Article(id=1319955285607830269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955119433695302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250250, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250250, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=1762099200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-03, acceptedDate=1762358400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineDate=1792631463672, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631463672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631463672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631463672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955119433695302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='250166', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631424052, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631424052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250250, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955285821739774, articleId=1319955285607830269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research progress of homodyne coherent wireless optical communication technology, columnId=1279512304261776153, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Significance

Homodyne coherent wireless optical communication enables the direct recovery of baseband signals by interfering a local oscillator with the received signal light under identical frequency and stable phase conditions. This approach provides outstanding detection sensitivity, strong resilience against interference, and high spectral efficiency, making it a promising candidate for next generation high capacity and long reach optical links. However, its practical realization depends critically on maintaining precise and stable phase alignment between the signal and the local oscillator. This requirement imposes rigorous demands on laser source coherence, phase locking accuracy, and adaptive control algorithms. Addressing these challenges is fundamental to harnessing the full potential of homodyne detection in real world dynamic environments such as free space optical channels, which are often affected by atmospheric turbulence, polarization fluctuations, and other time varying impairments.

Progress

Significant progress has been made in the key technologies of the robust homodyne coherent receiver, including wavefront distortion correction technology, local oscillator noise suppression technology, phase locking technology, polarization control technology, mixing technology and dual balanced detection technology. Wavefront distortion correction, primarily implemented through adaptive optical systems, compensates for phase errors induced by atmospheric turbulence and optical imperfections. Early conceptual work proposed using deformable mirrors, and subsequent development of wavefront sensors enabled closed loop operation. Modern adaptive optical systems employ multi actuator deformable mirrors, liquid crystal spatial light modulators for static or quasi static correction, and hybrid schemes that combine fast steering mirrors with high order deformable mirrors. These improvements enhance correction bandwidth, spatial resolution, and suitability for real time operation in turbulent channels. Local oscillator noise suppression targets phase, frequency, intensity, and quantum noise sources. Optical injection locking and self injection locking techniques effectively reduce phase noise. Electronic feedback and servo control, often using PID algorithms, provide precise frequency stabilization. Intensity noise is mitigated through balanced detection architectures and by operating the local oscillator at an optimal power level that maximizes the signal to noise ratio. Quantum noise, a fundamental limit, is addressed through techniques such as squeezed state generation and nonlinear optical processing, though these remain areas of active research. Phase locking technology ensures the local oscillator accurately tracks the signal phase. Optical phase locked loops form the core of this subsystem, evolving from discrete component based designs to architectures incorporating digital signal processing. Key developments include decision driven optical phase locked loops, Costas loop based designs for carrier recovery, and hybrid optical phase locked loops that combine optical and electronic feedback. Phase recovery algorithms, adapted from digital coherent communications, play a complementary role. The Viterbi Viterbi algorithm, blind phase search, and Kalman filtering are widely used to estimate and compensate residual phase noise, especially for high order modulation formats like 16 QAM and 64 QAM. Polarization control ensures the polarization states of the signal and local oscillator are matched at the mixer. Early systems relied on mechanical polarization controllers with slow feedback. The field progressed towards integrated electro optic devices based on lithium niobate, offering faster response. Recent trends focus on system level integration, combining polarization tracking with phase recovery algorithms, and on novel devices like metasurface based polarization controllers that offer compact size and programmable functionality. Polarization diversity receivers and polarization insensitive mixer designs also help alleviate the control burden. Mixing techniques generate the in phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components required for complex signal recovery. Fiber based mixers using 3 dB couplers were common but suffer from polarization sensitivity. Integrated optical hybrids on platforms like silica or indium phosphide offer improved stability and compactness. Crystal based mixers, particularly those utilizing the electro optic effect in periodically poled lithium niobate, provide inherent phase accuracy and polarization insensitive operation. Recent advances in thin film lithium niobate enable broadband, low loss mixers suitable for high speed applications. Dual balanced detection converts the optical interference signals into differential electrical outputs, effectively rejecting common mode noise and amplifying the weak signal component. The core of this technology is a pair of matched photodiodes in a differential configuration. Developments have focused on improving photodetector bandwidth, responsivity matching, and integration with planar lightwave circuits. Systems achieving common mode rejection ratios exceeding 40 dB have been demonstrated, directly translating to higher receiver sensitivity and dynamic range.

Conclusions and Prospects

Homodyne coherent systems exhibit superior sensitivity and spectral efficiency compared to conventional heterodyne and direct detection schemes. The continuous refinement of wavefront correction, noise suppression, phase locking, polarization control, mixing, and balanced detection has progressively lowered implementation barriers, enabling laboratory demonstrations and early field trials. Current performance benchmarks show clear advantages in receiver sensitivity, tolerance to optical signal to noise ratio, and resilience to certain channel impairments. Nevertheless, challenges remain for widespread deployment. Further reduction of phase noise is critical for higher order modulation formats. Managing the coupled dynamics of phase, polarization, and frequency under rapidly varying atmospheric conditions requires more intelligent, adaptive control systems. System complexity and cost also need reduction for practical applications. Future research will likely focus on several key directions: 1) Deep photonic integration, combining lasers, modulators, mixers, and detectors on a single chip using platforms like silicon photonics or thin film lithium niobate to reduce size, power consumption, and cost. 2) Advanced digital signal processing and machine learning algorithms for joint estimation and compensation of multiple impairments in real time. 3) Exploration of quantum inspired techniques, such as phase squeezed states, to surpass classical sensitivity limits. 4) Development of robust and adaptive adaptive optical systems tailored for specific turbulent channel characteristics. Progress along these paths will enhance the robustness, scalability, and energy efficiency of homodyne coherent receivers, solidifying their role in future high performance terrestrial and satellite based wireless optical communication networks.

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本文综述了零差相干光通信技术的最新研究进展,在阐述零差探测基本原理的基础上,重点归纳了实现高性能零差相干系统的关键技术,包括波前畸变校正、偏振控制、锁相技术、混频技术和平衡探测技术等核心模块的研究现状与发展趋势。文章系统总结了上述技术在提升系统灵敏度、抑制相位噪声、增强信号稳定性和简化系统复杂度等方面的突破与挑战,旨在为零差相干光通信的深入研究与应用提供参考。

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作者贡献

裴佳慧:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;柯熙政:指导论文选题、论文修改。

裴佳慧(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为无线光通信。E-mail:

柯熙政(1962-),男,博士,二级教授,俄罗斯自然科学院外籍院士,陕西省教学名师,中国电子学会会士,主要研究方向为无线光通信理论与技术。E-mail:

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Research progress in wavefront distortion correction technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[4]1953Babcock提出使用波前传感器与变形镜实时补偿大气湍流,奠定自适应光学基础
[5]1971Shack等发明夏克-哈特曼波前传感器,通过微透镜阵列测量波前斜率
[6]1988Roddier提出曲率波前传感器设计原理,为曲率传感技术提供理论支持
[7]1988姜文汉搭建动态波前误差的自适应光学系统,实现单元变形镜的独立控制
[8]2004邵力等使用Zernike多项式阶次匹配变形镜促动器排布,减少计算量
[9]2008张洪鑫等将液晶空间光调制器用于波前校正,实现低成本、大行程相位调制
[10]2010Kim等将鲁棒控制算法用于大口径空间反射镜的波前校正,抑制系统的不确定性
[16]2012Bonora等使用光控变形镜的光致形变实现高分辨率校正,适合微型化系统
[11]2017刘章文等提出基于模糊控制的波前校正技术,适用于非线性、时变系统
[18]2017金奇等提出自由曲面反射镜设计方法,减少光学元件数量,提升系统集成度
[17]2018Huang等使用光学寻址液晶调制器实现动态波前控制,适用于大口径波前校正
[20]2018谭振坤等进行外差探测系统波前校正实验,实现高精度相位解调
[21]2019孔英秀使用液晶空间光调制器进行波前校正实验,优化相位调制算法
[12]2020王海群等将小波分形插值算法用于波前畸变校正,提高系统对复杂波前畸变的拟合能力
[22]2020柯熙政等引入校正系数补偿波长差异,解决多波长系统的色散问题
[13]2021杨尚军等设计双镜自适应光学系统,同时校正低阶倾斜与高阶像差
[15]2023杨奇龙研究目标识别与跟踪中的波前倾斜校正,系统可对倾斜误差做出高动态响应
[19]2024王钢等使用自由曲面镜补偿大功率激光波前畸变,提升能量集中度
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303005803400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

