Article(id=1319955120004120647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955119433695302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250166, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250166, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749398400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-09, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=1763654400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineDate=1792631424188, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631424188, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631424188, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631424188, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955119433695302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='250166', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631424052, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631424052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250166, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955120255778888, articleId=1319955120004120647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=White-light interferometry based on phase correction using amplitude in wavenumber domain, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

White-light interferometry is widely employed in precision manufacturing sectors, including semiconductor processing, thin-film thickness measurement, and metal defect detection, owing to its merits of high precision, high measurement speed, and non-contact nature. The frequency domain analysis (FDA) technique has been applied to surface profile measurement by utilizing the slope of the phase distribution of the white-light scanning interference signal in the wavenumber domain. Through simulations and experiments, this study demonstrates that the accuracy of the phase obtained in the wavenumber domain is related to the amplitude distribution, whether in the presence of additive noise or phase noise, and quantitatively provides the optimal phase selection range for the FDA method. When the sample has strong spectral absorption, parts of the amplitude distribution in the wavenumber domain decrease significantly, rendering the corresponding phase information invalid and unreliable. To address this limitation, an improved algorithm is proposed in this paper, which incorporates the wavenumber-domain amplitude as a weighting factor into the least-squares fitting procedure. This method avoids the selection of the phase range for the FDA method and ensures high measurement accuracy.

Methods

In the simulation, the zero-mean Gaussian noise with a standard deviation (STD) of 10 nm is used as the phase noise εn(z) to generate a white-light interference signal. The Fourier transform is performed on the signal to obtain the amplitude IF($\sigma $) and phase ($\sigma $) in the wavenumber domain. For the FDA method, the selected phase range $R_\sigma $ is defined as the wavenumber range corresponding to amplitudes in IF($\sigma $) that are greater than CImax, where the coefficient C∈(0, 1) and Imax is the maximum value of IF($\sigma $). The STD of zs represents the measurement accuracy of the FDA approach. The influence of phase noise on the measurement accuracy and its relationship with amplitude distribution IF($\sigma $) are investigated by calculating the STD of zs across different $R_\sigma $. Furthermore, additive noise is added to the white-light interference signal with phase noise, and the STD of zs is evaluated under varying $R_\sigma $ to determine the optimal phase selection range. Since conventional phase selection is not suitable for interference signals with complicated spectral distributions, this paper proposes a special frequency domain algorithm based on amplitude optimization in the wavenumber domain (amplitude optimization for frequency domain analysis, AOFDA). In this improved strategy, the amplitude distribution IF($\sigma $) is introduced as a weighting factor in the phase linear fitting process to obtain the optimized surface measurement parameter zw.

Results and Discussions

The simulation results indicate that when only phase noise exists, the accuracy of phase extraction improves with the increase in the amplitude corresponding to the selected phase, thereby enhancing the overall measurement precision. However, the phase extraction accuracy has an upper limit. When the range $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C≥0.5 is selected in the FDA method, the measurement results exhibit higher accuracy. Additive noise with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is introduced into the white-light interference signal containing phase noise. For interference signals with the same SNR, the STD of zs obtained with C≥0.5 is stable and relatively low. For signals with stronger additive noise, the STD of zs shows a slight increase when C>0.5. In summary, if only phase noise exists, selecting the range $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C≥0.5 yields high measurement precision. When both phase noise and additive noise exist, C=0.5 provides higher measurement precision. Therefore, the $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C=0.5 is the optimal phase selection range for the FDA method.

To verify the feasibility of the AOFDA method for interference signals with complex spectral distributions, a band-stop filter spectral distribution was used as the absorption spectrum of the measured object in the simulation. In the band-stop range, simulations with different reflectivities were conducted to investigate the measurement accuracy. When the reflectivity of the sample is ≥20%, it exerts little influence on the measurement accuracy of the FDA method. However, the reflectivity of <20% moves the measurement results away from their true values. When the reflectivity of the sample is <20%, the measurement results obtained by the AOFDA method always exhibit better performance. This indicates that the measurement accuracy of the AOFDA method is largely unaffected by the absorption spectrum of the sample.

The flat surface of wedged window and the step surface were measured in the experiment. When the different value of C is selected to obtain the surface profile of the wedged window, the C=0.5 has the better performance that agrees with simulation result. The Sz of the wedged window surface calculated by the AOFDA method and the FDA method (C=0.5) are 34.6 nm and 50.2 nm, and the Sq are 5.5 nm and 6.7 nm, respectively. The average step heights, whose value is regarded as 3.0 μm, of 10 measurements calculated by the AOFDA method and the FDA method (C=0.5) are 3.0054 μm and 2.9566 μm, and the repeatability values are 17.9 nm and 19.4 nm, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the AOFDA method can achieve the measurement accuracy comparable to that of the FDA method when selecting the optimal wavenumber-domain phase range. Since the selection of an appropriate wavenumber-domain phase range is no longer required for the AOFDA method, it enables the white-light interferometer to better adapt to complex measurement environments.

