Article(id=1319955400359785089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955119433695302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250249, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250249, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755792000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-22, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=1762358400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineDate=1792631491030, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631491030, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631491030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631491030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955119433695302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='250166', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631424052, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631424052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250249, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955402117198466, articleId=1319955400359785089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Design and analysis of integrated vibration isolation and pointing quadruped platform with voice coil actuation, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Micro-vibrations generated by internal moving components during spacecraft on-orbit operations constitute a critical factor limiting the optical axis stability and imaging quality of space-based optical payloads. Isolating these disturbances and maintaining precise pointing are essential for high-precision tracking and imaging tasks. Incorporating a payload platform capable of both vibration isolation and precision pointing is considered a "multi-win" technical solution. While piezoelectric actuators are common, their limited stroke restricts millimeter-level applications. Voice coil motors (VCMs), conversely, offer large strokes and high linearity but often lack guidance in fast steering mirror applications, leading to lateral drift. Furthermore, traditional hexapod platforms based on the Gough-Stewart configuration, while accurate, involve six-degree-of-freedom fully coupled control. This introduces structural redundancy and control complexity for payloads that primarily require pitch and yaw stabilization. To address the dual requirements of vibration isolation and tracking pointing in pitch and yaw directions, a simplified quadruped platform integrated with voice coil actuation is proposed. The design targets a natural frequency of approximately 5 Hz to facilitate passive isolation of high-frequency disturbances and a pointing adjustment range of ±1° for low-frequency tracking. This study aims to balance structural simplification, large-stroke capability, and high-precision motion, providing a physical foundation for subsequent active vibration control and compound axis tracking systems.

Methods

A simplified multi-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism configuration was adopted. The platform consists of a payload platform, a base, and four supporting legs arranged symmetrically at 90° intervals along a circumference. A push-pull actuation strategy was implemented where legs 1 and 3 control pitch motion, and legs 2 and 4 control yaw motion, enabling decoupled control. VCMs were selected as actuators to leverage their zero stiffness, large stroke, and high resolution. To ensure precise axial motion and eliminate friction, a flexible guidance structure and flexure hinges were developed. A double diaphragm spring system was designed to provide low axial stiffness for actuation compliance while maintaining high radial stiffness to prevent lateral drift and contact between the coil and magnet. The diaphragm springs were designed using 60Si2Mn steel, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to verify structural integrity. A theoretical model based on dynamic principles established the relationships between leg inclination, pointing range, and resonant frequencies. FEA was further conducted to validate the design, simulating the stiffness of the diaphragm springs and performing modal analysis on a complete 3D model with a 40 kg payload to identify vibration modes. A physical prototype was manufactured, and a specific suspension system utilizing a tripod, tension springs, and flexible cords was constructed. This system effectively offloaded the gravity of the 40 kg payload to simulate a micro-gravity environment, ensuring that the platform's dynamic characteristics were tested without the bias of static gravitational forces. An experimental test system comprising accelerometers, linear optical encoders, and a frequency response analyzer was established to perform sine sweep excitations (1 Hz to 300 Hz), stroke capability tests, and decoupling verification.

Results and Discussions

FEA results indicated that the double diaphragm spring configuration achieved an axial stiffness of 3.83 N/mm and a radial stiffness of 1703.87 N/mm. Stress analysis showed a maximum stress of 330.33 MPa at the spring's flexure points, which is well below the 1180 MPa yield strength of the 60Si2Mn material, resulting in a safety factor of 3.57. Simulation confirmed that a leg stroke of 2.7 mm was sufficient to achieve a platform tilt of 1°. Modal analysis predicted the first and second order modes (pitch and yaw) at 4.7413 Hz, aligning closely with the 5 Hz design target, while the third mode (Z-axis translation) appeared at 5.7381 Hz. Higher-order modes were pushed beyond 60 Hz, avoiding interference with the control bandwidth. Experimental testing on the prototype demonstrated the following: 1) Individual legs achieved a total stroke exceeding 6.8 mm. Under sinusoidal actuation, the platform successfully verified a pointing range of ±1°, meeting tracking requirements. 2) During single-axis excitation, parasitic motion in the non-driven axis was minimal. For a 2 mm pitch motion, yaw cross-coupling was approximately 2% (0.041 mm), confirming effective decoupling. 3) With a 40 kg payload, measured resonant frequencies were 5.2 Hz for pitch and 5.6 Hz for yaw. These values agree well with the FEA prediction (4.74 Hz). 4) Tests with varying loads validated the dynamic model: 20 kg load resulted in ~7 Hz resonances, and no-load conditions yielded ~16 Hz.

Conclusions

A voice coil-actuated integrated vibration isolation and pointing quadruped platform was successfully designed and verified. The simplified parallel mechanism, utilizing flexure hinges and double diaphragm springs, effectively resolves the conflict between large-stroke pointing and high-precision vibration isolation. Experimental results confirmed the platform meets critical specifications: a natural frequency near 5 Hz under a 40 kg load and a pointing range of ±1°. The study demonstrates that pitch and yaw motions are effectively decoupled, and the experimental data aligns well with theoretical models. This work establishes a verified physical platform capable of passive high-frequency isolation and active low-frequency tracking. Future developments may include integrating this platform with a fast steering mirror to form a two-stage composite control system, enabling coarse tracking via the platform and fine tracking via the mirror for enhanced precision.

, authors=Yu Wang1, 2, Ke Ding1, Jun Liao3, Tao Tang1, authorsList=Yu Wang, Ke Ding, Jun Liao, Tao Tang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao Tang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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航天器的微振动会影响空间光学载荷的性能,为了满足其俯仰和偏航方向振动隔离和跟踪指向的双重需求,本文基于多自由并联机构的简化构型,设计了一种音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台,其俯仰和偏航方向频率为5 Hz,指向调节范围为±1°。首先基于动力学原理及几何关系建立了四足平台简化理论模型,其次设计了柔性铰链和保证音圈电机轴向运动的柔性导向结构,然后搭建了整体三维模型并进行有限元仿真分析。此外基于上述建模与仿真设计,研制基于音圈驱动的大角度隔振与指向一体化平台。利用加速度、位置传感器对物理样机进行扫频、角度测试验证,表明理论建模分析同实验测试较好吻合,为后续主动隔振与跟踪指向工作的开展提供了物理基础。

