Article(id=1319955688181314283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955375944745964, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250371, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250371, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764345600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-29, revisedDate=1769529600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-28, acceptedDate=1769616000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineDate=1792631559652, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631559652, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631559652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631559652, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955375944745964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='250117', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631485210, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631485210, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250371, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955688399418092, articleId=1319955688181314283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research on information decoding of intensity images at different diffraction distances based on deep Learning, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

In the context of the information age, massive data growth has posed severe challenges to traditional storage technologies such as magnetic storage and hard disks, which are limited by low storage density, high energy consumption, and short service life, failing to meet the long-term and low-cost storage demands of large-scale datasets. Holographic data storage, as a promising optical storage technology with advantages of high density, long lifespan, and high speed, has become a key solution to address this bottleneck. Deep learning can be used to combine the holographic storage system to demodulate the complex amplitude information. This paper focuses on the correlation mechanism between the diffraction distance, diffraction intensity image, and deep learning decoding in the holographic storage system, and explores the differences in the representation of complex amplitude information by intensity images under different diffraction distances and the influence patterns on the deep learning model.

Methods

To achieve the research objectives, firstly, a theoretical analysis was conducted on the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance. The non-interference complex amplitude decoding holographic storage system was emphasized, and the optimal diffraction distance of 20 for the oversampling rate was explored under this system. A decoding framework based on deep learning was constructed, leveraging the powerful image feature extraction and mapping capabilities of the U-Net neural network. Intensity diffraction images corresponding to different diffraction distances were collected, which contained the implicit phase and amplitude information of the complex amplitude data pages. These intensity diffraction images were used to train the U-Net model to explore the intrinsic correlation between the diffraction distance and the feature description of the complex amplitude. Additionally, by adjusting the oversampling rate parameters, the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance was analyzed, and the symbol error rate (SER) decoding performance indicators were statistically compared under different experimental conditions to verify the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance.

Results and Discussions

Firstly, it clarifies the correlation rule between oversampling rate and diffraction distance: the higher the oversampling rate, the longer the diffraction distance required to obtain an intensity diffraction pattern with a specific contrast. This is because a higher oversampling rate leads to a more compact distribution of spectral information, thus requiring a longer diffraction distance to separate the complex amplitude features hidden in the intensity image. Secondly, under specific conditions (oversampling rate of 20 and diffraction distance of 1.4 millimeters), the complex amplitude features carried by the intensity diffraction pattern match highly with the feature extraction mechanism of the U-Net neural network. This matching effect improves the efficiency of feature mapping of phase and amplitude information during model training, and makes the SER approach 0 in the early stages of iteration, which is superior to the decoding performance under other diffraction distance conditions. Finally, the oversampling rates of 10 and 30 correspond to the optimal diffraction distances of 0.4 mm and 3.1 mm respectively, further verifying the correlation rule between oversampling rate and diffraction distance elucidated in this paper.

Conclusions

This paper focuses on the core correlations between the diffraction distance, intensity diffraction pattern, and the specific Unet deep neural network decoding in the holographic storage system. It particularly explores the intrinsic relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance, and conducts quantitative analysis on the optimal diffraction distance under specific parameter combinations. The correlation rule between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance is clarified: the higher the oversampling rate, the greater the diffraction distance required to obtain the specific contrast intensity diffraction pattern. This rule and the quantitative results of the optimal diffraction distance provide specific references for the selection of diffraction distance and parameter optimization in similar holographic storage systems, and lay the foundation for subsequent research on different encoding schemes and storage media.

