光电工程

近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA成像及应用研究

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贾广森 , 管泽华 , 司平 , 孔瑞明 , 牛晨 , 吴文娟 , 戴翠霞 ^*^,^*

光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(5): 250325-1

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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (5) : 250325 -1

近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA成像及应用研究

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戴翠霞 (1973-)，女，博士，教授，硕士研究生导师，主要从事生物医学光子成像方向的研究。E-mail：sdadai7412@163.com sdadai7412@163.com

"}, bioImg=1GWBVi0ehW+GSykn3qenNQ==, bioContent=

戴翠霞 (1973-)，女，博士，教授，硕士研究生导师，主要从事生物医学光子成像方向的研究。E-mail：sdadai7412@163.com sdadai7412@163.com

贾广森, 管泽华, 司平, 孔瑞明, 牛晨, 吴文娟, 戴翠霞^*^,^*

作者信息

上海应用技术大学理学院，上海 201418

通讯作者:

戴翠霞，sdadai7412@163.com

作者简介:

作者贡献

贾广森：研究资料的收集、分析，处理实验数据、论文写作；管泽华：研究资料的分析，论文修改；司平：处理实验数据；孔瑞明：论文思路指导，论文修改；牛晨：系统搭建，采集数据；吴文娟：指导论文思路；戴翠霞：指导论文选题，论文修改。

贾广森 (1999-)，男，硕士研究生，主要从事内窥SS-OCT方向的研究。E-mail：jgs17515@163.com jgs17515@163.com

戴翠霞 (1973-)，女，博士，教授，硕士研究生导师，主要从事生物医学光子成像方向的研究。E-mail：sdadai7412@163.com sdadai7412@163.com

Endoscopic OCT/OCTA imaging and applications in a continuous proximal scanning scheme

Guangsen Jia, Zehua Guan, Ping Si, Ruiming Kong, Chen Niu, Wenjuan Wu, Cuixia Dai

Affiliations

Shanghai Institute of Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai 201418, China

Corresponding Author:

sdadai7412@163.com

出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250325

文章导航

摘要

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内窥光学相干层析成像 (E-OCT)结合血管造影算法，可实现管腔组织高分辨率结构与血流动力学同步成像。针对近端控制内窥OCT受困于系统稳定性与非均匀旋转畸变 (NURD)影响而难以实现OCTA成像的问题，本课题组在前期工作中通过优化扭矩传输系统的机械稳定性并采用有效的NURD矫正算法，首次突破在近端控制内窥OCT系统中进行OCTA成像瓶颈。在此技术基础上本文进一步开展应用研究，将其成功拓展至多种细小管腔与血管结构的在体成像，包括大鼠直肠、小鼠膀胱、新西兰兔尿道及血管等部位，实现了从消化系统、泌尿系统及血管系统的多器官OCT/OCTA成像。实验结果表明，该方案能够稳定获取清晰的多层级组织结构信息，并准确呈现粘膜层及粘膜下层微血管网络分布。在尿道狭窄和膀胱癌模型中，成像结果进一步揭示了病变相关的组织结构异常及微血管灌注特征变化。综上，本文完成了近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA技术在多器官、多物种条件下的在体成像，为相关疾病的组织结构与微循环血流影像学研究提供了实验依据，并对该类技术由实验室研究向临床应用转化提供一定的参考价值。

关键词

光学相干层析成像 / 光学相干层析血管造影 / 近端控制扫描 / 内窥成像系统 / 微型内窥导管

Abstract

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Objective

Narrow-lumen organs, including the urethra, bladder, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels, are highly susceptible to pathological remodeling processes associated with inflammation, fibrosis, neovascularization, and microcirculatory dysfunction. Early-stage diseases occurring in these organs, such as urethral stricture, bladder cancer, esophageal lesions, and vascular abnormalities, are often accompanied by subtle structural alterations and local hemodynamic changes before obvious morphological narrowing becomes clinically detectable. Therefore, high-resolution visualization of tissue microstructure and microvascular perfusion is of great importance for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and treatment evaluation. Conventional imaging modalities, including white-light endoscopy, ultrasound endoscopy, retrograde urethrography, and fluorescence imaging, still face limitations in simultaneously assessing tissue morphology and microcirculation. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides micron-scale cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues, while optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) further enables label-free visualization of blood flow and microvascular networks. Compared with distal motor-driven probes, proximally controlled endoscopic OCT probes possess advantages in miniaturization, structural simplicity, and mechanical flexibility, making them more suitable for narrow and deformable luminal organs. However, proximally controlled endoscopic imaging systems are highly susceptible to non-uniform rotational distortion (NURD), rotational instability, and motion artifacts, which significantly degrade OCTA image quality and vascular visualization performance. In this study, a proximally controlled endoscopic OCT/OCTA system was developed and optimized for stable multi-organ in vivo imaging and pathological assessment in complex luminal environments.

