声模态和Helmholtz共振频率计算公式的修正参数也难以获取准确值,导致对车门密封空腔的发声现象和机制难以阐明。因此对车门密封空腔噪声还有待进一步深入研究。
本文针对某SUV车辆在路试条件下发现车门密封空腔噪声对车内有一定噪声贡献的问题,聚焦车门B柱、C柱和尾门顶部的车门密封系统空腔,通过风洞试验和仿真计算手段,针对不同车门空腔的结构特征,研究其呈现的不同声现象特征和形成的机理,对认识车门密封空腔对车内噪声的影响机理提供重要依据。
为了研究车门密封空腔的声振特征,考虑到流体激励出现在门缝和第一道密封空腔位置,研究对靠近B柱、C柱旁的门缝以及尾门顶部门缝位置密封空腔结构进行提取;为便于识别声现象规律,将空腔结构等效为规则形状,密封条侧的壁面换为刚性面,形成全刚性面的空腔简化模型,开展空腔发声现象及其特性的试验研究,如图1所示。
试验模型选取在实车试验中出现噪声问题的B、C柱以及尾门的门密封系统,考虑到第2道密封研究较复杂,本研究从B柱、C柱和尾门空腔中仅抽取第1道密封或单道密封结构,在各密封系统对应位置选取截面,如图1所示。对实车不规则空腔的长度、宽度和高度进行测量,取其平均值确定研究空腔的长度、宽度和高度;保留其关键结构尺寸不变,如开口缝隙宽度和深度,几何特征相似,如B柱和C柱空腔为矩形、尾门空腔为变截面空腔,形成截面形状规则的简化空腔,如图2所示;展向长度根据试验台架尺寸定为200 mm。该结构开口缝隙不变,保证了流体和空腔相互作用的相近,空腔长度、宽度和高度取平均值,形状相似保证了空腔声模态特征的相近。
试验在自行研制的小型气动-声学风洞中进行。该风洞为开口直流式风洞,图3为风洞外观。喷口尺寸为0.38 m×0.38 m,试验段为1.8 m×2.0 m×2.5 m,喷口风速为100 km/h时背景噪声为66.5 dB(A)。
为了在空腔外实现均匀的来流条件,试验设计了曲面过渡段连接喷口下沿和带圆形孔洞的平板,圆孔位置安装待测空腔,下方为亚克力箱,箱内填充吸声材料,形成一消声箱,整体试验装置如图4所示,装置由上至下分别为:A缝隙盖板,B空腔,C过渡曲面,D消声箱。
待测空腔内布置一个丹麦B&K 4949表面传声器;消声箱内布置一个传声器,测量经过空腔的噪声;试验段正上方和侧上方外墙面上各安装一个传声器,以检测试验段的背景噪声,传声器均为丹麦GRAS1/2"自由场传声器。数采和分析设备采用德国HEAD Acoustics公司的SQLABIII多通道采集和分析系统。所有设备采样频率均为48 kHz。测点分布如图5所示。单个工况采样15 s,使用Artemis软件对采集的数据进行分析,分析频谱频率范围为20~20 000 Hz,分辨率为4.88 Hz。
为了解3个空腔的声特征,分别进行了50 km/h和100 km/h两个风速下的空腔噪声测量。图6为空腔内传声器测量的空腔内声响应频谱。
图6空腔试验结果可知,3个空腔的噪声频谱均出现了多个离散的峰值特征,且前两阶峰值较高,之后峰值随频率升高减小。
在不同速度下,B、C柱空腔频谱的第1阶峰值均具有一定的带宽,同时越向高频移动,峰值变得越尖锐,而随速度增加幅值都有一定的上升,从第2阶峰值以后,峰值频率不再随风速改变而变化。由于B、C柱空腔的现象一致,后续研究中将仅以B柱作为主要研究对象。
尾门在50 km/h风速下的峰值都较尖锐,且第1阶峰值的幅值极大,在试验过程中也听到了明显的啸叫声;而随着风速升高至100 km/h时,尾门空腔的最高峰值变为了第2阶峰值,其第1阶峰值仍存在但幅值明显减小,试验中同样听到了啸叫声,但响度有所减小。尾门空腔的啸叫和最大峰值频率的变化现象与B、C柱空腔有明显的不同,仅从试验结果还难以解释。
空腔发声现象的机理普遍认为是腔口的自激振荡与空腔模态的共振(包括赫姆霍兹共振)。据此可对试验结果进行初步分析。
ROSSITER[1]提出了自激振荡频率的计算式,如式(1)所示,可得两阶振荡频率之差如式(2)所示。
f n = U L n - γ M a + 1 / k
f n + 1 - f n = U L 1 M a + 1 / k    n = 1,2 , 3 ,   
式中:L为腔体的长度;n为剪切层模态的阶数;k为剪切层的对流速度和自由流速U之比;γ为相位延迟系数;Ma为来流马赫数。
式(3)为矩形空腔的共振频率计算式。
f ( n l , n w , n d ) = c 2 n l l 2 + n w w 2 + n d d ' 2  
式中:c为声速;lw d '分别为腔体的长度、宽度和有效深度;nd =1,3,5...、nlnw=0,1,2...分别为深度方向、长度方向和展长方向的模态数。d′式(4)式(5)计算。