, authors=Xueyan Chen1, Hongjie Liu1, Shujun Zheng1, Jinyu Wang1, Ruixian Chen1, Shenghui Ke1, Xinyi Yuan1, Dakui Lin2, Yi Yang2, Xiaodi Tan2, authorsList=Xueyan Chen, Hongjie Liu, Shujun Zheng, Jinyu Wang, Ruixian Chen, Shenghui Ke, Xinyi Yuan, Dakui Lin, Yi Yang, Xiaodi Tan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi Yang, Xiaodi Tan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955693176730378, articleId=1319955688181314283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于深度学习对不同衍射距离对应衍射强度图信息解码探究, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全息存储具有高存储密度、长寿命、高速率等优点,是解决大数据时代海量数据存储的有效方法之一。深度学习可用来结合全息存储系统解调复振幅信息。本文聚焦全息存储系统中衍射距离、衍射强度图像、深度学习解码的关联机制,探究不同衍射距离下强度图像对复振幅信息的表征差异及对深度学习模型的影响规律。本研究明确了超采样率与衍射距离的关联规律:超采样率越高,获取特定对比度强度衍射图所需的衍射距离越远。在超采样率20、衍射距离1.4 mm条件下,强度衍射图的复振幅特征与 Unet 特征提取机制高度匹配,可提升相位、振幅特征映射效率,使训练前期误码率快速趋近0,实现复振幅精准解调并提升全息存储保真度。该条件下的匹配规律,可为其他采样率的相关研究提供借鉴。

, authors=陈雪艳1, 刘宏杰1, 郑淑君1, 王瑾瑜1, 陈瑞娴1, 柯圣惠1, 袁欣怡1, 林达奎2, 杨毅2, *, *, 谭小地2, *, *, authorsList=陈雪艳, 刘宏杰, 郑淑君, 王瑾瑜, 陈瑞娴, 柯圣惠, 袁欣怡, 林达奎, 杨毅, 谭小地, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨毅, 谭小地, authorNote=

作者贡献

陈雪艳:理论计算,实验光路搭建和数据采集,论文写作;刘宏杰、郑淑君、王瑾瑜、陈瑞娴、柯圣惠、袁欣怡、林达奎:论文讨论;杨毅、谭小地:提出方法,指导实验,提出论文框架与指导论文修改。

陈雪艳(2000-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事偏光全息及其应用的研究。E-mail:

杨毅(1990-),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事偏光全息、光存储等方面的研究。E-mail:

谭小地(1962-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事偏光全息、光存储等方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨毅,
谭小地,
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(a) Schematic diagram of diffraction intensity map as a function of diffraction distance; (b-e) Schematic diagrams of phase information in diffraction intensity map as a function of diffraction distance, figureFileSmall=h67in7etSx9g6pTNStYstw==, figureFileBig=f5+eNG6M5Qky9+vzKSu5eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955700663563084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955688181314283, language=CN, label=图1, caption=相位信息随衍射距离增加的变化示意图。(a)衍射强度图随衍射距离变化示意图;(b-e)衍射强度图中相位信息随衍射距离变化示意图, figureFileSmall=h67in7etSx9g6pTNStYstw==, figureFileBig=f5+eNG6M5Qky9+vzKSu5eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955700852306766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955688181314283, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diffraction intensity images corresponding to different oversampling ratio at various diffraction distances. 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(a) Phase 4 grayscale data page; (b) Amplitude 4 grayscale data page, figureFileSmall=oFybgDchyJqlTNEEUlczHA==, figureFileBig=KeMO81XQgjqL2Sb7BPqtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955701053633361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955688181314283, language=CN, label=图3, caption=16阶数据页编码。(a)相位4灰阶数据页;(b)振幅4灰阶数据页, figureFileSmall=oFybgDchyJqlTNEEUlczHA==, figureFileBig=KeMO81XQgjqL2Sb7BPqtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955701120742226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955688181314283, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Holographic storage system. 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基于深度学习对不同衍射距离对应衍射强度图信息解码探究
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陈雪艳 1 , 刘宏杰 1 , 郑淑君 1 , 王瑾瑜 1 , 陈瑞娴 1 , 柯圣惠 1 , 袁欣怡 1 , 林达奎 2 , 杨毅 2, *, * , 谭小地 2, *, *
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 250371-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (2) : 250371 -1
基于深度学习对不同衍射距离对应衍射强度图信息解码探究
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陈雪艳1 , 刘宏杰1, 郑淑君1, 王瑾瑜1, 陈瑞娴1, 柯圣惠1, 袁欣怡1, 林达奎2, 杨毅2, *, * , 谭小地2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1福建师范大学光电与信息工程学院信息光子学研究中心,福建 福州 350117
  • 2福建师范大学光电与信息工程学院医学光电科学与技术教育部重点实验室,福建省光子技术重点实验室,福建省光电传感应用工程技术研究中心,福建 福州 350117
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