Methods

A swept-source OCT/OCTA imaging system centered at 1310 nm was employed in this study. The system achieved an axial resolution of 7.46 μm and a lateral resolution of approximately 15 μm. A side-viewing proximally controlled endoscopic probe was designed using a single-mode optical fiber, a GRIN lens, and a micro-reflector to achieve circumferential luminal imaging. To improve OCTA imaging stability under rotational scanning conditions, a complementary NURD correction strategy combined with a helical B-scan acquisition scheme was implemented to suppress rotational artifacts and improve inter-frame registration accuracy. Optical simulations were further performed using ZEMAX software to optimize probe focusing performance, working distance, and assembly tolerance.

To validate imaging capability, multilayer adhesive tape samples were first imaged to evaluate structural resolution and imaging stability. Subsequently, in vivo OCT/OCTA imaging experiments were conducted across multiple organs and animal models, including rat rectum and esophagus imaging, mouse bladder imaging, and rabbit urethra and abdominal aorta imaging, covering digestive, urinary, and vascular systems. Furthermore, pathological imaging studies were performed using a rabbit urethral stricture model induced by electrocautery thermal injury and a C57 mouse bladder cancer model. Structural OCT images and vascular OCTA datasets were acquired simultaneously to evaluate disease-associated microstructural remodeling and microcirculatory alterations.

Results and Discussions

The optimized proximally controlled endoscopic OCT/OCTA system demonstrated stable imaging performance in multiple narrow-lumen organs with different anatomical structures and motion characteristics. Imaging results of multilayer adhesive tape samples clearly resolved layered microstructures, validating the optical focusing capability and structural imaging performance of the designed probe.

In vivo imaging experiments further demonstrated that the system could reliably visualize multilayer tissue architectures, including mucosal, submucosal, and muscular layers, in the rat rectum and esophagus. OCTA imaging successfully revealed superficial microvascular networks distributed within the mucosal and submucosal regions. In mouse bladder imaging, clear structural delineation of bladder wall layers and vascular distribution was achieved despite bladder deformation and motion. Imaging of rabbit abdominal aorta further demonstrated the capability of the system for vascular lumen imaging under pulsatile conditions.

For pathological imaging applications, rabbit urethral stricture tissues exhibited obvious structural remodeling characterized by urethral wall thickening, disordered layered morphology, and localized arc-shaped hyperreflective bands associated with fibrosis formation. Correspondingly, OCTA imaging revealed reduced vascular density, interrupted vascular continuity, and localized hypoperfusion within stenotic regions, indicating progressive microcirculatory impairment during fibrosis progression. In the C57 mouse bladder cancer model, tumor-bearing tissues displayed irregular surface morphology, heterogeneous scattering features, decreased vascular density, and disorganized vascular architecture, reflecting tumor-associated angiogenic remodeling and microvascular disruption.

Compared with conventional endoscopic imaging modalities, the developed endoscopic OCT/OCTA system provides simultaneous visualization of tissue microstructure and microvascular perfusion with micron-scale spatial resolution and without the need for exogenous contrast agents. The complementary NURD correction strategy significantly improved OCTA image stability and vascular continuity in rotational scanning environments, enhancing the applicability of proximally controlled endoscopic OCTA in deformable and dynamically moving luminal organs. These results demonstrate the capability of the system for reliable detection of disease-associated structural abnormalities and hemodynamic alterations in complex narrow-lumen environments.

Conclusions

In summary, this study developed and optimized a proximally controlled endoscopic OCT/OCTA imaging system for multi-organ in vivo imaging and pathological assessment in narrow-lumen organs. The system demonstrated robust adaptability to complex anatomical and dynamic imaging environments and enabled simultaneous visualization of tissue microstructure and microvascular perfusion across digestive, urinary, and vascular systems. Pathological imaging experiments further verified the capability of the system for detecting fibrosis-associated hypoperfusion and tumor-related vascular remodeling. These findings indicate that proximally controlled endoscopic OCT/OCTA possesses significant potential for early, minimally invasive diagnosis, dynamic disease monitoring, and intraoperative guidance in luminal organ diseases.

