Article(id=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954930014732947, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250377, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250377, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764777600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-04, revisedDate=1777132800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-26, acceptedDate=1777478400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineDate=1792631432663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631432663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631432663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631432663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954930014732947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='250315', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631378892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631378892, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250377, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955155756364661, articleId=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=A marine multi-element remote sensing detection system based on laser Brillouin spectroscopy, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The three-dimensional structure of oceanographic parameter profiles, particularly temperature and salinity, has persistently posed a significant challenge in remote sensing detection. While traditional ocean color satellites and microwave radiometers can achieve sea surface temperature measurements with accuracies better than 0.5 K and salinity measurements with monthly averages of 0.1 psu, these techniques are fundamentally limited to two-dimensional planar observations. In situ measurements from ships and buoys, though capable of vertical profiling, yield discrete, asynchronous, and non-global data that cannot satisfy the requirements of ocean science, environmental monitoring, marine economy, and national defense. Conventional oceanographic lidar systems, which rely solely on echo intensity detection, are unable to simultaneously measure multiple parameters like temperature and salinity. To address this critical gap, this paper proposes a novel remote sensing system for multi-parameter oceanographic detection based on Brillouin laser spectroscopy.

Methods

The proposed system leverages the laser non-elastic scattering effect, specifically spontaneous Brillouin scattering, which occurs when photons interact with thermal acoustic phonons in seawater. The Brillouin frequency shift and linewidth are functions of seawater temperature and salinity, as they depend on physical properties including sound velocity, refractive index, density, and viscosity coefficients. A two-parameter inversion model is established by solving coupled equations that relate Brillouin shift and linewidth to temperature and salinity. Through regression fitting of numerical data generated across temperature ranges of 0–30 °C and salinity ranges of 0–35 ‰, empirical formulas are derived to directly calculate temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin parameters.

The detection system comprises a transmitter system, a receiver system, and an integrated control and data processing system. A frequency-stabilized narrow-linewidth laser employing injection seeding and iodine molecular frequency stabilization technology serves as the light source, with a center frequency stability of 6 MHz, wavelength output at 532.29 nm, single pulse energy of 1 mJ, and pulse width of 7.6 ns. The core spectroscopic detection module consists of a high-precision Fizeau interferometer coupled with a highly sensitive 16-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) array. The Fizeau interferometer is designed with a plate spacing of 6 mm to achieve a free spectral range of 25 GHz, a mirror reflectivity of 0.873 to yield an instrumental function linewidth of 1.079 GHz, and a plate angle of 6.65 μrad with a clear aperture of 40 mm. When the laser beam passes through the Fizeau interferometer, the Rayleigh and two Brillouin components form three distinct transmission peaks at different positions on the PMT array. The multi-channel signals are processed through baseline correction, abnormal signal rejection, noise suppression, and cumulative averaging. A nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm is then employed to reconstruct the discrete Brillouin spectrum, extracting the frequency shift and linewidth from the measured data.

Results and Discussions

Simulation analyses reveal that to achieve temperature retrieval accuracy ≤1 K and salinity accuracy ≤2 psu for typical seawater conditions (temperature 10-25 °C, salinity 30-35 psu), the measurement uncertainty of both Brillouin shift and linewidth must be controlled within 20 MHz. This requirement drives the stringent design specifications of the system components. The PMT channel number selection is optimized based on simulation results showing that 8 or more channels satisfy the detection requirements, with 16 channels selected for the actual system implementation.

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a controlled water tank environment using two separate tanks to simulate layered water body slices, with independently controllable temperature and salinity conditions. Tank 1 was maintained at 23.1 °C and 33.8 psu, while Tank 2 was maintained at 23.4 °C and 34.8 psu. The laser pulses sequentially passed through both tanks, and the backscattered signals were received and processed. After data accumulation of 8000 pulses, the system achieved temperature measurement accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, with maximum errors of 0.72 °C and 1.52 psu respectively over five repeated measurements. The relationship between accumulation counts and measurement accuracy was investigated, showing that accuracy improves with increasing accumulation counts and converges to the system's optimal performance at approximately 8000 accumulations.

Conclusions

This paper successfully demonstrates a Brillouin spectroscopy-based remote sensing system capable of simultaneous temperature and salinity profiling in seawater. The system combines a frequency-stabilized laser, a custom-designed Fizeau interferometer with optimized parameters, and a multi-channel PMT array for high-resolution spectral detection. The two-parameter inversion model effectively derives temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin shift and linewidth. Laboratory validation confirms that the system achieves temperature accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, exceeding the design targets of 1 K and 2 psu respectively. These results establish the feasibility of using Brillouin lidar for remote sensing of oceanographic vertical profiles, providing a promising new approach to address the long-standing challenge of three-dimensional ocean parameter measurement. Future work will focus on field deployment and validation under real oceanic conditions.

, authors=Qian Sun1, 2, Song Yang1, 2, Kun Liang3, Jinghao Zhang1, 2, Mingyuan Ren1, 2, Tong Li1, 2, Ruizhe Zhang1, 2, Zhenmin Shen1, 2, Xiaomin Ye4, Yongchao Zheng1, 2, authorsList=Qian Sun, Song Yang, Kun Liang, Jinghao Zhang, Mingyuan Ren, Tong Li, Ruizhe Zhang, Zhenmin Shen, Xiaomin Ye, Yongchao Zheng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955191617663132, articleId=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=一种基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋要素剖面立体结构一直是海洋遥感探测的难点,激光雷达具有强穿水、高垂向分辨等技术特点,而海洋激光雷达基于单一回波能量探测无法实现温度、盐度等要素同步测量。针对这一现实需求,文章提出了一种布里渊激光光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统。该系统基于激光非弹性散射效应,通过高精度鉴频Fizeau干涉仪与高灵敏探测器PMT阵列为核心光谱探测模块,获得离散的布里渊光谱,通过双参数反演模型求解得到频移和线宽,从而反演海洋温度和盐度参数,经过仿真分析结合实验室测试,系统的测温精度达到1 K,盐度精度达到2 psu。

, authors=孙倩1, 2, *, *, 杨颂1, 2, 梁琨3, 张景豪1, 2, 任明源1, 2, 李同1, 2, 张睿哲1, 2, 沈振民1, 2, 叶小敏4, 郑永超1, 2, authorsList=孙倩, 杨颂, 梁琨, 张景豪, 任明源, 李同, 张睿哲, 沈振民, 叶小敏, 郑永超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙倩, authorNote=

作者贡献

孙倩:论文编写和方案设计; 杨颂:反演模型分析;梁琨:光谱反演算法;张景豪:电子学分析;任明源:理论分析;李同:光学设计;张睿哲:实验研究;沈振民:温度反演算法;叶小敏:应用分析;郑永超:方案总体指导。

