Article(id=1319955438947382128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955119433695302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250290, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250290, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=1763740800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-22, acceptedDate=1764086400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineDate=1792631500230, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631500230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631500230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631500230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955119433695302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='250166', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631424052, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631424052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250290, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955439178068849, articleId=1319955438947382128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=The impact of diamond pixel DLP projector on the accuracy of PMP system and its improvement, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Phase measurement profilometry (PMP) has emerged as a key optical technique for acquiring three-dimensional (3D) surface information. It has been successfully adopted in fields such as precision manufacturing, biomedical imaging, robotics, security inspection, and digital entertainment. Recently, the demand for high-resolution optical 3D measurement has increased rapidly. In the high-resolution PMP system with digital projector, the measurement error caused by pixel matching between projector and camera becomes obvious. In ultra-high-resolution PMP systems with a high projector-to-camera pixel size ratio (PPSR), fringe patterns projected by diamond pixel digital light processing (DLP) projectors exhibit prominent zigzag edges. Furthermore, the sampling frequency of vertical fringes is only half that of horizontal fringes, resulting in a significant decline in phase measurement accuracy and becoming a key bottleneck restricting system performance. Addressing this critical issue requires a comprehensive solution that mitigates both pixel dimension induced and discrete sampling errors.
Methods A high-precision measurement method combining pixel remapping and deep learning was proposed to overcome these challenges. Firstly, by analyzing the transmission characteristics of fringes in the PMP system and the pixel mapping law of diamond pixel projectors, a pixel remapping scheme for column-interlaced diamond linear fringes (CIDLF) was designed. This scheme rearranges diamond pixels into column-interleaved straight-line arrangements, doubling the sampling frequency of vertical fringes while effectively alleviating the zigzag phenomenon on fringe edges. Unlike the traditional diamond zigzagged fringe (DZF) and rectangle linear fringe (RLF), CIDLF maintains consistent fringe width between design and projection, ensuring better sinusoidality of projected fringes. Secondly, a ResUNet deep neural network integrating residual network and UNet architectures was constructed to smooth the captured fringes. The UNet component enables spatial downsampling and upsampling for high-level feature extraction and detail recovery through skip connections, which fuse low-level pixel information with high-level semantic features. Residual modules incorporated into both encoder and decoder paths alleviate gradient vanishing and overfitting during deep network training, enhancing the network’s ability to preserve fine object details while smoothing fringes. The network’s basic convolution block (BasicConv) consists of 3×3 convolution, batch normalization, dropout regularization, and rectified linear unit activation, ensuring efficient feature learning and noise suppression. To ensure reliable network training, a high-quality dataset construction method combining defocused projection and the 32-step phase-shifting algorithm was developed. The focused fringes and defocused fringes corresponding to the focused one are captured. Then, parameters of fringes including background, amplitude and phase are obtained with 32-step phase-shifting algorithm and the averages of the background and amplitude of the two types of fringes are worked out. A high contrast smooth fringe is generated using the above parameters as the ground truth. The dataset included 19200 fringe images for training, 400 for validation, and 400 for testing, covering fringe patterns with periods of 8, 12, and 16 pixels. The ResUNet was trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization with a mean squared error (MSE) loss function. Training spanned 100 epochs with a batch size of 8; the initial learning rate of 5×10−1 was updated to 5×10−2 after 20 epochs, resulting in a final training MSE of 1.0128×10−5 and a validation MSE of 5.4261×10−5.