Key words

optical coherence tomography / optical coherence tomography angiography / proximal scanning catheter / endoscopic imaging system / miniature endoscopic catheter

引用本文

贾广森, 管泽华, 司平, 孔瑞明, 牛晨, 吴文娟, 戴翠霞. 近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA成像及应用研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250325 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250325

Guangsen Jia, Zehua Guan, Ping Si, Ruiming Kong, Chen Niu, Wenjuan Wu, Cuixia Dai. Endoscopic OCT/OCTA imaging and applications in a continuous proximal scanning scheme[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250325 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250325

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1　引　言

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狭窄腔道器官的早期病变，如尿道狭窄、早期膀胱癌及呼吸道粘膜病变，其发生与发展常伴随特征性的微血管结构改变与血流动力学异常。实现对这类微循环信息的无创、高分辨率成像，对于临床早期诊断与精准治疗至关重要。内窥光学相干断层扫描血管成像 (endoscopic optical coherence tomography angiography, E-OCTA)技术为应对这一挑战提供了可能性，它通过微型探头深入体内，同步获取腔道组织的三维结构与微血管网络信息。内窥光学相干断层扫描 (Endoscopic optical coherence tomography, E-OCT)可无创地解析成像区域的血流动力学特征，为临床诊断提供多模态影像学依据^[1-7]。

当前内窥OCT成像方式主要采用远端^[8-10]和近端^[11-15]控制两种方案，其中远端控制凭借机械稳定性优势已成为实现OCTA的主流技术，但现有方案普遍将电机置于前端，导致导管直径较大，且电气导线的存在增加了安全隐患^[16-17]，从而严重限制了其在狭窄腔道及临床环境中的应用^[18-21]。相比之下，近端控制内窥OCT具有导管微型化、灵活性高及安全性好的优势，更适合在复杂狭窄管腔的临床操作需求。然而，实现稳定、可靠的近端内窥OCTA成像仍面临显著的技术壁垒^{[16, 22-23]}。2015年，Josephs等提出基于交叉相关的算法，可识别血流区域并抑制噪声，但因过采样限制了成像速度^[24]。进一步地，Yao等在2022年结合局部与全局光流模型可同时校正NURD和生理运动伪影，在微流控仿体及人体小指甲襞成像中初步实现OCTA，但尚未拓展至狭窄管腔^[25]。2023年本课题组基于MB-scan扫描模式并结合时空奇异值分解算法，获取了小鼠直肠组织高分辨率的三维大血管分布信息^[26]。但是此方案采用数据密集型采集，处理时间较长，难以满足临床OCTA成像需求。为了实现临床需求的基于B-scan螺旋扫描的en face OCTA，本课题组在保证扭矩传输系统机械稳定性的基础上，进一步针对近端控制方案中NURD显著的问题，提出了互补的矫正策略以提升成像的空间一致性和血管重建的准确性^[27]，并在大鼠直肠活体中成功实现了近端控制内窥en face OCT/OCTA^[28]。然而，该技术的验证目前仍局限于大鼠直肠这一单一腔道模型。大鼠直肠与人类直肠在解剖结构和生理特性上存在显著差异，人类直肠直径更大、蠕动幅度更强、光学环境更复杂且不稳定，其成像条件与动物实验存在较大差异。此外，尚缺乏对其他典型狭窄腔道 (如尿道、膀胱或食管等)的系统成像验证，因此在临床应用层面仍缺乏充分的实验依据。该技术能否在结构复杂、运动频繁的真实腔道环境中稳定获取具有诊断价值的微血管与血流信息，仍是其临床转化面临的关键问题。因此，本文在近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA系统的研究基础上，进一步拓展了该技术的应用范围与成像能力，实现了其在多种动物模型及贴近临床真实情况的器官中的系统验证。本文将该系统应用于大鼠食道、新西兰兔尿道、小鼠膀胱及腹主动脉等多种典型腔道与血管组织的在体OCT/OCTA成像。本研究克服了多腔道在体成像中运动干扰大、光学条件复杂等关键难题，实现了从消化系统到泌尿系统及血管系统的多器官跨域OCTA成像，展现出该技术向临床转化的可行性与前瞻性价值。