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孙倩,
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journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Signal profile after denoising and correction, figureFileSmall=edND/ZCHodprZer5iv5KdQ==, figureFileBig=GKCdWUnTICwlUhB6ZhOLTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200627028226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图10, caption=去噪校正后的回波廓线, figureFileSmall=edND/ZCHodprZer5iv5KdQ==, figureFileBig=GKCdWUnTICwlUhB6ZhOLTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200698331395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Illustration of target signal slicing, figureFileSmall=BJ2+2GkWdLLCqEvcaifxjQ==, figureFileBig=r9V1O4mWuBos8p7akEITHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200778023172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图11, caption=目标信号切片区域示意图, 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(a) Water tank 1; (b) Water tank 2, figureFileSmall=RQgkeN8ismfzo+9WFUe/sQ==, figureFileBig=fSXROXEoOMhigIYqk7mFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201067430152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图13, caption=两水槽切片光谱重构结果。(a)水槽1;(b)水槽2, figureFileSmall=RQgkeN8ismfzo+9WFUe/sQ==, figureFileBig=fSXROXEoOMhigIYqk7mFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201138733321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effect of temperature and salinity inversion on the integration counts. (a) Temperature inversion vs. integration counts; (b) Salinity inversion vs. integration counts, figureFileSmall=QD3egM6QTaLYzv3U+OooeQ==, figureFileBig=9Q8kR5yaoHJorkrmndaGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201205842186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同积分次数对光谱反演结果的影响。(a)积分次数对温度反演精度影响;(b)积分次数对盐度反演精度影响, figureFileSmall=QD3egM6QTaLYzv3U+OooeQ==, figureFileBig=9Q8kR5yaoHJorkrmndaGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201310699787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Brillouin frequency shift as a function of temperature and salinity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃S/‰
05101520253035
07.03977.07847.11717.15597.19497.23397.27297.3121
57.15827.19537.23257.26977.30707.34447.38197.4195
107.26327.29887.33457.37037.40617.44217.47817.5141
157.35547.38977.42417.45857.49307.52767.56237.5970
207.43577.46887.50207.53527.56857.60197.63547.6689
257.50497.53697.56907.60127.63357.66587.69827.7306
307.56387.59497.62617.65747.68877.72017.75157.7831
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201386197260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

以温度T和盐度S为变量的布里渊频移$ v_{\mathrm{B}}(T,S) $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃S/‰
05101520253035
07.03977.07847.11717.15597.19497.23397.27297.3121
57.15827.19537.23257.26977.30707.34447.38197.4195
107.26327.29887.33457.37037.40617.44217.47817.5141
157.35547.38977.42417.45857.49307.52767.56237.5970
207.43577.46887.50207.53527.56857.60197.63547.6689
257.50497.53697.56907.60127.63357.66587.69827.7306
307.56387.59497.62617.65747.68877.72017.75157.7831
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201453306125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Brillouin linewidth as a function of temperature and salinity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃S/‰
05101520253035
01.76231.76991.77751.78521.79281.80041.80801.8155
51.23701.24451.25201.25941.26691.27431.28171.2891
100.90910.91580.92240.92900.93560.94220.94880.9553
150.70850.71420.71990.72560.73120.73680.74240.7480
200.58810.59300.59780.60270.60750.61230.61710.6218
250.51580.52000.52430.52850.53280.53700.54120.5453
300.46810.47200.47600.47990.48380.48770.49160.4955
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201528803598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

以温度T和盐度S为变量的布里渊线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}(T,S) $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃S/‰
05101520253035
01.76231.76991.77751.78521.79281.80041.80801.8155
51.23701.24451.25201.25941.26691.27431.28171.2891
100.90910.91580.92240.92900.93560.94220.94880.9553
150.70850.71420.71990.72560.73120.73680.74240.7480
200.58810.59300.59780.60270.60750.61230.61710.6218
250.51580.52000.52430.52850.53280.53700.54120.5453
300.46810.47200.47600.47990.48380.48770.49160.4955
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201595912463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Value of t1~t10 in Eq.(5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t1 = 120.197 t2 = −43.2765
t3 = 21.2612 t4 = 3.41143
t5 = −61.4753 t6 = 13.7452
t7 = −5.34905× 10−3 t8 = 3.73461
t9 = 6.24268t10 = −1.5917
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201654632720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

式 (5)中参数$ {t}_{1} $~ $ {t}_{10} $的值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t1 = 120.197 t2 = −43.2765
t3 = 21.2612 t4 = 3.41143
t5 = −61.4753 t6 = 13.7452
t7 = −5.34905× 10−3 t8 = 3.73461
t9 = 6.24268t10 = −1.5917
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201742713105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Value of s1~s11 in Eq.(6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $
s1 = 7.1812× 105 s2 = −2.7105 × 107
s3 = 4.0964 × 108 s4 = −3.0961 × 109
s5 = 1.1696 × 1010 s6 = −1.7665× 1010
s7 = 42.9405 s8 = −4.776
s9 = 9.8176s10 = −11.431
s11 = 1.4448
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201805627666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

式 (6)中参数$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $的值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $
s1 = 7.1812× 105 s2 = −2.7105 × 107
s3 = 4.0964 × 108 s4 = −3.0961 × 109
s5 = 1.1696 × 1010 s6 = −1.7665× 1010
s7 = 42.9405 s8 = −4.776
s9 = 9.8176s10 = −11.431
s11 = 1.4448
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201897902355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Design requirement of Fizeau interferometer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称指标
平板间距6 mm
加工口径40 mm
平板夹角6.65 μrad
平板镜面反射率优于0.86
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201973399828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Fizeau干涉仪设计要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称指标
平板间距6 mm
加工口径40 mm
平板夹角6.65 μrad
平板镜面反射率优于0.86
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202040508693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Key parameters of the proof of concept setup

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统组成参数名称指标
发射系统中心波长532.29 nm
单脉冲能量及脉宽1 mJ@7.6 ns
频率稳定性6 MHz
接收系统接收光学口径50 mm
Fizeau平板间距6 mm
Fizeau口径40 mm
Fizeau平板夹角6.65 μrad
Fizeau平板镜面反射率0.87
PMT探测器通道数16
综合控制及数据处理系统波形采样率500 MHz
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202136977686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

原理验证装置主要参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统组成参数名称指标
发射系统中心波长532.29 nm
单脉冲能量及脉宽1 mJ@7.6 ns
频率稳定性6 MHz
接收系统接收光学口径50 mm
Fizeau平板间距6 mm
Fizeau口径40 mm
Fizeau平板夹角6.65 μrad
Fizeau平板镜面反射率0.87
PMT探测器通道数16
综合控制及数据处理系统波形采样率500 MHz
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202212475159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Test results of five measurements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水槽编号频移/GHz线宽/GHz温度/℃盐度/psu理论温度/℃理论盐度/psu温度误差/K盐度误差/psu
117.69640.571822.9033.5823.133.80.200.22
27.70820.576922.6835.8023.434.80.721.00
217.69880.568823.5834.3223.133.80.480.52
27.69120.570523.0234.1223.434.80.380.68
317.70200.579322.4935.2123.133.80.611.41
27.71180.560223.7634.3323.434.80.360.47
417.69260.569023.0432.7423.133.80.061.06
27.71000.559923.7734.0423.434.80.370.76
517.69640.576322.6334.1023.133.80.470.30
27.72030.567123.3836.3223.434.80.021.52
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202296361240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