Conclusions

The measurement accuracy of the FDA method is degraded by environmental vibration and background noise. This work confirms that the measurement precision of the FDA method is correlated with the amplitude distribution in the wavenumber domain through the selection of diverse phase ranges, and proposes a feasible phase selection strategy to enhance its measurement performance. It is verified that the FDA method is difficult to adapt to the situation where the sample has a strong absorption spectrum. To address these limitations, the AOFDA method is developed in this paper, which incorporates the wavenumber-domain amplitude distribution as a weighting function into the phase fitting procedure. The AOFDA method can achieve a measurement accuracy comparable to that of the FDA method processed with the optimal phase range, while eliminating the need for determination of the optimal phase range.

, authors=Ao Shu1, Songjie Luo1, Changsheng Ji1, Osami Sasaki1, 2, Xiaoyan Wang1, Ziyang Chen1, Jixiong Pu1, authorsList=Ao Shu, Songjie Luo, Changsheng Ji, Osami Sasaki, Xiaoyan Wang, Ziyang Chen, Jixiong Pu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songjie Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955138903654615, articleId=1319955120004120647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于波数域振幅修正相位的白光干涉测量, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空间频域算法使用白光干涉信号波数域相位的斜率来测量物体的表面形貌分布,受到环境振动和背景噪声的影响,空间频域算法不能保证测量精度。本文通过仿真和实验验证了空间频域算法的测量精度和白光干涉信号的波数域相位选取范围相关,定量地给出了可以提高空间频域算法测量精度的波数域相位选取范围。提出一种算法,将波数域振幅作为权重因子加入最小二乘法中来拟合白光干涉信号的波数域的相位分布,得到优化后的相位斜率用以测量表面形貌,该方法避免了选取波数域相位范围的操作,保证了较高的测量精度,可以帮助白光干涉仪适应更加复杂的工作环境。

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作者贡献

舒奥:仿真、实验、数据分析,论文写作;罗松杰:指导论文选题、设计研究方法、数据分析、论文写作、修改; 季长胜:实验、论文审阅和修改;佐佐木修己:指导论文选题、论文审阅;王孝艳、陈子阳、蒲继雄:论文审阅、编辑。

舒奥 (1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事白光干涉测量方面的研究。E-mail:

罗松杰 (1991-),男,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事白光干涉测量、光学相干层析成像方面的研究。E-mail:

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Root mean square Sq and maximum height Sz of surface profiles

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Measurement methodCoefficientSz/nmSq/nm
FDAC=0.1120.218.4
C=0.379.311.3
C=0.550.26.7
C=0.762.57.6
C=0.968.69.0
AOFDA−34.65.5
), ArticleFig(id=1319955148235981095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955120004120647, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

表面轮廓的均方根Sq和最大高度Sz

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Measurement methodCoefficientSz/nmSq/nm
FDAC=0.1120.218.4
C=0.379.311.3
C=0.550.26.7
C=0.762.57.6
C=0.968.69.0
AOFDA−34.65.5
), ArticleFig(id=1319955148328255784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955120004120647, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Step height and repeatability obtained by different methods

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Measurement methodCoefficientStep height/μmRepeatability/nm
FDAC=0.12.947881.0
C=0.32.965834.5
C=0.52.956619.4
C=0.72.966020.3
C=0.92.962323.3
AOFDA−3.005417.9
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不同方法得到的台阶高度和重复率

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C=0.32.965834.5
C=0.52.956619.4
C=0.72.966020.3
C=0.92.962323.3
AOFDA−3.005417.9
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基于波数域振幅修正相位的白光干涉测量
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舒奥 1 , 罗松杰 1, *, * , 季长胜 1 , 佐佐木修己 1, 2 , 王孝艳 1 , 陈子阳 1 , 蒲继雄 1
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(3): 250166-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (3) : 250166 -1
基于波数域振幅修正相位的白光干涉测量
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舒奥1 , 罗松杰1, *, * , 季长胜1, 佐佐木修己1, 2, 王孝艳1, 陈子阳1, 蒲继雄1
作者信息
  • 1福建省光传输与变换重点实验室,华侨大学信息科学与工程学院,福建 厦门 361021
  • 2新潟大学科学技术研究生院,日本 新潟 9502181
通讯作者:
罗松杰,
作者简介:

作者贡献

舒奥:仿真、实验、数据分析,论文写作;罗松杰:指导论文选题、设计研究方法、数据分析、论文写作、修改; 季长胜:实验、论文审阅和修改;佐佐木修己:指导论文选题、论文审阅;王孝艳、陈子阳、蒲继雄:论文审阅、编辑。

舒奥 (1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事白光干涉测量方面的研究。E-mail:

罗松杰 (1991-),男,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事白光干涉测量、光学相干层析成像方面的研究。E-mail:

White-light interferometry based on phase correction using amplitude in wavenumber domain
Ao Shu1 , Songjie Luo1 , Changsheng Ji1, Osami Sasaki1, 2, Xiaoyan Wang1, Ziyang Chen1, Jixiong Pu1
Affiliations
  • 1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation, College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
  • 2Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 9502181, Japan
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250166
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空间频域算法使用白光干涉信号波数域相位的斜率来测量物体的表面形貌分布,受到环境振动和背景噪声的影响,空间频域算法不能保证测量精度。本文通过仿真和实验验证了空间频域算法的测量精度和白光干涉信号的波数域相位选取范围相关,定量地给出了可以提高空间频域算法测量精度的波数域相位选取范围。提出一种算法,将波数域振幅作为权重因子加入最小二乘法中来拟合白光干涉信号的波数域的相位分布,得到优化后的相位斜率用以测量表面形貌,该方法避免了选取波数域相位范围的操作,保证了较高的测量精度,可以帮助白光干涉仪适应更加复杂的工作环境。

形貌测量  /  频域分析法  /  最小二乘法  /  噪声抑制  /  相位检测
Objective

White-light interferometry is widely employed in precision manufacturing sectors, including semiconductor processing, thin-film thickness measurement, and metal defect detection, owing to its merits of high precision, high measurement speed, and non-contact nature. The frequency domain analysis (FDA) technique has been applied to surface profile measurement by utilizing the slope of the phase distribution of the white-light scanning interference signal in the wavenumber domain. Through simulations and experiments, this study demonstrates that the accuracy of the phase obtained in the wavenumber domain is related to the amplitude distribution, whether in the presence of additive noise or phase noise, and quantitatively provides the optimal phase selection range for the FDA method. When the sample has strong spectral absorption, parts of the amplitude distribution in the wavenumber domain decrease significantly, rendering the corresponding phase information invalid and unreliable. To address this limitation, an improved algorithm is proposed in this paper, which incorporates the wavenumber-domain amplitude as a weighting factor into the least-squares fitting procedure. This method avoids the selection of the phase range for the FDA method and ensures high measurement accuracy.

Methods

In the simulation, the zero-mean Gaussian noise with a standard deviation (STD) of 10 nm is used as the phase noise εn(z) to generate a white-light interference signal. The Fourier transform is performed on the signal to obtain the amplitude IF($\sigma $) and phase ($\sigma $) in the wavenumber domain. For the FDA method, the selected phase range $R_\sigma $ is defined as the wavenumber range corresponding to amplitudes in IF($\sigma $) that are greater than CImax, where the coefficient C∈(0, 1) and Imax is the maximum value of IF($\sigma $). The STD of zs represents the measurement accuracy of the FDA approach. The influence of phase noise on the measurement accuracy and its relationship with amplitude distribution IF($\sigma $) are investigated by calculating the STD of zs across different $R_\sigma $. Furthermore, additive noise is added to the white-light interference signal with phase noise, and the STD of zs is evaluated under varying $R_\sigma $ to determine the optimal phase selection range. Since conventional phase selection is not suitable for interference signals with complicated spectral distributions, this paper proposes a special frequency domain algorithm based on amplitude optimization in the wavenumber domain (amplitude optimization for frequency domain analysis, AOFDA). In this improved strategy, the amplitude distribution IF($\sigma $) is introduced as a weighting factor in the phase linear fitting process to obtain the optimized surface measurement parameter zw.

Results and Discussions

The simulation results indicate that when only phase noise exists, the accuracy of phase extraction improves with the increase in the amplitude corresponding to the selected phase, thereby enhancing the overall measurement precision. However, the phase extraction accuracy has an upper limit. When the range $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C≥0.5 is selected in the FDA method, the measurement results exhibit higher accuracy. Additive noise with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is introduced into the white-light interference signal containing phase noise. For interference signals with the same SNR, the STD of zs obtained with C≥0.5 is stable and relatively low. For signals with stronger additive noise, the STD of zs shows a slight increase when C>0.5. In summary, if only phase noise exists, selecting the range $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C≥0.5 yields high measurement precision. When both phase noise and additive noise exist, C=0.5 provides higher measurement precision. Therefore, the $R_\sigma $ corresponding to C=0.5 is the optimal phase selection range for the FDA method.