陈雪艳:理论计算,实验光路搭建和数据采集,论文写作;刘宏杰、郑淑君、王瑾瑜、陈瑞娴、柯圣惠、袁欣怡、林达奎:论文讨论;杨毅、谭小地:提出方法,指导实验,提出论文框架与指导论文修改。

陈雪艳(2000-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事偏光全息及其应用的研究。E-mail:

杨毅(1990-),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事偏光全息、光存储等方面的研究。E-mail:

谭小地(1962-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事偏光全息、光存储等方面的研究。E-mail:

Research on information decoding of intensity images at different diffraction distances based on deep Learning
Xueyan Chen1 , Hongjie Liu1, Shujun Zheng1, Jinyu Wang1, Ruixian Chen1, Shenghui Ke1, Xinyi Yuan1, Dakui Lin2, Yi Yang2 , Xiaodi Tan2
Affiliations
  • 1Information Photonics Research Center, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250371
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全息存储具有高存储密度、长寿命、高速率等优点,是解决大数据时代海量数据存储的有效方法之一。深度学习可用来结合全息存储系统解调复振幅信息。本文聚焦全息存储系统中衍射距离、衍射强度图像、深度学习解码的关联机制,探究不同衍射距离下强度图像对复振幅信息的表征差异及对深度学习模型的影响规律。本研究明确了超采样率与衍射距离的关联规律:超采样率越高,获取特定对比度强度衍射图所需的衍射距离越远。在超采样率20、衍射距离1.4 mm条件下,强度衍射图的复振幅特征与 Unet 特征提取机制高度匹配,可提升相位、振幅特征映射效率,使训练前期误码率快速趋近0,实现复振幅精准解调并提升全息存储保真度。该条件下的匹配规律,可为其他采样率的相关研究提供借鉴。

全息存储  /  深度学习  /  衍射距离  /  复振幅
Objective

In the context of the information age, massive data growth has posed severe challenges to traditional storage technologies such as magnetic storage and hard disks, which are limited by low storage density, high energy consumption, and short service life, failing to meet the long-term and low-cost storage demands of large-scale datasets. Holographic data storage, as a promising optical storage technology with advantages of high density, long lifespan, and high speed, has become a key solution to address this bottleneck. Deep learning can be used to combine the holographic storage system to demodulate the complex amplitude information. This paper focuses on the correlation mechanism between the diffraction distance, diffraction intensity image, and deep learning decoding in the holographic storage system, and explores the differences in the representation of complex amplitude information by intensity images under different diffraction distances and the influence patterns on the deep learning model.

Methods

To achieve the research objectives, firstly, a theoretical analysis was conducted on the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance. The non-interference complex amplitude decoding holographic storage system was emphasized, and the optimal diffraction distance of 20 for the oversampling rate was explored under this system. A decoding framework based on deep learning was constructed, leveraging the powerful image feature extraction and mapping capabilities of the U-Net neural network. Intensity diffraction images corresponding to different diffraction distances were collected, which contained the implicit phase and amplitude information of the complex amplitude data pages. These intensity diffraction images were used to train the U-Net model to explore the intrinsic correlation between the diffraction distance and the feature description of the complex amplitude. Additionally, by adjusting the oversampling rate parameters, the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance was analyzed, and the symbol error rate (SER) decoding performance indicators were statistically compared under different experimental conditions to verify the relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance.

Results and Discussions

Firstly, it clarifies the correlation rule between oversampling rate and diffraction distance: the higher the oversampling rate, the longer the diffraction distance required to obtain an intensity diffraction pattern with a specific contrast. This is because a higher oversampling rate leads to a more compact distribution of spectral information, thus requiring a longer diffraction distance to separate the complex amplitude features hidden in the intensity image. Secondly, under specific conditions (oversampling rate of 20 and diffraction distance of 1.4 millimeters), the complex amplitude features carried by the intensity diffraction pattern match highly with the feature extraction mechanism of the U-Net neural network. This matching effect improves the efficiency of feature mapping of phase and amplitude information during model training, and makes the SER approach 0 in the early stages of iteration, which is superior to the decoding performance under other diffraction distance conditions. Finally, the oversampling rates of 10 and 30 correspond to the optimal diffraction distances of 0.4 mm and 3.1 mm respectively, further verifying the correlation rule between oversampling rate and diffraction distance elucidated in this paper.

