Article(id=1319955188304171070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955013183586630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250368, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250368, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764086400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-26, revisedDate=1766937600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-29, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1792631440472, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631440472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631440472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631440472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955013183586630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='250216', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631398721, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631398721, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250368, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955188518080575, articleId=1319955188304171070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Parallel detection confocal microscopy for surface metrology, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

High-precision component manufacturing imposes increasingly stringent requirements on surface defect inspection and three-dimensional (3D) topography measurement, particularly in advanced manufacturing fields such as semiconductor fabrication and precision micro–nano engineering. Laser confocal microscopy, owing to its excellent lateral resolution, strong optical sectioning capability, and robustness to environmental disturbances, has become an important tool for high-accuracy surface metrology. Nevertheless, conventional confocal microscopy systems are fundamentally constrained by their serial point-scanning imaging mode, which leads to limited imaging efficiency and restricts their applicability in high-throughput and real-time industrial inspection scenarios. To overcome these limitations, this study aims to develop a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy, achieving a balanced optimization of imaging speed, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Methods

To address the throughput limitations of conventional point-scanning confocal systems, this study introduces a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture that enables simultaneous acquisition of multiple confocal signals, significantly improving data acquisition efficiency. The system employs a 405 nm laser as the illumination source and integrates a resonant-galvanometer scanning module to enable high-speed two-dimensional raster scanning. In the detection path, a fiber array comprising one central fiber and six peripherally arranged fibers couples the return beam into seven independent photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), facilitating parallel signal acquisition.

Based on this parallel detection framework, two complementary operational strategies are developed. First, a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm is implemented to fuse images acquired from multiple detectors. By integrating information from the central and peripheral detection channels, this approach effectively alleviates the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution encountered in traditional single-detector confocal systems, enabling high imaging quality to be maintained without sacrificing throughput. Second, by fully exploiting the spatial arrangement characteristics of the detector array, a dedicated fast scanning mode is developed. This scanning strategy allows multiple spatially offset detection channels to contribute to a single image frame, thereby enhancing temporal sampling efficiency.

To ensure stable and reliable system performance, several critical calibration and correction techniques are implemented. A multi-PMT gain calibration method is developed using a uniform illumination source to compensate for response variations among parallel detection channels, ensuring signal consistency and accuracy during multi-channel image fusion. For scanning distortion correction, a hardware-independent algorithm based on piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial (PCHIP) is proposed to address the nonlinear scanning distortion introduced by the resonant galvanometer. This method interpolates discrete distortion data obtained from standard grid imaging, maintaining high smoothness while exhibiting strong adaptability to complex and spatially varying distortion patterns. Additionally, to mitigate axial systematic errors and improve the reliability of 3D reconstruction, a software-based engineering axial calibration and compensation method is established. This approach uses a high-flatness reference mirror to acquire the system's inherent axial error distribution, which is then applied as a real-time correction factor for subsequent measurements.

Results and Discussions

Experimental evaluations validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and methods. In terms of imaging speed, the dedicated fast scanning mode achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate compared with conventional confocal scanning approaches, while preserving spatial resolution and contrast. The pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm enables the parallel detection framework to achieve a superior balance between SNR and resolution, outperforming conventional single-channel confocal imaging under identical gain settings.

For scanning distortion correction, quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed PCHIP-based algorithm achieves a correction standard deviation of 4.151%, representing a 59.403% improvement in geometric correction accuracy compared with commonly used global quadratic fitting and local segmental fitting approaches. This significant enhancement confirms the method's superior adaptability to complex distortion profiles and its effectiveness in high-speed scanning scenarios.

In terms of axial measurement precision, the system retains the excellent optical sectioning capability of confocal microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieves an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm when measuring a 1.8 μm standard height step using a 100×, 0.95 NA objective. The software-based axial calibration and compensation method effectively mitigates systematic errors, enhancing the consistency and robustness of 3D reconstruction results without increasing system complexity or requiring additional hardware.

The practical applicability of the system is further validated through two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of representative industrial samples, including semiconductor lithography structures and silicon-based wafer specimens. These experiments confirm that the system delivers excellent performance in both critical dimension detection and surface topography characterization, demonstrating its suitability for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced manufacturing environments.

Conclusions

This study successfully develops a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy. By introducing a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture combined with a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm, the system effectively overcomes the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution that limits conventional confocal systems. The dedicated fast scanning mode, enabled by the spatial arrangement of the detector array, achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate, delivering superior performance in imaging speed, resolution, and SNR. The complementary techniques developed—multi-PMT gain calibration, PCHIP-based scanning distortion correction (achieving 59.403% accuracy improvement), and software-based axial field compensation—provide a comprehensive solution for ensuring data fidelity, geometric accuracy, and measurement precision. With an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm on a 1.8 μm standard sample and demonstrated efficacy on semiconductor lithography and silicon-based wafer specimens, the system meets the demanding requirements for high-resolution, high-efficiency, and high-stability surface characterization in semiconductor manufacturing and precision engineering. Overall, this work provides an efficient, high-precision, and scalable optical surface metrology solution, offering significant potential for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced industrial manufacturing environments while establishing a feasible system architecture for developing advanced optical metrology instruments.