d ' = d + 0.821 a 1 + ( 0.77 k a ) 2 1 + 0.77 k a - 1
式中:d为开口的等效半径;a为腔开口的等效直径;k为波数。
式(5)为赫姆霍兹共振腔的共振频率计算式。
f 0 = c 2 π s l e V c
式中:c为声速;S为空腔开口面积;le为空腔开口等效厚度;Vc为空腔体积。
l e = l + 8 a / 3 π + i
式中: l为空腔开口厚度;Δi为腔底面作为辐射面的修正长度(假设为刚性壁面,此项忽略)。
试验测量和根据现有理论公式得到的空腔各类频率见表12。可以看出,前3阶峰值频率随风速改变发生了变化,符合式(1)频率与风速相关的特性。且风速为50 km/h时,尾门前3阶频率之间的差值相同,为445 Hz,符合式(2)相邻阶次频率关系,认为具有自激振荡特征。其他峰值频率则在不同风速下基本保持不变,符合空腔模态的特性。尾门第1阶峰值与赫姆霍兹共振频率较接近,该高峰值应是由于自激振荡激励频率与空腔赫姆霍兹共振频率相近,而引发其空腔共振而形成,出现啸叫现象。
风速为100 km/h时,虽然未出现等差值峰值,但前两阶峰值明显随风速改变,推测其具有自激振荡特征。第2阶峰值频率与空腔模态频率相近,显然为自激振荡频率与空腔模态频率接近引发空腔共振而形成,但两者频率不完全吻合,因此虽形成共振但噪声幅值较低。
表2可知,B柱第1阶峰值随风速发生了变化,但难以判断是否出现了自激振荡。其他峰值频率不随风速改变,和式(3)表征的特性一致,因而认为是空腔声共振特性。显然,没有出现像尾门那样的自激振荡和空腔模态共振或赫姆霍兹共振,也就没有产生明显的啸叫现象(C柱空腔也有类似特征)。
上述分析表明,两种空腔的共振状态有所不同,尾门空腔出现高峰值时,其对应的自激振荡频率和空腔模态频率及赫姆霍兹共振频率较接近,共振较强,噪声大。B柱空腔中共振现象较弱,可能存在两种情况,一是激励频率远离模态频率,二是由于流体脉动激励有较宽的频率存在,可以激发空腔共振,出现峰值特征,但激励较小,峰值不高,也就不能产生啸叫现象。
显然,通过现有的理论公式可以对试验现象进行初步的分析,但由于公式含有经验参数难以确定,导致不能精确解释或不能解释试验中的多种空腔声响应现象和形成的原因,如B、C柱空腔是否存在明显的自激振荡;B、C柱空腔和尾门空腔出现明显的声响应强弱区别等。
以尾门空腔为例建立空腔模型。图7为仿真计算域,入口边界为速度入口,出口边界为压力出口,顶部边界为对称边界,其余边界均为无滑移壁面。仿真计算采用Star-CCM+商用软件,在Star-CCM+软件内划分网格,最终体网格数量约为2 700万个,空腔开口附近最小网格尺寸0.125 mm。首先采用SST k-w湍流模型进行定常流场的求解,作为非定常计算的初始条件,以此实现快速收敛。选用LES大涡模拟进行非定常计算,亚格子尺度模型选用WALE Subgrid Scale模型。首先进行大时间步长计算,让流场快速稳定,时间步长为5×10-4 s;最后进行小时间步长计算,时间步长为4×10-6 s。当流场稳定后,开始采集数据,一共采集5 000个时间步的数据。
图8为B柱空腔和尾门空腔腔内噪声的仿真计算和试验测量的频谱对比。可以看出,空腔的仿真计算对于空腔噪声峰值的频率预测有较高的准确率,差异约为30 Hz;无论是尾门空腔还是B柱空腔,很难对噪声峰值进行准确计算,其原因有待进一步探索。但仿真计算结果反映了一定的空腔噪声特征,趋势有一定的相似性,可以作为后续定性分析的依据。
图9为风速为50 km/h时,尾门空腔开口区域截取一段时间内的流场Q因子云图。以图9a作为起始,可见同时出现在空腔上方的涡旋共有A、B、C三组以及已接触空腔后沿的A’。经历18个时间步后如图9b所示,涡旋C运动至空腔后沿,时长0.000 72 s,对应频率1 389 Hz,和尾门空腔试验测量频谱中的第3阶峰值频率(1 347 Hz)对应;再经历17步后如图9c所示,涡旋B运动至空腔后沿,时长0.001 24 s,对应频率806 Hz,和尾门空腔试验测量频谱中的第2阶峰值频率(902 Hz)对应;再经历18个时间步后如图9c所示,涡旋A运动至缝隙后沿,时长为0.002 12 s,对应频率471 Hz,和尾门空腔试验测量频谱中的第1阶峰值频率(902 Hz)对应,图9c中的流场与图9a一致,形成一个完整的循环。由于仿真计算有一定的误差,计算频率和试验测试频率有一定的差异,但较接近。说明通过本方法可以揭示自激振荡频率的形成过程,获得自激振荡频率的确定方法。避免了现有研究中确定自激振荡频率不合理的情况,如认为自激振荡频率和空腔口位置的压力脉动频率相同[23]