Conclusions

This paper focuses on the core correlations between the diffraction distance, intensity diffraction pattern, and the specific Unet deep neural network decoding in the holographic storage system. It particularly explores the intrinsic relationship between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance, and conducts quantitative analysis on the optimal diffraction distance under specific parameter combinations. The correlation rule between the oversampling rate and the diffraction distance is clarified: the higher the oversampling rate, the greater the diffraction distance required to obtain the specific contrast intensity diffraction pattern. This rule and the quantitative results of the optimal diffraction distance provide specific references for the selection of diffraction distance and parameter optimization in similar holographic storage systems, and lay the foundation for subsequent research on different encoding schemes and storage media.

holographic storage  /  deep learning  /  diffraction distance  /  complex amplitude
陈雪艳, 刘宏杰, 郑淑君, 王瑾瑜, 陈瑞娴, 柯圣惠, 袁欣怡, 林达奎, 杨毅, 谭小地. 基于深度学习对不同衍射距离对应衍射强度图信息解码探究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (2) : 250371 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250371
Xueyan Chen, Hongjie Liu, Shujun Zheng, Jinyu Wang, Ruixian Chen, Shenghui Ke, Xinyi Yuan, Dakui Lin, Yi Yang, Xiaodi Tan. Research on information decoding of intensity images at different diffraction distances based on deep Learning[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (2) : 250371 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250371
在信息时代,数据已成为驱动科研创新、产业升级的核心资源,数据存储的安全性与高效性直接影响数据价值的挖掘与应用,因此解决大规模数据存储问题至关重要[1]。随着数字技术的飞速发展,各类数据呈爆炸式增长,传统磁存储、硬盘等存储设备逐渐暴露出存储密度有限的短板,难以满足海量数据的长期存储需求[2-3]。在此背景下,三维纳米光子存储技术、全息存储等光存储技术,凭借低能耗、高稳定性、长存储寿命等突出优势,恰好契合了大规模数据长期存储的核心需求,成为当前极具潜力的理想存储解决方案[4-9]。