, authors=Jianyu Li, Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorsList=Jianyu Li, Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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高精度元件制造对表面缺陷检测与三维形貌测量提出了极高要求。激光共聚焦显微镜虽为此提供了有效的技术路径,但其串行点扫描模式导致成像效率低下,难以满足工业在线检测需求。为此,本研究研制了一套基于并行探测共聚焦原理的高性能光学表面量检测系统。该系统通过多探测器并行成像与像素位移重组算法,成功突破了传统共聚焦在信噪比与分辨率之间的固有权衡限制;基于探测器阵列的空间排布特性,开发了快速扫描模式,实现了成像帧率的3.5倍提升。针对系统关键环节,本研究提出了多PMT增益标定方法以保障通道一致性,开发了一种无硬件依赖的PCHIP扫描畸变校正算法,几何校正精度较常用方法提升59.403%。并建立了三维轴向标定方法以补偿系统轴向误差。实验表明,本系统对1.8 μm标准高度块的量测轴向标准差为4 nm,在半导体光刻及硅基流片样品等元件的二维与三维量检测中表现出优良性能,为工业界提供了一种高效、高精度的表面量检测解决方案。

, authors=李建宇, 徐月暑*, *, 匡翠方*, *, authorsList=李建宇, 徐月暑, 匡翠方, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐月暑, 匡翠方, authorNote=

作者贡献

李建宇:负责论文整体方案的构思与原创性设计,完成光路系统的搭建、调整与实验测试,编写并实现相关软件和算法,进行数据分析,并撰写论文初稿;徐月暑:参与论文的修改;匡翠方:指导论文选题与研究方向,并对论文进行修改和审阅。

李建宇(2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事光学显微三维量检测方面的研究。E-mail:

徐月暑(1993-),男,博士,浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“科创百人”研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事计算成像与集成电路量检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:

匡翠方(1977-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事超分辨荧光成像、超分辨光刻技术、光电量检测等方面的研究。E-mail:

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匡翠方,
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(a) Measurement of the system's field curvature using a planar mirror; (b) Pseudocolor height maps of the sample before and after correction; (c) 3D plots of the sample before and after correction, figureFileSmall=YVoKyK4XTG9XFemtGl78nQ==, figureFileBig=lgG136xt9pzV2Z1P/lg48A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201411371170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三维形貌恢复与轴向标定方法。(a)平面反射镜标定系统场曲;(b)样品校正前后高度伪彩图;(c)样品校正前后三维图, figureFileSmall=YVoKyK4XTG9XFemtGl78nQ==, figureFileBig=lgG136xt9pzV2Z1P/lg48A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201474285731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Imaging performance of the PDC mode. (a) Comparison of imaging results among wide-field microscopy, confocal (single-channel), and PDC (7-channel fusion), with the confocal and PDC systems set at the same gain; (b) Frame rate curves under different imaging modes, figureFileSmall=WsyNwEqJpCKGQS5oOE5/qQ==, figureFileBig=y6IUzXKdX9DHABdCud5PIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201549783204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PDC模式成像效果。(a)宽场显微、共聚焦(单通道)以及PDC (七通道融合)成像效果对比(共聚焦与PDC增益相同);(b)几种成像模式下帧率曲线, figureFileSmall=WsyNwEqJpCKGQS5oOE5/qQ==, figureFileBig=y6IUzXKdX9DHABdCud5PIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201625280677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Measurement results of an 1.8 μm standard height block under different magnification objectives. 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基于并行探测共聚焦的表面量检测方法
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李建宇 , 徐月暑 *, * , 匡翠方 *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(5): 250368-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (5) : 250368 -1
基于并行探测共聚焦的表面量检测方法
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李建宇 , 徐月暑*, * , 匡翠方*, *
作者信息
  • 浙江大学光电科学与工程学院,极端光学技术与仪器全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
通讯作者:
徐月暑,
匡翠方,
作者简介:

作者贡献

李建宇:负责论文整体方案的构思与原创性设计,完成光路系统的搭建、调整与实验测试,编写并实现相关软件和算法,进行数据分析,并撰写论文初稿;徐月暑:参与论文的修改;匡翠方:指导论文选题与研究方向,并对论文进行修改和审阅。

李建宇(2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事光学显微三维量检测方面的研究。E-mail:

徐月暑(1993-),男,博士,浙江大学杭州国际科创中心“科创百人”研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事计算成像与集成电路量检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:

匡翠方(1977-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事超分辨荧光成像、超分辨光刻技术、光电量检测等方面的研究。E-mail:

Parallel detection confocal microscopy for surface metrology
Jianyu Li , Yueshu Xu , Cuifang Kuang
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250368
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高精度元件制造对表面缺陷检测与三维形貌测量提出了极高要求。激光共聚焦显微镜虽为此提供了有效的技术路径,但其串行点扫描模式导致成像效率低下,难以满足工业在线检测需求。为此,本研究研制了一套基于并行探测共聚焦原理的高性能光学表面量检测系统。该系统通过多探测器并行成像与像素位移重组算法,成功突破了传统共聚焦在信噪比与分辨率之间的固有权衡限制;基于探测器阵列的空间排布特性,开发了快速扫描模式,实现了成像帧率的3.5倍提升。针对系统关键环节,本研究提出了多PMT增益标定方法以保障通道一致性,开发了一种无硬件依赖的PCHIP扫描畸变校正算法,几何校正精度较常用方法提升59.403%。并建立了三维轴向标定方法以补偿系统轴向误差。实验表明,本系统对1.8 μm标准高度块的量测轴向标准差为4 nm,在半导体光刻及硅基流片样品等元件的二维与三维量检测中表现出优良性能,为工业界提供了一种高效、高精度的表面量检测解决方案。

并行探测  /  共聚焦  /  表面量检测  /  扫描畸变校正
Objective

High-precision component manufacturing imposes increasingly stringent requirements on surface defect inspection and three-dimensional (3D) topography measurement, particularly in advanced manufacturing fields such as semiconductor fabrication and precision micro–nano engineering. Laser confocal microscopy, owing to its excellent lateral resolution, strong optical sectioning capability, and robustness to environmental disturbances, has become an important tool for high-accuracy surface metrology. Nevertheless, conventional confocal microscopy systems are fundamentally constrained by their serial point-scanning imaging mode, which leads to limited imaging efficiency and restricts their applicability in high-throughput and real-time industrial inspection scenarios. To overcome these limitations, this study aims to develop a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy, achieving a balanced optimization of imaging speed, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Methods

To address the throughput limitations of conventional point-scanning confocal systems, this study introduces a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture that enables simultaneous acquisition of multiple confocal signals, significantly improving data acquisition efficiency. The system employs a 405 nm laser as the illumination source and integrates a resonant-galvanometer scanning module to enable high-speed two-dimensional raster scanning. In the detection path, a fiber array comprising one central fiber and six peripherally arranged fibers couples the return beam into seven independent photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), facilitating parallel signal acquisition.

Based on this parallel detection framework, two complementary operational strategies are developed. First, a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm is implemented to fuse images acquired from multiple detectors. By integrating information from the central and peripheral detection channels, this approach effectively alleviates the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution encountered in traditional single-detector confocal systems, enabling high imaging quality to be maintained without sacrificing throughput. Second, by fully exploiting the spatial arrangement characteristics of the detector array, a dedicated fast scanning mode is developed. This scanning strategy allows multiple spatially offset detection channels to contribute to a single image frame, thereby enhancing temporal sampling efficiency.

To ensure stable and reliable system performance, several critical calibration and correction techniques are implemented. A multi-PMT gain calibration method is developed using a uniform illumination source to compensate for response variations among parallel detection channels, ensuring signal consistency and accuracy during multi-channel image fusion. For scanning distortion correction, a hardware-independent algorithm based on piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial (PCHIP) is proposed to address the nonlinear scanning distortion introduced by the resonant galvanometer. This method interpolates discrete distortion data obtained from standard grid imaging, maintaining high smoothness while exhibiting strong adaptability to complex and spatially varying distortion patterns. Additionally, to mitigate axial systematic errors and improve the reliability of 3D reconstruction, a software-based engineering axial calibration and compensation method is established. This approach uses a high-flatness reference mirror to acquire the system's inherent axial error distribution, which is then applied as a real-time correction factor for subsequent measurements.

Results and Discussions

Experimental evaluations validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and methods. In terms of imaging speed, the dedicated fast scanning mode achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate compared with conventional confocal scanning approaches, while preserving spatial resolution and contrast. The pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm enables the parallel detection framework to achieve a superior balance between SNR and resolution, outperforming conventional single-channel confocal imaging under identical gain settings.

For scanning distortion correction, quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed PCHIP-based algorithm achieves a correction standard deviation of 4.151%, representing a 59.403% improvement in geometric correction accuracy compared with commonly used global quadratic fitting and local segmental fitting approaches. This significant enhancement confirms the method's superior adaptability to complex distortion profiles and its effectiveness in high-speed scanning scenarios.

In terms of axial measurement precision, the system retains the excellent optical sectioning capability of confocal microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieves an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm when measuring a 1.8 μm standard height step using a 100×, 0.95 NA objective. The software-based axial calibration and compensation method effectively mitigates systematic errors, enhancing the consistency and robustness of 3D reconstruction results without increasing system complexity or requiring additional hardware.