波前畸变校正技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[4]1953Babcock提出使用波前传感器与变形镜实时补偿大气湍流,奠定自适应光学基础
[5]1971Shack等发明夏克-哈特曼波前传感器,通过微透镜阵列测量波前斜率
[6]1988Roddier提出曲率波前传感器设计原理,为曲率传感技术提供理论支持
[7]1988姜文汉搭建动态波前误差的自适应光学系统,实现单元变形镜的独立控制
[8]2004邵力等使用Zernike多项式阶次匹配变形镜促动器排布,减少计算量
[9]2008张洪鑫等将液晶空间光调制器用于波前校正,实现低成本、大行程相位调制
[10]2010Kim等将鲁棒控制算法用于大口径空间反射镜的波前校正,抑制系统的不确定性
[16]2012Bonora等使用光控变形镜的光致形变实现高分辨率校正,适合微型化系统
[11]2017刘章文等提出基于模糊控制的波前校正技术,适用于非线性、时变系统
[18]2017金奇等提出自由曲面反射镜设计方法,减少光学元件数量,提升系统集成度
[17]2018Huang等使用光学寻址液晶调制器实现动态波前控制,适用于大口径波前校正
[20]2018谭振坤等进行外差探测系统波前校正实验,实现高精度相位解调
[21]2019孔英秀使用液晶空间光调制器进行波前校正实验,优化相位调制算法
[12]2020王海群等将小波分形插值算法用于波前畸变校正,提高系统对复杂波前畸变的拟合能力
[22]2020柯熙政等引入校正系数补偿波长差异,解决多波长系统的色散问题
[13]2021杨尚军等设计双镜自适应光学系统,同时校正低阶倾斜与高阶像差
[15]2023杨奇龙研究目标识别与跟踪中的波前倾斜校正,系统可对倾斜误差做出高动态响应
[19]2024王钢等使用自由曲面镜补偿大功率激光波前畸变,提升能量集中度
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303102272393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Research progress on local oscillator light noise suppression technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展抑制噪声类型
[28]2009Patrick等将高功率光电二极管阵列用于光功率稳定,结构简单,无需复杂反馈控制强度噪声
[23]2013Zhang等将自注入锁定振荡器和光延迟环相结合,实现全光相位噪声抑制相位噪声
[25]2014Wang等设计射频本地振荡器远程分配系统,实现远程高精度本振信号稳定传输相位噪声
[26]2015Šmíd等将非平衡光纤干涉仪和锁相环相结合,实现高精度频率稳定频率噪声
[29]2017梁赫西等优化本振功率和空间平衡探测器的参数,提升相干探测灵敏度强度噪声
[30]2017曹正文等搭建可动态感知散粒噪声方差的在线监测平台,实现自适应噪声补偿量子噪声
[31]2021Zeng等根据声子和光子的耦合机制来抑制噪声,利用量子效应实现超窄线宽激光量子噪声
[24]2023Chen等提出偏振分复用自零差检测,结合光注入锁定实现频率偏移补偿频率噪声
[27]2024张旭蕊等将注入锁定激光器和光相位补偿相结合,实现全光补偿并降低延迟相位噪声
[32]2024Multani等将超导-光子链路和量子噪声理论相结合,揭示噪声抑制的物理边界量子噪声
[33]2025王晓宇等将锁相环和超低噪声压控振荡器相结合,设计出超稳本振源—
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303186158474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本振光噪声抑制技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展抑制噪声类型
[28]2009Patrick等将高功率光电二极管阵列用于光功率稳定,结构简单,无需复杂反馈控制强度噪声
[23]2013Zhang等将自注入锁定振荡器和光延迟环相结合,实现全光相位噪声抑制相位噪声
[25]2014Wang等设计射频本地振荡器远程分配系统,实现远程高精度本振信号稳定传输相位噪声
[26]2015Šmíd等将非平衡光纤干涉仪和锁相环相结合,实现高精度频率稳定频率噪声
[29]2017梁赫西等优化本振功率和空间平衡探测器的参数,提升相干探测灵敏度强度噪声
[30]2017曹正文等搭建可动态感知散粒噪声方差的在线监测平台,实现自适应噪声补偿量子噪声
[31]2021Zeng等根据声子和光子的耦合机制来抑制噪声,利用量子效应实现超窄线宽激光量子噪声
[24]2023Chen等提出偏振分复用自零差检测,结合光注入锁定实现频率偏移补偿频率噪声
[27]2024张旭蕊等将注入锁定激光器和光相位补偿相结合,实现全光补偿并降低延迟相位噪声
[32]2024Multani等将超导-光子链路和量子噪声理论相结合,揭示噪声抑制的物理边界量子噪声
[33]2025王晓宇等将锁相环和超低噪声压控振荡器相结合,设计出超稳本振源—
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303270044555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Research progress of phase-locked technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型参考文献年份作者研究进展
光学锁相环[35]1983Steele采用半导体激光器实现相位锁定,证明了使用分立激光器实现光学相位控制的可行性
[36]1985Kazovsky提出判决驱动锁相环,结合数字信号处理提升相位跟踪精度,适用于高阶调制格式
[39]2004Camatel等通过射频子载波分离实现相位误差检测,抑制载波频率漂移,适用于长距离传输
[41]2015徐圣奇等将科斯塔斯锁相环应用于零差接收,无需判决反馈,可直接恢复载波相位
[45]2018赵馨等提出多级复合环路锁相环,结合快速倾斜镜与连续面变形镜,可同时抑制低阶倾斜与高阶像差
[46]2023Wang等设计低成本数字锁相环,采用FPGA实现快速相位误差检测与反馈,硬件成本低,易于集成
相位补偿算法优化[50]1972Gerchberg等使用迭代投影算法在空域和频域中交替迭代,无需先验信息,适用于单帧数据恢复
[52]1983Viterbi 等利用星座点对称性进行相位偏移,通过递归路径搜索优化相位估计
[54]2009Pfau等提出盲相位搜索算法,通过网格搜索优化相位估计,无需导频符号,频谱效率高
[60]2019张杰等提出四次方相位恢复算法,利用高阶统计量抑制噪声与载波频偏,适用于高阶调制格式
[63]2025Li等提出自适应加权迭代算法,结合载波辅助与动态权重分配提升收敛速度,算法复杂度较低
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303374902156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锁相技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型参考文献年份作者研究进展
光学锁相环[35]1983Steele采用半导体激光器实现相位锁定,证明了使用分立激光器实现光学相位控制的可行性
[36]1985Kazovsky提出判决驱动锁相环,结合数字信号处理提升相位跟踪精度,适用于高阶调制格式
[39]2004Camatel等通过射频子载波分离实现相位误差检测,抑制载波频率漂移,适用于长距离传输
[41]2015徐圣奇等将科斯塔斯锁相环应用于零差接收,无需判决反馈,可直接恢复载波相位
[45]2018赵馨等提出多级复合环路锁相环,结合快速倾斜镜与连续面变形镜,可同时抑制低阶倾斜与高阶像差
[46]2023Wang等设计低成本数字锁相环,采用FPGA实现快速相位误差检测与反馈,硬件成本低,易于集成
相位补偿算法优化[50]1972Gerchberg等使用迭代投影算法在空域和频域中交替迭代,无需先验信息,适用于单帧数据恢复
[52]1983Viterbi 等利用星座点对称性进行相位偏移,通过递归路径搜索优化相位估计
[54]2009Pfau等提出盲相位搜索算法,通过网格搜索优化相位估计,无需导频符号,频谱效率高
[60]2019张杰等提出四次方相位恢复算法,利用高阶统计量抑制噪声与载波频偏,适用于高阶调制格式
[63]2025Li等提出自适应加权迭代算法,结合载波辅助与动态权重分配提升收敛速度,算法复杂度较低
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303450399629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Research progress of polarization control technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[66]1995龚岩栋等构建偏振态-相位误差映射神经网络,奠定偏振控制技术的理论基础
[67]2001Toyoda等采用集成多电极的铌酸锂偏振控制器实现精密光学跟踪中的偏振控制,结构简单
[68]2004Solli等设计光子晶体偏振分束器,利用光子带隙效应实现不同偏振态之间的快速调控
[69]2011Itamar等根据相干光场的斯托克斯参数测量,实现自由空间偏振态动态估计
[70]2012Jofre等将振镜光学扫描仪与偏振控制器相结合,实现快速光束转向与全偏振控制,缩短响应时间
[71]2016翟中生等将液晶空间光调制器和遗传算法相结合,实现光束偏振态的动态优化,灵活性较高
[72]2018沈辉等将锁相环应用于光学零差偏振探测,实现合束激光的偏振态锁定
[73]2019Li等提出偏振相位锁定最小均方算法,实现实时快速的偏振跟踪,且收敛速度快
[75]2021Taiki等设计亚波长偏振态变换器,实现100 nm带宽内不同波长光场偏振态的独立动态控制
[74]2022唐明等设计具有自动追踪能力的偏振控制器,可达到高精度的偏振稳定输出效果
[76]2023Xiong等在光学超表面引入工程噪声,实现11个独立偏振通道,突破偏振复用容量极限
[78]2024Zhang等设计互补偏振分集自相干零差接收机,实现超高速偏振复用传输
[77]2025Guo等构建偏振选择性衍射神经网络,实现太赫兹波段偏振可控的单/双向通信
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303517508494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

偏振控制技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[66]1995龚岩栋等构建偏振态-相位误差映射神经网络,奠定偏振控制技术的理论基础
[67]2001Toyoda等采用集成多电极的铌酸锂偏振控制器实现精密光学跟踪中的偏振控制,结构简单
[68]2004Solli等设计光子晶体偏振分束器,利用光子带隙效应实现不同偏振态之间的快速调控
[69]2011Itamar等根据相干光场的斯托克斯参数测量,实现自由空间偏振态动态估计
[70]2012Jofre等将振镜光学扫描仪与偏振控制器相结合,实现快速光束转向与全偏振控制,缩短响应时间
[71]2016翟中生等将液晶空间光调制器和遗传算法相结合,实现光束偏振态的动态优化,灵活性较高
[72]2018沈辉等将锁相环应用于光学零差偏振探测,实现合束激光的偏振态锁定
[73]2019Li等提出偏振相位锁定最小均方算法,实现实时快速的偏振跟踪,且收敛速度快
[75]2021Taiki等设计亚波长偏振态变换器,实现100 nm带宽内不同波长光场偏振态的独立动态控制
[74]2022唐明等设计具有自动追踪能力的偏振控制器,可达到高精度的偏振稳定输出效果
[76]2023Xiong等在光学超表面引入工程噪声,实现11个独立偏振通道,突破偏振复用容量极限
[78]2024Zhang等设计互补偏振分集自相干零差接收机,实现超高速偏振复用传输
[77]2025Guo等构建偏振选择性衍射神经网络,实现太赫兹波段偏振可控的单/双向通信
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303597200271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Research progress of mixing technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型参考文献年份作者研究进展
光纤混频[80]1983Yuen等分析使用本振光进行混频的本质极限,建立混频信噪比模型
[81]1987Gimlett等进行基于分布式反馈激光器的2 Gbit/s FSK外差传输实验,验证光纤混频的可行性
[82]2010Inoue等设计基于二氧化硅的平面光波电路,实现超小尺寸与低损耗设计
[83]2017Cao等提出基于四波混频的自零差检测方案,利用导频音消除相位噪声
[84]2019陈浩设计二氧化硅基90°光混频器,结构紧凑,适合硅基集成
[85]2023陈伟等设计多模干涉波导结构的90°混频器,实现低损耗与宽频带特性
[86]2024Ünal等将微波光子混频器和90°分支线耦合器相结合,实现宽频带相位平衡,支持多载波调制
晶体混频[87]1999Chou M提出三波混频技术,利用铌酸锂晶体实现通信中的波长转换,支持高效频率转换
[88]2010万玲玉等在马赫-曾德尔混频器中引入波片光轴偏差补偿模块,提升偏振稳定性
[89]2013郑阳等设计基于相干激光通信的空间光混频器光机结构,实现高精度角度与偏振控制
[90]2018宋哲等根据晶体的双折射特性设计2×4集成结构的90°空间光混频器,支持多通道并行混频
[92]2019张晓宇等设计基于双平行马赫-曾德尔调制器的全光混频器,实现电信号到光信号的直接转换
[91]2020韩建露设计晶体型2×4 90°混频器,兼容射频与光域信号,支持实时处理
[93]2021吴加丽等设计双折射晶体90°混频器,利用铌酸锂晶体的自然双折射特性实现宽带相位平衡
[94]2025Xie X Z等设计薄膜铌酸锂光子混频器,实现宽带毫米波信号的产生与处理,支持异质集成
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303672697744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