To verify the feasibility of the AOFDA method for interference signals with complex spectral distributions, a band-stop filter spectral distribution was used as the absorption spectrum of the measured object in the simulation. In the band-stop range, simulations with different reflectivities were conducted to investigate the measurement accuracy. When the reflectivity of the sample is ≥20%, it exerts little influence on the measurement accuracy of the FDA method. However, the reflectivity of <20% moves the measurement results away from their true values. When the reflectivity of the sample is <20%, the measurement results obtained by the AOFDA method always exhibit better performance. This indicates that the measurement accuracy of the AOFDA method is largely unaffected by the absorption spectrum of the sample.

The flat surface of wedged window and the step surface were measured in the experiment. When the different value of C is selected to obtain the surface profile of the wedged window, the C=0.5 has the better performance that agrees with simulation result. The Sz of the wedged window surface calculated by the AOFDA method and the FDA method (C=0.5) are 34.6 nm and 50.2 nm, and the Sq are 5.5 nm and 6.7 nm, respectively. The average step heights, whose value is regarded as 3.0 μm, of 10 measurements calculated by the AOFDA method and the FDA method (C=0.5) are 3.0054 μm and 2.9566 μm, and the repeatability values are 17.9 nm and 19.4 nm, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the AOFDA method can achieve the measurement accuracy comparable to that of the FDA method when selecting the optimal wavenumber-domain phase range. Since the selection of an appropriate wavenumber-domain phase range is no longer required for the AOFDA method, it enables the white-light interferometer to better adapt to complex measurement environments.

Conclusions

The measurement accuracy of the FDA method is degraded by environmental vibration and background noise. This work confirms that the measurement precision of the FDA method is correlated with the amplitude distribution in the wavenumber domain through the selection of diverse phase ranges, and proposes a feasible phase selection strategy to enhance its measurement performance. It is verified that the FDA method is difficult to adapt to the situation where the sample has a strong absorption spectrum. To address these limitations, the AOFDA method is developed in this paper, which incorporates the wavenumber-domain amplitude distribution as a weighting function into the phase fitting procedure. The AOFDA method can achieve a measurement accuracy comparable to that of the FDA method processed with the optimal phase range, while eliminating the need for determination of the optimal phase range.