The practical applicability of the system is further validated through two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of representative industrial samples, including semiconductor lithography structures and silicon-based wafer specimens. These experiments confirm that the system delivers excellent performance in both critical dimension detection and surface topography characterization, demonstrating its suitability for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced manufacturing environments.

Conclusions

This study successfully develops a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy. By introducing a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture combined with a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm, the system effectively overcomes the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution that limits conventional confocal systems. The dedicated fast scanning mode, enabled by the spatial arrangement of the detector array, achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate, delivering superior performance in imaging speed, resolution, and SNR. The complementary techniques developed—multi-PMT gain calibration, PCHIP-based scanning distortion correction (achieving 59.403% accuracy improvement), and software-based axial field compensation—provide a comprehensive solution for ensuring data fidelity, geometric accuracy, and measurement precision. With an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm on a 1.8 μm standard sample and demonstrated efficacy on semiconductor lithography and silicon-based wafer specimens, the system meets the demanding requirements for high-resolution, high-efficiency, and high-stability surface characterization in semiconductor manufacturing and precision engineering. Overall, this work provides an efficient, high-precision, and scalable optical surface metrology solution, offering significant potential for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced industrial manufacturing environments while establishing a feasible system architecture for developing advanced optical metrology instruments.

parallel detection  /  confocal  /  surface metrology  /  scanning distortion correction
李建宇, 徐月暑, 匡翠方. 基于并行探测共聚焦的表面量检测方法. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250368 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250368