混频技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型参考文献年份作者研究进展
光纤混频[80]1983Yuen等分析使用本振光进行混频的本质极限,建立混频信噪比模型
[81]1987Gimlett等进行基于分布式反馈激光器的2 Gbit/s FSK外差传输实验,验证光纤混频的可行性
[82]2010Inoue等设计基于二氧化硅的平面光波电路,实现超小尺寸与低损耗设计
[83]2017Cao等提出基于四波混频的自零差检测方案,利用导频音消除相位噪声
[84]2019陈浩设计二氧化硅基90°光混频器,结构紧凑,适合硅基集成
[85]2023陈伟等设计多模干涉波导结构的90°混频器,实现低损耗与宽频带特性
[86]2024Ünal等将微波光子混频器和90°分支线耦合器相结合,实现宽频带相位平衡,支持多载波调制
晶体混频[87]1999Chou M提出三波混频技术,利用铌酸锂晶体实现通信中的波长转换,支持高效频率转换
[88]2010万玲玉等在马赫-曾德尔混频器中引入波片光轴偏差补偿模块,提升偏振稳定性
[89]2013郑阳等设计基于相干激光通信的空间光混频器光机结构,实现高精度角度与偏振控制
[90]2018宋哲等根据晶体的双折射特性设计2×4集成结构的90°空间光混频器,支持多通道并行混频
[92]2019张晓宇等设计基于双平行马赫-曾德尔调制器的全光混频器,实现电信号到光信号的直接转换
[91]2020韩建露设计晶体型2×4 90°混频器,兼容射频与光域信号,支持实时处理
[93]2021吴加丽等设计双折射晶体90°混频器,利用铌酸锂晶体的自然双折射特性实现宽带相位平衡
[94]2025Xie X Z等设计薄膜铌酸锂光子混频器,实现宽带毫米波信号的产生与处理,支持异质集成
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303748195217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Research progress of double balance detection technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[96]2010高龙等使用双平衡探测器的差分输出抵消直流分量和共模噪声,有效抑制激光强度噪声
[98]2013朱剑锋设计Sagnac型双光路平衡探测器,减少光信号引入的噪声
[99]2015Zheng等提出双InGaAs/InP雪崩二极管对称配置的双平衡差分结构,降低系统误码率
[97]2016李玉等设计激光测速仪双平衡探测系统,结合锁相放大器实现多普勒频移高精度提取
[100]2017黄晶等提出使用双平衡桥探测直流系统接地故障的检测方法,基于电流差分原理实现故障定位
[101]2021Bruynsteen等设计光子-电子集成的双平衡零差探测器,实现20 GHz以上的散粒噪声极限测量
[102]2023Jia等设计硅光子集成的时域双平衡零差探测器,实现较高的共模抑制比
[103]2024Wang等设计针对宽带压缩光检测的高性能平衡零差探测系统,适用于微弱量子信号检测
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303819498386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

双平衡探测技术研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献年份作者研究进展
[96]2010高龙等使用双平衡探测器的差分输出抵消直流分量和共模噪声,有效抑制激光强度噪声
[98]2013朱剑锋设计Sagnac型双光路平衡探测器,减少光信号引入的噪声
[99]2015Zheng等提出双InGaAs/InP雪崩二极管对称配置的双平衡差分结构,降低系统误码率
[97]2016李玉等设计激光测速仪双平衡探测系统,结合锁相放大器实现多普勒频移高精度提取
[100]2017黄晶等提出使用双平衡桥探测直流系统接地故障的检测方法,基于电流差分原理实现故障定位
[101]2021Bruynsteen等设计光子-电子集成的双平衡零差探测器,实现20 GHz以上的散粒噪声极限测量
[102]2023Jia等设计硅光子集成的时域双平衡零差探测器,实现较高的共模抑制比
[103]2024Wang等设计针对宽带压缩光检测的高性能平衡零差探测系统,适用于微弱量子信号检测
), ArticleFig(id=1319955303941133203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Performance comparison between homodyne system and traditional system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标零差检测外差检测直接检测参考文献
灵敏度单位比特平均光子数6~10,
接收光功率低至−35 dBm
单位比特平均光子数12~20,
接收光功率约−32 dBm,
比零差高3 dB信噪比需求
单位比特平均光子数大于100,
接收光功率≥−20 dBm
[2]、[37]、[96]
传输带宽典型值为20~40 GHz,130~170 GHz
频段下可重构系统支持10 Gbps
带宽与零差相近,但需匹配中高频放大器,
在实际应用中带宽利用率低30%
带宽≤10 GHz[27]、[48]、
[103]
误码率10 Gbps速率下16-QAM调制的误差矢量
幅度为−15.7 dB,误码率在大气湍流
场景下可稳定至10−12
10 Gbps速率下16-QAM调制的误差矢量幅度为
−12.3 dB,误码率下限比零差高1~2个数量级
−16.4 dBm接收功率下,
16-QAM 调制的误码率为10−6,
背景光干扰下误码率恶化至10−3
[20]、[46]、
[103]
共模抑制比双平衡探测架构中共模抑制比为35~40 dB,
可抑制70 %由大气湍流引起的相位噪声
双平衡探测架构中共模抑制比为 25~30 dB,
对频率噪声抑制能力比零差低 15%
无共模抑制机制[96]、[103]
频谱效率支持64-QAM等高阶调制格式,
频谱效率达4 bit/s/Hz
相同调制格式下的频谱效率与零差相同,
但频差引入的中频信号需要额外带宽,
实际的频谱利用率低20%
仅支持低阶调制,
频谱效率较低
[48]、[78]
相位噪声
抑制能力
残余相位噪声≤0.03 rad,
激光线宽在100 kHz条件下可稳定锁定
残余相位噪声为0.05~0.08 rad,
线宽大于200 kHz时易失锁
无相位噪声抑制机制[43]、[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1319955304050185108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955285607830269, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

零差系统与传统系统性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标零差检测外差检测直接检测参考文献
灵敏度单位比特平均光子数6~10,
接收光功率低至−35 dBm
单位比特平均光子数12~20,
接收光功率约−32 dBm,
比零差高3 dB信噪比需求
单位比特平均光子数大于100,
接收光功率≥−20 dBm
[2]、[37]、[96]
传输带宽典型值为20~40 GHz,130~170 GHz
频段下可重构系统支持10 Gbps
带宽与零差相近,但需匹配中高频放大器,
在实际应用中带宽利用率低30%
带宽≤10 GHz[27]、[48]、
[103]
误码率10 Gbps速率下16-QAM调制的误差矢量
幅度为−15.7 dB,误码率在大气湍流
场景下可稳定至10−12
10 Gbps速率下16-QAM调制的误差矢量幅度为
−12.3 dB,误码率下限比零差高1~2个数量级
−16.4 dBm接收功率下,
16-QAM 调制的误码率为10−6,
背景光干扰下误码率恶化至10−3
[20]、[46]、
[103]
共模抑制比双平衡探测架构中共模抑制比为35~40 dB,
可抑制70 %由大气湍流引起的相位噪声
双平衡探测架构中共模抑制比为 25~30 dB,
对频率噪声抑制能力比零差低 15%
无共模抑制机制[96]、[103]
频谱效率支持64-QAM等高阶调制格式,
频谱效率达4 bit/s/Hz
相同调制格式下的频谱效率与零差相同,
但频差引入的中频信号需要额外带宽,
实际的频谱利用率低20%
仅支持低阶调制,
频谱效率较低
[48]、[78]
相位噪声
抑制能力
残余相位噪声≤0.03 rad,
激光线宽在100 kHz条件下可稳定锁定
残余相位噪声为0.05~0.08 rad,
线宽大于200 kHz时易失锁
无相位噪声抑制机制[43]、[56]
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裴佳慧(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为无线光通信。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=WmM3kZn0tLfXo62aUsZwsA==, bioContent=

裴佳慧(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为无线光通信。E-mail:

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柯熙政(1962-),男,博士,二级教授,俄罗斯自然科学院外籍院士,陕西省教学名师,中国电子学会会士,主要研究方向为无线光通信理论与技术。E-mail:

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柯熙政(1962-),男,博士,二级教授,俄罗斯自然科学院外籍院士,陕西省教学名师,中国电子学会会士,主要研究方向为无线光通信理论与技术。E-mail:

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裴佳慧1 , 柯熙政1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1西安理工大学自动化与信息工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 2咸阳市智能制造装备技术重点实验室,陕西 咸阳 713199
通讯作者:
柯熙政,
作者简介:

作者贡献

裴佳慧:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;柯熙政:指导论文选题、论文修改。

裴佳慧(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为无线光通信。E-mail:

柯熙政(1962-),男,博士,二级教授,俄罗斯自然科学院外籍院士,陕西省教学名师,中国电子学会会士,主要研究方向为无线光通信理论与技术。E-mail:

Research progress of homodyne coherent wireless optical communication technology
Jiahui Pei1 , Xizheng Ke1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, China
  • 2Xianyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Xianyang, Shaanxi 713199, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250250
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本文综述了零差相干光通信技术的最新研究进展,在阐述零差探测基本原理的基础上,重点归纳了实现高性能零差相干系统的关键技术,包括波前畸变校正、偏振控制、锁相技术、混频技术和平衡探测技术等核心模块的研究现状与发展趋势。文章系统总结了上述技术在提升系统灵敏度、抑制相位噪声、增强信号稳定性和简化系统复杂度等方面的突破与挑战,旨在为零差相干光通信的深入研究与应用提供参考。

零差相干检测  /  光通信  /  关键技术
Significance

Homodyne coherent wireless optical communication enables the direct recovery of baseband signals by interfering a local oscillator with the received signal light under identical frequency and stable phase conditions. This approach provides outstanding detection sensitivity, strong resilience against interference, and high spectral efficiency, making it a promising candidate for next generation high capacity and long reach optical links. However, its practical realization depends critically on maintaining precise and stable phase alignment between the signal and the local oscillator. This requirement imposes rigorous demands on laser source coherence, phase locking accuracy, and adaptive control algorithms. Addressing these challenges is fundamental to harnessing the full potential of homodyne detection in real world dynamic environments such as free space optical channels, which are often affected by atmospheric turbulence, polarization fluctuations, and other time varying impairments.

Progress

Significant progress has been made in the key technologies of the robust homodyne coherent receiver, including wavefront distortion correction technology, local oscillator noise suppression technology, phase locking technology, polarization control technology, mixing technology and dual balanced detection technology. Wavefront distortion correction, primarily implemented through adaptive optical systems, compensates for phase errors induced by atmospheric turbulence and optical imperfections. Early conceptual work proposed using deformable mirrors, and subsequent development of wavefront sensors enabled closed loop operation. Modern adaptive optical systems employ multi actuator deformable mirrors, liquid crystal spatial light modulators for static or quasi static correction, and hybrid schemes that combine fast steering mirrors with high order deformable mirrors. These improvements enhance correction bandwidth, spatial resolution, and suitability for real time operation in turbulent channels. Local oscillator noise suppression targets phase, frequency, intensity, and quantum noise sources. Optical injection locking and self injection locking techniques effectively reduce phase noise. Electronic feedback and servo control, often using PID algorithms, provide precise frequency stabilization. Intensity noise is mitigated through balanced detection architectures and by operating the local oscillator at an optimal power level that maximizes the signal to noise ratio. Quantum noise, a fundamental limit, is addressed through techniques such as squeezed state generation and nonlinear optical processing, though these remain areas of active research. Phase locking technology ensures the local oscillator accurately tracks the signal phase. Optical phase locked loops form the core of this subsystem, evolving from discrete component based designs to architectures incorporating digital signal processing. Key developments include decision driven optical phase locked loops, Costas loop based designs for carrier recovery, and hybrid optical phase locked loops that combine optical and electronic feedback. Phase recovery algorithms, adapted from digital coherent communications, play a complementary role. The Viterbi Viterbi algorithm, blind phase search, and Kalman filtering are widely used to estimate and compensate residual phase noise, especially for high order modulation formats like 16 QAM and 64 QAM. Polarization control ensures the polarization states of the signal and local oscillator are matched at the mixer. Early systems relied on mechanical polarization controllers with slow feedback. The field progressed towards integrated electro optic devices based on lithium niobate, offering faster response. Recent trends focus on system level integration, combining polarization tracking with phase recovery algorithms, and on novel devices like metasurface based polarization controllers that offer compact size and programmable functionality. Polarization diversity receivers and polarization insensitive mixer designs also help alleviate the control burden. Mixing techniques generate the in phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components required for complex signal recovery. Fiber based mixers using 3 dB couplers were common but suffer from polarization sensitivity. Integrated optical hybrids on platforms like silica or indium phosphide offer improved stability and compactness. Crystal based mixers, particularly those utilizing the electro optic effect in periodically poled lithium niobate, provide inherent phase accuracy and polarization insensitive operation. Recent advances in thin film lithium niobate enable broadband, low loss mixers suitable for high speed applications. Dual balanced detection converts the optical interference signals into differential electrical outputs, effectively rejecting common mode noise and amplifying the weak signal component. The core of this technology is a pair of matched photodiodes in a differential configuration. Developments have focused on improving photodetector bandwidth, responsivity matching, and integration with planar lightwave circuits. Systems achieving common mode rejection ratios exceeding 40 dB have been demonstrated, directly translating to higher receiver sensitivity and dynamic range.

Conclusions and Prospects

Homodyne coherent systems exhibit superior sensitivity and spectral efficiency compared to conventional heterodyne and direct detection schemes. The continuous refinement of wavefront correction, noise suppression, phase locking, polarization control, mixing, and balanced detection has progressively lowered implementation barriers, enabling laboratory demonstrations and early field trials. Current performance benchmarks show clear advantages in receiver sensitivity, tolerance to optical signal to noise ratio, and resilience to certain channel impairments. Nevertheless, challenges remain for widespread deployment. Further reduction of phase noise is critical for higher order modulation formats. Managing the coupled dynamics of phase, polarization, and frequency under rapidly varying atmospheric conditions requires more intelligent, adaptive control systems. System complexity and cost also need reduction for practical applications. Future research will likely focus on several key directions: 1) Deep photonic integration, combining lasers, modulators, mixers, and detectors on a single chip using platforms like silicon photonics or thin film lithium niobate to reduce size, power consumption, and cost. 2) Advanced digital signal processing and machine learning algorithms for joint estimation and compensation of multiple impairments in real time. 3) Exploration of quantum inspired techniques, such as phase squeezed states, to surpass classical sensitivity limits. 4) Development of robust and adaptive adaptive optical systems tailored for specific turbulent channel characteristics. Progress along these paths will enhance the robustness, scalability, and energy efficiency of homodyne coherent receivers, solidifying their role in future high performance terrestrial and satellite based wireless optical communication networks.