topography measurement  /  frequency domain analysis  /  least square method  /  vibration-resistant  /  phase detection
舒奥, 罗松杰, 季长胜, 佐佐木修己, 王孝艳, 陈子阳, 蒲继雄. 基于波数域振幅修正相位的白光干涉测量. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250166 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250166
Ao Shu, Songjie Luo, Changsheng Ji, Osami Sasaki, Xiaoyan Wang, Ziyang Chen, Jixiong Pu. White-light interferometry based on phase correction using amplitude in wavenumber domain[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250166 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250166
白光扫描干涉测量使用宽光谱光源降低干涉信号的时间相干性,使信号中远离零光程差位置的强度逐渐减小,消除了“相位模糊”,提高了干涉测量的范围和精度[1-3]。在控制参考镜进行相位调制的过程中,环境振动噪声和背景噪声降低了白光干涉信号的信噪比,不同的信号解析方法对噪声有不同的抑制能力。以白光干涉信号的峰值作为零光程差位置的方法计算量较小,但是精度不高,易受噪声影响,在此基础上发展了重心法、插值法等,用以提高测量精度[4-7]。白光干涉信号包络的峰值可以用来解析白光干涉信号,可通过对白光干涉信号进行拟合得到包络,傅里叶变换、希尔伯特变换等方法也可以用来获得包络分布[1, 6, 8],此类方法相比于顶点法有更好的噪声抑制能力。相移法是一种常用的白光干涉测量方法,通过移动特定的相位并采集对应的干涉信号,使用干涉信号的光强值计算出相位分布[9-11],但该方法的测量精度较为依赖相移的精度。
de Groot提出的空间频域法 (frequency domain analysis, FDA),对白光干涉信号作傅里叶变换后得到频域的相位分布,通过计算频域有效相位的斜率得到物体表面形貌信息,该方法对采样频率要求较小,有较好的抗噪声能力[12-16]。使用FDA方法时,由于噪声的存在,频域的相位并不完全准确,而各个频率对应的相位的解析准确度和各频率对应的单色光干涉信号的信噪比相关,如何保证相位的准确度是一个不可忽略的问题。邓钦元等[17]提取原始信号的包络曲线对干涉信号中的零光程差位置的偏移进行对称性校正,提升FDA方法的相位解析精度。杜海龙等[18]提出以测量表面的算术平均高度作为评价指标的算法来选取合适的正频波数范围用以提高测量精度,该方法可以应对噪声对测量精度的影响。罗松杰等[19]在FDA方法的基础上提出了波数域相位补偿方法,使用波数域相位线性拟合的常数项来抑制FDA方法中噪声对测量结果的影响,大幅度提升了测量精度。在被测样品具有较明显的光谱吸收时,吸收谱处的干涉信号信噪比较低,对应波数域的相位解析精度降低,直接使用FDA方法配合简单地选取波数域相位范围或使用上述改进的FDA方法都难以应对复杂的光谱分布。本文提出了基于振幅优化的空间频域算法 (amplitude optimization for frequency domain analysis, AOFDA),将波数域的振幅分布作为权重因子加入到相位的拟合过程中,用以提高FDA方法的解析精度,避免了复杂的计算和选取波数域最优范围的过程,有较好的应用前景。
图1为白光扫描干涉仪的示意图,光源出射的光谱为I($\sigma $),$\sigma $为波数,由压电促动器 (piezoelectric transducer, PZT)控制参考镜运动改变位置z,相机检测到的白光干涉信号可表示为
$ S ( {\textit{z}}) = \int_{ - \infty }^\infty {I (\sigma )\cos\; [4{\text{π}} ( {\textit{z}} - { {\textit{z}}_0})\sigma + 4{\text{π}} {\varepsilon _{\text{n}}} ( {\textit{z}})\sigma ]{\mathrm{d}}\sigma } + {n_{\text{A}}} ( {\textit{z}}) \;, $
式中:z0是被测面的位置;εn(z)是环境振动和PZT非线性扫描产生的相位误差;nA(z)是包含了背景噪声的加性噪声。对S(z)进行傅里叶变换后得到波数域的信号:
$ {F^ + } (\sigma ) = {I_{\text{F}}} (\sigma ){{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}}}^{\varphi (\sigma )} \;, $
式中:IF($\sigma $)为波数域振幅分布; φ($\sigma $)为相位分布。定义每个采样点上的振幅和相位为IF($\sigma $i)和φ($\sigma $i),i为正整数。对相位进行最小二乘法拟合,拟合直线为p($\sigma $) = a0+a1$\sigma $,直线上每个波数采样点的值为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{c} p ({\sigma _1}) = {a_0} + {a_1}{\sigma _1} \\ p ({\sigma _2}) = {a_0} + {a_1}{\sigma _2} \\ p ({\sigma _3}) = {a_0} + {a_1}{\sigma _3} \\ \vdots \\ p ({\sigma _N}) = {a_0} + {a_1}{\sigma _N} \\ \end{array}\right. \;. $