Results and Discussions An experimental system composed of a LightCrafter 4500 projector (1140 pixel×912 pixel) and a Bonito CL-400C camera (2320 pixel×1736 pixel) with a Nikon zoom lens was established to verify the method. PPSR was adjusted by modifying the camera lens focal length, covering values from 0.5 to 85. Experimental results demonstrated that as PPSR increased, the pixel structure of the projector in fringe patterns became more distinct, leading to more prominent regular distributions of phase measurement errors. For traditional DZF, the phase error reached 0.3013 rad in the focused state, while CIDLF achieved a significantly lower error of 0.0898 rad, outperforming both DZF and RLF across all focusing conditions. When combined with ResUNet processing, the phase measurement error of CIDLF under the 4-step phase-shifting algorithm was reduced to 0.0225 rad, approaching the 0.0223 rad error of the 32-step algorithm. This performance is particularly valuable for high-speed 3D measurement applications that require fewer phase shifts. In measurements of step-shaped objects and objects with step reflectivity, CIDLF processed by ResUNet showed phase curves nearly identical to those of defocused CIDLF, with steeper edge transitions and smoother reflectivity boundary regions compared to processed DZF. For complex objects, the proposed method maintained low phase measurement errors even in intricate regions, outperforming defocused projection and DZF processing. The method effectively balances fringe smoothness and detail preservation, resolving the trade-off between error reduction and information retention in high-PPSR systems.
Conclusions This method effectively resolves the measurement error issues caused by diamond pixel DLP projectors under high PPSR conditions. By combining pixel remapping to optimize fringe sampling and ResUNet to refine captured images, it achieves both high measurement accuracy and detail preservation. The proposed dataset construction method ensures robust network training, enabling the system to perform well with fewer phase shifts. This work provides a feasible approach for achieving high-precision, high-resolution, and high-speed 3D measurement. Future research will focus on adapting the network to varying system configurations and expanding its applicability to dynamic measurement scenarios.
, authors=Jiacheng Luo
1, 2, Xingxing Cheng
1, Tong Wan
1, Yong Li
1, 2, authorsList=Jiacheng Luo, Xingxing Cheng, Tong Wan, Yong Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955457804973045, articleId=1319955438947382128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=菱形像素DLP投影仪对PMP系统精度影响及改善, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
采用菱形像素的数字光处理 (DLP)投影仪投射的条纹边缘呈锯齿状。当投影仪像素尺寸远大于相机像素尺寸时会显著降低相位测量轮廓术中相位测量精度。尤其是投射垂直条纹图案时,条纹采样频率变为水平条纹的一半,并且锯齿状更明显。为提高采用菱形像素DLP投影仪的相位测量轮廓术 (PMP)系统的测量精度,提出了一种结合条纹像素重映射与深度学习的新方法。首先通过像素重映射设计了具有列交错菱形直线像素排列的条纹图案提高垂直条纹采样频率;然后构建并训练了结合残差网络与UNet架构的深度神经网络 (DNN),在最大限度保留物体细节的同时平滑拍摄的条纹图像。同时,还提出了训练数据集构建方法,通过离焦投影与相移算法结合生成网络输出的高质量真值。实验结果表明,采用提出的方法,相位测量精度显著提高,同时很好保留了被测物体的细节。
, authors=罗佳程
1, 2, 程星星
1, 万同
1, 李勇
1, 2, *, *, authorsList=罗佳程, 程星星, 万同, 李勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李勇, authorNote=
作者贡献
罗佳程:文献调研,DNN网络构建,进行数据处理,论文写作与修改;程星星:文献调研,实验设计,论文初稿写作;万同:实验系统搭建,实验数据采集;李勇:指导论文选题、论文方法设计、论文修改。
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1浙江师范大学信息光学研究所,浙江 金华 321004
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2浙江省光信息检测与显示技术重点实验室,浙江 金华 321004)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1319955461185581073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=optical three-dimensional sensing), Keyword(id=1319955461269467154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=fringe projection profilometry), Keyword(id=1319955461378519059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=pixel remapping), Keyword(id=1319955461449822228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=deep learning), Keyword(id=1319955461521125397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=光学三维传感), Keyword(id=1319955461596622870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=条纹投影轮廓术), Keyword(id=1319955461676314647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=像素重映射), Keyword(id=1319955461739229208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=深度学习)], refs=[Reference(id=1319955465732206640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen F, Brown G M, Song M. Overview of 3-D shape measurement using optical methods[J].