homodyne coherence detection  /  optical communications  /  key technology
裴佳慧, 柯熙政. 零差无线光相干通信技术研究进展. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250250 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250250
Jiahui Pei, Xizheng Ke. Research progress of homodyne coherent wireless optical communication technology[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250250 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250250
在相干检测中,信号光与本振光在混频器中发生干涉后,会产生一个等于二者频率之差的中频分量。如果该中频分量不为零,则称为外差相干检测;如果中频分量等于零,则称为零差相干检测,又称为“内差相干检测”。零差相干检测的信号光与本振光的频率完全相同,相位差保持稳定,二者在光混频器中干涉后直接输出携带原始调制信号的基带信号,不需要复杂的解调电路。
零差相干检测是一种用于高性能光通信系统的检测技术,具有接收灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强和频谱利用效率高等特性,在构建大容量、远距离光传输网络方面有明显优势。该技术在实际应用时面临的主要技术难题是如何保证本地振荡光源与传输信号光之间精确的相位锁定,这对本振激光器的线宽、频率稳定性以及接收端的相位恢复算法提出了极其苛刻的要求,正是这些技术挑战,驱动了相关领域持续而深入的研究。
本文重点围绕实现稳定零差检测的核心技术展开,包括波前畸变校正、混频技术、偏振控制以及双平衡探测技术等,通过梳理近年来各项技术的突破性成果与技术路线,探讨了零差相干技术当前面临的问题以及未来的发展趋势。
零差相干检测的概念如图1所示,信号光先经过波前畸变校正处理,本振光则先对其噪声进行抑制,再进入锁相系统,保证其与信号光之间的相位差维持在稳定状态。这样信号光与本振光一同输入到偏振控制器使二者偏振态保持一致,然后在混频器中发生相干叠加。混频后的信号被分为两路,分别接入双平衡探测系统中的两个平衡探测器,将光信号转换为差分电信号后进行解调。探测器输出的信号直接包含原始信号的幅度和相位信息,只需简单的滤波、放大等处理就可以解调出原始信息。
在零差相干系统中,要求本振光和信号光的频率高度一致,二者的电场特性[1]可分别表示为
$ E_{\mathrm{S}}(t)=A_{\mathrm{S}}(t) \cos \left(\omega_{\mathrm{S}} t+\phi_{\mathrm{S}}\right) \;, $
$ E_{\mathrm{L}}(t)=A_{\mathrm{L}}(t) \cos \left(\omega_{\mathrm{L}} t+\phi_{\mathrm{L}}\right)\;, $
式中:t表示系统全局统一的瞬时时间,$ {{E}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}\left({t}\right) $和$ {{E}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}\left({t}\right) $分别为信号光和本振光的电场强度;$ {{A}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}\left({t}\right) $和$ {{A}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}\left({t}\right) $分别为信号光和本振光的振幅;$ {{ \omega }}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $和$ {{ \omega }}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}} $分别为信号光和本振光的中心角频率;$ {\phi}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $和$ {\phi}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}} $分别为信号光和本振光的相位。
假设信号光和本振光的频率相同、偏振方向一致、相位差保持稳定,两束光经相干混合后在光电探测器[2]上测得的光功率为
$ \begin{split} P(t) =& k\left(E_{\mathrm{S}}+E_{\mathrm{L}}\right)^2 =k A_{\mathrm{S}}^2+k A_{\mathrm{L}}^2+2 k A_{\mathrm{S}} A_{\mathrm{L}} \\&\cdot \cos \big[\big(\omega_{\mathrm{S}}-\omega_{\mathrm{L}}\big) t+\big(\phi_{\mathrm{S}}-\phi_{\mathrm{L}}\big)\big] =P_{\mathrm{S}}+P_{\mathrm{L}}\\&+2 \sqrt{P_{\mathrm{S}} P_{\mathrm{L}}} \cos \big[\big(\omega_{\mathrm{S}}-\omega_{\mathrm{L}}\big) t+\left(\phi_{\mathrm{S}}-\phi_{\mathrm{L}}\right)\big]\;,\end{split} $
式中:$ {{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}{=k}{{A}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}^{{2}} $为信号光功率;$ {{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}{=k}{{A}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}^{{2}} $为本振光功率;k为光电探测器的比例常数。在搭建探测系统时需使用高匹配度的探测器对,保证两个光电探测器的比例常数相一致,否则会产生误差,削弱探测效果。
在零差检测中,中频信号$ {{ \omega }}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}-{{ \omega }}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}{=0} $,则探测器输出的光电流可表示为[2]
$ i(t)=R P(t)=R P_{\mathrm{S}}+R P_{\mathrm{L}}+2 R \sqrt{P_{\mathrm{S}} P_{\mathrm{L}}} \cos \left(\phi_{{\mathrm{S}}}- \phi_{\mathrm{L}}\right) \;, $
式中:$ {R=\eta e/hv} $为光电探测器的响应常数;η为量子效率;e为电子电荷量;h为普朗克常数;v为光速;$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $和$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}} $分别为信号光和本振光单独作用下的直流分量;$ {2R}\sqrt{{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}}{\cos}\left({\phi}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}{-}{\phi}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}\right) $为信号光和本振光的相干拍频项。一般情况下,本振光的光功率$ {{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}} $要远大于信号光的光功率$ {{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $,所以有$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}\gg {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $,可将$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $项忽略。对于相干拍频项,其中包含着相位信息,是零差检测时提取相位信息的重要部分,其幅度$ {2R}\sqrt{{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}} $决定着检测信号的强弱。
综上,在关注有效信号时,$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}} $属于背景偏置,$ {R}{{P}}_{{{\mathrm{S}}}} $可忽略不计,此时相干拍频项主导了光电流中与相位信息相关的有效部分,那么忽略余弦项做简化处理,输出光电流可近似表示为
$ i(t)=2R\sqrt{P_{\mathrm{S}}P_{\mathrm{L}}}\; . $
信号光的波前在传输过程中会受到大气湍流、光学元件缺陷或传输介质不均匀的影响而产生波前畸变。为了消除这些畸变,恢复理想波前形状以提高激光光束质量,需要采用波前畸变校正技术对其进行校正[3]。
波前畸变校正技术的核心思想是建立一个能够对光波相位畸变进行实时探测并对其进行补偿的闭环系统,这一思想经历了从理论框架到工程实现的关键跨越。
早期,Babcock[4]提出使用可变形反射镜来校正大气湍流引起的波前畸变的概念框架,这一设想为波前畸变校正技术的发展指明了方向,但这种系统并没有将波前信息作为反馈,缺乏实时性。随着波前探测技术的不断突破,闭环系统才真正实现。1971年,Azzam等[5]设计出了基于微透镜阵列的波前传感器,为实时测量波前畸变提供了技术支撑。随后,Roddier[6]于1988年提出了曲率传感理论,又为简化波前探测系统提供了新思路。这两种技术的并存,体现了波前传感领域的技术路径分化和竞争,波前传感器因其结构可靠且直观而成为主流,曲率传感理论则为简化系统提供了方案。