Jianyu Li, Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang. Parallel detection confocal microscopy for surface metrology[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250368 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250368
高精度元件的先进制造对表面质量定量化检测提出了日益严苛的要求,其核心任务涵盖微观缺陷的快速成像检测与三维形貌的精确测量两大方面。激光共聚焦显微镜凭借其优异的横向分辨率、卓越的光学层析能力和纳米级轴向分辨精度,已成为实现上述目标的关键工具之一。该技术通过点扫描方式与共轭针孔结构,有效抑制离焦背景信号,获取高对比度光学切片,并重建精确的三维表面形貌。目前,国内外工业量检测设备多基于此技术进行布局,例如巴塞罗那的Sensofar公司与日本Keyence公司在软件算法与硬件架构方面各具优势,在市场份额上保持领先地位。
然而,在工业在线检测等高效应用场景中,传统点扫描共聚焦系统受限于其固有的串行数据采集模式,面临成像速度慢、通量低的瓶颈[1-3],严重制约了其大规模工业应用。为提升系统效率,研究者已提出多种改进方案:采用高速扫描器件虽能提高速度,却以信噪比下降为代价[4-5];线扫描共聚焦技术虽提升通量,但会牺牲横向分辨率[6-8];并行扫描技术虽具潜力,却存在光能利用率不足的缺陷[9-10]。这些方法均未能实现成像性能的综合优化。
为突破现有技术局限,本研究研制了一套基于并行探测共聚焦原理的新型光学量检测系统。该系统通过引入多探测器并行成像架构,在保持共聚焦技术高分辨率与层析能力的同时,显著提升了成像性能:在横向成像方面,采用多通道图像的像素位移重组技术,兼顾了大孔径的高信噪比与小孔径的高分辨率;基于探测器阵列的空间排布特性,开发了快速扫描模式,通过单次扫描同步获取多行图像信息,使成像帧率显著提升。在三维形貌重建方面,系统结合高速轴向扫描与层析特性,能以纳米级精度复原表面形貌,并行探测机制大幅缩短了各轴向位置的信号采集时间,将三维形貌的整体测量效率提升了数倍,为工业现场的高精度、高效率检测需求提供了创新解决方案。
共聚焦显微成像技术的基本原理在于利用共轭针孔滤除离焦背景光,并结合点扫描机制实现光学切片与高分辨率成像。其中,共轭针孔尺寸对成像性能具有关键影响:当针孔较小时,可有效抑制焦外信号,但会导致入射光通量降低,成像信噪比下降;而增大针孔尺寸虽可提升信噪比,却会牺牲空间分辨率[11-12]。因此,传统共聚焦成像技术难以在分辨率与信噪比之间取得良好平衡。
为突破这一限制,研究者提出了并行探测共聚焦方法(parallel detection confocal, PDC)。该方法在探测端采用多探测器阵列替代传统单一探测器[13-15],并通过光学元件调控,使光斑尺寸与探测器阵列整体匹配。随后,通过算法将边缘探测器与中心探测器的图像进行像素平移、配准与叠加,再经去卷积处理,最终集成融合为大孔径信噪比与小孔径分辨率兼备的高质量图像。
并行探测方法与传统共聚焦方法最根本的区别在于采用了多探测器并行成像的架构。为便于分析成像机理,将该过程近似视为非相干成像模型,并在不影响结论的前提下采用一维变量进行理论推导。单探测器的成像分辨率由照明与探测点扩散函数 (point spread function, PSF)共同决定。在并行探测系统中,照明路径保持不变,照明PSF对所有探测器是一致的,而探测PSF则与每个探测器的具体位置分布有关。因此,各探测器所得的成像结果可分别表示为
$ I_n\left(x, r_n\right)=S(x) \otimes\left(h_{\rm{e x}}(x) \cdot\left(h_{\mathrm{det}}(x) \otimes R\left(x+r_n\right)\right)\right)\;, $
式中:$ {I}_{n} $为第n个探测器采集到的图像;$ {r}_{n} $为该探测器对应的光纤距离中心探测器对应的光纤的距离; $ S(x) $为样品面的反射率分布函数;$ {h}_{\rm{e x}}(x) $为照明光的点扩散函数;$ {h}_{\det }(x) $为探测光的点扩散函数; $ R(x+{r}_{n}) $为第n个探测器对应的光纤位置分布函数。因此,第n个探测器的探测PSF (hn-det)及系统的等效PSF(hn)分别为
$ h_{\mathrm{n-det}}(x)=h\mathrm{_{det}}(x)\otimes R(x+r_n), $
$ h_n(x)=h_{\rm{ex}}(x)\cdot h_{n-\mathrm{det}}(x)\; , $
将式(1)和式(3)合并改写为积分形式,得到
$ \begin{split}I_n\left(x,r_n\right)= & \int_{ }^{ }S\left(x'\right)\cdot h_{\rm{ex}}\left(x-x'\right)\; \\ &\cdot h_{n-\mathrm{det}}\left(x-x'+r_n\right)\mathrm{d}x'\; .\end{split} $
将每个图像往中心平移$ {r}_{n}/2 $后, PDC重构后的图像可描述为