五次测量实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水槽编号频移/GHz线宽/GHz温度/℃盐度/psu理论温度/℃理论盐度/psu温度误差/K盐度误差/psu
117.69640.571822.9033.5823.133.80.200.22
27.70820.576922.6835.8023.434.80.721.00
217.69880.568823.5834.3223.133.80.480.52
27.69120.570523.0234.1223.434.80.380.68
317.70200.579322.4935.2123.133.80.611.41
27.71180.560223.7634.3323.434.80.360.47
417.69260.569023.0432.7423.133.80.061.06
27.71000.559923.7734.0423.434.80.370.76
517.69640.576322.6334.1023.133.80.470.30
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一种基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统
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孙倩 1, 2, *, * , 杨颂 1, 2 , 梁琨 3 , 张景豪 1, 2 , 任明源 1, 2 , 李同 1, 2 , 张睿哲 1, 2 , 沈振民 1, 2 , 叶小敏 4 , 郑永超 1, 2
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(6): 250377-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (6) : 250377 -1
一种基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统
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孙倩1, 2, *, * , 杨颂1, 2, 梁琨3, 张景豪1, 2, 任明源1, 2, 李同1, 2, 张睿哲1, 2, 沈振民1, 2, 叶小敏4, 郑永超1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京空间机电研究所,北京 100094
  • 2中国空间技术研究院空间激光信息感知技术核心专业实验室,北京 100094
  • 3华中科技大学电子信息与通信学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 4国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

孙倩:论文编写和方案设计; 杨颂:反演模型分析;梁琨:光谱反演算法;张景豪:电子学分析;任明源:理论分析;李同:光学设计;张睿哲:实验研究;沈振民:温度反演算法;叶小敏:应用分析;郑永超:方案总体指导。

A marine multi-element remote sensing detection system based on laser Brillouin spectroscopy
Qian Sun1, 2 , Song Yang1, 2, Kun Liang3, Jinghao Zhang1, 2, Mingyuan Ren1, 2, Tong Li1, 2, Ruizhe Zhang1, 2, Zhenmin Shen1, 2, Xiaomin Ye4, Yongchao Zheng1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2Core Professional Laboratory of Laser Information Perception Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
  • 4National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250377
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海洋要素剖面立体结构一直是海洋遥感探测的难点,激光雷达具有强穿水、高垂向分辨等技术特点,而海洋激光雷达基于单一回波能量探测无法实现温度、盐度等要素同步测量。针对这一现实需求,文章提出了一种布里渊激光光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统。该系统基于激光非弹性散射效应,通过高精度鉴频Fizeau干涉仪与高灵敏探测器PMT阵列为核心光谱探测模块,获得离散的布里渊光谱,通过双参数反演模型求解得到频移和线宽,从而反演海洋温度和盐度参数,经过仿真分析结合实验室测试,系统的测温精度达到1 K,盐度精度达到2 psu。

激光雷达  /  温度  /  盐度  /  海洋剖面
Objective

The three-dimensional structure of oceanographic parameter profiles, particularly temperature and salinity, has persistently posed a significant challenge in remote sensing detection. While traditional ocean color satellites and microwave radiometers can achieve sea surface temperature measurements with accuracies better than 0.5 K and salinity measurements with monthly averages of 0.1 psu, these techniques are fundamentally limited to two-dimensional planar observations. In situ measurements from ships and buoys, though capable of vertical profiling, yield discrete, asynchronous, and non-global data that cannot satisfy the requirements of ocean science, environmental monitoring, marine economy, and national defense. Conventional oceanographic lidar systems, which rely solely on echo intensity detection, are unable to simultaneously measure multiple parameters like temperature and salinity. To address this critical gap, this paper proposes a novel remote sensing system for multi-parameter oceanographic detection based on Brillouin laser spectroscopy.

Methods

The proposed system leverages the laser non-elastic scattering effect, specifically spontaneous Brillouin scattering, which occurs when photons interact with thermal acoustic phonons in seawater. The Brillouin frequency shift and linewidth are functions of seawater temperature and salinity, as they depend on physical properties including sound velocity, refractive index, density, and viscosity coefficients. A two-parameter inversion model is established by solving coupled equations that relate Brillouin shift and linewidth to temperature and salinity. Through regression fitting of numerical data generated across temperature ranges of 0–30 °C and salinity ranges of 0–35 ‰, empirical formulas are derived to directly calculate temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin parameters.

The detection system comprises a transmitter system, a receiver system, and an integrated control and data processing system. A frequency-stabilized narrow-linewidth laser employing injection seeding and iodine molecular frequency stabilization technology serves as the light source, with a center frequency stability of 6 MHz, wavelength output at 532.29 nm, single pulse energy of 1 mJ, and pulse width of 7.6 ns. The core spectroscopic detection module consists of a high-precision Fizeau interferometer coupled with a highly sensitive 16-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) array. The Fizeau interferometer is designed with a plate spacing of 6 mm to achieve a free spectral range of 25 GHz, a mirror reflectivity of 0.873 to yield an instrumental function linewidth of 1.079 GHz, and a plate angle of 6.65 μrad with a clear aperture of 40 mm. When the laser beam passes through the Fizeau interferometer, the Rayleigh and two Brillouin components form three distinct transmission peaks at different positions on the PMT array. The multi-channel signals are processed through baseline correction, abnormal signal rejection, noise suppression, and cumulative averaging. A nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm is then employed to reconstruct the discrete Brillouin spectrum, extracting the frequency shift and linewidth from the measured data.

Results and Discussions

Simulation analyses reveal that to achieve temperature retrieval accuracy ≤1 K and salinity accuracy ≤2 psu for typical seawater conditions (temperature 10-25 °C, salinity 30-35 psu), the measurement uncertainty of both Brillouin shift and linewidth must be controlled within 20 MHz. This requirement drives the stringent design specifications of the system components. The PMT channel number selection is optimized based on simulation results showing that 8 or more channels satisfy the detection requirements, with 16 channels selected for the actual system implementation.

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a controlled water tank environment using two separate tanks to simulate layered water body slices, with independently controllable temperature and salinity conditions. Tank 1 was maintained at 23.1 °C and 33.8 psu, while Tank 2 was maintained at 23.4 °C and 34.8 psu. The laser pulses sequentially passed through both tanks, and the backscattered signals were received and processed. After data accumulation of 8000 pulses, the system achieved temperature measurement accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, with maximum errors of 0.72 °C and 1.52 psu respectively over five repeated measurements. The relationship between accumulation counts and measurement accuracy was investigated, showing that accuracy improves with increasing accumulation counts and converges to the system's optimal performance at approximately 8000 accumulations.