全息数据存储的核心原理是将数据信息映射为二维阵列形式的数据页,并通过光干涉的方式在感光介质中记录三维全息图,其优点在于可利用光场的多维度特性实现高密度数据存储。传统全息存储技术采用单一二进制振幅编码方案,该方式的优势是探测器可直接读取振幅数据页,简化了硬件读取流程[10-12]。由于全息存储是记录光场的傅里叶变换分布,仅对振幅进行编码时,同相位的数据信息会在频谱面中心区域叠加汇聚,导致感光介质出现饱和,进而显著降低存储系统的信噪比,限制了存储密度的进一步提升[13]。为避免这一问题,研究人员提出引入相位维度参与数据编码,其傅里叶面光强集中于频谱中心的问题大大减弱,使系统信噪比得到进一步优化。同时,通过多灰阶相位调制,单张数据页的信息承载量大幅提升,编码率显著优于传统纯振幅编码[14-15]。在此基础上,通过多维度复振幅数据页编码,能够进一步挖掘光场的信息存储潜力,实现更高的单页编码效率。
相位信息的引入也带来新的挑战:探测器无法直接感知光场相位,必须将相位信息转化为可探测的强度信号,并从衍射强度图中反演重建原始相位编码数据。根据相位解码过程是否依赖参考光,现有相位重建方法可分为干涉法[16-17]和非干涉法[18-23]。其中,干涉法需通过引入参考光与再现光束形成干涉条纹实现相位解码,不仅系统结构复杂,且对环境稳定性要求极高,易受外界干扰影响解码精度。相比之下,非干涉法中的无透镜式方案更具应用潜力,尤其是基于深度学习的非干涉复振幅解码全息存储系统,可直接利用强度衍射图实现复振幅信息的高效解码[24]。
深度学习技术凭借强大的图像特征提取与映射能力,能够从不同衍射距离采集的强度衍射图中挖掘隐含的相位信息,进而精准恢复原始复振幅数据页[25]。值得注意的是,不同衍射距离对应的强度衍射图会呈现不同尺度的特征信息,这一差异直接影响深度学习模型对复振幅信息的提取与重建效果。因此,探究最优衍射距离,对于提升基于深度学习的复振幅解码精度、充分发挥复振幅编码的高密度存储优势具有重要意义。本文聚焦全息存储系统中衍射距离、衍射强度图、深度学习解码的关联机制,探究不同衍射距离下衍射强度图对复振幅信息的表征差异及对深度学习模型的影响规律。研究结果表明:当衍射距离为1.4 mm时,该距离下强度衍射图所承载的复振幅特征,与U型卷积神经网络(Unet)的特征提取机制具有更高的匹配度;此条件下,模型对相位、振幅信息的特征映射效率显著提升,训练过程中误码率(symbol error rate, SER)可在迭代前期快速趋近于0,实现复振幅信息的精准解调,有效提升了全息存储信息的保真度。
实现全息数据存储主要分为数据编码、数据记录、数据再现、数据解码四个过程。
在光学探测过程中,焦面处的探测器无法直接捕获相位信息,仅能捕获光场的强度分布。基于角谱传输理论[26],通过近场衍射携带复振幅信息的重建光束在近场传播时,其相位信息会耦合到强度衍射图中,与振幅信息共同构成强度分布的完整衍射图。具体过程为初始光场可被分解为沿不同方向传播的平面波,这些平面波在近场传播中通过传递函数完成相位调制与能量重分布,最终叠加形成传播后的光场。其中,振幅信息直接体现为强度衍射图的基础亮度基底,振幅越强对应区域的灰度值越高;相位信息则通过平面波叠加时的干涉效应间接呈现,相邻码块的相位差会改变平面波的叠加方式,形成具有特定疏密、走向与明暗规律的干涉条纹。从强度衍射图的空间分布特征来看,每个码块的中间区域主要承载振幅信息,而码块的边缘区域则主要承载相位信息。需要注意的是,衍射距离的变化会改变强度衍射图中码块的对比度;对于采用不同超采样率编码的数据页,其衍射强度图达到特定对比度所需的衍射距离也存在明显差异。
光场在自由空间传播可通过角谱的线性变化描述,近场(菲涅尔衍射)条件下,角谱传播对空间频率分量引入的相位调制由传递函数的二次相位决定[27]:
$ H({f}_{{x}},{f}_{{y}};{\textit{z}})={\mathrm{exp}}(-{\mathrm{j}}{\text{π}} \lambda {\textit{z}}(f_{{x}}^{2}+f_{{y}}^{2})) \;, $
式中:H表示传递函数;fx、fy表示空间频率,表征光场的空间变化速率。
$ \mathit{\Phi }=\lambda {{\textit{z}}}(f_{x}^{2}+f_{y}^{2}) \;, $