把每个波数采样点对应的p($\sigma $i)值组合为矩阵P:
$ \boldsymbol{P}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}p\left (\sigma_1\right) & p\left (\sigma_2\right) & \ldots & p\left (\sigma_N\right)\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \;. $
将式 (3)改为矩阵的形式:
$ \boldsymbol{P} = { \boldsymbol X}{ \boldsymbol A}\;, $
式中:
$ \boldsymbol{X} = {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1&{...}&1 \\ {{\sigma _1}}&{{\sigma _2}}&{...}&{{\sigma _N}} \end{array}} \right]^{\mathrm{T}}} \;, $
$ \boldsymbol{ A} = {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{a_0}}&{{a_1}} \end{array}} \right]^{\mathrm{T}}} \;. $
把每个波数采样点对应的φ($\sigma $i)值组合为矩阵Φ:
$ \boldsymbol{\varPhi} = {[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\varphi ({\sigma _1})}&{\varphi ({\sigma _2})}&{...}&{\varphi ({\sigma _N})} \end{array}]^{\mathrm{T}}}\;. $
假定目标矩阵P等于Φ,则Φ=XA[20],因此
$ \boldsymbol{A}=\left (\boldsymbol{X}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{X}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{X}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}a_0 & a_1\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}\;. $
使用FDA方法测量表面的参数zs为
$ {\textit{z}_{\text{s}}} = - \dfrac{{{a_1}}}{{4{\text{π}} }}\;. $
然而,不同波数域的相位精度与各波数的干涉信号的信噪比有关,即与各波长的干涉信号的振幅有关,为了提高测量精度,且避免复杂的选取波数域范围的操作,在使用FDA方法时加入了振幅项作为权重因子,对振幅IF($\sigma $)进行归一化,建立矩阵如下:
$ \boldsymbol{W} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{I_{\mathrm{F}}} ({\sigma _1})}&0& \cdots &0 \\ 0&{{I_{\mathrm{F}}} ({\sigma _2})}& \cdots &0 \\ 0&0& \ddots &0 \\ 0&0& \cdots &{{I_{\mathrm{F}}} ({\sigma _N})} \end{array}} \right]\;. $
使目标损失函数$ ||\boldsymbol{W} (\boldsymbol{P} - \boldsymbol{\varPhi} )|{|^2} $最小,得到相位拟合直线参数[20],表示为
$ \boldsymbol{A}_{{{\mathrm{W}}}}=\left (\boldsymbol{X}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{W}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{X}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{X}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{W}^{{{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{\varPhi}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}a_{0 {\mathrm{W}}} & a_{1 {\mathrm{W}}}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \;. $
根据振幅优化后的FDA方法测量表面的参数zW为
$ {\textit{z}_{\text{W}}} = - \dfrac{{{a_{1{\mathrm{W}}}}}}{{4{\text{π}} }} \;. $
为了验证上述算法的有效性,在仿真中使用均值为0 nm、标准差为10 nm的高斯噪声作为相位噪声εn(z),生成归一化的白光干涉信号如图2(a)所示。对白光干涉信号进行傅里叶变换,图2(b)和图2(c)分别是干涉信号的波数域归一化振幅IF($\sigma $)和相位$ \varphi(\mathit{\sigma}) $分布。使用FDA方法时,需要在$\varphi (\mathit{\sigma}) $中选取相位值进行线性拟合,如图2(c)所示。选取相位的范围定义为$R_\sigma $,在范围$R_\sigma $中对相位分布$ \varphi (\mathit{\sigma})$作线性拟合,得到线性相位分布p($\sigma $),计算出相应的zs。