Conclusions

This paper successfully demonstrates a Brillouin spectroscopy-based remote sensing system capable of simultaneous temperature and salinity profiling in seawater. The system combines a frequency-stabilized laser, a custom-designed Fizeau interferometer with optimized parameters, and a multi-channel PMT array for high-resolution spectral detection. The two-parameter inversion model effectively derives temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin shift and linewidth. Laboratory validation confirms that the system achieves temperature accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, exceeding the design targets of 1 K and 2 psu respectively. These results establish the feasibility of using Brillouin lidar for remote sensing of oceanographic vertical profiles, providing a promising new approach to address the long-standing challenge of three-dimensional ocean parameter measurement. Future work will focus on field deployment and validation under real oceanic conditions.

lidar  /  temperature  /  salinity  /  oceanographic profile
孙倩, 杨颂, 梁琨, 张景豪, 任明源, 李同, 张睿哲, 沈振民, 叶小敏, 郑永超. 一种基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (6) : 250377 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250377
Qian Sun, Song Yang, Kun Liang, Jinghao Zhang, Mingyuan Ren, Tong Li, Ruizhe Zhang, Zhenmin Shen, Xiaomin Ye, Yongchao Zheng. A marine multi-element remote sensing detection system based on laser Brillouin spectroscopy[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (6) : 250377 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250377
海洋与人类的生存和可持续发展息息相关,海洋环境污染,气候变暖,海洋生物多样化减少,海平面上升,一直以来是亟需解决的共同难题。海洋温度和盐度的变化情况,对整个海洋的气候特征,变化规律,发展趋势有决定性作用,对海洋气象学、海洋渔业、海洋环境、海洋生物信息等学科有着重要意义,因此国内外都在积极发展测量手段,实现全球尺度海洋温度、盐度测量。例如专用的海洋观测卫星利用水温水色扫描仪,温度测量精度优于0.5 K[1-3],专用的海洋动力卫星利用微波辐射亮度获得海面温度[4],测温精度达到1 K,2024年11月14日发射的海洋盐度探测卫星其盐度测量为月均0.1 psu。现有的海洋遥感技术总体上是二维平面遥感,与海洋业务及科学应用所需的水体剖面或三维探测需求存在巨大的差距。传统的海洋光学遥感 (即水色遥感)也仅是海洋上层50 m以内水体的积分式成像观测;微波、红外遥感器,都只是在二维平面进行海洋水体的皮层遥感,其探测深度在毫米 (微波)、微米 (红外)量级[5]。
海洋温度和盐度的垂向探测能力依然是海洋观测系统的基础,目前主要依赖测量船或者浮标潜标进行现场观测来获得,这决定了获取数据是离散、分时、非全球尺度,难以满足海洋科学、海洋环境、海洋经济和海洋国防等领域要求。因此,考虑获取全球范围的海洋温度盐度剖面信息,亟需发展遥感探测方式。海洋激光雷达作为有望成为海洋剖面立体结构遥感探测的新体制,在航空验证了其获取水下地形的能力,但目前基于单一回波能量探测无法实现温度、盐度等要素同步测量。综上,本文提出了一种新型的基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统。
激光与水体相互作用后发生瑞利散射和布里渊散射,瑞利散射的散射波长与入射激光波长一致,布里渊散射与入射光的频率之差为布里渊频移。在低光强条件下,激光与水体发生的布里渊散射为自发布里渊散射,自发布里渊散射存在两个相对入射波长的频移量为±$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $的两个峰,分别是斯托克斯散射峰和非斯托克斯散射峰。瑞利和布里渊散射光谱都符合洛伦兹线型,如图1所示,具体谱线线型[6]可以写为
$ \begin{split}I=&{I}_{{\rm{r}}0}\cdot \dfrac{2}{{\text{π}} }\dfrac{{\varGamma }_{\rm{R}}}{4{(v-{{v}_{\rm{R}}})}^{2}+\varGamma _{\rm{R}}^{2}}+{I}_{{\rm{b}}0}\cdot \dfrac{2}{{\text{π}} }\dfrac{{\varGamma }_{\rm{B}}}{4{(v-{{v}_{\rm{R}}}-{{v}_{\rm{B}}})}^{2}+\varGamma _{\rm{B}}^{2}}\\&+{I}_{{\rm{b}}0}\cdot \dfrac{2}{{\text{π}} }\dfrac{{\varGamma }_{\rm{B}}}{4{(v-{{v}_{\rm{R}}}+{{v}_{\rm{B}}})}^{2}+\varGamma _{\rm{B}}^{2}}\;,\end{split} $
式中:v为散射谱频率;$ {I}_{{\rm{b}}0} $为布里渊散射能量;$ {\varGamma }_{\rm{B}} $表示布里渊散射线宽;$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $表示布里渊散射频移;$ {I}_{{\rm{r}}0} $为瑞利散射峰的强度;$ {{\varGamma }}_{\text{R}} $为瑞利峰的半高宽;$ {v}_{\rm{R}} $表示瑞利散射频移。
布里渊散射从微观角度看,是光子与水中的热声子相互作用而发生的散射,其布里渊频移和布里渊线宽与海洋的声速、折射率、粘滞系数等有直接联系。而这些物理特性参数均受到海水温度和盐度的影响,由此频移和线宽能够与海水的温度和盐度建立联系[7-8]:
$ \left|v_{\rm{B}}\right|=\dfrac{2n(T,S)V_{\mathrm{s}}(T,S)}{\lambda_i}\sin\dfrac{\theta}{2}\; , $
$ \begin{split}{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}=&\dfrac{1}{2{\text{π}} \rho (T,S)} \left[\dfrac{4}{3}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{s}}}(T,S)+{\eta }_{{\rm{b}}}(T,S)+\dfrac{\kappa }{{C}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\left(\gamma -1\right)\right]\\& \cdot {\left(\dfrac{4{\text{π}} n(T,S)}{{\lambda }_{i}}\sin \dfrac{\theta }{2}\right)}^{2}\;,\end{split} $