式中:Φ体现光场传播过程对相位调制。如图1(a)相位信息随衍射距离增加的变化示意图所示。焦平面z0时Φ=0不发生衍射,此时光场强度轮廓分布如1(b)所示;随着衍射距离z增大,当衍射距离较小时,Φ对空间高频率分量的相位调制不足,高频干涉条纹尚未充分展开,如图1(c)所示,因此衍射光的光强分布变化不大;当处于最佳衍射距离zopt时,此时不因距离过短导致高频分量未展开使得条纹模糊,也不因距离过长导致高频分量衰减使得条纹弥散,如图1(d)所示;而当衍射距离过大时,高频分量的相位快速变化导致条纹弥散,如图1(e)所示,使得衍射光的光强分布发生强烈变化,降低局部对比度。此外,光场的最高空间频率随着超采样率的增大而增大,因此将高频分量的相位展开不重叠且不弥散所对应的衍射距离更远。
此外,由式(2)可知,近场传播过程中引入的相位调制量Φ与传播距离z和空间频率的平方成正比,因此强度衍射图的变化主要由数据页中高空间频率分量的相位展开所决定。采样率的改变直接影响数据页中空间频率分量的分布特性:在采样率较低时,高空间频率分量较为突出,在较短的传播距离下即可获得明显的相位调制;而随着采样率的提高,空间频率分量分布趋于集中,高频分量在相同传播距离下的相位调制相对减弱。为使强度衍射图达到相同的相位展开程度,需要相应增大传播距离。图2(a-c)分别展示了超采样率为10、20、30时,不同衍射距离下的衍射强度图及对应的相位、振幅数据页。随衍射距离增大,强度图呈现“轮廓显现到轮廓最清晰最后随衍射距离不断增大轮廓弥散的变化规律。当超采样率为10时,0.3 mm开始出现码块轮廓,0.4 mm时轮廓最清晰,0.5 mm时轮廓弥散;超采样率为20时,1.3 mm开始出现轮廓,1.4 mm时轮廓最清晰,1.5 mm时轮廓弥散;超采样率为30时,3 mm开始出现轮廓,3.1 mm时轮廓最清晰,3.2 mm时轮廓弥散。该实验结果验证了上述衍射强度图与衍射距离的对应关系:超采样率越高,相位干涉条纹充分展开即轮廓最清晰所需的衍射距离越远。
基于2.1节中讨论的超采样率与衍射距离的泛化关联分析,接下来以超采样率为20的情况作为具体实例,通过实验针对性研究其对应的最佳衍射距离;而其他超采样率下的最优衍射距离,可借助2.1介绍的二者规律来分析。首先,实验中通过振幅型空间光调制器(spatial light modulator, SLM)与相位型空间光调制器的配合,可分别完成对信号光复振幅信息中振幅分量与相位分量的独立调制:具体而言,振幅数据页被上载至振幅型SLM,相位数据页则被上载至相位型SLM,二者协同实现对信号光复振幅的完整调控。本文采用的数据页编码为16阶复振幅编码如图3所示。振幅型SLM将光强分为256个灰阶;相位型SLM将0~2π的相位分成256个灰阶;相位四灰阶数值设定为(0, 65, 130, 205),振幅四灰阶数值设定为(10, 57, 128, 250)。数据页尺寸大小为320 pixel×320 pixel,由16×16个码块组成,超采样率设置为20。
图4(a)为非干涉式复振幅解码全息存储系统。首先,波长为532 nm的激光器(MSL-FN-532)发出激光,经过准直及扩束后光束扩展为原来的5倍,随后经过扩束的光束入射到偏振分束棱镜后分为信号光路和参考光路两部分。信号光路的激光会先照射到偏振片P1上(P1设置为水平偏振状态),随后这束水平偏振光入射到调制振幅信息的空间光调制器 SLM1 (UPOLabs,HDSLM80RA,像素尺寸8 μm×8 μm)上,接着将编码好的振幅数据页上传至SLM1,利用SLM1对入射光的振幅调制特性,间接实现对光场振幅的调控;完成振幅调制后的光场继续传播,经过偏振片P2 (P2设置为垂直偏振状态)时,只有与P2偏振方向匹配的光分量能够透过,紧接着完成振幅调制后的信号光束通过透镜L1、L2组成的4f系统照射到SLM2 (UPOLabs,HDSLM80R-PLUS集成式,8 μm×8 μm)上,HWP2和P3用于调节信号光波的偏振态来满足SLM2的需求,将编码好的相位数据页上载到SLM2实现相位调控。另外L3、L4组成的4f确保信号光与参考光在偏振敏感材料(PQ/PMMA)中发生干涉。最后一个L5、L6组成的4f系统来确保相机CMOS上采集到衍射强度图。图4(a)中标注z为本文讨论的衍射距离,即透镜(Len6)后焦面处到CMOS的距离。