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作者贡献

王宇:模型设计与仿真、实验开展及论文写作;丁科:指导模型设计、硬件组装;廖军:指导实验;唐涛:指导论文选题、论文修改

王宇(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为精密光机系统。E-mail:

唐涛(1980-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为光电跟踪控制。E-mail:

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唐涛(1980-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为光电跟踪控制。E-mail:

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caption=Flexure hinge finite element analysis results, figureFileSmall=89J2t84c0bFLxs7/HDqu0w==, figureFileBig=uFzaRsuWFKA1MEUKuMj+kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426167337763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图8, caption=柔性铰链有限元分析结果, figureFileSmall=89J2t84c0bFLxs7/HDqu0w==, figureFileBig=uFzaRsuWFKA1MEUKuMj+kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426255418148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=(a) First-order: 4.7413 Hz; (b) Second-order: 4.7413 Hz, figureFileSmall=7TtDMat+3MnAuTnmsFM0zA==, figureFileBig=TBJcOCjBK9kNcRNtDmBX5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426343498533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图9, caption=(a)一阶模态:4.7413 Hz;(b)二阶模态:4.7413 Hz, figureFileSmall=7TtDMat+3MnAuTnmsFM0zA==, figureFileBig=TBJcOCjBK9kNcRNtDmBX5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426418996006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=(a) Third-order: 5.7381 Hz; (b) Fourth-order: 60.778 Hz, figureFileSmall=n7ARs888roUD3CMoMwrtyA==, figureFileBig=2kAbCBnV40A8BumTvu7U9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426523853607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图10, caption=(a)三阶模态:5.7381 Hz;(b)四阶模态:60.778 Hz, figureFileSmall=n7ARs888roUD3CMoMwrtyA==, figureFileBig=2kAbCBnV40A8BumTvu7U9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955426653877032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=(a) Fifth-order: 60.792 Hz; (b) Sixth-order: 70.068 Hz, figureFileSmall=YsfrGHzIA5Tf9dH2DN1VlQ==, figureFileBig=qXttT9NMuDbPkSWRscOeJg==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.13, caption=Deflection motion. (a) Pitch; (b) Yaw, figureFileSmall=eIoBB1/YBf1sPOA5ScaFwQ==, figureFileBig=VahI1iqCnfFIvR1gCAwufQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427115250477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图13, caption=偏转运动。(a)俯仰;(b)偏航, figureFileSmall=eIoBB1/YBf1sPOA5ScaFwQ==, figureFileBig=VahI1iqCnfFIvR1gCAwufQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427190747950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Suspension system, figureFileSmall=sCT2gINcfm8pNYPIw71uFg==, figureFileBig=sdJ2ApHdghl4Y8tuBcQspg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427257856815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图14, caption=悬吊系统, figureFileSmall=sCT2gINcfm8pNYPIw71uFg==, figureFileBig=sdJ2ApHdghl4Y8tuBcQspg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427337548592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Connection schematic of the platform experimental test system components, figureFileSmall=5HwQxVolo6IQLbKVfGvBjw==, figureFileBig=eEH2SoL7pGP82w7D0EEBhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427421434673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图15, caption=平台实验测试系统各组成部分连接示意图, figureFileSmall=5HwQxVolo6IQLbKVfGvBjw==, figureFileBig=eEH2SoL7pGP82w7D0EEBhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955427505320754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Strut position change, figureFileSmall=qYlbLz6UQT7HcIohFgkquw==, figureFileBig=et0AVybyNmMtwJjFGaQ8Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429166265139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图16, caption=支腿位置变化, figureFileSmall=qYlbLz6UQT7HcIohFgkquw==, figureFileBig=et0AVybyNmMtwJjFGaQ8Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429250151220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Pointing range test results. (a) Pitch; (b) Yaw, figureFileSmall=daiPILJZ1C5s74RsYkGqRw==, figureFileBig=INDTZa6Cn3JKJYg7fTy+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429325648693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图17, caption=指向调节范围测试结果。(a)俯仰;(b)偏航, figureFileSmall=daiPILJZ1C5s74RsYkGqRw==, figureFileBig=INDTZa6Cn3JKJYg7fTy+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429443089206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Decoupling verification results. (a) Pitch; (b) Yaw, figureFileSmall=FxEkIOwNIPRWN7kK85ZAsg==, figureFileBig=OmovYoC5rOZDT+slJwOo9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429539558199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图18, caption=解耦验证结果。(a)俯仰;(b)偏航, figureFileSmall=FxEkIOwNIPRWN7kK85ZAsg==, figureFileBig=OmovYoC5rOZDT+slJwOo9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429770244920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=40 kg-load test results. (a) Pitch: 5.2 Hz; (b) Yaw: 5.6 Hz, figureFileSmall=4oKG0niZnUO2EEJeWQQ2QA==, figureFileBig=MOYIpJuEnpUElYNGJUq6fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955429891879737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图19, caption=负载为40 kg的测试结果。(a)俯仰:5.2 Hz;(b)偏航:5.6 Hz, figureFileSmall=4oKG0niZnUO2EEJeWQQ2QA==, figureFileBig=MOYIpJuEnpUElYNGJUq6fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430198063930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=20 kg-load test results. (a) Pitch: 7.1 Hz; (b) Yaw: 7.4 Hz, figureFileSmall=K6h5G+k+BKA4VLCCOsWHAg==, figureFileBig=WIy+zE3HkrZVe7y5VctzBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430290338619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图20, caption=负载为20 kg的测试结果。(a)俯仰:7.1 Hz;(b)偏航:7.4 Hz, figureFileSmall=K6h5G+k+BKA4VLCCOsWHAg==, figureFileBig=WIy+zE3HkrZVe7y5VctzBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430361641788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=No-load test results. (a) Pitch: 16.0 Hz; (b) Yaw: 15.8 Hz, figureFileSmall=4vDQNl7wFVdopOmbUmcHKw==, figureFileBig=rL0WA5vy9TLF2WnxOBdORA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430432944957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图21, caption=无负载的测试结果。(a)俯仰:16.0 Hz;(b)偏航:15.8 Hz, figureFileSmall=4vDQNl7wFVdopOmbUmcHKw==, figureFileBig=rL0WA5vy9TLF2WnxOBdORA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430596522814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=40 kg-load position response results. (a) Pitch; (b) Yaw, figureFileSmall=JVKi/ixAJ4HWKM56ydPmeQ==, figureFileBig=jYL05LW5YB0UCU/jy8/cdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430676214591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图22, caption=负载为40 kg时位置响应结果。(a)俯仰;(b)偏航, figureFileSmall=JVKi/ixAJ4HWKM56ydPmeQ==, figureFileBig=jYL05LW5YB0UCU/jy8/cdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430751712064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=20 kg-load position response results. (a) Pitch; (b) Yaw, figureFileSmall=eLd+Ld4/OlKza9JF0M2pXg==, figureFileBig=ldv77JZxUTvzlkYW/x7bJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430843986753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=图23, caption=负载为20 kg时位置响应结果。(a)俯仰;(b)偏航, figureFileSmall=eLd+Ld4/OlKza9JF0M2pXg==, figureFileBig=ldv77JZxUTvzlkYW/x7bJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955430915289922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Strut stroke test results/mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrutPosition maximumPosition minimumTotal strokeInitial position
113.20916.36116.84809.7267
213.34446.47986.864610.0888
313.34976.34567.00419.7691
413.18076.32466.856110.0604
), ArticleFig(id=1319955430999176003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