2　材料与方法

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2.1　内窥SS-OCT系统

本文系统及相关算法的基本原理已在本课题组前期工作中进行了详细报道。图1(a)为近端控制内窥扫频光学相干层析成像 (SS-OCT)系统结构示意图。该系统采用HSL-20扫频激光光源 (Santec, Japan)，其中心波长为1310 nm、光谱带宽达100 nm，扫描速率可达100 kHz。光源输出光经光纤耦合器分束后，90%的光功率分配至样品臂，10%传输至参考臂。样品臂由旋转-回撤电机、光滑环及微型化内窥导管构成。样品后向散射光经原路返回，与参考臂散射光在50:50光纤耦合器中发生干涉，干涉信号经平衡探测器转换为差分电信号，并通过高速数据采集卡进行数字化处理，系统中内窥导管的具体结构和实物图分别由如图1(b,c)所示。导管长1.2 m，由GRIN透镜、直角反射棱镜和外径为0.9 mm的扭矩弹簧组成，可实现2.0 mm工作距离下的侧向扫描。经系统性能测试，在空气中测得的轴向分辨率为7.46 μm，横向分辨率达到15.00 μm。

本研究采用旋转-回撤电机系统通过螺旋扫描模式实现三维层析数据采集。其中OCT成像的系统参数设置如下：微型化内窥导管在50 r/min的稳定转速下完成周向环形扫描，满足生物组织腔内成像的机械稳定性需求。在OCTA成像过程中，微型化内窥导管回撤速度为0.13 mm/s，总扫描时间12 s，单幅B-scan成像包含2000条A-line信号，采集帧数600帧 (帧率50 Hz)，B-scan间距2.6 μm，有效抑制运动伪影^[28]。

2.2　NURD矫正算法

由于生物或生物体的呼吸运动和心脏跳动，B-scan图像之间存在整体错位，导致血管畸变和不连续。为了纠正B-scan图像之间的错位并实现OCTA，需要对B-scan之间的相似性进行全局配准，以匹配相邻B-scan之间微型化内窥导管旋转的初始角度。全局配准流程首先将所有的B-scan纳入一个数据矩阵中并构造成本矩阵；随后在成本最小化的前提下构造一条最优路径；最终对所有回撤方向的B-scan进行校正。具体而言，该过程选取内窥导管回撤方向上相邻的帧进行配准，分别标定为参考帧和配准帧；之后，将配准帧沿水平方向左右平移n条A-line，逐条计算其与参考帧的结构相似度；随之遍历所有的配准帧，基于相似度计算结果构建全局成本矩阵；最后在成本最小化约束下，选取成本矩阵每列的最小值作为该B-scan的偏移位移量，对所有配准帧施加位移补偿，实现三维体数据的初始采样角度匹配，完成粗配准。

在内窥导管对组织管腔空间进行成像时，旋转由近端电机驱动持续进行，使得采样成为连续过程。在无明显运动伪影的情况下，导管的非均匀旋转仅发生在相邻n条 (本研究经验性选取n=6) A-line之间。为进一步提升配准精度，在全局配准基础上实施了A-line精细配准：首先对原始参考帧进行三次样条插值上采样，提升位移解析度至亚像素级；随后逐线计算配准帧中每条A-line与参考帧对应A-line组的结构相似度。基于L2范数相似性度量结果构建成本矩阵；以成本最小化为目标，通过动态规划构建位移最优路径，依据最优路径对配准帧各A-line施加亚像素级位移补偿；最后基于校正后的稀疏A-line数据，采用三次样条插值重建连续图像。

本文采用OCT信号的振幅信息计算强度去相关以实现OCTA成像。在完成B-scan帧的配准后，通过相邻B-scan图像间的强度去相关计算生成血管造影图像。上述配准与校正流程的整体框架如图2所示^[27]。

2.3　实验动物

选用三种实验动物进行在体OCT/OCTA成像：雄性新西兰白兔，体重约2.5 kg，用于尿道和腹主动脉成像；Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠，体重约300 g，用于直肠和食道成像。雌性C57BL/6 (C57)小鼠，8周龄，体重约35 g，用于膀胱成像。所有实验动物均由上海杰思捷实验动物有限公司提供。图2为小动物在体OCT/OCTA成像实验示意图。

2.4　成像实验方案

采用新西兰白兔尿道/腹主动脉血管、SD大鼠食道/直肠和C57小鼠膀胱作为实验成像器官，所有动物术前均置于37±1 ℃恒温环境，实验前新西兰兔和C57小鼠断水6 h，SD大鼠禁食12 h，其中对直肠成像的大鼠需额外使用37 ℃温生理盐水灌肠，直至排出液澄清。麻醉方案根据动物种类而异：新西兰兔采用3%异氟烷吸入麻醉，维持呼吸频率15~20次/分；SD大鼠腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠，剂量为50 mg/kg，呼吸频率维持在60~80 次/分；C57小鼠腹腔注射1.5%戊巴比妥钠，剂量为40~50 mg/kg，呼吸频率维持在60~80 次/分。