其中:λ是激光波长,θ是散射角,γ=Cp/Cv是定压比热容Cp与定容比热容Cv的比值,κ是水体热导率。从以上两式可以看出,温度和盐度通过影响折射率n和声速$ V\mathrm{_s} $来反映到布里渊频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $变化上;对于布里渊线宽${{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $,则是通过密度$ \rho $、剪切粘滞系数${\eta }_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、体粘滞系数${\eta }_{{\rm{b}}} $以及折射率n来影响其变化。对于海水这类液体介质,线宽表达式中括号内的第三项$ \kappa\cdot(\gamma-1)/C\mathrm{_p} $值可以忽略。由此还需要知道温度T和盐度S与折射率n、声速$ V\mathrm{_s} $、密度$ \rho $、剪切粘滞系数${\eta }_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和体粘滞系数${\eta }_{{\rm{b}}} $之间的关系,才能得到温盐与布里渊频移和线宽之间的联系。
布里渊散射频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊散射线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $都是海水温度T和盐度S的函数,因而可以利用以上两式建立联立的方程组[9],将该方程组中的布里渊散射频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊散射线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $认定为已知量,把海水的温度T和盐度S认作未知量,通过求解方程组
$ \begin{cases} {v}_{\rm{B}}={v}_{\rm{B}}(T,S)\\{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}={{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}(T,S)\end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} T=T({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})\\S=S({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})\end{cases} \;,$
能够得到温度T和盐度S关于布里渊散射频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊散射线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的表达式,即基于布里渊频移和布里渊线宽的温盐同步反演模型。
下面采用数据拟合的方式来求数值解[10]。对于数值解的求解方法,首先需要做的是生成以温度T和盐度S为变量的布里渊频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}}(T,S) $和布里渊线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}(T,S) $,如表1~2所示。
表1~2中值是在波长为$ {\lambda }_{i} $= 532.29 nm和散射角θ = 180°时计算得出,这里$ {\lambda }_{i} $= 532.29 nm对应于激光雷达系统所采用的窄线宽稳频激光器的输出波长。考虑海洋温盐的典型变化范围,该表中的温度变化范围0 ~30 ℃,盐度变化范围0~35 psu。综合而言,可得到以布里渊散射频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊散射线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $为变量的关于温度和盐度的三维数据值: ($ {v}_{\rm{B}} $,$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $,T)和 ($ {v}_{\rm{B}} $,$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $,S),通过回归拟合,可推导出温度T和盐度S关于布里渊频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的经验拟合公式[11]如下:
$ \begin{split} T({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})=&{t}_{1}+{t}_{2}\cdot {v}_{\rm{B}}+\dfrac{{t}_{3}}{{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}}+{t}_{4}\cdot {v}_{\rm{B}}{}^{2}+\dfrac{{t}_{5}}{{\varGamma }_{\rm{B}}^{2}}+\dfrac{{t}_{6}\cdot {v}_{\rm{B}}}{{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}}\\&+{t}_{7}\cdot v_{\rm{B}}^{3}+\dfrac{{t}_{8}}{{\varGamma }_{\rm{B}}^{3}}+\dfrac{{t}_{9}\cdot {v}_{\rm{B}}}{{\varGamma }_{\rm{B}}^{2}}+\dfrac{{t}_{10}\cdot v_{\rm{B}}^{2}}{{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}}\;,\end{split}$
$ \begin{split} S({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})=&{s}_{1}+\dfrac{{s}_{2}}{{v}_{\rm{B}}}+\dfrac{{s}_{3}}{v_{\rm{B}}^{2}}+\dfrac{{s}_{4}}{v_{\rm{B}}^{3}}+\dfrac{{s}_{5}}{v_{\rm{B}}^{4}} +\dfrac{{s}_{6}}{v_{\rm{B}}^{5}}+{s}_{7}\cdot \ln {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}+{s}_{8}\\&\cdot {\ln }^{2}{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}+{s}_{9}\cdot {\ln }^{3}{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}+{s}_{10}\cdot {\ln }^{4}{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}+{s}_{11}\cdot {\ln }^{5}{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}\;,\end{split} $
式中:布里渊散射频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $和布里渊散射线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的单位为 GHz; 参数$ {t}_{1} $~ $ {t}_{10} $和$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $为常数,其值见表3和表4。
表3和表4中,参数$ {t}_{1} $~ $ {t}_{10} $和$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $的有效数字位数的保留数目是以最后一位的浮动对温盐反演结果的影响不超过0.0001 ℃和0.0001 psu为依据计算得出。将测量得到的布里渊散射频移和布里渊散射线宽带入式(5)和式(6),即可计算得到海水的温度和盐度。
因此,在已知布里渊频移和线宽的情况下,可以通过将测量得到的布里渊频移和布里渊线宽代入式 (5)、式 (6),即可计算得到海水的温度和盐度。
利用温盐双参数反演模型计算温度和盐度,需先获取水体的布里渊散射频移与线宽。基于布里渊激光光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统,其核心功能正是测量这两个参数。然而,受外界环境波动、背景噪声、系统噪声及激光频率抖动等因素影响,系统实测值与理论值之间难免存在误差。为此,需分析在典型水体条件下,为达到一定的温盐反演精度,布里渊频移与线宽所需满足的探测不确定度,以作为探测系统设计的依据。