1988年,姜文汉等[7]研究出了基于压电陶瓷阵列的连续面型变形镜,在短时间内完成多个驱动器的独立控制,可达到零差系统对微秒级相位补偿的要求,标志着自适应光学系统从理论走向了工程实践,完整的闭环系统得以实现。
随着闭环系统的逐渐成熟,波前畸变校正技术的研究重点从功能实现转向了性能优化,为满足不同应用场景的需求,波前校正器呈现出了多元化发展趋势。
1) 传统变形镜改进。以压电陶瓷驱动为代表的传统变形镜,在提高空间分辨率和时间带宽的方向上持续不断发展。同时,为了充分发挥硬件性能,控制算法与硬件设计协同优化也成了研究重点。例如,2004年,邵力和鲜浩[8]使用Zernike多项式阶次匹配变形镜促动器排布,在减少计算量的同时又保证了校正精度,体现了当时智能建模算法的进步。
2) 替代性校正技术。2008年,张洪鑫等[9]将液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)应用于波前畸变校正。LC-SLM具有较高的分辨率、较强的可编程性且不存在机械运动,但其响应速度却不理想,这与传统的变形镜形成了明显的性能对比。在对响应速度要求极高的应用中,变形镜仍是首选;在对响应速度要求不苛刻但需要适配多场景需求的实验室研究中,LC-SLM的优势则更明显。
3) 传感器集成。2011年,Kim等[10]研究了自适应光学在大口径分段镜面波前传感和表面控制中的应用,集成夏克-哈特曼传感器和曲率传感器,实现波前误差的多维度测量。这种集成多个波前传感器的方法突破了单一传感器的物理极限,可以实现更全面、更鲁棒、更精确的波前感知。
为了进一步提升控制效率,更复杂的算法被引入系统。2017年,刘章文等[11]提出变论域自适应调整机制,根据波前误差大小动态收缩或扩展模糊论域,提高了误差的补偿效率。2020年,王海群等[12]将小波变换应用于波前畸变校正,根据分形插值原理对产生畸变的波前进行重构。这些工作标志着波前畸变校正从经典的线性控制转向了非线性智能控制。
在注重提升控制效率的同时,研究者们也意识到单一校正器难以同时兼顾大动态范围的倾斜像差和高空间频率的高阶像差,开始使用多校正器协同工作。2021年,Yang等[13]使用快速反射镜和变形镜协同控制进行波前畸变校正,验证了其效果优于单个透镜控制。同年,柯熙政等[14]通过实验对比了偏摆镜和一种少独立单元大行程变形镜DM69对信号光波前畸变的校正效果,结果表明,二者同时进行校正比其中一个单独校正的效果要好。2023年,杨奇龙[15]使用两个倾斜镜设计了双通道并联跟踪控制系统,实现对波前误差的实时跟踪。这种多校正器协同工作的模式,已成为现阶段高性能自适应光学系统的标准架构。
当前波前畸变校正技术正朝着突破传统性能边界和特定应用专用化两个方向拓展。2012年,Bonora等[16]提出了使用光控变形镜进行高分辨率波前畸变校正的方案,通过光驱动模式重构与硬件协同优化。2018年,Huang等[17]将光控技术和自适应算法相结合,使用光寻址液晶调制器进行高精度波前控制,突破了传统变形镜的性能瓶颈。这些研究试图摆脱传统电学寻址的限制,为实现更高分辨率的波前控制开辟了新途径。
针对一些特定应用场景的深度优化,催生了一系列专用化技术。在金奇等[18]和王钢等[19]的研究中,自由曲面反射镜和数值化正交多项式重构技术被用于实现对大动态范围、特定像差模式的静态或半静态精密补偿,其效果优于传统非球面。在自由空间光通信方面,谭振坤等[20]和孔英秀[21]搭建了完整的波前畸变校正系统,不仅验证了技术的有效性,也从信噪比、误码率和输出电压幅值等性能指标改善方面证明了其工程应用价值。
波前畸变校正的研究模型也越来越趋于复杂化和精确化,例如,2020年,柯熙政等[22]等推导了大气湍流中双波长组合光束波前畸变之间的校正残差方差和斯特列尔比,将不同波长对应的波前差的集合平均值作为校正系统的参数,有效减小检测到的信号光波长与变形镜校正波长不同时波长因子对系统校正效果的影响。这种方法促进了波前畸变校正技术从理想单一物理场向复杂耦合物理场的深化。
本振光的噪声源于激光器的固有特性及环境干扰,直接影响零差系统中混频的信噪比、解调精度和系统灵敏度,主要包括:1)由本振光的相位随机漂移引起的相位噪声。相位噪声会导致相位差随机变化,使混频器输出的信号中引入相位误差,造成信号混叠失真。2)由本振光的光功率随机波动造成的强度噪声。强度噪声使光电转换后的电信号幅值信息不稳定,降低输出信噪比。3)由本振光频率偏离理想值的随机波动造成的本振光频率噪声。频率噪声会使信号光和本振光的频率存在差异,不满足零差检测对二者频率相同的要求,相当于间接引入相位漂移。4)主要由本振光散粒噪声引起的量子噪声。量子噪声会限制系统的极限性能,虽然增大本振光功率可以提高信号光的检测灵敏度,但同时也会带来更多的散粒噪声,最终使系统的信噪比存在一个理论极限。针对上述噪声,研究者们发展了一系列抑制技术。
对于相位噪声与频率噪声的抑制,二者紧密相关,其稳定技术的核心在于构建一个参考基准,然后通过反馈回路对相位和频率进行实时校正,主要体现在以下两方面:1)光学注入锁定与自注入锁定。2013年,Zhang等[23]在多环路自注入锁定方法中,使用正反馈在一个环路中振荡,而使用负反馈在其他环路中耦合,该技术可在载波频率周围的噪声频率偏移处降低输出的相位噪声。这种方法可以实现高效的相位锁定,但其性能会受反馈环路稳定性的影响,动态范围有限。2023年,Chen等[24]提出偏振分复用自零差检测,结合光学注入锁定和数字信号处理算法,实现对频率偏移的动态补偿。该方法利用数字信号处理的灵活性弥补了纯光学控制的不足,大幅提升了系统的适应性。2)电子反馈与伺服控制。2014年,Wang等[25]设计了一套射频本地振荡器远程分配系统,该系统使用单边带调制器将相位校正从中频转移到射频,可对光束信号的相位进行精确调控。2015年,Šmíd等[26]使用非平衡迈克尔逊光纤干涉仪对激光二极管的噪声进行抑制,通过伺服环路控制将频率噪声抑制在傅里叶频率范围内,在一定程度上稳定激光输出。2024年,张旭蕊等[27]采用注入锁定技术恢复本振光,并通过比例-积分-微分(PID)算法控制压电陶瓷补偿光相位波动,间接稳定光功率。对这些研究进行比较可得,电子伺服技术在控制精度和可编程性等方面具有明显优势,但系统复杂度较高;虽然PID等控制算法可应用于相位补偿,但面对复杂、非线性的噪声扰动时,其性能可能达到瓶颈。
强度噪声的抑制主要有探测和稳定两个环节。2009年,Kwee等[28]将高功率光电二极管阵列应用于激光功率稳定,可在一定程度上减小因功率不稳定造成的噪声影响。这种直接功率稳定技术是一种经典的直接反馈方法,但该方法主要针对低频和外部扰动引起的缓慢波动,而对激光器本身的高频强度噪声的抑制有局限性。抑制本振光强度噪声的关键在于平衡探测和最佳工作点的选择,2017年,梁赫西等[29]根据平衡探测技术原理,通过实验验证了相干光探测系统对本振光源功率变化的响应特性,找到检测灵敏度最大时的最佳本振光功率,并证实通过提高光电探测器的匹配度和选择最佳本振光功率可有效抑制本振光强度噪声。这项工作的价值在于并不是一味地追求最低噪声,而是通过优化本振光功率、探测器匹配度等系统参数来实现全局信噪比最优,是一种效益很高的实用化策略。
量子噪声的抑制要注重信号功率与噪声之间的权衡。2017年,曹正文等[30]搭建了一套可动态感知散粒噪声方差的在线监测平台,可实现对量子接收端本振光源全时段运行状态的可视化监测,这为系统的动态优化提供了数据基础。2022年,Zeng等[31]利用克尔效应和Duffing非线性振荡器产生的参数放大项来抑制激光相位噪声,并引入宽带挤压真空环境抑制因降低相位噪声而增加的热噪声,通过实验验证了该方法的优越性。2024年,Multani等[32]设计了一种光驱动的低温毫米波源,该光源可以减少超导-光子链路效率-噪声限制,优化本振光功率与散粒噪声之间的权衡关系。这两种方法分别利用了非线性光学和量子技术,二者都是突破经典量子噪声极限的前沿方向,都不再局限于经典的反馈和控制架构,而是通过控制光场量子的统计特性或利用特殊的物理系统来挑战标准量子极限。尽管这些技术目前都还处于实验室阶段,但为本振光噪声抑制技术的发展提供了方向。
除此之外,王晓宇和叶俊彦[33]开辟了另一种技术路径,不再执着于降低本振光噪声,而是从源头入手,直接产生较高性能指标的本振源,这种方法在微波光子学等特定应用中显示出了巨大的潜力。本振光噪声抑制技术正从单一被动控制向多维主动协同控制发展,早期研究大多为针对某一噪声的特定技术,而近年来的研究呈现出技术融合、噪声协同管理以及向量子领域迈进的趋势。
本振光在经过噪声抑制处理后进入锁相系统,目的是使其与信号光的相位差保持稳定,这是实现超高灵敏度零差探测不可缺少的步骤,否则会导致输出光强不稳定,对光电转换时弱信号的准确提取造成影响。目前零差相干系统的相位稳定技术取得诸多进展,主要体现在光锁相环改进和相位补偿算法优化等方面。
光学锁相环依靠负反馈机制来构建闭合回路调控系统,通过不断比对目标信号和输出信号的相位差异达成精准调节,其结构如图2所示。
初始状态下,信号光和本振光之间存在频率差$ {\Delta }{f} $和相位差$ {\Delta }{\phi} $,二者在相位探测器上进行混频,并将产生的差分电流转换为电压误差信号$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{e}}}} $。之后环路滤波器对$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{e}}}} $进行滤波、放大和积分,输出控制电压$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{C}}}} $。$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{C}}}} $作用于本地振荡器的调谐元件并改变其输出频率$ {{f}}_{{{\mathrm{lo}}}} $,输出频率变化可表示为
$ \Delta f_{{\mathrm{l o}}}=K_{{\mathrm{V C O}}} V_{\mathrm{C}}\;, $
式中:$ {{K}}_{{{\mathrm{VCO}}}} $为压控振荡器的调谐响应函数,单位为Hz/V。频率的变化会导致相位差$ {\Delta }{\phi} $也随时间变化:
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta\phi}{\mathrm{~d}t}=2\pi\left(\Delta f-\Delta f_{\mathrm{lo}}\right)\; . $
相位信息反馈到回路后持续工作,当$ {{f}}_{{{\mathrm{lo}}}} $被调整到接近信号光频率时,产生的差分电流减小,$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{e}}}} $也减小,$ {{V}}_{{{\mathrm{C}}}} $变化开始缓慢,最终系统达到动态平衡状态。