$ \begin{split}I_{\rm{PDC}}(x) =& \int\left[I_n\left(x, r_n\right) \otimes \delta\left(x-\frac{r_n}{2}\right)\right] \mathrm{d} r_n \\=& \iint S(x') \cdot h_{\rm{e x}}\left(x-\frac{r_n}{2}-x'\right) \\& \cdot h_{n-\operatorname{det}}\left(x-x'+\frac{r_n}{2}\right) \mathrm{d} x' \mathrm{d} r_n\end{split}\;. $
其中:$\delta $是表示位移的冲激函数。
令$ u=x $,$ 2v=x+\dfrac{{r}_{n}}{2} $,则PDC的等效PSF的傅里叶变换形式则为
$ {h}_{\rm{PDC}}(u)=4\int{h}_{\rm{e x}}(2u-2v)\cdot {h}_{n-\det }(2v)\text{d}v \;.$
对式(6)进行傅里叶变化得到:
$ {H}_{\rm{PDC}}(k)=2{H}_{\rm{e x}}(k/2)\cdot {H}_{n-\det }(k/2) \;.$
其中:Hex和Hn-det分别是$h_{{\mathrm{ex}}} $和$ h_{\mathrm{\mathit{n}-det}} $的傅里叶变换形式。
由此可见,通过多探测器图像的像素位移与信息重组,并行探测共聚焦方法可将光学传递函数(optical transfer function, OTF)的截止频率扩展至传统共聚焦方法的两倍。因此,在理想条件下(即针孔无限小、探测器数量无限多时),其理论分辨率极限可达传统共聚焦成像的两倍。然而,在实际应用中,针孔尺寸与探测器数量均受物理条件制约,因此其实际分辨率提升效果通常介于1至2倍之间。
本研究提出了一种基于并行探测架构的高速共聚焦显微成像方法,系统结构如图1(a)所示。该方法以波长为405 nm的激光作为照明光源,出射的s偏振光束首先经由一对柱透镜构成的准直模块进行光束整形,随后透射通过偏振分束棱镜(polarizing beam splitter, PBS)并进入扫描模块。扫描系统由12 kHz高速共振振镜(快镜)与检流计振镜(慢镜)协同构成,实现高效率的二维平面扫描[16-17]。为有效抑制振镜直接组合引入的离轴像差与渐晕效应,本方法在快、慢镜之间引入了一对4f中继透镜组,使二者形成光学共轭关系,从而确保快镜引入的光线扫描始终入射于慢镜中心区域。扫描光束随后经扫描透镜与场镜引导至物镜,其中扫描透镜将振镜的角度偏转线性映射为样品面的空间位移,同时确保光束充分填充物镜入瞳,最终在样品表面实现聚焦扫描,其扫描轨迹如图1(c)所示。样品反射光由同一物镜收集后再次通过λ/4波片,因往返两次通过该波片,光束偏振态由s偏转为p偏转,在返回PBS时被反射至探测光路。探测端配置了放大透镜组,将返回光斑放大至与多光纤探测阵列孔径相匹配,确保各通道信号的有效耦合。利用八通道高速采集卡实现多通道并行采集,采集数据在硬件层面同步、在软件层面通过通道拆分与帧标志位对齐,为后续图像融合与处理算法提供高质量、时间一致的数据基础。
在探测端,系统采用光纤阵列实现光信号与光电倍增管(photomultiplier tube, PMT)的耦合传输,其具体排布如图1(b)所示。该阵列由中心光纤及其外围紧密环绕的多个光纤探头构成,相邻探头以边界相切方式排列。经放大的探测光斑(对应图1(b)中的金色大孔径光斑)可覆盖整个阵列,使得每个PMT能独立接收由对应光纤探头(对应图1(b)中的紫色小孔径光斑)所捕获的光信号。如式(5)~(7)所示,通过将各PMT采集的图像进行像素位移与重组,即可融合得到兼具大孔径信噪比优势与小孔径分辨率优势的最终图像。
本研究对并行探测共聚焦的硬件架构进行分析,发现其在单次扫描过程中可同步获取多行样品面信息。基于此,本研究将通道1、3、4、6与通道2、4、5、7的信号分别融合,形成两组新的成像信息(分别标记为T与B),并将其按图2(a)所示方式交错排列。该方法使得单次扫描可同时采集两行图像信息,从而在相同视场下将成像时间缩短一半,帧率提升一倍。
在融合算法的选择上,尽管可采用前述基于像素位移的重组方法,但观察T与B两组通道的探测器排布可见,其中心位置均未设置实际探测器,缺乏可作为配准基准的中心图像。因此,为简化处理流程,并考虑到四通道间像素偏移量较小,本研究将各组内四个通道的图像直接叠加,分别合成为T与B图像,再进行后续的交错组合。
为清晰展示融合效果,图2(b)首先将T与B两组信息按上下位置排列,并分别调节其增益以作对比。随后,将两组信息按正确方式交错组合,得到最终的快速扫描成像结果。如图2所示,该结果与单通道成像在空间信息上保持一致,同时实现了帧率的两倍提升。
如第2章所述,为充分发挥并行探测架构的成像优势,首先必须确保各通道能够稳定、高效地并行采集数据。这要求一方面通过优化数据处理流程提升整体成像算法的效率,另一方面需保证各通道所获取的图像信息在物理上准确可靠。在本研究搭建的系统中,探测端采用多PMT组成的探测器阵列,每个PMT均配备独立的增益调节模块。为避免因增益差异引入的响应不一致性,必须在成像前对各PMT进行增益标定,从而确保不同探测器所记录的光强信号符合实际物理分布。
针对上述需求,本研究提出一种基于均匀照明光源的PMT增益标定方法,专门适用于并行探测共聚焦系统。该方法的流程如下:首先,使用光强分布均匀的光源照射多通道光纤探测模块,实时采集并显示各通道的光强信号;随后,以某一通道(如中心通道)的光强值为参考,依次调节其余通道的增益,使其输出光强与参考通道一致,记录当前所有通道的增益配置;最后,通过改变中心通道的增益设置,重复上述过程,系统性地完成整个工作区间内各增益组合的标定数据采集。