支腿行程测试结果/mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrutPosition maximumPosition minimumTotal strokeInitial position
113.20916.36116.84809.7267
213.34446.47986.864610.0888
313.34976.34567.00419.7691
413.18076.32466.856110.0604
), ArticleFig(id=1319955431087256388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Simulation and test results under 40 kg load/Hz

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ItemSimulation resultsTest results
Pitch4.74135.2
Yaw4.74135.6
), ArticleFig(id=1319955431171142469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

负载为40 kg的仿真及测试结果/Hz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemSimulation resultsTest results
Pitch4.74135.2
Yaw4.74135.6
), ArticleFig(id=1319955431447966534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation and test results under 20 kg load/Hz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemSimulation resultsTest results
Pitch7.10317.1
Yaw7.10317.4
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负载为20 kg的仿真及测试结果/Hz

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Pitch7.10317.1
Yaw7.10317.4
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Simulation and test results under no-load

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Simulation results/HzTest results/Hz
Pitch16.55616.0
Yaw16.55615.8
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无负载的仿真及测试结果

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Yaw16.55615.8
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Predicted natural frequency results under different loads

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Load/kgMoment of inertia/(kg·m²)Natural frequency/Hz
701.43
1002.82
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不同负载时特征频率推算结果

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701.43
1002.82
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音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台设计与分析
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王宇 1, 2 , 丁科 1 , 廖军 3 , 唐涛 1, *, *
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(3): 250249-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (3) : 250249 -1
音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台设计与分析
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stringName=Tao Tang, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=Tang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955422082085641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955400359785089, authorId=1319955421918507782, language=CN, stringName=唐涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, *, address=1中国科学院光电技术研究所,光场调控科学技术全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610209, bio={"img":"9MB+45qjlN4slYvKfsNTWg==","content":"

唐涛(1980-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为光电跟踪控制。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=9MB+45qjlN4slYvKfsNTWg==, bioContent=

唐涛(1980-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为光电跟踪控制。E-mail:

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王宇1, 2 , 丁科1, 廖军3, 唐涛1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院光电技术研究所,光场调控科学技术全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610209
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3军事航天部队装备部军事代表局驻成都地区军事代表室,四川 成都 610000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

王宇:模型设计与仿真、实验开展及论文写作;丁科:指导模型设计、硬件组装;廖军:指导实验;唐涛:指导论文选题、论文修改

王宇(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为精密光机系统。E-mail:

唐涛(1980-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为光电跟踪控制。E-mail:

Design and analysis of integrated vibration isolation and pointing quadruped platform with voice coil actuation
Yu Wang1, 2 , Ke Ding1, Jun Liao3, Tao Tang1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3The Military Representative Office of the Military Representative Bureau of the Equipment Department of the Military Aerospace Forces in Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250249
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航天器的微振动会影响空间光学载荷的性能,为了满足其俯仰和偏航方向振动隔离和跟踪指向的双重需求,本文基于多自由并联机构的简化构型,设计了一种音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台,其俯仰和偏航方向频率为5 Hz,指向调节范围为±1°。首先基于动力学原理及几何关系建立了四足平台简化理论模型,其次设计了柔性铰链和保证音圈电机轴向运动的柔性导向结构,然后搭建了整体三维模型并进行有限元仿真分析。此外基于上述建模与仿真设计,研制基于音圈驱动的大角度隔振与指向一体化平台。利用加速度、位置传感器对物理样机进行扫频、角度测试验证,表明理论建模分析同实验测试较好吻合,为后续主动隔振与跟踪指向工作的开展提供了物理基础。

微振动  /  隔振  /  指向  /  音圈电机  /  有限元仿真
Objective

Micro-vibrations generated by internal moving components during spacecraft on-orbit operations constitute a critical factor limiting the optical axis stability and imaging quality of space-based optical payloads. Isolating these disturbances and maintaining precise pointing are essential for high-precision tracking and imaging tasks. Incorporating a payload platform capable of both vibration isolation and precision pointing is considered a "multi-win" technical solution. While piezoelectric actuators are common, their limited stroke restricts millimeter-level applications. Voice coil motors (VCMs), conversely, offer large strokes and high linearity but often lack guidance in fast steering mirror applications, leading to lateral drift. Furthermore, traditional hexapod platforms based on the Gough-Stewart configuration, while accurate, involve six-degree-of-freedom fully coupled control. This introduces structural redundancy and control complexity for payloads that primarily require pitch and yaw stabilization. To address the dual requirements of vibration isolation and tracking pointing in pitch and yaw directions, a simplified quadruped platform integrated with voice coil actuation is proposed. The design targets a natural frequency of approximately 5 Hz to facilitate passive isolation of high-frequency disturbances and a pointing adjustment range of ±1° for low-frequency tracking. This study aims to balance structural simplification, large-stroke capability, and high-precision motion, providing a physical foundation for subsequent active vibration control and compound axis tracking systems.