实验采用菲醌掺杂聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PQ/PMMA)有机光致聚合材料作为体全息存储介质。该材料具有偏振敏感响应、高感光性、较高衍射效率及良好的长期稳定性,适用于体全息多通道记录与再现实验。本实验所用样品尺寸为 1 cm×2 cm×4 cm。PQ/PMMA体块材料按照文献[28-29] 中成熟工艺制备,所得样品如图4(b)长方体黄色方块所示。
图5展示了不同衍射距离z为1.3 mm、1.4 mm、1.5 mm 处的仿真结果与实验采集结果。从图像细节来看,仿真图中各码块呈现出均匀的灰度分布,码块边缘轮廓清晰;而实验图在相同衍射距离下,码块的形状、灰度层次及整体排布规律均与仿真图高度吻合,仅在局部区域存在微弱的环境噪声导致的亮度波动,这一结果验证了仿真模型对实际光场衍射过程的准确刻画。同时可以观察到,随着衍射距离从1.3 mm增大至1.5 mm,无论是仿真图还是实验图中,数据页内相邻码块之间的间隔都呈现出明显的扩大趋势,码块的分散程度随传播距离增大而提升。
选择从1.3 mm这一衍射距离开始探究,主要基于近场衍射的特性与编码方案的适配性:本研究采用的是320 pixel×320 pixel、16阶复振幅编码的数据页,其空间频率相对较高,近场衍射效应较强;若衍射距离过短(如小于1.3 mm),光场的传播效应尚未充分体现,衍射强度图中码块的相位特征无法有效映射为可区分的亮度分布,不利于深度学习提取振幅与相位的细节特征;而1.3 mm的距离恰好处于光场既保留局域编码特征、又能通过衍射将相位信息转化为强度分布的有效区间内,既能保证衍射强度图包含足够的复振幅编码信息,又可避免因衍射距离过短导致的特征混淆,因此是本实验中近场衍射探究的合理起始点。
若衍射距离超过1.5 mm,光场会进入近场向远场过渡的区域,此时原有的近场衍射特性逐渐减弱:码块间的干涉条纹因过度衍射变得弥散,衍射强度图的特征辨识度大幅下降,深度学习模型难以从中提取有效的复振幅编码信息,因此 1.5 mm 是本实验近场衍射探究的合理终点。
结合角谱传输理论中“强度衍射图承载复振幅双重信息”的特性,本文利用卷积神经网络(CNN),在特征提取与逆问题求解方面的优势,构建了“衍射强度图-复振幅信息”的映射模型,以实现从衍射强度图到原始复振幅的解码。
考虑到复振幅解码本质是从单一强度观测值反演两个独立物理量的逆问题,可以将这一过程拆解为“强度-振幅”与“强度-相位”两个子任务,采用双网络独立建模的方案:设计两个结构完全一致的Unet,分别作为振幅解码网络(CNN1)与相位解码网络(CNN2)如图6所示。两个网络的输入均为320 pixel×320 pixel的衍射强度图,输出则对应相同尺寸的振幅数据页与相位数据页;网络隐藏层采用ReLU激活函数以增强特征非线性表达能力,输出层则使用Sigmoid函数将结果映射至与原始编码匹配的灰度区间[30]。
每种衍射距离的数据量样本总数都为1980。为保证网络的泛化能力,训练数据集的构建过程如下:通过SLM1和SLM2加载300对不同的振幅、相位数据页,采集其仅过材料未记录的图像作为基础样本;随后对这300张图像进行数据增广操作,包括上下翻转、左右翻转、旋转90°、180°、270°,扩展得到1800张图像组成训练集。测试数据集的构建过程如下:再现时采集30张不同曝光强度的衍射强度图像,随后对这30张图像进行同样的数据增强操作,包括上下翻转、左右翻转、旋转90°、180°、270°,扩展得到180张图像组成测试集。
网络训练完成后,将图5(b)中不同衍射距离下采集的实际衍射强度图输入CNN1与CNN2,两个网络会分别输出对应的振幅数据页与相位数据页;最后对输出结果进行硬判决分类,即可恢复出原始的16阶复振幅编码信息。
图7展示了不同衍射距离z=1.3 mm、z=1.4 mm、z=1.5 mm下,测试数据经深度学习解码后的SER随训练迭代次数(epochs)的变化曲线:其中图7(a)对应相位信息解码的SER变化,图7(b)对应振幅信息解码的SER变化。