选取不同的Rσ得到的测量结果zs的值不同,猜测的原因是不同波数位置的相位解析精度与该波数处的振幅有关,振幅越大相位解析精度越高,FDA方法测量结果精度越高。为了验证该猜想的正确性,把$R_\sigma $的选择和振幅分布关联,选择振幅的最大值点为Imax,定义系数C∈ (0, 1),选取IF($\sigma $)中大于C×Imax的振幅对应的波数范围作为$R_\sigma $,用于计算zs。在信号中加入了1000组均值为0 nm、标准差为10 nm、20 nm和30 nm的高斯噪声εn(z),计算不同系数C影响下的zs的标准差 (standard deviation, STD),结果如图3所示。在三种不同标准差噪声的影响下,随着C的增大,zs的标准差减小,当C $\geqslant $ 0.5时,zs的标准差较小且趋于稳定,所以相位噪声幅度基本不影响FDA方法中最佳C值的选取。
从仿真结果可得到三个结论,当仅考虑相位噪声的影响时:1)随着振幅的增大,相位解析精度越来越高,测量结果的精度也随之提高;2)相位解析精度存在上限,使用最大振幅值的一半以上的振幅对应的Rσ选取相位时,测量结果的精度较高,因此,仅考虑相位噪声时,C $\geqslant $ 0.5对应的Rσ是FDA方法中较好的相位拟合范围;3)在不同幅度的相位噪声影响下,C $\geqslant $ 0.5总是能提供较高的测量精度。
为了分析背景光等加性噪声对FDA方法的影响,在白光干涉信号中加入均值为0 nm、标准差为10 nm的高斯噪声εn(z)后,又加入了1000组高斯白噪声作为加性噪声nA(z),改变加性噪声的幅值使白光干涉信号的信噪比(SNR)分别为20 dB、30 dB和40 dB,得到不同系数C影响下的zs的标准差,如图4所示。结果显示,随着信噪比的提升,zs的标准差减小,测量精度提高;在具有相同信噪比的白光干涉信号中,C $\geqslant $ 0.5得到的zs的标准差稳定且较小,但对于加性噪声较强 (SNR=20 dB、30 dB)的信号,当C > 0.5时,zs的标准差有小幅度的上升。上述结果说明,加性噪声基本不影响Rσ的选取,C = 0.5总是能得到较高的测量精度。但是当C值较大时,由于Rσ的范围较小,用于相位拟合的数据量较少,测量结果精度会轻微的降低。综上所述,仅相位噪声存在时,C $\geqslant $ 0.5提供较高的测量精度;仅加性噪声存在时,C = 0.5能得到较高的测量精度,所以C = 0.5为FDA方法提供最优的相位选取范围。
为了验证使用振幅项作为权重因子进行加权最小二乘法在提高测量精度上的有效性,在白光干涉信号相位中加入1000组均值为0 nm,标准差分别为10 nm、20 nm、30 nm和40 nm的高斯噪声εn(z),使用C = 0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9对应的波数域相位的范围进行线性拟合得到zs的值的标准差,再使用AOFDA方法计算zw的标准差。图5显示,当相位噪声的标准差小于20 nm时,使用AOFDA方法的测量结果和使用C = 0.5的测量结果基本一致;当相位噪声标准差大于30 nm时,使用AOFDA方法的测量结果要优于C = 0.5的测量结果,所以使用AOFDA方法可以有效保证测量精度。
为了验证AOFDA方法对具有复杂光谱分布的干涉信号仍具有适用性,参考带阻滤光片 (Thorlabs,NF658-26)的透射率曲线,分析样品的单峰吸收谱、双峰吸收谱以及不同吸收谱带宽对测量结果的影响。分别使用图6(a)、图7(a)、图8(a)透过率曲线模拟存在光谱吸收的白光干涉信号,在干涉信号中加入了1000组均值为0 nm、标准差为10 nm的高斯噪声εn(z),得到不同系数C影响下的zs的标准差以及使用AOFDA方法得到的zw的标准差。图6(a)为中心波数为1.45 μm−1,半峰全宽为40 nm,阻带区域内透过率T0、T10、T20、T30、T40分别为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的5组透射率曲线,使用5组透过率曲线得到不同系数C影响下的zs的标准差以及使用AOFDA方法得到的zw的标准差,如图6(b)所示。图7(a)是中心波数分别为1.45 μm−1、1.65μm−1,半峰全宽为40 nm,阻带区域内透过率分别为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的5组透射率曲线,图7(b)是在双峰吸收谱影响下通过不同系数C得到的zs的标准差以及使用AOFDA方法得到的zw的标准差。图8(a)是中心波数为1.45 μm−1,阻带区域内透过率为0%,w40、w60、w80、w100、w120分别代表半峰全宽为40 nm、60 nm、80 nm、100 nm、120 nm的5组透射率曲线。图8(b)是在不同阻带宽度下FDA和AOFDA方法得到的测量结果标准差。使用FDA方法,当样品存在单峰吸收谱时,随着C值的增大,测量结果的标准差先减小再增大;存在双峰吸收谱时,测量结果的标准差没有明显的变化规律,证明了FDA方法在测量具有明显吸收谱的样品时,测量结果受光谱形状影响明显;当透过率$\geqslant $20%时,zs的标准差整体减小并趋于稳定,所以被测样品的反射率$\geqslant $20%对FDA方法测量精度的影响降低;样品存在不同宽度的吸收谱时,随着吸收谱带宽的增大,FDA方法测量结果的标准差整体呈增大趋势,说明了FDA方法的测量精度与吸收谱带宽成反比。所以,当被测样品存在明显的吸收谱宽时,简单的选取相位范围以难保证FDA方法的测量精度。使用AOFDA方法时,在不同类型的光谱透过率的影响下,zw的标准差总是较小且稳定,所以AOFDA方法的测量精度基本不受被测样品吸收谱线的影响。