Methods

A simplified multi-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism configuration was adopted. The platform consists of a payload platform, a base, and four supporting legs arranged symmetrically at 90° intervals along a circumference. A push-pull actuation strategy was implemented where legs 1 and 3 control pitch motion, and legs 2 and 4 control yaw motion, enabling decoupled control. VCMs were selected as actuators to leverage their zero stiffness, large stroke, and high resolution. To ensure precise axial motion and eliminate friction, a flexible guidance structure and flexure hinges were developed. A double diaphragm spring system was designed to provide low axial stiffness for actuation compliance while maintaining high radial stiffness to prevent lateral drift and contact between the coil and magnet. The diaphragm springs were designed using 60Si2Mn steel, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to verify structural integrity. A theoretical model based on dynamic principles established the relationships between leg inclination, pointing range, and resonant frequencies. FEA was further conducted to validate the design, simulating the stiffness of the diaphragm springs and performing modal analysis on a complete 3D model with a 40 kg payload to identify vibration modes. A physical prototype was manufactured, and a specific suspension system utilizing a tripod, tension springs, and flexible cords was constructed. This system effectively offloaded the gravity of the 40 kg payload to simulate a micro-gravity environment, ensuring that the platform's dynamic characteristics were tested without the bias of static gravitational forces. An experimental test system comprising accelerometers, linear optical encoders, and a frequency response analyzer was established to perform sine sweep excitations (1 Hz to 300 Hz), stroke capability tests, and decoupling verification.

Results and Discussions

FEA results indicated that the double diaphragm spring configuration achieved an axial stiffness of 3.83 N/mm and a radial stiffness of 1703.87 N/mm. Stress analysis showed a maximum stress of 330.33 MPa at the spring's flexure points, which is well below the 1180 MPa yield strength of the 60Si2Mn material, resulting in a safety factor of 3.57. Simulation confirmed that a leg stroke of 2.7 mm was sufficient to achieve a platform tilt of 1°. Modal analysis predicted the first and second order modes (pitch and yaw) at 4.7413 Hz, aligning closely with the 5 Hz design target, while the third mode (Z-axis translation) appeared at 5.7381 Hz. Higher-order modes were pushed beyond 60 Hz, avoiding interference with the control bandwidth. Experimental testing on the prototype demonstrated the following: 1) Individual legs achieved a total stroke exceeding 6.8 mm. Under sinusoidal actuation, the platform successfully verified a pointing range of ±1°, meeting tracking requirements. 2) During single-axis excitation, parasitic motion in the non-driven axis was minimal. For a 2 mm pitch motion, yaw cross-coupling was approximately 2% (0.041 mm), confirming effective decoupling. 3) With a 40 kg payload, measured resonant frequencies were 5.2 Hz for pitch and 5.6 Hz for yaw. These values agree well with the FEA prediction (4.74 Hz). 4) Tests with varying loads validated the dynamic model: 20 kg load resulted in ~7 Hz resonances, and no-load conditions yielded ~16 Hz.

Conclusions

A voice coil-actuated integrated vibration isolation and pointing quadruped platform was successfully designed and verified. The simplified parallel mechanism, utilizing flexure hinges and double diaphragm springs, effectively resolves the conflict between large-stroke pointing and high-precision vibration isolation. Experimental results confirmed the platform meets critical specifications: a natural frequency near 5 Hz under a 40 kg load and a pointing range of ±1°. The study demonstrates that pitch and yaw motions are effectively decoupled, and the experimental data aligns well with theoretical models. This work establishes a verified physical platform capable of passive high-frequency isolation and active low-frequency tracking. Future developments may include integrating this platform with a fast steering mirror to form a two-stage composite control system, enabling coarse tracking via the platform and fine tracking via the mirror for enhanced precision.