麻醉起效后，根据目标器官设置动物体位：尿道、膀胱、腹动脉成像取仰卧位，食道检查取侧卧位，直肠检查取俯卧位。使用扫描深度为2 mm的内窥SS-OCT系统进行成像，导管置入前均涂抹2%利多卡因凝胶兼具润滑与黏膜麻醉功能。推进导管时，严格保持器官-导管轴线水平无弯曲状态，以规避非均匀旋转畸变 (NURD)，并将导管推进至目标点位：兔尿道中段距尿道口2.5 cm处，大鼠食道中段距门齿3.0 cm处，大鼠直肠中段距肛门3.0 cm处，小鼠膀胱腔内，新西兰兔腹主动脉内。采集三维容积数据后，对原始数据进行运动伪影校正：基于相邻B-scan帧配准算法，再进行强度去相关血管造影处理，最终生成器官全层结构 (清晰显示黏膜/肌层边界)与微血管网络 (en face OCTA)图像。导管定位与操作流程详见图3。

3　实验结果

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3.1　消化系统成像

图4展示了SD大鼠直肠与食道的OCT/OCTA成像结果，均具有多层级壁结构特征，但食道作为邻近气管与心脏的复杂区域，受持续的心脏搏动和组织蠕动对成像稳定性构成更大挑战，为本研究评估技术鲁棒性提供了重要对照。在结构成像方面，图4(a)与图4(d)分别呈现了沿内窥导管回撤方向采集的直肠与食道B-scan断层图像，其中黏膜层、黏膜下层及固有肌层的三维结构界面得以清晰分辨。图4(c)与图4(f)分别为图4(a)和图4(d)在2000 A-line/周向采样条件下经极坐标重建得到的图像，有效消除了旋转伪影并增强了层间边界的辨识度，其分层特征与组织学结果表现出良好一致性。在血流成像方面，图4(b)与图4(e)为黏膜下层的en face OCTA图像，显示分支状微血管网络呈连续分布，这一网络形态反映了直肠与食道黏膜下层毛细血管的结构完整性及正常血流灌注状态，尽管食道区域因运动复杂性强，血管网络的连续性及血管边界清晰度低于直肠，结果仍验证了系统具备良好的适应性。

3.2　泌尿系统成像

图5展示了C57小鼠正常膀胱/膀胱癌模型及新西兰兔正常尿道/狭窄模型的OCT/OCTA成像对比结果，用于评估不同病理状态下管腔组织结构改变及微血管灌注特征的差异。在正常膀胱成像中，图5(a)的B-scan断层图像可清晰分辨移行上皮黏膜层与肌层的结构界面，其极坐标重建图像图5(c)进一步验证了各层组织结构的连续性与完整性，其分层特征与组织学结果高度一致。在血流成像方面，图5(b)基于动态血流信号映射生成的en face OCTA图像显示膀胱壁全层血管分布完整，反映出正常血流灌注状态；为对该定性观察进行量化佐证，采用Angio Tool对图5(b)所示en face OCTA图像进行血管参数统计，正常膀胱区域血管面积百分比为23.04%，血管平均直径约为54.23 μm。

相比之下，在膀胱癌模型中，图5(d)中B-scan图像中左侧癌变区域 (白色箭头)的移行上皮黏膜层结构明显紊乱，原有分层界面模糊甚至消失，提示肿瘤生长对膀胱壁结构造成严重破坏，其极坐标重建图像图5(f)进一步证实了组织分层的完整性受损。在血流成像方面，图5(e)的en face OCTA图像显示癌变区域内血流形态异常，表现为毛细血管密度减少及分布紊乱。Angio Tool定量结果显示，膀胱癌区域血管面积百分比降低至15.92%，相较正常膀胱 (23.04%)呈下降趋势，而两类区域血管平均直径均约为53.25 μm，提示肿瘤主要引起微血管数量/覆盖范围及空间分布的改变，而血管管径变化不明显。上述量化结果与OCTA图像中观察到的血管稀疏及分布紊乱现象一致。