早期的光学锁相环研究主要解决零差探测的可行性问题以及性能提升的问题。1983年,Steele[35]将两个GaAlAs激光器分别作为信号光源和本振光源,通过锁相环反馈结构实现二者之间的相位控制,这项工作证明了分立激光器借助电子反馈实现光学相位控制的可行性。但当时的光锁相环存在相位噪声大、锁相精度差等局限,为此研究人员从系统结构入手对其进行了优化。1985年,Kazovsky[36]设计了基于决策驱动的光锁相环应用于零差接收机,并对其功率分配比进行研究,从系统层面提升了本振光功率的利用率。进入20世纪90年代,研究重点转向了更具体的调制格式,1994年,Kiasaleh[37]使用Mach-Zehnder干涉仪对自同步二进制相位光信号进行调制,将调制与自零差检测相结合,提供了一种简化的相位同步思路,可降低系统复杂度。1995年,Huang和Wang[38]研究出了基于平衡锁相环接收机的相位偏差配置优化方案,光学锁相环的研究进入了参数精调的阶段,开始挖掘光锁相环的极限性能。
进入21世纪之后,随着数字信号处理技术的成熟和光子集成技术的兴起,光学锁相环技术开始向数字集成化与多功能应用方向发展。2004年到2008年,Camatel等[39-40]开始将不同技术相融合,将副载波调制技术与光锁相环相结合,实现了ASK和PSK信号的零差相干检测,在此基础上又设计了可用于BPSK信号相干检测的光锁相环,成功扩展了光学锁相环的应用范围。2015年,徐圣奇等[41]将科斯塔斯锁相环应用到零差接收技术中,将射频领域的载波恢复机制引入光域,实现了跨领域的借鉴。科斯塔斯环的抗调制特性,使其成为实现长期、稳定的相位锁定强有力的解决方案。
同时,对光学锁相环核心器件的研究也在持续。2016年,王云祥等[42]研究了单频Nd:YAG非平面环形激光器,解决传统激光器易导致锁相环路失锁的问题。2025年,高健等[43]结合强光学反馈与光锁相环技术,成功压窄量子级联激光器的线宽。这两项工作都是从源头上降低激光器的相位噪声,从而减轻锁相环路的负担。
在锁相环路设计与噪声抑制方面,研究方向也越来越精细化。2018年,王建等[44]在锁相回路中加入了具有移相功能的电路以及可以提高环路增益的电路,有针对性地降低了光锁相环中的残余噪声。2018年,赵馨等[45]将多个锁相环级联的方案,展现了一种通过架构创新来满足动态范围和精度要求的系统设计思想。2023年,Wang等[46]使用低成本ADF4007作为鉴频鉴相器芯片,更是体现出光学锁相环技术在不断追求性能和成本之间的平衡,逐渐向商业化迈进。
在光学锁相环的发展过程中,该技术的外溢效应也开始显现。2019年,Zhang等[47]采用声光调制移频器实现全固态Yb:CYA激光的载波包络相移频率前置反馈锁定。2024年,李代富等[48]研究的光学锁相环集成化硬件系统,具有高速响应特性、双通道架构以及可重构功能,可适用于光学频率的伺服锁定。这说明光学锁相环技术已超越传统光通信的范畴,在精密测量、光学频率合成等前沿领域发挥出关键作用。值得指出的是,2021年,Feng等[49]将贝叶斯概率框架与卷积神经网络融合起来用于图像解析,这是一个全新的方向,跳出了传统电子反馈的思路,通过人工智能直接从干涉信号中提取并量化信息,为实现复杂环境下的相位恢复开辟了新的可能性。
相位补偿算法的核心目标是对系统中信号的相位特性进行调整。在零差相干检测中,相位补偿算法实时检测本振光与信号光之间的相位差,经算法处理后产生一个对应的补偿信号去动态调整本振光的相位,使相位差稳定在所需的目标值上,目前该技术已发展出多类代表性算法。
Gerchberg和Saxton[50]在1971年提出的GS算法依据衍射场强度信息的相位复原技术架构,通过在空域和频域之间交替迭代,利用已知的幅度信息和相关约束条件来逐步逼近真实的相位分布。但是传统的GS算法在精度和收敛效率方面存在局限性,为解决这一问题,1981年,杨国祯和顾本源[51]基于傅里叶变换的约束优化模型建立了统一的相位恢复理论框架,显著提升了该算法的收敛精度和实用性。在高阶调制格式的发展中,对相位噪声估计的需求越来越高,研究者们为更好地进行噪声估计,提出了一些新的算法,主要有以下几条技术路线。
1)星座点估计相位偏移。1983年,Viterbi等[52]提出Viterbi-Viterbi (V&V)算法,主要思想是利用星座点对称性估计相位偏移,通过递归路径搜索优化相位估计,为后续基于星座图的算法发展奠定了基础。2004年,郑应强等[53]提出了星座图动态划分与自适应步长优化的盲相位恢复框架,可提升信号在复杂信道条件下的相位恢复鲁棒性。2009年,Pfau等[54]在V&V算法的基础上提出了盲相位搜索算法,该算法在高阶调制系统中可容忍激光器线宽达符号速率的0.1%。2011年,Gao等[55]将V&V算法引入双偏振16QAM系统,利用星座图中高概率内点实现了低复杂度相位估计。
2)信号处理与滤波理论的引入。2016年,Jain等[56]将卡尔曼滤波理论引入相干通信系统,建立了相位噪声的最优状态估计模型,解决了传统算法对非线性相位噪声补偿能力不足的问题。2016年,Pakala等[57]提出了一种载波相位与幅度噪声联合估计算法,使用卡尔曼滤波器对该算法进行数值研究,显著降低了算法的计算复杂度。
3)不同算法的混合架构。2008年,郭业才等[58]提出一种融合极性迭代、判决引导与锁相环技术的联合优化框架,在减小计算量的同时保证均方误差和收敛速度也得到优化。2012年,Magarini等[59]使用导频符号进行辅助,在传输帧内嵌入前导参考信号,结合最大似然估计算法实现相位同步闭环控制,使系统在维持信道估计精度时避免了差分检测带来的相位不确定性问题。
4)复杂场景下的架构创新。2019年,张杰等[60]对V&V算法进行改进,简化传统M次方算法,把各种噪声引起的总相位偏移统一化处理,该方法可使每个符号的相位信息通过整体视角计算获得,避免了逐符号估计带来的计算复杂问题。2022年,Lemons等[61]将遗传算法应用于复杂光场合成的数字相位恢复算法,通过构建基于傅里叶光学传播的遗传算法模型,分别对光场发射端邻近区域和自由传播区域的情况进行精确收敛与建模。2025年,Zhang等[62]提出基于施密特正交化与动态权重分配的迭代优化方案,通过空域频域联合正交化处理分解相位噪声,结合多阶迭代精修架构和时域亚符号分割技术抑制非线性干扰。2025年,Li等[63]提出一种结合载波辅助与动态权重分配的高精度相位恢复方案,利用导频符号辅助的粗估计和自适应加权因子优化实现载波辅助与动态权重的融合,有效缓解高速相干光通信中相位恢复算法复杂度与收敛速度之间的矛盾。
表3选取上述锁相技术发展过程中的代表性文献进行了整理。
零差探测时,接收端的信号光和本振光需满足严格的偏振态匹配要求,这是获取稳定可靠混频效果的必要条件。在实时探测过程中,中频信号携带相位信息,可以对信号光偏振状态的变化做出敏锐响应,通过构建闭环控制回路,可有效补偿链路中的偏振扰动,图3是以中频信号为反馈的偏振控制系统框图。
如图3所示,偏振控制器与数据处理模块共同构成了偏振控制系统,来自双平衡探测器的Q路信号被用作反馈信号反馈至数据处理模块,该模块实时采集输入的中频信号,获取其幅度特征并对其进行数字化处理,之后运算单元会依据预先设定的参数,生成与之匹配的调控指令传输至偏振控制器,偏振控制器根据指令执行精确的偏转定位操作。在这个过程中,输出光束的偏振特性根据传输模型的计算结果实现动态校正。
在零差相干的概念刚被提出时,偏振控制技术采用较为基础的方式,需借助机械或光电元件,并搭配复杂的反馈子系统,大大增加接收器的成本与复杂度,限制了零差相干系统的推广应用[65]。为突破这一瓶颈,研究人员从两方面进行推进:一是对偏振动态变化的理论建模,二是利用新材料和新结构实现器件上的创新。1995年,龚岩栋等[66]将偏振模色散与相位噪声的耦合效应进行量化,构建偏振态-相位误差映射神经网络,这是理论建模的先导,为后续的智能化控制奠定了理论基础。2001年,Toyoda等[67]采用集成多电极的铌酸锂偏振控制器,借助其在外加电场下可快速改变光传播双折射特性的优势,结合算法实现对光束偏振态的快速精确调控。这项研究证明了在单一芯片中集成波片功能的可行性,实现了对偏振态的快速精确调控。2004年,Solli等[68]对光子晶体的波片结构进行研究,精准引入特定相位差,实现不同偏振态之间的灵活转变。该方案为实现超紧凑、低功耗的偏振控制器提供了新的技术路径,促进了光子集成技术在偏振控制中的应用。
随着通信系统对速率和稳定性要求的不断提高,偏振控制的研究重心逐渐从单一的器件性能扩展到整个系统的协同优化。2011年,Vidal[69]对偏振与相干性的关联理论进行了实验验证,认识到必须将偏振控制作为系统级的问题来研究,后续的研究不能仅仅追求实现稳定的偏振态,更要注重实时追踪并补偿随机变化的偏振态。2012年,Jofre等[70]将振镜光学扫描仪与偏振控制器协同集成,正是对偏振控制进行了系统级优化,该方法可缩短响应时间,适应较快的偏振变化。2016年,翟中生等[71]将光路与算法协同设计,构建了一套偏振调控光路系统,结合空间光调制器和波片,通过加载预先设定好的灰度相位信息实现对输出光束偏振态的实时动态调控,实现了硬件光路和软件编码的灵活配合。2018年,沈辉等[72]利用锁相环实时反馈控制声光调制器和偏振控制器,同时对相位和偏振态进行控制,体现了多参数联合调控的系统级思路。而Li等[73]在之后的研究中将偏振跟踪分为相位锁定和最小均方自适应均衡两个阶段,则是经典理论与现代自适应算法的深度融合,大大提高偏振态旋转的跟踪速度。以上研究从模式转变、算法的协同设计、多参数联合调控以及智能算法等方面对偏振控制技术进行了系统级的优化,在提高系统鲁棒性的同时也为偏振控制技术的前沿发展奠定了基础。
近年来,偏振控制技术已得到各方面的优化,在先进纳米加工技术和人工智能的加持下,该技术进入了全新的发展阶段,主要体现在三个方面。第一个方面是片上系统的成熟,这是偏振控制技术未来的发展方向之一,把整个控制子系统高度集成在一个芯片中,可满足大规模、低成本的光电集成需求。但高密度集成很可能会造成光路串扰等问题,进而影响检测精度,为此,2022年,唐明等[74]使用硅基光子集成工艺,研发出具有自动追踪能力的偏振控制器,可以在任何时刻把任意入射的偏振态精准地调控到特定的、预先设定好的目标状态,最终达到高精度的偏振稳定输出效果。第二个方面是超构表面的能力拓展,超构表面通过对亚波长结构的人工设计,为偏振调控提供了关键工具。2021年,Kageyama等[75]设计了具有波长感知特性的亚波长偏振态变换器,通过控制各个结构单元的几何相位分布,实现100 nm带宽内不同波长光场偏振态的独立动态控制。2023年,Xiong等[76]利用超构表面引入噪声调控,突破了偏振复用容量极限。2025年,Guo等[77]开发出偏振选择性衍射神经网络,通过超构表面相位调控实现单双向信息处理切换,将偏振维度与光计算功能结合起来,开辟了偏振控制新的应用场景。第三个方面是接收机架构的创新,2024年,Zhang等[78]设计了互补偏振分集自相干零差接收机,利用第三个互补相干接收机实时追踪远端本振光的偏振态,实现高速偏振跟踪,这是一种通过接收机多样性来简化前端控制复杂度的新思路,为高速系统提供了实用化解决方案。