micro-vibration  /  vibration isolation  /  pointing  /  voice coil motor  /  finite element simulation
王宇, 丁科, 廖军, 唐涛. 音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台设计与分析. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250249 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250249
Yu Wang, Ke Ding, Jun Liao, Tao Tang. Design and analysis of integrated vibration isolation and pointing quadruped platform with voice coil actuation[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250249 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250249
航天器在轨运行过程中,内部活动部件所引发的微振动,已成为制约光学系统视轴稳定性和成像质量的关键因素[1]。空间光学载荷如何隔离干扰,保持视轴稳定,对实现高精度跟踪以及指向有着重要意义[2-4],在航天器和有效载荷之间增加一个具备振动隔离和精确指向能力的有效载荷搭载平台被认为是一种“多赢”的技术方案[5]。
在驱动方案的选择上,目前针对隔振与指向平台应用较多驱动单元的主要为压电陶瓷和音圈电机[6],但压电陶瓷驱动器存在行程小这一劣势,让其无法适应很多毫米级的大行程应用场景。音圈电机有结构简单、零刚度、行程大、响应快、线性度和分辨率高等优点,特别适合大范围、平滑的精密定位与角度调整任务[7]。同时,柔性机构依靠材料弹性变形传递运动,相较于传统刚性机构,具有无摩擦、无间隙、无需润滑的优势,在高精度定位与传动中得到了广泛应用[8]。因此,将音圈电机与柔性机构相结合,可在实现大行程驱动的同时兼顾高精度运动,为空间光学载荷的隔振与指向控制提供了新的技术路径。
在平台构型方面,基于 Gough-Stewart 构型的六自由度并联平台具有指向控制精度高、容错能力强、结构稳定紧凑、位置误差不累积等特点[9],音圈电机结合柔性机构的并联平台在隔振与指向被广泛应用[10-13]。然而,其六自由度完全耦合控制对于主要抑制俯仰和偏航两个方向角振动的空间光学载荷而言[14],存在结构冗余、控制系统复杂及轻量化困难等问题。基于音圈电机和柔性支撑的快速反射镜也是一种典型方案[15-16],此类结构虽然能实现角振动控制和精确指向,但音圈电机缺少导向机构,动子易产生横向漂移,从而限制指向调节范围和结构尺寸。
近年来,针对特定自由度进行设计的简化并联构型逐渐受到关注。这类结构在保留并联机构优点的同时,通过减少驱动支链数量和自由度,有效降低了系统复杂性与整体重量。例如,Yuan等[17]提出了一种新型模块化三腿支承的主被动混合平台,虽然具有良好的微定位与隔振性能,但其不具备指向调节功能;Guo等[18]提出了一种针对大型空间光学载荷的四支腿隔振与指向一体化平台,其具有良好的隔振和指向能力,但指向范围有限。隔振与指向平台总体目标在于,其在获得足够被动隔振能力的同时,又能通过主动的方式对中低频以及共振峰进行抑制,同时可实现一定范围的跟踪指向。基于此,本文旨在设计一种集成了主被动隔振与跟踪指向功能的四足并联平台,核心创新在于:通过将音圈电机与柔性导向机构、柔性铰链融入简化并联机构以实现一体化设计,在保证毫米级运动与低谐振频率(提升被动隔振效果)的同时,实现±1°的俯仰与偏航指向范围,从而在构型简化、性能指标与功能集成度之间取得平衡。
针对上述目标,本文开展如下研究工作:首先介绍了平台的基本原理,基于动力学原理及几何关系建立了四足平台简化理论模型;其次根据具体指标和理论模型设计了柔性导向结构和柔性铰链;然后搭建了整体三维模型,并进行了有限元仿真分析;最后研制了实际的物理样机并测试平台的固有特性,验证了平台设计的有效性,为后续主动隔振和跟踪指向工作的开展提供了物理基础,从而确保光学载荷能够在更稳定工作环境中执行任务。
隔振与指向一体化四足平台结构示意图如图1所示,包括载荷平台、4条具有隔振与指向功能的支腿和底座,单条支腿由音圈电机、柔性导向结构、柔性铰链及相应连接部件组成,上下平台与各部件之间均是刚性连接。为实现对俯仰和偏航两个方向的解耦控制,支腿的布置为4条支腿位于同一圆周上呈90°间隔对称分布,其中1和3支腿可完成俯仰方向的控制,2和4支腿负责偏航方向的控制。其中,通过控制音圈电机的驱动电流来控制支腿运动,1和3支腿上驱动电流幅值相等、方向相反,2和4支腿也是同样道理,通过推拉的方式实现平台的俯仰和偏航方向的隔振和指向控制。
隔振与指向一体化四足平台融合隔振和跟踪指向功能,其基本原理是平台自身具备被动隔振的能力,即较低的一阶谐振频率;利用加速度传感器测量振动信号,并将振动信号反馈至控制系统,通过控制系统来控制支腿运动,以实现振动主动抑制;支腿内存在位移传感器,用于测量驱动支腿的轴向位移,并将轴向位置信号反馈至控制系统,通过控制系统调节载荷平台的俯仰和偏航角度,实现跟踪指向功能。
平台整体设计指标主要包含平台的尺寸、指向调节范围的大小以及一定负载质量下平台谐振频率的大小,需要确定俯仰和偏航所能实现的最大调节角度θ、在确定的负载质量m情况下最小一阶谐振频率f1以及动态过程中具有最低的功耗P与尺寸D、支腿伸缩量ΔL、支腿放置角度α、惯量J、刚度K、阻尼C、工作频率f等相关参数之间的关系,同时整体结构要进行轻量化设计。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\max \theta={f}(\Delta L \& {D} \& \alpha) \\\min f_1={f}(J \& K) \\\min P={f}(f \& \theta \& J \& K \& C \& D)\end{array}\right.\;. $
平台为对称结构,俯仰和偏航运动相同。以俯仰方向为例,1和3支腿通过推拉的方式实现载荷平台的俯仰角度的控制,其中1和3支腿的伸缩变化量相同均为ΔL,载荷平台半径为r,俯仰角为θ。根据几何关系(图2),可以近似可得到
$ \sin \theta=\frac{\Delta L \cos \alpha}{r}\;, $
式中:α为支腿放置的倾斜角度。当θ较小时,有$\sin \theta \approx \theta $,因此
$ \theta=\frac{\Delta L \cos \alpha}{r}\;. $
为了建立平台的动力学模型,可以将其运动方向的物理模型简化为一个简单的质量弹簧阻尼系统,由于系统只有材料的微小阻尼作用,因此忽略阻尼的影响。设其俯仰方向上的转动惯量为J,对应的系统等效转动刚度为Keq,则该方向上的特征频率(一阶谐振频率f1)可近似表示为
$ f_1=\dfrac{1}{2 {\text{π}}} \sqrt{\frac{K_{\mathrm{eq}}}{J}}\;. $