在正常尿道图像中，图5(g)呈现了沿内窥导管回撤方向采集的正常尿道B-scan断层图像 (轴向分辨率7.46 μm)，可清晰分辨移行上皮黏膜层与肌层的结构边界，图5(i)对应的B-scan极坐标重建图像进一步验证了尿道壁各层组织结构的完整性，其分层特征与组织学具有良好的一致性。在血流成像方面，图5(h)基于强度去相关算法生成的en face OCTA图像显示出黏膜下微血管网呈现连续分布；Angio Tool统计进一步表明，正常尿道区域血管面积百分比为42.59%，血管平均直径为90.38 μm，为后续病变对比提供了量化基线。

病理模型成像结果显示，图5(j)尿道狭窄区域的B-scan图像中，电凝法诱导的疤痕组织呈现特征性的高反射弧状结构 (白色箭头)。这种强反射信号源于疤痕组织中胶原纤维的密集沉淀。图5(l)的B-scan极坐标重建图像进一步证实了狭窄导致的组织层次结构破坏。更重要的是，图5(k)狭窄区域的en face OCTA图像中黄色方框标示区域显示出明显的血流信号缺失，形成局部乏血区，疤痕形成过程中微血管退化及灌注降低；相应的Angio Tool定量结果显示，尿道狭窄区域血管面积百分比由正常的42.59%降低至35.19%，同时血管平均直径由90.38 μm下降至72.33 μm，表明狭窄不仅伴随微血管覆盖范围减少，且血管管径亦呈减小趋势。定性与定量结果相互印证，为尿道狭窄相关微循环灌注下降提供了直接且客观的影像学依据。

3.3　血管系统成像

图6展示了新西兰兔腹主动脉的OCT/OCTA成像结果。图6(a)为沿血管轴向回撤方向采集的B-scan断层图像，对比度良好，可清晰分辨血管壁的三层结构——内膜、中膜与外膜。图6(c)为B-scan的极坐标重建图像，通过圆周方向重采样展开血管壁结构，有助于全面评估其连续性及层间界面特征。图6(b)为en face OCTA图像，显示中膜区域内走形清晰且连续的大血管血流信号，反映出血管通畅性良好，并验证了OCTA成像的穿透深度和信号稳定性。

4　结　论

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本研究围绕近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA系统在不同狭窄腔道与血管环境中的成像表现，开展了多物种、多器官的在体验证实验，所涉及模型包括SD大鼠食道与直肠、C57BL/6小鼠膀胱以及新西兰兔尿道与腹主动脉等。

在多层级组织结构成像方面，实验结果表明，该系统能够在不同腔道尺度及组织光学特性条件下稳定解析管腔壁的层级结构。在SD大鼠消化系统成像中，B-scan可连续分辨黏膜层、黏膜下层及肌层等多级组织结构；在新西兰兔尿道模型中，黏膜与肌层界面清晰可辨，层间边界保持良好的连续性。上述结果表明，该近端控制内窥OCT系统在不同组织厚度及结构复杂度条件下均具备可靠的多层级结构成像能力。

在微血管成像方面，基于螺旋扫描的en face OCTA能够稳定获取管腔表层微血管网络信息。小鼠膀胱模型中，en face OCTA三维重建结果可准确呈现黏膜层微血管网络的空间分布特征；在新西兰兔腹主动脉成像中，en face OCTA有效捕获了血管壁相关的微循环信号。不同器官模型下获得的OCTA结果均显示血管结构连续、形态清晰，表明该系统在多种生理运动及光学环境条件下具备稳定的微血管成像能力。

综合多物种、多器官实验结果可以看出，该近端控制内窥OCT/OCTA系统在泌尿系统、消化系统及血管系统中均能够实现稳定的结构与血流同步成像，验证了其在复杂狭窄腔道环境中开展OCT/OCTA成像的适用性与一致性。

尽管本文在基于B-scan螺旋扫描的近端控制OCT/OCTA系统中实现了高分辨率微血管成像，但仍存在一定局限性。首先，受限于当前的采集模式和后处理算法，OCTA成像速度较慢，无法满足实时成像需求，在动态过程监测中的应用仍具挑战。其次，在导管扭曲或组织结构复杂的区域，NURD仍较为显著，容易引发图像抖动并影响血流信号的稳定提取，在以食道为代表的复杂腔道成像中表现得更为明显。上述问题需在成像方案、导管设计及算法优化方面进一步改进，以提升系统整体性能与适应性。

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2026年第53卷第5期

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250325

接收时间：2025-10-30
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-05-26

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收稿日期：2025-10-30
修回日期：2026-01-22
录用日期：2026-01-23

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上海应用技术大学理学院，上海 201418

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戴翠霞，sdadai7412@163.com

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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