信号光与本振光的偏振状态匹配校准后,零差探测的下一个关键步骤就是混频,在混频过程中,两束光波需要有严格的波前匹配以及相位同步控制,使其在光电转换时产生量子干涉效应形成相干叠加。混频器的结构设计是决定系统性能边界的核心要点,根据输出信号的通道数量可将混频器划分成双通道的180°光混频器和四通道的90°光混频器[79]。其中90°光混频器的相位解析能力完整并且拥有正交信号解调功能,成了当前精密零差探测系统中占据关键地位的技术方案。零差探测中的光纤混频和晶体混频这两种核心混频技术,都用于实现90°光混频器,是将接收到的信号光与本振光进行干涉后,产生携带原始信号同相(I)正交(Q)分量信息的四路输出光的关键器件。
光纤混频器是一种基于无源多光束干涉的相干接收器件,其核心是利用光纤耦合器的分光特性,将信号光和本振光在耦合区发生干涉,根据输出光场特定的线性叠加原理,生成包含信号相位信息的混合光场。早在1983年,Yuen等[80]根据偏振分光棱镜的光学结构,将两束有特定偏振态的激光束进行干涉,分析了使用本振光进行混频的本质极限,但其模型只是基于理想的光学元件,并没有考虑偏振态随机波动这一实际问题。1987年,Gimlett等[81]测试了不同误码率下光束经光纤传输后接收机的接收灵敏度,设计了一种具有光纤耦合作用的光混频器并在频移键控通信中实现2 Gbit/s的传输速率。这项研究同样没有考虑偏振态的问题,且混频效率和带宽有限,性能不足。为解决这些问题,光纤混频的研究方向转向了集成光学。2010年,Inoue等[82]设计了一种基于二氧化硅的平面光波电路,再使用定向耦合器完成光束耦合。这是光纤混频向小型化发展迈出的关键一步,但其结构对不同波长和偏振态的适应性较差。2017年,Cao等[83]提出了基于四波混频的自零差检测方案,可有效抑制激光器线宽与相位噪声的影响,但其系统较为复杂,难以在低功耗通信系统中普及。
为实现高性能的混频,2019年,陈浩[84]提出了一种组合式移相单元和3 dB定向耦合器协同设计方案,通过对移相区波导结构进行优化,有效改善了光混频器的性能,混频器输出信号的幅相一致性明显提高。2023年,陈伟等[85]为兼顾低损耗和高相位精度,采用多模干涉波导架构研制出InP基90°光混频器芯片,通过优化波导的锥形过渡结构和干涉区域设计,降低了芯片的净插入损耗和相位误差。2024年,Ünal等[86]提出了一种适用于多频段复用的紧凑型90°光混频器设计,在扩展带宽的同时降低成本,且无需额外的校准电路,为大规模、低成本应用提供了路径。
从以上研究来看,光纤混频技术的发展存在偏振敏感性、插入损耗、相位误差、系统复杂度以及成本等问题,尽管波导设计和新材料等技术的应用对这些问题已经有了改善,但核心的偏振依赖性问题仍是光纤混频系统结构复杂的根源。为此,研究者们将混频技术的重心转向基于铌酸锂等晶体的晶体混频方案。晶体混频凭借其材料的固有特性,可以设计出对偏振不敏感的混频结构,摆脱烦琐的外部偏振控制,为混频系统提供更优的解决方案。
与光纤混频器的结构不同,晶体混频器是通过电光晶体的折射率在电场作用下的变化来主动实现,具有亚度级相位精度及片上偏振分集能力,不需要外部偏振控制,解决了光纤混频器的核心问题。1999年,Chou[87]设计了基于周期性极化铌酸锂波导的光混频器,通过相位匹配技术实现高效非线性混频,显著提升了混频效率与稳定性。这是晶体混频的早期探索,在实现时仍存在相位误差的补偿问题。
为解决相位控制精度这一核心难点,研究人员提出了多种解决方案。2010年,万玲玉等[88]在马赫-曾德尔混频器中引入波片光轴偏差补偿模块,使用高灵敏度偏振态分析方法对光轴偏移量进行实时监测与补偿,可将混频信号的相位误差降低至0.2 MHz以下。2013年,郑阳等[89]基于晶体的双折射特性,利用电光效应实现相移,将本振光和信号光注入干涉结构实现光场叠加,设计了90°晶体分光光混频器光学结构,追求更高的相位延迟精度。为进一步提高实用性,2018年,宋哲等[90]使用两块双折射晶体设计了一种光学桥接器,桥接器内部的光路结构通过不等臂晶体波导引入固定延迟,替代传统外置延迟线,实现了零差探测的相位自动校准。2020年,韩建露[91]利用双折射晶体搭建了一套光学混频系统,该系统引入旋转式相位调控组件,并采用晶片组来实现光强的动态调控,把非线性误差转化为可控参量,是一种把系统缺陷转化为调控维度的新思路。
在追求高精度的同时,简化混频器结构、提升混频器带宽也是技术发展必须考虑的方向。2019年,张晓宇等[92]将双平行马赫-曾德尔调制器与倍频技术相结合,搭建起支持上/下变频操作的全光混频系统,突破了系统的带宽限制,为系统高速应用奠定基础。2021年,吴加丽等[93]采用平行间隔布置的多块双折射晶体,配合$ \lambda /2 $波片和$ \lambda /4 $波片使信号光束和本振光束以特定角度入射,旋转波片对分光比进行调整,该方法简单有效且对混频效率影响较小,是对前期复杂系统的优化。
片上集成系统也是晶体混频技术未来的发展方向之一,只有通过精密的波导集成,才能充分发挥出晶体电光效应与非线性效应的潜力,从根本上解决偏振控制等问题。2025年,Xie等[94]设计了基于薄膜铌酸锂的宽带毫米波混频器,该混频器集成宽带电光调制器与光频梳源,用光频梳代替传统高频本振,实验验证了其20~67 GHz的下变频能力及110 GHz的上变频性能。这项工作便展现了晶体混频在集成度上的优势,并指出未来通过异质结构集成来实现性能突破的发展方向。
光混频器输出的干涉信号并非直接用于解调,而是经由双平衡探测器将光信号转换为差分电信号后再进行解调。双平衡探测器通过正交双通道差分机制同步解调信号的I/Q分量,如图4所示,不仅能提取到单路实部信息,也可以将两套独立的光电差分对进行集成,分别处理混频器输出的四路光场,实现复信号场的完整重构。
双平衡探测器可将微弱的信号光信息从噪声背景中提取并放大出来,研究人员对其极高的共模抑制能力和显著提升的信噪比进行了实验验证。技术发展初期的研究重点是使用不同光路和电路结构,验证双平衡探测的理论基础。2010年,高龙等[96]设计了双平衡探测结构,通过差分输出抵消直流分量和共模噪声,同时保留携带多普勒频移的正交信号,使信噪比较单探测器提升3 dB以上。2016年,李玉等[97]使用两套独立的探测器组成双平衡探测系统,分别在光电探测器量子效率相同和不同的情况下对系统的信噪比进行验证,结果表明,该系统的信噪比相较于单端探测提高了3~5 dB。这两项工作共同确立了差分消噪的基本范式,由于结构相对简单,所以系统性能对双通道的对称性有很高的依赖性,对器件的匹配精度也有较高要求。2013年,在朱剑锋[98]的工作中,以3×3耦合器为核心组件设计了双平衡探测系统,系统中的双光路结构可减少光信号引入的噪声,同时实现了从硬件降噪到软件解调的全链路优化,通过算法补偿了硬件的不足。
在基础结构成熟以后,研究人员开始探索系统的性能极限并解决工程中的实际问题。2015年,Zheng等[99]提出一种双平衡差分架构,采用双InGaAs/InP雪崩二极管对称配置,在1550 nm波长下实现35~40 dB共模抑制比,说明专用光电探测器的引入对性能极限有很大的推动作用,但雪崩二极管成本较高,其工作电压和温度敏感性也是必须考虑的问题。2017年,黄晶等[100]对平衡探测进行改进,提出了一种双桥平衡探测的方法来解决直流系统的接地问题,在电路中设计两组平衡桥测量电阻,该方法可使信号被充分检测,避免数据采集不完整的情况,增强系统在复杂环境下的可靠性。
目前该技术已朝着高带宽、高集成度以及与新机制结合的方向发展。2021年,Bruynsteen等[101]提出了一种硅光子学与伪莫尔高电子迁移率晶体管协同集成的双平衡探测器,该探测器突破了20 GHz以上的噪声带宽理论界限,实现量子探测噪声的系统性抑制。2023年,Jia等[102]在硅基材料上使用电荷和整形放大器设计了一种时域平衡零差探测器,实验结果显示这种探测器可以实现较高的共模抑制比。2024年,Wang等[103]设计出一种针对宽带压缩光检测的高性能平衡零差探测系统,该系统具有宽动态范围特性,在噪声抑制和信噪比提升方面有明显优势,可把电子噪声有效抑制到−90 dB以下。以上研究分别从集成光子学融合、材料平台和应用场景等方面对双平衡探测技术进行了深化,在改善系统性能方面取得新进展,能够满足更严格的探测需求。
零差无线光相干通信系统凭借其本振光和信号光同频干涉的机制,在灵敏度、传输带宽、误码率等性能指标方面明显优于传统的外差检测和直接检测,上述各项技术的发展也使得零差检测系统在多个方面得到改善。为直观地呈现出零差系统与传统系统的性能对比,本节根据先前的实验研究和测试结果,总结了零差检测、外差检测和直接检测在不同性能指标上的实验数据和理论极限,如表7所示。
零差相干光通信系统在灵敏度等方面的优势使其成为重点研究领域之一,其通过本振光与信号光的同频干涉来实现信号的检测,且性能指标优于传统系统。本文阐述了零差相干系统的原理,对系统中涉及的各项技术进行了介绍,并总结了各项技术目前的研究现状。随着应用需求向更高速度、更复杂调制格式、更严苛环境适应性方向发展,未来零差相干系统有望在以下方面取得突破:
1)相位噪声的进一步抑制[43]。随着高阶调制格式和更高波特率的应用,零差探测系统对光学锁相环的残余相位噪声和线宽要求也会越来越高。链路中的相位噪声是影响信号传输的关键干扰因素,未来研究可聚焦于开发更低噪声的窄线宽激光源和更精密的相位探测机制,以逼近理论极限。
2)相位-偏振-频率的联合控制[46,72]。信号光与本振光在进行混频时,单一参数的控制难以维持最优干涉条件,多参数协同可提升系统鲁棒性。未来系统可从以下三个方向打破相位锁定、偏振控制、频偏补偿三个关键环节相对独立优化的现状:一是研究多维度反馈控制算法,并结合卡尔曼滤波或深度学习策略,量化相位、偏振和频率之间的相互影响,实现动态平衡;二是优化硅基或铌酸锂等集成光学器件,在硬件方面实现偏振和相位的匹配,降低调控维度;三是探索新型调制与解调架构,如在数字域中联合估计补偿三者的耦合效应,从而突破模块分化的性能瓶颈。
3)实时性与自适应能力的增强[48]。无线光通信的应用场景一般是动态性的,大气湍流、链路抖动等干扰是实时变化的。未来可以研究具备动态带宽调整能力的光学锁相环,使其能在启动捕获阶段使用宽带宽实现快速锁定,在稳定跟踪阶段自动切换到窄带宽以抑制噪声,适应链路条件的变化。

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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250250
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
  • 修回日期:2025-11-03
  • 录用日期:2025-11-06
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    1西安理工大学自动化与信息工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
    2咸阳市智能制造装备技术重点实验室,陕西 咸阳 713199

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柯熙政,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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