系统总势能主要由两条支腿的轴向势能ULeg和四个铰链的转动势能UR组成,支腿的轴向刚度kL、柔性铰链转动刚度kR,总势能U可表示为
$ U=2 U_{\mathrm{Leg}}+4 U_{\mathrm{R}}=2 \times \frac{1}{2} k_{\mathrm{L}}(\Delta L)^2+4 \times \frac{1}{2} k_{\mathrm{R}} \theta^2\;, $
$ U=\frac{1}{2}\left(2 k_{\mathrm{L}} \frac{r^2}{\cos ^2 \alpha}+4 k_{\mathrm{R}}\right) \theta^2\;. $
等效转动刚度Keq为
$ K_{\mathrm{eq}}=2 k_{\mathrm{L}} \frac{r^2}{\cos ^2 \alpha}+4 k_{\mathrm{R}}\;. $
对于一阶谐振频率而言,增大转动惯量J (可通过增加负载质量实现)会减小一阶谐振频率;减小等效转动刚度Keq也会减小一阶谐振频率,其中可通过减小支腿的轴向刚度kL和柔性铰链转动刚度kR来减小等效转动刚度Keq。
假设平台做简谐运动,有
$ J \ddot{\theta}(t)+C_{\mathrm{eq}} \dot{\theta}(t)+K_{\mathrm{eq}} \theta(t)=M(t)\;, $
$ \theta(t)=A \sin (2 {\text{π}} f t) \;, $
$ \dot{\theta}(t)=A 2 {\text{π}} f \cos (2 {\text{π}} f) \;, $
$ \ddot{\theta}(t)=-A(2 {\text{π}} f)^2 \sin (2 {\text{π}} f t)\;, $
式中:M(t)为驱动力矩;θ(t)为旋转角度;$ \dot{\theta}(t) $为角速度;$ \ddot{\theta}(t) $为角加速度;A为振幅。总功耗P主要由克服等效阻尼Ceq消耗的机械功耗P1和电机线圈电阻R的热损耗P2两部分构成,可根据$ P(t)=M(t)\cdot \dot {\theta }(t) $ 可求解机械功耗
$ {P_1} = 2{{\text{π}} ^2}{C_{{\mathrm{eq}}}}{A^2}{f^2}\;. $
可根据$P(t) = {I^2}(t) \cdot R$以及$M\left( t \right) = 2{k_{\text{F}}}r\cos \alpha \cdot I(t)$,其中kF为电机力常数,可求解热损耗
$ P_2=\dfrac{A^2R}{2\left(2k_{\mathrm{F}}r\cos\alpha\right)^2}\left[\left(K_{\text{eq}}-4\text{π}^2Jf^2\right)^2+\left(2\text{π}C_{\text{eq}}f\right)^2\right]\; , $
式中:A为振幅,也就是最大俯仰角θmax,所以总功耗为
$ \begin{split}P= & 2\text{π}^2C_{{\mathrm{eq}}}\theta_{\max}^2f^2+\dfrac{\theta_{\max}^2R}{2\left(2k_{\mathrm{F}}r\cos\alpha\right)^2} \\ & \cdot\left[\left(K_{\mathrm{eq}}-4\text{π}^2Jf^2\right)^2+\left(2\text{π}C_{\mathrm{eq}}f\right)^2\right]\; .\end{split} $
对于功耗而言,减小等效转动刚度Keq、等效阻尼Ceq以及最大调节角度θmax,均可减小功耗。
最后得到平台总的理论模型
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\theta=\dfrac{\Delta L \cos \alpha}{r} \\f_1=\dfrac{1}{2 {\text{π}}} \sqrt{\dfrac{K_{\mathrm{eq}}}{J}} \\P=2 {\text{π}}^2 C_{{\mathrm{e q}}} \theta_{\max }^2 f^2+\dfrac{\theta_{\max }^2 R}{2\left(2 k_{\mathrm{F}} r \cos \alpha\right)^2}\\\qquad \cdot\left[\left(K_{\mathrm{eq}}-4 {\text{π}}^2 J f^2\right)^2+\left(2 {\text{π}} C_{\mathrm{eq}} f\right)^2\right] \\K_{\mathrm{eq}}=2 k_{\mathrm{L}} \dfrac{r^2}{\cos ^2 \alpha}+4 k_{\mathrm{R}}\end{array}\right.. $
平台除了俯仰和偏航运动外,还可以沿Z轴方向上下平动,这是四足并联平台结构无法避免的。如果四根支腿完全竖直放置,支腿倾斜角度α为零,负载和载荷平台直接作用柔性导向结构上,即仅受限于支腿的轴向刚度,这会使得沿Z轴平动的特征频率很小,同时也不利于地面实验开展。当支腿倾斜放置时,会引入柔性铰链对其的限制,倾斜角度α越大限制作用也会越强,但增大倾斜角度α,支腿伸缩变化量对俯仰和偏航调节的贡献量会减小,从而限制了指向调节范围。因此,需要同时结合平台整体结构作折中处理。
系统等效转动刚度Keq其实是受诸多参数的影响,其次支腿的轴向刚度是由柔性导向结构的具体构型决定无法直接求得,同时转动惯量J也需要根据具体三维模型确定,很难直接从理论上分析平台的谐振频率,需要通过构建具体的三维模型联合有限元仿真来进行准确分析。
柔性导向结构同时影响着平台的指向调节范围以及谐振频率,因此平台整体设计思路为首先根据指向调节范围推导所需的支腿行程,进而确定柔性导向结构的构型,通过有限元仿真求解支腿轴向刚度的大小;然后再结合目标的谐振频率值来确定大致的柔性铰链的转动刚度,运用参数假定以及柔性铰链设计计算公式来确定柔性铰链结构参数;最后在完成初步三维模型的基础上,进行有限元仿真分析并通过优化相关结构参数优化来完善三维模型。这种理论模型联合有限元仿真分析的设计方法,其优点在于只需要建立一个大致的理论模型。
考虑同类装置的性能参数以及本团队实际的研究基础,本文所设计的样机平台以以下指标为指导进行设计和分析工作:
1)载荷平台直径为300 mm;2)负载质量为40 kg时,特征频率为5 Hz;3)指向调节范围为±1°。
平台整体结构如图3所示,整个平台主要包含载荷平台、底座、4条支腿以及一些其他连接部件。其中,负载用质量40 kg圆柱铅块进行模拟,为了便于安装和卸下,将其均分为四块。
单个支腿主要包括音圈电机、柔性铰链、弹簧膜片、光栅尺位置传感器、限位块、散热件等部件,双弹簧膜片系统对称固接于音圈电机两极端位置,经由中心连杆机构与动子线圈刚性连接。该构型凭借弹簧膜片的各向异性刚度特性,确保动子在纯轴向轨迹上实现无接触运动,彻底消除永磁体-线圈组件的摩擦碰撞风险,保障驱动机构全寿命周期的可靠运行。限位块位于下弹簧膜片处,并与中间连接杆相连,可以限制音圈电机直线运动的行程,避免了弹簧膜片因轴向位移过大而导致的破坏。支腿内部结构如图4所示。