从曲线细节来看,三条曲线在训练初期前5个epochs均呈现快速下降趋势,但差异随迭代推进逐渐显现:当衍射距离为1.4 mm时,无论是相位解码还是振幅解码的SER曲线,都在训练迭代前期(约10~15个epochs内)迅速趋于0,且收敛后曲线始终稳定在0附近,几乎无明显波动;而1.3 mm与1.5 mm衍射距离对应的曲线,不仅收敛速率慢于1.4 mm,且在收敛后仍存在小幅波动,例如1.3 mm对应的相位SER曲线在后期出现短暂的微小抬升,1.5 mm对应的振幅SER曲线则有持续的轻微震荡,稳定性明显弱于1.4 mm的结果。图7(c)为深度学习恢复1.4 mm衍射强度图像相位、振幅信息,验证了该方法可以百分百精准重建存储的信息。
这一实验结果清晰表明,1.4 mm是超采样率为20时本存储系统的最佳衍射距离:在此距离下,强度衍射图像所承载的复振幅特征信息,与Unet神经网络的特征提取机制具有更高的适配性。具体而言,1.4 mm衍射距离对应的强度分布中,相位差诱导的干涉条纹既清晰呈现了相位的空间变化规律,又未因衍射过强而出现条纹模糊;振幅差异对应的灰度分布既保留了足够的明暗区分度,又避免了近场衍射不足导致的特征重叠。
图8展示了不同超采样率对应衍射距离采集的衍射强度图像深度学习测试数据在训练过程中的SER。图8(a, b)为超采样率为10时,相位、振幅的解码结果。其中z=0.4 mm 对应的曲线无论是相位还是振幅,该距离下的SER下降速率显著快于0.3 mm、0.5 mm,在训练前期(约20 epochs内)就快速回落至较低区间,后续也持续维持更优的SER水平。这一结果说明,超采样率为 10 时,z=0.4 mm为较优的衍射距离;图8(c, d)为超采样率为30时,相位、振幅的解码结果。二者的SER变化趋势与超采样率10的情况一致,但对应的衍射距离区间明显扩大。其中z=3.1 mm对应的曲线表现最优,相位与振幅解码的SER均呈现更快的下降速率,说明该距离为超采样率为30时较优衍射距离。
上述结果也进一步验证了“超采样率越高,获取特定对比度衍射图所需的衍射距离越远”这一规律。超采样率提升至30后,较优的衍射距离增大至3.1 mm,远高于超采样率10对应的0.4 mm。这说明更高的超采样率对应更丰富的相位、振幅细节,需要更远的衍射距离让这些细节在强度图中充分展开,从而与Unet的特征提取机制形成更好的匹配。
本文围绕全息存储系统中衍射距离、强度衍射图与特定Unet深度神经网络解码的核心关联展开研究,重点探究超采样率与衍射距离的内在关系,并针对特定参数组合下的最优衍射距离进行量化分析。
研究通过调控透镜焦平面外的衍射距离,以1.3 mm、1.4 mm、1.5 mm 为典型研究对象,结合实验与仿真手段,分析了不同衍射距离下强度衍射图对复振幅信息的表征差异。结果表明,在 16 阶复振幅编码、16×16 码块、320 pixel×320 pixel (像素尺寸为8 μm)及超采样率20的参数组合下,1.4 mm 为该系统的最优衍射距离。此距离下,强度衍射图中相位干涉条纹清晰且无过度模糊,振幅灰度分布区分度良好且无特征重叠,与Unet网络的特征提取机制适配性最优,可实现解码误码率的快速收敛与稳定趋近于0,保障复振幅信息的精准解调。
同时,本研究明确了超采样率与衍射距离的关联规律:超采样率越高,获取特定对比度强度衍射图所需的衍射距离越远。该规律及最优衍射距离的量化结果,为同类全息存储系统中衍射距离的选取与参数优化提供了具体参考,也为后续拓展不同编码方案、存储介质下的相关研究奠定了基础。

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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250371
  • 接收时间:2025-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-29
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    1福建师范大学光电与信息工程学院信息光子学研究中心,福建 福州 350117
    2福建师范大学光电与信息工程学院医学光电科学与技术教育部重点实验室,福建省光子技术重点实验室,福建省光电传感应用工程技术研究中心,福建 福州 350117

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