图10分别为尾门和B柱空腔当风速为50 km/h时,开口位置的Q因子图。由图可知,尾门空腔开口区域有3个涡旋存在,对应3个自激振荡频率;而B柱空腔开口区域涡旋均从缝隙上方掠过,未形成有效碰撞,无周期性的激励过程,自激振荡频率不存在,即没有明显的自激振荡存在,只有流体和空腔口前后沿相互作用形成的宽频带压力脉动。尾门空腔开口宽度为8 mm,B柱空腔开口宽度为3 mm,在此风速下,出现了尾门空腔开口较宽会有多个涡旋形成,而B柱空腔开口宽度过小会使一个完整涡旋无法形成的现象,从而形成了两种不同的空腔开口流动激励机制。进一步分析,这种机制不仅和空腔宽度有关,也和流体速度等有关,有待进一步研究。
式(1)中,n可以取不同的整数,对应不同的自激振荡频率。由上述分析可知,在空腔结构,尤其是空腔开口宽度以及来流速度确定后,自激振荡现象中,空腔缝隙口上方出现的涡旋数量为定值,因此,自激振荡现象便存在最高阶限制nn值与缝隙口的涡旋数量相等,如图9a所示,图中缝隙口有3个涡旋,该空腔存在3阶自激振荡现象,其频谱中出现对应的3阶噪声峰值,其他高于此频率的噪声为非自激振荡引起。
对于B柱空腔,其缝隙宽为3 mm,由图10b的Q因子云图可知,B柱缝隙口处虽然存在涡旋,但均从缝隙上方掠过,未形成有效碰撞,不满足自激振荡形成的条件。根据试验数据也可看出,风速增加到100 km/h后,B柱频谱前两阶峰值的变化较小,因此可见空腔未产生稳定的自激振荡现象。尽管如此,腔口位置仍有流体的宽频带激励,但能量较小,它仍能激发空腔声模态共振,只是幅值较小。这就是B柱和C柱空腔在流体激励下频谱中出现峰值但幅值不大的原因,可称之为弱共振现象。
尾门空腔缝隙宽8 mm,由前面的分析可知,在50 km/h时,有明显的3个模态频率的自激振荡存在。图10为尾门空腔固有模态及其声压分布。显然,自激振荡频率对应了图11中的497 Hz模态,也是赫姆霍兹共振模态,在此频率下出现了强烈的共振现象,导致啸叫声。因为其他两个自激振荡模态没有激发出共振现象,所以幅值较小。而当风速上升至100 km/h时,自激振荡频率发生了变化,对应了图11中的1 002 Hz模态,同样出现了强烈的共振现象,导致大的啸叫声。这种情况可定义为强共振。频谱中其他较小的峰值,和B柱中的弱共振现象一致。
本研究以整车车门密封空腔为研究对象,利用模型风洞试验和仿真计算相结合的手段,明确了车门密封空腔噪声的具体特征及产生的内在机制,得出以下结论。
1)汽车车门空腔可能会出现像尾门空腔啸叫(强共振)和像B柱、C柱空腔非啸叫(弱共振)现象。强共振是风激流场振荡频率和空腔模态频率或赫姆霍兹共振频率相近激发腔声共振形成,而弱共振是流体宽频脉动激励空腔共振或自激振荡频率远离空腔模态频率激发空腔共振形成。
2)形成的自激振荡频率的确定方法,可以有效定义和解释空腔声频谱中的前3阶峰值形成的原因。
3)车门缝小尺寸开口不一定能完成一个涡的形成过程产生自激振荡,而大开口会呈现明显的、不同模态的自激振荡模式,成为空腔强共振的激励源,这是汽车门密封空腔与以往大空腔现象和机理上的不同之处。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目:电动汽车空气动力学关键技术联合研发与应用(2022YFE0208000)
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2025年第15卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.13
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
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国家重点研发计划项目:电动汽车空气动力学关键技术联合研发与应用(2022YFE0208000)
作者信息
    1 同济大学 汽车学院,上海 201804
    2 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 510000
    3 上海市地面交通工具空气动力学与热环境模拟重点实验室,上海 201804
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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