音圈电机具有零刚度特性,为确保驱动支腿严格遵循轴向运动轨迹,需配置直线导向结构。该结构通过约束音圈电机动子的轴向位移路径,消除其与定子间的接触风险。双弹簧膜片具有轴向柔性-径向刚性的各向异性刚度特征,其同轴安装于驱动支腿可将运动自由度严格限定于轴向维度。弹簧膜片的构型是决定其特性的重要因素,同时不同的厚度、材料、加工工艺等也会导致其特性产生差别。本文设计的弹簧膜片构型如图5左图所示,根据前文理论模型的分析,对于直径为300 mm负载平台,要实现±1°的指向调节范围,那么弹簧膜片的轴向位移至少要达到2.6 mm,同时保留一定的设计余量,为此将弹簧膜片的轴向位移的设计值设定为3.5 mm,即每个支腿的伸缩行程为7 mm。
将弹簧膜片的三维模型导入有限元分析软件中,中心施加3.5 mm的轴向位移载荷,有限元分析结果如图5右图所示,可以发现弹簧膜片花纹的小圆弧处有最大应力为330.33 MPa。弹簧膜片材料采用60Si2Mn,屈服强度为1180 MPa,安全系数为3.57,弹簧膜片的变形应力远低于材料的许用应力,从而保证了其可靠性。
对于弹簧膜片的刚度而言,主要分析其轴向及径向刚度。分别施加20 N的轴向载荷及径向载荷,结果见图6,轴向刚度和径向刚度分别为3.83 N/mm和1703.87 N/mm。这也验证其具有轴向低刚度和径向高刚度的特性,双层弹簧膜片组的轴向刚度是单层弹簧膜片的两倍,因此支腿的轴向刚度为7.86 N/mm。
柔性铰链基于弹性材料的微角度变形与自恢复特性,构建无摩擦传动机制,可实现超高的位移分辨率。其结构兼具高刚度、紧凑性及快速响应优势,核心设计关键在于刚度(柔度)的精确计算。该领域的理论奠基可追溯至1965年PAROS与WEISBORD提出的经典解析模型[19],其设计公式至今仍被广泛应用。清华大学吴鹰飞基于固体力学原理重构计算体系,推导出形式更简明的刚度解析表达式[20]。
柔性铰链的几何结构、受力和变形参见图7所示,柔性铰链的几何尺寸为宽度b、整体厚度h、最小厚度t、切割半径R和圆心角θm。
力矩Mz作用下导致柔性铰链产生沿z轴的角变形αz,其刚度Kθz表达式如下:
$ \dfrac{1}{{{K_{\theta {\textit{z}}}}}} = \dfrac{{{\alpha _{\textit{z}}}}}{{{M_{\textit{z}}}}} = \dfrac{{12}}{{Eb{R^2}}}{f_2} \;, $
式中:f2为中间变量,可表达为
$ \begin{split} {f_2} =& \dfrac{{8{s^4}\left( {2{{s + 1}}} \right)}}{{{{\left( {4s + 1} \right)}^2}}}\dfrac{{\tan \dfrac{{{\theta _m}}}{2}}}{{{{\left[ {1 + \left( {4s + 1} \right){{\tan }^2}\dfrac{{{\theta _m}}}{2}} \right]}^2}}} \\ &+ \dfrac{{4{s^3}\left( {6{s^2} + 3s + 1} \right)}}{{{{\left( {4s + 1} \right)}^2}}}\dfrac{{\tan \dfrac{{{\theta _m}}}{2}}}{{1 + \left( {4s + 1} \right){{\tan }^2}\dfrac{{{\theta _m}}}{2}}} \\ & + \dfrac{{12{s^4}\left( {2{{s + 1}}} \right)}}{{{{\left( {4s + 1} \right)}^{\tfrac{5}{2}}}}}\arctan \left( {\sqrt {4s + 1} \tan \dfrac{{{\theta _m}}}{2}} \right) \end{split}\;, $
式中:$s = R/t$;E为材料的弹性模量。
根据前文的分析,在确定支腿轴向刚度的情况下,根据理论模型可大致计算得到柔性铰链的刚度,通过预先设定其中某几个参数后利用柔性铰链刚度计算公式求解其余的参数。利用有限元法分析柔性铰链的转动刚度,将柔性铰链的三维模型导入有限元分析软件中,扭矩值设置为1000 N·mm,有限元分析结果如图8所示。有限元分析结果所展示柔性铰链扭矩和位移的关系云图,需要转换位移与角度,扭转角度为$\arcsin \left( {{{0.32118}}/{{12}}} \right) \approx 0.026768$ rad,可计算得到柔性铰链的扭转刚度为37.36 N·m/rad。
对平台的三维模型进行相应的简化,同时增添负载质量块,通过有限元仿真进行模态分析,模态分析的前六阶结果如图9~图11所示。一阶模态和二阶模态频率均为4.7413 Hz,对应的模态振型分别为俯仰、偏航,符合预期的设计目标,同时也说明了俯仰和偏航向属于对称相同的结构形式;三阶模态频率为5.7381 Hz,对应的模态振型为Z轴方向的平动;四阶模态和五阶模态频率分别为60.778 Hz、60.792 Hz,对应的模态振型为摇摆运动;六阶模态频率为70.068 Hz,对应的模态振型为绕Z轴方向的转动。
左右两侧支腿可通过推拉的方式绕X轴完成俯仰运动,所施加的支腿轴向位移载荷均为2.7 mm,仿真结果如图12所示,载荷平台在Z轴方向上最大变化分量为2.5193 mm,可计算得到此时偏转角度为$\arcsin \left( {{{2.5193}}/{{144}}} \right) \approx 1.0024$°,即说明支腿的伸缩变化量为2.7 mm时,载荷平台能实现1°的偏转运动。同样地,可以得到两侧支腿静态轴向作用力为32 N时,载荷平台能有1°的偏转。
同理,在旋转轴两侧的支腿上施加静态轴向力,模拟真实工作状况,使载荷平台绕X轴和Y轴偏转进行俯仰和偏航运动,仿真结果如图13所示,可以发现除了负责完成俯仰或偏航的2根支腿在运动外,剩余的2根支腿位置保持不变,由此说明此结构的俯仰和偏航能够解耦。
组装平台样机,并搭建平台的实验测试系统。进行实验测试时,需要对载荷平台及模拟负载进行重力卸载,为此需要设计一套悬吊系统。悬吊系统如图14所示。该系统主要包括三脚架、弹簧以及柔性绳,其中三脚架起到稳定支撑的作用。将弹簧的一段与三脚架顶点连接并置于载荷平台中心的正上方,另一端与柔性绳相连并分为四根与载荷平台的四个支腿连接处相连,完成负载重力的卸载。其中,四根柔性绳均包含伸缩调节装置,可以对载荷平台的初始位置进行微调。
图15分别为平台样机和测试系统各组成部分连接示意图。测试系统主要由隔振与指向一体化四足平台、加速度传感器、位置传感器、电机驱动器、数据采集板、控制机箱、上位机以及频响仪等组成。
平台最终组装之前,需要对4根支腿的行程进行测试,支腿行程的设计值为(7 ± 3.5) mm。使用正弦信号驱动支腿运动,使其能够达到最大伸长量和最大收缩量,记录支腿位置数据如图16所示。由于支腿存在结构限位,4根支腿的测试结果均有平顶现象。每条支腿所能达到的最大伸长位置、最小收缩位置、总行程以及初始位置的数据如表1所示。虽然生产加工过程存在一定的加工误差导致其中有3根支腿的行程不足6.9 mm,但在设计值7 mm中包含了一定的设计余量,依旧能够满足指向调节范围的需求。