在具体标定操作中,需注意以下关键环节:增益模块通常由0~5 V直流电压控制。为提升标定效率,实际仅需对常用电压区间进行标定。在本系统典型成像条件下,常用增益范围为10%~25%,因此设定该区间为标定范围,并以1%为步进进行逐点标定。均匀照明可采用方棒匀光器件或面光源LED实现。方棒通过内部多次反射实现光强匀化;LED在微米尺度下亦可近似为均匀光源。若使用LED,需提前预热以稳定输出,并将其强度调整至适当水平,确保在10%增益下各通道信号大于0,且在最高增益时不饱和。调节完成后,使用光功率计分别测量7个通道光纤的出射光功率,记录各通道实测值作为标定因子,用于校正由微观光强分布不均所引入的系统误差。
如图3(a)所示,通过逐通道增益调节,可使7路输出信号强度趋于一致。进一步在增益范围内逐级遍历,得到以中心通道为基准的各通道增益响应曲线,如图3(b)所示。该曲线清晰地揭示,在多PMT探测系统中,各通道的增益响应存在显著的个体差异,表现为相对于中心通道标准曲线的系统性偏移和局部波动。这一结果凸显了进行系统性增益标定的必要性——它对于校正探测器固有的物理响应偏差、确保成像数据忠实于样品的物理特征,起着至关重要的作用。
为提升系统成像帧率,本系统采用12 kHz高速共振振镜作为X轴快镜,并配合检流计振镜完成Y轴慢扫描。共振振镜以正弦模式运动,具有扫描速率高、功耗低及寿命长等优点;然而,其扫描频率固定、视场有限,且会引入显著的非线性扫描畸变。该扫描畸变是由于共振振镜自身固有的正弦扫描波形以及振镜运动靠近边缘时,速度会急剧下降并改变运动方向,存在较大的加速度,所以在实际采集过程中,如图4(a)所示,边缘视场扫描光束并非在匀速运动,配合采集模块的顺序均匀采样,在整个扫描视场前后部分存在非理想的畸变区域,表现为边缘部分的成像结果相较中心视场存在明显的拉伸,这一特征缺陷也是使用共振振镜作为扫描模块的显微成像装置普遍存在且需要解决的问题。
扫描畸变校正的基本原理已获广泛认可[18-19],其核心是通过获取快镜运动方向上的实际畸变数据,并与理想扫描轨迹进行对比,从而计算出校正因子,进而对成像结果进行像素位置重映射,最终实现几何畸变的校正。根据畸变数据获取方式的不同,现有校正方法主要可分为硬件监测与算法标定两大类。
第一类方法通过引入额外硬件实时监测扫描位置。在共振振镜后方加装光栅尺与配套光电探测器,通过记录并解码光强随时间变化的信号,实时获取振镜的精确位置信息,进而生成校正曲线。该方法优势在于能够准确反映扫描镜的瞬时运动状态,具有校正精度高、可复用性强的特点;其主要缺点在于系统复杂度与硬件成本较高。
第二类方法为无硬件依赖的纯算法校正。由于共振振镜所产生的扫描畸变与其正弦扫描波形高度相关,且具备周期性特征,在系统结构固定后,每行扫描的畸变分布具有稳定性和重复性。基于此,可通过预标定方式获取畸变曲线,例如通过成像标准网格(thorlabs multi-frequency grid distortion)或光栅样品,记录其成像结果像素长度,从而反演出系统畸变特征曲线。为进一步简化处理,常采用二次多项式对畸变曲线进行全局拟合,作为后续校正依据。该方法虽具有一定精度,但可维护性较差:二次拟合作为一种全局模型,在畸变曲线与理想二次型存在较大偏差时,拟合误差显著,导致局部校正效果下降。
为提升拟合灵活性,可在二次拟合基础上引入分段拟合策略,即将畸变曲线划分为若干区间,分别采用不同多项式进行拟合,并在区间连接处施加平滑约束。该方法虽能在一定程度上改善局部拟合精度,但仍属于“区域式”近似,其本质仍是基于预设数学模型的整体逼近。当实际畸变存在复杂局部特征或需针对性微调时,此类方法仍显不足:对某一区间的参数调整会波及其他区域,缺乏局部独立调控能力,因而在复杂畸变场景下适用性仍受限。
为解决上述方法在精度与可维护性方面的局限,并兼顾算法的经济性与实用性,本研究提出一种基于分段三次Hermite插值(piecewise cubic hermite interpolating polynomial, PCHIP)的扫描畸变校正方法。该方法在提升校正精度的同时,显著增强了算法的可维护性与适应性。
在本文的扫描畸变建模中,为实现畸变量随扫描位置的平滑过渡,采用PCHIP对离散标定数据进行插值拟合。该方法在保持数据单调性与局部形状特征的前提下,通过相邻数据点间构建三次Hermite多项式,实现对畸变系数的连续且光滑插值。与传统全局或分段多项式拟合相比,PCHIP在数据变化剧烈处不易产生过冲或振荡,能更好地保持原始数据的物理特征与空间分布规律,因而特别适用于描述光学扫描系统中畸变量随位置变化的复杂关系。PCHIP采用逐点插值的策略进行曲线拟合,其优势在于当局部数据需调整或优化时,不会影响其他区段已建立的拟合结果,从而显著提升了算法在实际应用中的可调节性与灵活性。此外,在振镜实际畸变曲线明显偏离理想正弦或二次分布的情况下,PCHIP能够更忠实地还原真实畸变特征,避免因模型失配而引入的系统误差。
上述特性使PCHIP在保证拟合平滑度的同时,兼具了对复杂真实畸变的出色适应能力,有效提升了扫描畸变校正的几何精度与系统鲁棒性,为高精度图像复原提供了更可靠的技术路径。图4(b)展示了PCHIP算法对标准网格成像扫描畸变的校正效果;图4(c)给出了PCHIP算法、全局拟合算法与局域拟合算法的校正结果曲线对比。结果表明,全局二次拟合算法与局域分段式拟合算法的校正标准差分别为 10.225%和8.431%,而PCHIP算法的校正标准差降低至4.151%。与二次拟合算法相比,PCHIP算法的校正精度提升59.403%,在校正精度方面相较其他算法表现出显著优势。