目前,星载微波遥感载荷的海表温度反演精度可达 1 K 以内,已较好地应用于海气相互作用、海洋动力学及气候变化等研究。本文以此为参考,将温度反演精度目标设为 1 K。在此目标下,采用前述温盐双参数反演模型,可同时获得盐度反演结果。
在理想布里渊频移量$ v_{\rm{B}} $和线宽量$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的基础上加入偏置量$ {\rm{d}}\nu $、$ {\rm{d}}\varGamma $,以此模拟探测不确定度。将叠加偏置量后的参量视为激光雷达系统输出的布里渊频移$ {\nu }_{\text{B}}^{\prime}= {\nu }_{\text{B}}+ {\rm{d}}\nu $和线宽$ {\varGamma }_{\text{B}}{}^{\prime}={\varGamma }_{\text{B}}+{\rm{d}}\varGamma $,代入温盐双参数反演模型,可计算达到实际反演的温度值$ T({v}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}}) $、盐度值$ {S}({v}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}}) $。将其与理想的温度反演值$ T({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}) $、盐度反演值$ S({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}) $作差并取绝对值,即得到温度反演精度$ \delta T=|T({v}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}})- T({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})| $和盐度反演精度$ \delta {S=}|{S}({v}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}^{\prime}_{\rm{B}})-{S}({v}_{\rm{B}},{{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}})| $。
考虑布里渊频移和线宽的不确定度在16 MHz时对温度和盐度的反演精度的影响如图2和图3所示,这里分析了四种偏置组合情况:① $ {\mathrm{d}}\nu = 16\;\text{MHz} $、$ {\mathrm{d}}\varGamma = 16\;\text{MHz} $,② $ {\mathrm{d}}\nu = 16\;\text{MHz} $、$ {\mathrm{d}}\varGamma = -16\;\text{ MHz} $,③ $ {\mathrm{d}}\nu = - 16\;\text{MHz} $、$ {\mathrm{d}}\varGamma = -16\;\text{MHz} $,④ $ {\mathrm{d}}\nu = -16\;\text{MHz} $、$ {\mathrm{d}}\varGamma = 16\;\text{MHz} $。仿真时温度取值范围为0~30 ℃,步长0.1 ℃;盐度取值范围为0~35 psu,步长0.1 psu。在频移与线宽均存在16 MHz偏移的情况下,计算整个温盐范围内每个格点对应的温度反演精度$ \delta T $,统计其中$ \delta T\leqslant 1\;\text{K} $的点数占总点数的比例。该比例代表了在布里渊频移与线宽的探测不确定度均为16 MHz 时,温度反演精度达到1 K以内的概率。同理,可计算相同条件下盐度反演精度$ \delta {S}\leqslant 2 \;{\rm{psu}}$的点数比例,该比例即为盐度反演精度达到2 psu以内的概率。
图2展现了考虑偏置量条件下,温度在0~30 ℃,盐度在0~35 psu范围内各点的温度反演精度$ \delta T $的变化情况。图中横轴为温度,纵轴则展示了在相同温度下、不同盐度 (0~35 psu)所对应的温度反演精度$ \delta T $的分布。蓝色点代表该点$ \delta T\leqslant1\text{ K} $,红色点代表该点$ \delta T \gt 1\text{ K} $。从图2可以看出,布里渊频移与线宽的偏置量对温度反演精度的影响与水体温度密切相关:温度越低,反演模型对偏置的容忍度越大。在0 ℃至18 ℃的温度区间内,即使频移与线宽的探测不确定度均为16 MHz,温度反演精度仍始终保持在1 K以内,且盐度对反演精度的影响较小。整体而言,在温度0~30 ℃、盐度0~35 psu的全范围内,当布里渊频移与线宽的探测不确定度均为16 MHz时,温度反演精度超过1 K的点数随温度升高而增加,但满足$ \delta T\leqslant1\ \text{K} $的点仍占总点数的约94%。
图3展现了考虑偏置量条件下,盐度在0~35 psu,温度在0~30 ℃的各点的盐度反演精度$ \delta\text{ S} $的变化情况。图中横轴代表盐度,纵轴展示了在相同盐度下、不同温度 (0~30 ℃)所对应的盐度反演精度$ \delta {S} $的分布。蓝色点代表$ \delta {S}\leqslant 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$,红色点代表$ \delta {S} \gt 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$。通过分析不同温度下水体盐度反演精度受偏置量的影响,结果显示:偏置所引起的盐度反演不确定度与频移和线宽偏置的方向密切相关,与水体盐度大小关联较弱。当频移与线宽的探测不确定度均为 16 MHz 时,若两者偏置同向 (即同为+16 MHz或同为−16 MHz),盐度反演精度$ \delta {S} \gt 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$的概率约为 35%;反之,若两者偏置异向 (即一个为+16 MHz,另一个为−16 MHz),则 ΔS 保持在$ \delta {S}\leqslant 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$的概率可达99%。在整个温盐范围 (温度0~30 ℃、盐度0~35 psu)内统计,当布里渊频移与线宽的探测不确定度均为16 MHz时,盐度反演精度$ \delta {S}\leqslant 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$的概率约为82%。
整体来说,在设定的温度 (0~30 ℃)与盐度 (0~35 psu)范围内,布里渊频移与线宽的探测不确定度控制在16 MHz时,可同时实现温度反演精度$ \delta T\leqslant 1\;\text{K} $且盐度反演精度$ \delta {S}\leqslant 2 \;{\rm{psu }}$的概率约为78%。基于此分析,在后续激光雷达系统设计中,将布里渊频移与线宽的探测不确定度约束在16 MHz以内,即可在保证温度反演精度达到1 K的同时,使盐度反演精度相应地满足2 psu的要求。
为了获取高精度的完整的瑞利及布里渊光谱,本文设计了一种高精度鉴频器Fizeau干涉仪结合高灵敏PMT阵列的海洋多要素遥感探测系统,并搭建了原理验证装置来验证水体温度和盐度测量能力。海洋多要素遥感探测系统包括发射系统、接收系统和综合控制及数据处理系统,如图4所示。发射系统的核心是稳频激光器,是激光光谱探测所需的窄线宽、高稳频的激光光源,作为频移计算的基准量。接收系统包括接收光学系统、准直光学系统、窄带滤光片、Fizeau干涉仪、光束整形系统、PMT阵列,接收光学系统收集水体散射的回波信号,通过准直光学系统将回波信号光调整成准平行光,经窄带滤光片过滤大部分背景杂散光,再通过Fizeau干涉仪进行频率分辨,Fizeau干涉仪输出的干涉条纹通过光束整形系统缩束或扩束使得干涉条纹能够被PMT阵列探测器的像面接收、探测,PMT 阵列探测器将电压信号输出至综合控制及数据处理系统。PMT阵列探测器输出的电压信号经过综合控制及数据处理系统高速采集、信号处理及反演输出布里渊散射谱的频移、线宽测量值,代入温盐双参数反演模型计算得到水体的温度、盐度。
由前一节计算结果,为了满足水体的温度反演精度≤1 K,盐度反演精度≤2 psu,布里渊线宽和频移量探测不确定度需要控制在16 MHz以内,下面对稳频激光器、Fizeau干涉仪和PMT阵列器件进行选型和参数设计。
由于激光器的中心频率的整体漂移对PMT的影响能够通过完整谱型的测量来消除,即对频移的反演影响较小,考虑激光器的中心频率稳定性相当于对频谱的展宽,会对线宽的反演有影响,激光器的中心频率漂移控制在10 MHz以内。窄线宽激光器[12]采用种子注入技术实现窄线宽、单纵模的激光输出,采用碘分子稳频技术实现高频率稳定性。原理验证装置选用商业化的窄线宽稳频激光器作为光源,它通过偏频锁定技术将激光器的频率稳定性进行优化,以满足10 MHz的要求。