使用正弦信号驱动平台进行俯仰和偏航运动,得到对应支腿的位移变化测试结果,如图17所示。支腿的位移变化量均能超过3 mm (理论和仿真都可得到,当支腿伸缩变化量达到2.7 mm时,能实现1°的偏转量),保证了±1°的指向调节范围,满足指标需求。
对平台进行解耦验证,可让平台的一个方向按正弦轨迹运动,并观察另一个方向的姿态变化,若能实现在一个方向运动的同时而另一个方向基本保持不动,则可证明平台的俯仰和偏航能够解耦。运动幅值为2 mm,验证情况如图18所示,在进行俯仰运动时,负责偏航运动的支腿位置变化最大值为0.041 mm,占比为2%;同样地,在进行偏航运动时,负责俯仰运动的支腿位置变化最大值为0.021 mm,占比为1%,由此说明俯仰和偏航能够解耦。其中,非运动方向的支腿位置有微小变化的主要原因包括:1)悬吊系统在进行负载重力卸载时,负载平台没有完全处于设计的初始位置,存在微小偏差;2)存在加工误差和装配误差。
为验证平台的谐振频率特性,并评估有限元模态分析的结果,本节开展了不同负载质量条件下平台的谐振频率测试,重点关注俯仰模态和偏航模态。测试三种不同负载质量条件下的平台谐振频率,分别为:1)负载40 kg,在载荷平台上安装质量为40 kg的圆柱形铅块模拟负载;2)负载20 kg,在载荷平台上安装质量为20 kg的圆柱形铅块模拟负载;3)无负载,仅包含平台本体及其基础连接部件。所有测试均在平台处于悬吊状态下进行,以消除重力对平台的影响,模拟空间微重力环境下的动态特性。
针对俯仰和偏航模态测试,将两个加速度传感器对称安装在载荷平台旋转轴两侧,利用两个加速度计输出的差分信号表征平台的旋转角振动。测试的激励信号由频响仪生成,为频率1 Hz至300 Hz、幅值恒定为0.5 V的正弦扫频电压信号。测试的激励策略分别为1)俯仰模态激励,将扫频信号同时输入至负责俯仰控制的支腿1和支腿3的音圈电机驱动器,并施加幅值相等、相位相反的信号,驱动两支腿作推拉运动,激发平台的俯仰振动;2)偏航模态激励,与俯仰激励相同,只是控制的支腿为2和4。
使用频响仪及配套分析软件计算输入(激励信号)与输出(加速度信号)之间的频率响应函数,并得到相应的频谱图,测试结果如图19~图21所示。当负载为40 kg时,测试得到的俯仰谐振频率为5.2 Hz、偏航谐振频率为5.6 Hz,与仿真结果较好吻合。当负载为20 kg时,测试得到的俯仰谐振频率为7.1 Hz、偏航谐振频率为7.4 Hz。当无负载时,测试得到的俯仰谐振频率为16.0 Hz、偏航谐振频率为15.8 Hz。
将三种不同负载质量条件下的平台仿真模态分析结果与测试结果相对比,如表2~表4所示。结果验证了随着负载质量增加,谐振频率会降低的变化关系,同时也能从多方面说明实际模型与仿真模型相符合。
在激励测试时,利用控制机箱(数据记录采样频率只有50 Hz)记录负载为40 kg和20 kg情况下支腿位置传感器的数据,相应的频率响应结果如图22和图23所示,可以发现位置传感器数据所得到俯仰和偏航谐振频率与加速度传感器测试结果相符合,从侧面也说明了测试结果的准确性。
在不改变结构参数的前提下,如果改变负载质量,根据理论可大致推算相应的特征频率值,如表5所示。继续增加负载质量,特征频率会越低,对比现有研究,在相同负载情况下,可以将特征频率控制得更低。同样的,在不改变其余结构参数的前提下,仅将载荷平台直径变为500 mm,最大指向调节范围大致变为±0.8°。同时驱动力及功耗大小主要与系统阻尼和刚度、指向调节角度、平台尺寸、作用频率以及电机参数等有关,具体可根据理论模型及仿真来共同确定,从而指导电机选型。未来如果要设计更大尺寸、更大指向调节范围以及更低特征频率的平台,可以结合理论模型,通过优化柔性导向结构来获得更大轴向行程,改变柔性导向结构和柔性铰链的参数来改变系统刚度从而控制特征频率,以此来满足目标需求。
本文的工作主要集中于平台的被动隔振特性表征,若要全面评估其最终性能,后续研究将聚焦于平台的主动隔振与指向控制性能验证,将围绕以下几个核心方向展开:
1)闭环控制算法设计与实现:基于本文搭载的高精度光栅尺(位移传感器)与加速度计,设计多反馈闭环控制架构。重点研究如何将前馈控制(基于加速度信号)与反馈控制(基于位移信号)相结合,以抑制宽频带微振动和实现跟踪指向。
2)扰动抑制传递率测试:构建完整的振动测试系统。在平台底座施加由激振器模拟的、符合在轨环境的典型微振动扰动(如正弦扫频、随机振动)。定量测量从底座到载荷平台的振动传递率曲线,从而直接表征系统在不同频率下的隔振效果。
3)谐振峰的主动阻尼抑制:针对本文已识别出的低频谐振模态(如负载20 kg时7 Hz、负载40 kg时5 Hz),设计并嵌入陷波滤波器或自适应滤波算法,在闭环控制中主动增加系统阻尼,避免谐振峰被激发而放大振动,保障系统稳定性。
4)隔振与指向的协同控制:最终验证平台在存在底座持续扰动的工况下,同时完成高精度视轴稳定(隔振模式)和指向调节(跟踪模式)的复合任务能力,全面考核其作为一体化平台的工程适用性。
5)二级复合控制的构建:为了进一步提升跟踪精度,可以在此系统的基础上增加快速反射镜,构成由隔振与指向一体化平台和快速反射镜组成的二级复合控制系统,由此平台进行粗跟踪,快反镜进行精跟踪。
本文针对空间光学载荷俯仰和偏航两个方向的微振动抑制与跟踪指向的复合需求,设计了一种音圈驱动的隔振与指向一体化四足平台。平台自身具备的被动隔振能力,可有效隔离高频振动,又可以通过主动的方式对中低频振动和共振峰进行抑制,同时可实现一定范围内跟踪指向。实验测试表明:在40 kg负载工况下,平台俯仰、偏航模态的实测谐振频率分别为5.2 Hz、5.6 Hz,与目标特征频率(5 Hz)较好吻合;同时也能实现±1°的指向调节。本文工作为空间光学载荷微振动主动抑制和跟踪指向等后续工作的开展提供了物理基础,同时也为不同指标的类似装置的设计提供一定指导意义。

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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250249
  • 接收时间:2025-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-22
  • 修回日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-11-06
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    1中国科学院光电技术研究所,光场调控科学技术全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610209
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3军事航天部队装备部军事代表局驻成都地区军事代表室,四川 成都 610000

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