综上所述,在使用传统的FDA算法处理白光干涉信号时,选择较大振幅对应的相位进行拟合,可以提高测量精度,但是存在测量精度上限。对于分布连贯的光谱,在C = 0.5对应的相位范围可以保证较高精度的测量结果。当样品存在较强的光谱吸收导致干涉信号波数域振幅分布不连贯时,简单的选取相位范围不再适用,使用AOFDA可以在存在较强的光谱吸收条件下保证较高的测量精度。
根据图1搭建干涉测量光路,超连续谱光源 (YSL photonics, SC-5)输出的光经过准直镜后到达参考镜和被测样品表面,被反射的光束经过Lens1和Lens2后到达相机,光源的光谱分布如图9(a)所示,光谱范围是400~1000 nm。PZT (Thorlabs, PAZ015)控制的参考镜为熔融石英材质楔形窗口 (Thorlabs, WW41050),表面起伏为λ/20@633 nm,表面质量为10-5 Scratch-Dig,被测样品分别是相同的楔形窗口和表面具有3 μm高度的台阶结构。PZT设置的移动速度为64 μm/s,通过在实验中内置单色光干涉测量光路[21–22]检测到的相位噪声εn(z)如图9(b)所示,其标准差为9.6 nm。高速相机的像素尺寸为20 μm×20 μm,采集的速度为2000 f/s,每张图片的像素数量为640×480,从一个像素中得到归一化后的白光干涉信号如图10(a)所示,图10(b)和 图10(c)分别是波数域归一化的振幅和相位分布。
采用两种不同方法分别对楔形窗口的表面进行测量,使用FDA方法处理白光干涉信号,选取不同C值,得到的楔形窗口表面形貌如图11(a-e)所示;通过AOFDA方法得到的表面形貌如图11(f)所示,其中X和Y分别代表了不同方向的坐标。随着系数C的增大,FDA方法的测量结果趋于平滑,使用AOFDA方法的测量结果与C = 0.5时FDA方法的测量结果相近。为了更加精确地表征测量结果,在视场为1 mm×1 mm、水平采样间隔为20 μm时,按照ISO 25178-2:2021标准计算表面的最大高度Sz和均方根高度Sq来评估表面轮廓的粗糙度,结果如表1所示。在FDA方法中,随着C的增大,FDA方法得到Sz和Sq值减小,当C = 0.5时,得到最小的Sz和Sq值分别为50.2 nm、6.7 nm,当C > 0.5时Sz和Sq值缓慢增大,该变化趋势和同时存在相位噪声与加性噪声的仿真结果趋势一致。通过AOFDA方法计算的Sz和Sq值分别为34.6 nm、5.5 nm,测量结果优于FDA (C = 0.5)方法的测量结果。
为了验证使用不同的波数域范围对FDA方法测量重复率的影响,选择不同C值得到10次表面测量结果的标准差,如图12所示。随着C值的增大,测量结果的标准差整体呈下降趋势。当C = 0.5时,FDA方法得到zs的标准差到达最小值8.1 nm;当C > 0.5时,zs的标准差缓慢增大,与仿真结果相符合。使用zw得到表面形貌的标准差为8.3 nm,与C = 0.5得到的结果相似,实验结果证明了使用AOFDA检测样品表面可以达到使用FDA方法选取最佳波数域相位拟合范围的测量重复率。
选择标准台阶结构作为测试样品, 标准台阶的高度范围为[2.9500 μm, 3.0500 μm]。通过FDA法 (C = 0.5)和AOFDA方法得到的台阶表面形貌分别如图13(a, c)所示,图13(b, d)为台阶表面沿X=100方向的表面轮廓图,根据ISO 5436-1:2000标准,测量的表面中选X=35、70、105、140、175 pixel的5个截面测量高度,取5个测量高度的平均值作为单次测量的台阶高度,对表面进行了10次测量。10次测量结果的平均值和标准差作为台阶高度以及重复率,如表2所示。当系数C = 0.1时,通过zs得到的10次测量的台阶高度的平均值为2.9478 μm,重复率为81.0 nm,测量的台阶高度不在误差范围之内。当系数C分别为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9时,通过zs得到的10次测量的台阶高度的平均值均在台阶高度范围内,其中C = 0.5得到的测量重复率最小,为19.4 nm。通过zw得到的10次测量的台阶高度平均值为3.0054 μm,重复率为17.9 nm,平均值处于标准台阶的高度范围内,测量重复率最小。综上所述,随着C值的增大,FDA方法测量高度的重复率逐渐减小,C = 0.5达到最小的测量重复率,当C > 0.5时,重复率会缓慢增大;使用AOFDA方法测量高度的重复率与FDA方法中选择C = 0.5时的重复率相近。台阶高度的测量结果和楔形窗口表面测量结果趋势相同,说明了使用AOFDA方法在避免波数域相位范围选择的基础上可保证较高的测量精度和重复率。
受环境振动和背景噪声影响,FDA方法的测量精度降低,本文通过选取不同的波数域相位范围,验证了FDA方法的测量精度与振幅分布相关,并给出了可以提高FDA方法测量精度的波数域相位选取方法。验证了FDA方法难以适应样品具有较强的吸收谱的情况,提出了使用波数域的振幅分布作为权重因子加入到相位的拟合中的AOFDA方法,该方法可以使FDA方法选取到最佳波数域相位范围的测量精度,不再需要选取最佳的波数域相位范围,在复杂的光谱分布时依然可以保证较高的测量精度,可使白光干涉仪适应复杂的工作场景。

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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250166
  • 接收时间:2025-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
  • 录用日期:2025-11-21
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    1福建省光传输与变换重点实验室,华侨大学信息科学与工程学院,福建 厦门 361021
    2新潟大学科学技术研究生院,日本 新潟 9502181

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