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12 (14): 3106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955458102768630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955458111157239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, companyId=1319955458102768630, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Institute of Information Optics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955458119545848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, companyId=1319955458102768630, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1浙江师范大学信息光学研究所,浙江 金华 321004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319955458203431929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955458211820538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, companyId=1319955458203431929, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Key Laboratory of Optical Information Detecting and Display Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955458220209147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, companyId=1319955458203431929, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2浙江省光信息检测与显示技术重点实验室,浙江 金华 321004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319955461869252633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Pixel relationship under different PPSR, figureFileSmall=Y0Mu3BlL1jngnntu+6gbBA==, figureFileBig=BFUiv5M1v8xQdd2rXfLPDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955461944750106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
不同 PPSR 下的像素关系, figureFileSmall=Y0Mu3BlL1jngnntu+6gbBA==, figureFileBig=BFUiv5M1v8xQdd2rXfLPDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462141882395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram of the default pixel mapping. (a) Designed fringe pattern; (b) Projected fringe pattern, figureFileSmall=TuupPDGhmqCYIZLei/kgBg==, figureFileBig=hDcNkPAuIY4muSH8kl2BAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462204796956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
默认像素映射示意图。 (a)设计的条纹图案; (b)投射的条纹图案, figureFileSmall=TuupPDGhmqCYIZLei/kgBg==, figureFileBig=hDcNkPAuIY4muSH8kl2BAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462276100125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Pixel remapping scheme. (a) Remapping for RLF; (b) Remapping for CIDLF, figureFileSmall=/y2s3dvWMKm+v9QJuiyBiA==, figureFileBig=rzpH/oXrzrkG0NnILdFuqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462343208990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
像素重映射方案。 (a) RLF的重映射; (b) CIDLF的重映射, figureFileSmall=/y2s3dvWMKm+v9QJuiyBiA==, figureFileBig=rzpH/oXrzrkG0NnILdFuqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462427095071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Schematic diagram of the proposed method, figureFileSmall=5mNUQbxPMsFT8obqDzt/nA==, figureFileBig=T9vZBMsbb5QXqhJGPRGsHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462519369760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
所提方法的示意图, figureFileSmall=5mNUQbxPMsFT8obqDzt/nA==, figureFileBig=T9vZBMsbb5QXqhJGPRGsHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462615838753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Network architecture. (a) The ResUNet; (b) The BasicConv block; (c) The residual block, figureFileSmall=TL98skpOd+4O+JsDq5wt3Q==, figureFileBig=yh2dFXUurAEnmpfZ0FQEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462699724834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
网络结构。 (a) ResUNet网络; (b)卷积算子模块; (c)残差模块, figureFileSmall=TL98skpOd+4O+JsDq5wt3Q==, figureFileBig=yh2dFXUurAEnmpfZ0FQEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462762639395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Three experimental results. (a) PPSR of 1; (b) PPSR of 44; (c) PPSR of 85, figureFileSmall=pI/sH6LwaU/Aqk4cWp3eaA==, figureFileBig=TZVUSV/cH9TCshTwSvHJuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955462850719780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