共聚焦显微成像技术具备卓越的光学层析能力。通过轴向位移装置进行Z轴扫描并采集图像序列,可观察到每个像素的轴向灰度分布呈现为由低到高再降低的类高斯曲线。利用峰值提取算法计算该曲线的极值位置,即可获取对应像素点的高度信息。通过对全图所有像素并行执行上述处理,即可重建出整个视场的三维形貌。
在获得三维形貌数据后,测量结果与标准样品之间常存在明显的高度偏差,表现为类似光学场曲的轴向系统性误差,如图5(a)所示及图5(b)所示的未经校正的高度伪彩图。从误差来源分析,此类偏差主要源于光学系统的固有像差。传统校正方法多依赖于更换光学元件或调整光路结构以实现波前校正,不仅成本高昂,实施也较为复杂。
为解决上述问题,本研究提出一种基于软件算法的工程化场曲补偿方法。该方法以高光滑度平面反射镜作为标定基准(本研究选用λ/10平面反射镜,Thorlabs PF05-03-F01),通过对其三维形貌的重建,获取系统成像结果与理想平面之间的轴向偏差数据,数据分布如图5(a) 所示,并将该偏差作为补偿值用于后续形貌测量的实时校正。图5(b)与图5(c)分别展示了校正前后的形貌效果,可见所提方法能有效补偿样品的轴向误差。该方法操作简便、成本低廉,具有显著的工程实用价值。当系统光路结构发生调整、成像物镜更换或测试环境变化时,仅需重新执行一次平面反射镜标定流程,无需额外硬件投入,具备良好的适应性与经济性,适用于广泛的实际应用场景。
本系统关键硬件配置如下:控制卡采用National Instruments PCIe-6363,采集卡为Spectrum Instruments八通道M2p5943,共振振镜选用美国剑桥技术(Cambridge Technology) CRS-12 kHz型号,检流计采用北京世纪桑尼SS9215高速扫描振镜。处理器为13代i5-13400F,内存配置32 GB。
在横向成像性能方面,如图6(a)所示,在相同增益设置下,PDC模式的横向分辨率显著优于宽场成像与传统单通道共聚焦,同时能够获取更高信噪比的图像。在成像速度方面,如图6(b)所示,PDC的快扫模式在1024 pixel×768 pixel分辨率下可实现26.8 f/s的成像帧率;进一步采用双向扫描策略后,帧率可提升至46.9 f/s,相比传统单向单通道共聚焦成像帧率提升3.5倍。需要说明的是,PDC模式下采集卡单位时间数据量为单通道模式的7倍,而双向扫描模式下采集卡触发频率为单通道模式的2倍。这些因素共同导致在PDC快扫双向模式下,处理器与内存面临较大负载,进而引起较大帧率波动的现象。
在轴向量测方面,共聚焦出色的层析能力在本系统中得到保留,如图7所示,对1.8 μm的标准高度块进行三维形貌恢复,在不同型号的物镜下得到相应的恢复结果,高数值孔径物镜能够带来更好的轴向分辨能力,在100×,数值孔径为0.95的物镜下,本系统可得到4 nm的标准差。
为全面验证本系统在工业检测(特别是半导体领域)中的实际应用能力,我们分别对光刻样品与硅基流片样品进行了二维成像与三维形貌重建实验,结果如图8所示。实验结果表明,系统在关键尺寸检测与表面形貌表征方面均表现出优异的精度和可靠性,展现出在半导体制造检测领域的广泛应用潜力。
本研究成功设计并研制了一套基于并行探测共聚焦的光学量测系统。该系统通过多探测器并行成像与像素位移重组技术,有效突破了传统共聚焦成像中难以兼顾大孔径高信噪比与小孔径高分辨率的固有瓶颈。基于多探测器硬件排布架构,进一步开发了快速扫描模式,实现了成像帧率的3.5倍提升,使系统在分辨率、信噪比和成像速度方面均显著优于传统单通道共聚焦系统。
在系统标定与优化方面,本研究提出了多PMT增益标定方法,为多通道成像系统的响应一致性校正提供了可行思路;开发了一种无硬件依赖的PCHIP扫描畸变校正算法,该方法适用于点扫描式成像系统,与传统校正方式相比,其校正标准差提升59.403%,同时,具备更优的局部可调性与系统适应性,且实施成本更低,为扫描畸变校正提供了一种高性价比的解决方案;并建立了基于平面反射镜的三维轴向标定方法,为形貌测量中的系统误差补偿提供了操作简便的解决方案。通过实验,本系统对1.8 μm标准高度块的量测轴向标准差为4 nm,在半导体光刻及硅基流片样品等元件的二维与三维量检测中表现出优良性能。
综上所述,本系统在成像性能、稳定性与实用性方面均表现出色,能够满足半导体及精密制造领域对高分辨率、高效率与高稳定性表面形貌表征的多样化需求,也为发展国产高端光学量测仪器提供了可行的系统方案与技术路径。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250368
  • 接收时间:2025-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-26
  • 修回日期:2025-12-29
  • 录用日期:2026-01-04
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    浙江大学光电科学与工程学院,极端光学技术与仪器全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027

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