PMT探测器的阵列规模 (即通道数)决定了获取的布里渊光谱分辨率,选取不同数量的通道进行频谱成像得到分辨率成像曲线,如图5所示。在高斯曲线的基础上加入泊松噪声后,考虑到不同的频谱分辨率,可选择不同数量的通道进行频谱接收。结合图5可知,通道数越多,分辨率也就越高,但是高光谱分辨率导致每个通道能量极微弱,容易与噪声混叠,导致误差增大。针对温度为20 ℃、盐度为30 psu的典型的瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,采用器件函数卷积、阵列各通道离散化探测的方法来模拟多通道PMT探测到的信号,最后添入高斯分布的白噪声来模拟背景噪声和电噪声,获得了不同通道数量的PMT探测到的光谱仿真信号,并对仿真的接收信号进行布里渊散射光谱特征提取,具体方法见文献[13-15],结果如图6所示。根据仿真计算,8个通道以上可以满足温盐探测需求,在本文的后续研究中,选取16通道PMT探测器[5]。
Fizeau干涉仪是布里渊光谱探测的核心部件。当激光光束通过Fizeau干涉仪,在输出端不同频率和不同入射倾角的光会在不同位置发生强透过现象,产生干涉条纹。将激光光束整形成准平行光束,光束光轴沿Fizeau干涉仪法线方向穿过干涉仪,光束中的瑞利组分及附近的两个布里渊组分会形成3个强透过峰,中间是瑞利峰,两侧是布里渊峰,三个峰分别出现在Fizeau干涉仪的不同位置。通过探测透过峰的强度来重构布里渊散射谱,进而提取出布里渊散射频移和线宽。
Fizeau干涉仪由两个互成α角度的反射率很高的平板组成,两个平板间的介质为空气,平板是融石英玻璃材料的镜面,两个平板相对的内侧镀有532 nm的高反射率膜,平板外侧镀有增透膜层。
Fizeau干涉仪平板的反射率、倾角、间距和光束发散角是影响干涉仪能量透过率以及器件函数线宽的重要参数。当携带瑞利及布里渊光谱的激光信号经过Fizeau干涉仪,激光信号会被器件函数即透过率函数展宽,其形式可看作一个卷积过程,从而与原信号产生差别。因此,为了探测原信号的光谱信息,Fizeau干涉仪需要重点关注两个参数:①自由光谱范围 (FSR),保证瑞利、布里渊谱不重叠;②器件函数线宽,与自由光谱范围相适应。
基于布里渊散射理论,计算了典型海水的温度范围在15~25 ℃,盐度范围在30~35 psu区间时,水体的频移和线宽的理论值,结果是频率的取值范围在7.562 GHz (T=15 ℃,S=30 psu)~7.791 GHz (T=25 ℃,S=35 psu),线宽的取值范围在0.541 GHz (T=25 ℃,S=30 psu)~0.748 GHz (T=15 ℃,S=35 psu)之间。从海水瑞利散射和布里渊散射结果可以看出,两个布里渊峰之间如果不发生重叠,自由光谱范围应该选择大于21 GHz,考虑一定冗余量,Fizeau干涉仪自由光谱范围设置为25 GHz。自由光谱范围由干涉仪的平板间距决定,计算公式如下:
$ {FS R}=\dfrac{{{c}}}{2nL} \;,$
式中:L为Fizeau干涉仪的平板间距;c为光速;n为填充介质折射率 (空气取1),计算得到25 GHz自由光谱范围对应的平板间距L为6 mm。
Fizeau干涉仪函数线宽与原始的海水瑞利布里渊散射信号卷积,得到输出的干涉条纹。器件函数线宽愈小,原始信号失真愈小,但是干涉仪的能量透过率愈低。器件函数线宽愈大,虽然能量透过率增大,但是瑞利谱和布里渊谱重叠量增加而增大了区分难度。当器件函数线宽在1.2 GHz时,原始信号在频移量为±12.5 GHz时的边带输出功率相对于布里渊峰的输出功率的比值约2.5%,不影响布里渊峰的获取。Fizeau干涉仪的器件函数线宽控制在1.2 GHz以内。干涉仪函数线宽由Fizeau干涉仪的镜面反射率决定。根据多光束干涉的干涉理论,干涉仪透过率函数可以近似看作是爱里 (Airy)函数,具体形式为
$ T_{\mathrm{F I}}=\left(1-\dfrac{A}{1-R}\right)^2 \dfrac{1}{1+\dfrac{4 R}{(1-R)^2} \sin \left(\dfrac{{\text{π}} \nu}{{F}}\right)^2}\;, $
式中:TFI为干涉仪透过率函数,F表示自由光谱范围,A代表光被干涉仪平板膜层吸收掉的比例,一般取0.01~0.02。
设干涉仪的器件函数线宽为$ \Delta \upsilon $,线宽与自由光谱范围F和平板反射率R相关,R的计算公式为
$ R=\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{1+\left(\dfrac{2}{\text{π}}\dfrac{F}{\Delta v}\right)^2}-1}{\dfrac{2}{\text{π}}\dfrac{F}{\Delta v}}\right)^2\; . $
当Fizeau干涉仪的器件函数线宽为1.2 GHz,自由光谱范围为25 GHz时,平板反射率R为0.86。
干涉仪的倾角会使得在较高反射率情况下,Fizeau干涉仪的传输曲线出现多个自由光谱范围,使得透射曲线变得不对称,影响对后续散射谱的处理。干涉仪的倾角$ \alpha $,即两个平板间的夹角,与干涉仪的通光直径大小D有关。其关系可以表示为
$ \alpha =\dfrac{\lambda }{2D} \;.$
当Fizeau干涉仪的通光直径D取40 mm时,干涉仪的平板6.65×10−6 rad。Fizeau干涉仪的设计要求如表5所示。
基于上述分析,为实现高精度的海水温盐反演,并依据稳频激光器、探测器及Fizeau干涉仪等关键部件的设计要求,课题组研制了一套原理验证装置。该装置主要由发射系统、接收系统以及综合控制与数据处理系统三部分组成,其主要技术参数如表6所示。
瑞利布里渊散射光谱经PMT阵列探测后生成多通道PMT信号,综合控制及数据处理系统将信号进行放大、高速采集,输出多通道波形。将多通道波形进行时间切片,相同时间切片的多通道信号作为一组频率域的剖面信号,能够完整体现三个峰,中间是瑞利峰,两侧是布里渊峰。对该剖面信号进行异常信号剔除、噪声抑制,得到的实际输出功率的去噪后信号为$ {{{P}^{\prime}}}_{N} $。
布里渊散射谱提取需要依据目标特性和Fizeau干涉仪系统参数来构建瑞利布里渊散射模拟谱。首先,水体散射回波为瑞利布里渊散射信号,它在频率域的特性用3个洛仑兹曲线表示,见式 (1)。将Fizeau干涉仪对水体散射的回波的作用看作是一个卷积过程,输出的信号为$ I\otimes FI $。PMT阵列由N×1个相同的长条像元组成的阵列,每个像元对应不同的频率区间,像元的窄边方向对应频率的大小属于线性变化,并且PMT阵列探测的整个频率范围不超过一个自由光谱范围。设像元的感光面覆盖的频率变化量为$ {\nu }_{\rm{d}} $,像元的空隙覆盖的频率变化量为$ {\nu }_{\rm{g}} $,那么第N个像元覆盖的激光光谱频率范围为$ [{\nu }_{0}+ (N-1)({\nu }_{\rm{d}}+{\nu }_{\rm{g}}),{\nu }_{0}+N{\nu }_{\rm{d}}+(N-1){\nu }_{\rm{g}}] $,其中$ {\nu }_{0} $是第一个像元所覆盖的频率域的低端值。PMT阵列每个像元对信号的探测看作是频谱域的剖面信号随频率的积分[16-17],可以写为
$ P_N=\displaystyle\int_{\nu_0+(N-1)(\nu_{\rm{d}}+\nu_{\rm{g}})}^{\nu_0+N\nu_{\rm{d}}+(N-1)\nu_{\rm{g}}}I(v)\otimes FI(v)\mathrm{d}v\; . $
式中:$ {v }_{\rm{d}} $和$ {v }_{\rm{g}} $作为已知量,可以通过对Fizeau干涉仪的标定来获取。瑞利布里渊散射模拟谱型由N个像元的探测功率的最大值归一化曲线来表征{$ {P}_{N} $}。将PMT探测器实际数据的多像元剖面信号峰值归一化曲线{$ {{{P}^{\prime}}}_{N} $}与瑞利布里渊散射模拟谱型{$ {P}_{N} $}联立,将$ {v}_{i=0,{\mathrm{d,R,B}}} $和$ {\varGamma }_{i={\mathrm{R,B}}} $作为待拟合值,采用非线性最小二乘拟合可获取布里渊散射谱的频移$ {v }_{\rm{B}} $、线宽$ {\varGamma }_{\rm{R}} $,最后代入温盐反演模型获取温度、盐度值。
在实验室水槽环境下,对自研原理验证装置的分层水体温盐剖面探测功能进行验证。采用两个水槽来模拟两个待测的水体切片,两个水槽可以分别进行温度、盐度的调控。水槽的温度通过冰袋和加热棒进行降温或升温,水槽的盐度通过在水体中加入99.6%纯度的NaCl粉末来配制,用搅拌的方法加速水体温度、盐度的均匀化。水槽长度设置为1 m来保证激光脉冲 (脉宽7.6 ns)能完整进入水体切片。