三组实验结果。 (a) PPSR=1; (b) PPSR=44; (c) PPSR=85, figureFileSmall=pI/sH6LwaU/Aqk4cWp3eaA==, figureFileBig=TZVUSV/cH9TCshTwSvHJuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955463047852069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The input and output fringe patterns. (a, b) The input fringe DZF with periods of 4 pixels and CIDLF with periods of 8 pixels, respectively; (c, d) The output fringe patterns processed by proposed DNN, figureFileSmall=uUWFjqeUb4EnPmjLRRaffw==, figureFileBig=ghrEUjg5btKN8v9KCAI2ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955463165292582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
输入与输出条纹图像。 (a)与 (b)分别为输入的周期为4 pixels的DZF和周期为8 pixels的CIDLF; (c)与 (d)为对应的经所提DNN处理后的输出条纹图, figureFileSmall=uUWFjqeUb4EnPmjLRRaffw==, figureFileBig=ghrEUjg5btKN8v9KCAI2ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955463274344487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of experimental results. (a, e) The two selected test objects; (b-d) and (f-h) The phase maps corresponding to (a) and (e), respectively; (i) The phase along the marked lines in (b-d); (j) The zoomed in phase curves of (i); (k) The phase along the marked lines in (f-h) and zoomed in curves, figureFileSmall=JgtpmwddvfogrvODnTNB6A==, figureFileBig=1oLiLtn5wNLEFJ+DL5V/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955463358230568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
实验结果对比。 (a, e)两个选定的测试物体; (b-d)、 (f-h)分别对应 (a)与 (e)的相位; (i)为 (b-d)中标记线位置的相位曲线; (j)为 (i)中相位曲线的局部放大; (k)为 (f-h)中标记线位置的相位曲线与局部放大, figureFileSmall=JgtpmwddvfogrvODnTNB6A==, figureFileBig=1oLiLtn5wNLEFJ+DL5V/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955463433728041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Measurement error comparison. (a) Phase error maps corresponding to three fringes; (b) Measurement error of enlarged regions on object, figureFileSmall=hCsD9OsdK3ph7FyHBUGtMQ==, figureFileBig=Bo951GZn4uUU1plkJ/GQkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955465161781290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
测量误差对比。 (a)三种条纹对应的相位误差分布; (b)物体上放大区域的测量误差, figureFileSmall=hCsD9OsdK3ph7FyHBUGtMQ==, figureFileBig=Bo951GZn4uUU1plkJ/GQkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955465308581932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Phase measurement error and contrast of fringe under different focusing degrees
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Focusing degree | Phase error/rad | | Contrast |
|---|
| Focused | Slightly defocused | Seriously defocused | | Focused | Slightly defocused | Seriously defocused |
|---|
| DZF | 0.3013 | 0.0853 | 0.0242 | | 0.6095 | 0.5633 | 0.4506 |
| RLF | 0.1174 | 0.0692 | 0.0256 | | 0.6091 | 0.5604 | 0.4498 |
| CIDLF | 0.0898 | 0.0427 | 0.0215 | | 0.6083 | 0.5626 | 0.4492 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955465438605357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同聚焦程度下的相位测量误差与条纹对比度
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Focusing degree | Phase error/rad | | Contrast |
|---|
| Focused | Slightly defocused | Seriously defocused | | Focused | Slightly defocused | Seriously defocused |
|---|
| DZF | 0.3013 | 0.0853 | 0.0242 | | 0.6095 | 0.5633 | 0.4506 |
| RLF | 0.1174 | 0.0692 | 0.0256 | | 0.6091 | 0.5604 | 0.4498 |
| CIDLF | 0.0898 | 0.0427 | 0.0215 | | 0.6083 | 0.5626 | 0.4492 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955465535074350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Phase measurement error of different methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Phase Error | $\Delta \varPhi^{32 \text {-step }}/\mathrm{rad} $ | | $\Delta \varPhi^{4 \text {-step }}/\mathrm{rad} $ |
|---|
| DZF | CIDLF | | DZF | CIDLF |
|---|
| Focused | 0.2787 | 0.0724 | | 0.3012 | 0.0898 |
| Defocused | 0.0613 | 0.0223 | | 0.0825 | 0.0417 |
| DNN | 0.0613 | 0.0223 | | 0.0614 | 0.0225 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955465614766127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955438947382128, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同方法的相位测量误差
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Phase Error | $\Delta \varPhi^{32 \text {-step }}/\mathrm{rad} $ | | $\Delta \varPhi^{4 \text {-step }}/\mathrm{rad} $ |
|---|
| DZF | CIDLF | | DZF | CIDLF |
|---|
| Focused | 0.2787 | 0.0724 | | 0.3012 | 0.0898 |
| Defocused | 0.0613 | 0.0223 | | 0.0825 | 0.0417 |
| DNN | 0.0613 | 0.0223 | | 0.0614 | 0.0225 |
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