自研原理验证装置发射激光,依次穿过两个水槽,两个水槽的散射回波先后进入原理验证装置的接收机。采用16通道PMT探测器,输出的16个回波信号曲线进行异常信号滤除、去噪,从时间序列上,每条回波信号会出现先后两个峰,分别代表两个水槽的回波信号。本文测量对象是两个水槽内的水体的温盐信息,水槽一内水体的设置参数为温度23.1 ℃、盐度33.8 psu,水槽二内水体的设置参数为温度23.4 ℃、盐度34.8 psu。在测量过程中,两个水槽的温度、盐度均保持不变。本实验在对水体探测时,为了提升信噪比,会对激光回波进行预处理,并采用多次脉冲回波累积的方式提升信号信噪比,并采用3.5节提到的布里渊散射谱提取方法来进行激光布里渊散射的频移量、线宽量的探测。
本实验采集的原始回波廓线如图7所示。原始回波廓线中包含了由探测器暗电流、电路热噪声以及环境杂散光引入的背景噪声。此外,由于仪器长时间运行可能导致的温度变化,信号基线会呈现慢速的随机漂移。为消除这些影响,设计了一种基线校正方法,通过对背景噪声和电路暗噪声基底的实时监测和相关去除来完成信号的基线校正。
信号采集前,在激光不出光的条件下采集一段背景噪声和电路暗噪声的数据。将该噪声波形的平均值作为静态背景模板,从每一次激光触发的信号中逐点扣除。针对单次触发事件的基线漂移,选取了每次触发前回波信号尚未到达的时间窗口 (前40个采样点),计算此窗口内的计数值平均值,并将其作为该次触发事件的动态基线,从整个时间序列中扣除,完成信号的基线校正,结果如图8所示。
通过上述处理,信号基线被校正至零点附近,有效抑制了静态和动态的噪声基底。除了噪声影响外,在长时间的数据采集中,部分激光触发事件可能因激光器能量波动、水体环境变化等特殊因素而产生异常的回波信号。这些无效数据如果参与平均,将会严重降低最终信号的信噪比。为此,本文设计了一套基于能量阈值的有效数据筛选算法。
首先,识别所有通道中在多次触发事件中平均信号积分能量最强的通道,将该通道作为信号质量判定的参考通道。之后,计算每次触发事件在参考通道上的总积分能量,设定一个能量阈值 (如所有触发事件中最大能量的15%),任何积分能量低于此阈值的触发事件将被标记为无效数据,并从后续的数据处理流程中剔除。图9是经过本算法筛选后10555组数据求和平均后的结果。
经过上述校正与清洗后,所有有效的触发事件数据被进行累加平均。最终得到如图10所示高信噪比、平滑稳定的信号廓线图。
从平均后的信号中,精确地提取出分属于两个水槽的回波信号。定位出时间序列上的两个峰值包络的核心区域,在每个峰值区域内定义一个积分窗口,如图11所示;对窗口内的信号进行积分,从而得到两个16通道的光谱能量向量。这两个向量分别代表了从第一个和第二个水槽回波中提取出的离散布里渊-瑞利散射光谱,如图12所示。
获取两水槽切片对应的16通道离散光谱能量向量后,采用基于非线性最小二乘法的迭代优化算法进行光谱重构。图13显示了目标信号在水槽1、水槽2的两个切片的光谱重构的结果。光谱重构采用由三个洛仑兹线型组成的瑞利-布里渊散射光谱理论模型,如式 (1),并以布里渊频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $、线宽 $ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $ 为迭代寻优的主要目标。在此过程中,三个散射峰 (一个瑞利峰和两个布里渊峰)的强度参数$ {I}_{{\rm{r}}0} $、$ {I}_{{\rm{b}}0} $ (左)、$ {I}_{{\rm{b}}0} $ (右),以及瑞利散射的频移$ {v}_{\rm{R}} $、线宽$ {\varGamma }_{\rm{R}} $也作为附带优化参数。光谱重构算法优化的目标是最小化理论模型 (式 (1))在光电倍增管PMT各通道对应频率区间内的等效积分值与实际16通道实测数据 (经峰值归一化处理后的探测器输出曲线)之间的残差平方和。当迭代收敛后,由最优参数重建出的连续瑞利-布里渊散射光谱即对应图13中的拟合曲线 (fit curve)。将该连续曲线在PMT阵列各像元的频率覆盖区间内进行等效积分,得到离散化的拟合数据,即为图13中橙色直方图所示拟合数据 (fitted data)。实际16通道测量数据如图13中蓝色直方图的实验数据 (experiment data)所示。
将从拟合曲线中获得的布里渊频移$ {v}_{\rm{B}} $与线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $输入至温盐双参数反演模型中,即可分别反演出两个水槽对应的温度T与盐度S的测量结果。
本文展示了对双水槽的一种温盐状态进行五次重复测量的反演结果,如表7所示。每次测量结果实际上是对8000次激光发射脉冲的数据进行筛选、累加平均的结果。图12和图13均显示了表7中第一次测量的对应结果。针对图12中水槽1的信号回波切片,其光谱重构结果如图13 (a)所示,光谱重构的均方根误差 (RMSE)为0.0045。针对图12中水槽2的信号回波切片,其重构结果如图13 (b)所示,光谱重构的均方根误差 (RMSE)为0.0041。
由表7实验结果可知,本系统在五次测量中的最大测温误差为0.72 ℃,最大测盐误差为1.52 psu;将五次实验的平均测温/盐误差作为测温/盐精度,因此,本系统的测温精度为0.37 ℃,测盐精度为0.79 psu。
温盐的反演精度与数据的累积次数 (即积分次数)密切相关。图14展示了第一次测量数据的积分次数与温盐反演结果的关系。通过调整用于求和平均的回波数量,控制积分次数从1000逐步增加至10000 (步长1000),并分别对各积分次数下的温盐信息。分析表明,在本次实验的第一次测量数据中,当脉冲累积次数仅为1000次时,形成的激光光谱谱形尚不稳定,基于该数据提取的光谱线宽量$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $呈负偏置状态 (即小于实际值)。随着累积次数逐渐增加,信号信噪比提升,光谱谱形趋于稳定,$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的探测值随之增大。结合表2中温盐参数随$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}} $的变化趋势,温度T的反演值呈减小趋势,而盐度S的反演值呈增大趋势。这证实了足够的积分次数对于获得稳定、准确的光谱参数及后续温盐反演结果至关重要。在实际测量中,更高的积分次数虽有助于获得更高信噪比的信号,从而提升反演精度,但同时也会延长采集时间并增加存储负荷。因此,在实际应用中,建议积分次数至少设为8000次,在保证精度的前提下,兼顾时间效率与数据成本,获取稳定可靠的反演结果。需说明,图14显示的温度下降与盐度上升的现象仅为该次特定测量数据中观察到的现象,但随着积分次数累积温盐反演精度提升是趋势。
本文基于布里渊光谱线宽、频移与海水温度、盐度的双参数反演模型,研究了在不同海水条件下,布里渊频移与线宽的测量偏置对温盐反演精度的影响。研究表明,在水体温度0~30 ℃、盐度0~35 psu 范围内,布里渊线宽与频移的探测不确定度若控制在16 MHz以内,能够同时实现温度反演精度优于1 K且盐度反演精度优于2 psu。基于此线宽与频移的探测不确定度要求,本研究设计了一套以高精度鉴频Fizeau干涉仪与高灵敏度PMT阵列为核心的海洋多要素遥感探测系统。所研制的Fizeau干涉仪口径为40 mm,平板间距6 mm,镜面反射率0.87,平板夹角6.65 μrad,其自由光谱范围为25 GHz,器件函数线宽为1.1 GHz。基于该干涉仪搭建的双水槽原理验证系统,不仅能够实现对水体温度与盐度的同步探测,还因其双水槽可独立进行温、盐调控,具备了分层水体剖面探测的功能验证能力。此外,本文分析了脉冲累积次数对反演精度的影响。实验表明,在实验室条件下,经8000次脉冲累积后,系统测温精度可达0.37 ℃,测盐精度可达0.79 psu。本工作为后续将激光布里渊光谱技术应用于船载、机载等移动平台的海洋多要素遥感探测提供了重要的技术依据和实验参考。

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2026年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250377
  • 接收时间:2025-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-04
  • 修回日期:2026-04-26
  • 录用日期:2026-04-30
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作者信息
    1北京空间机电研究所,北京 100094
    2中国空间技术研究院空间激光信息感知技术核心专业实验室,北京 100094
    3华中科技大学电子信息与通信学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    4国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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