Article(id=1319955103495340989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955013183586630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250331, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250331, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1769788800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-31, acceptedDate=1769961600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-02, onlineDate=1792631420252, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631420252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631420252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631420252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955013183586630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='250216', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631398721, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631398721, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250331, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955103776359358, articleId=1319955103495340989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Realization of near ultraviolet OLED with tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives as emitting materials, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a new generation of display technology following LCD display, which has many advantages and has received widespread attention from researchers. OLED has been developing over thirty years, and emitters based on the three primary colors of red, green, and blue have met the requirements of commercialization. However, the latest Broadcast Television 2020 (BT.2020) display standard defines the color coordinates of blue emission as (0.131, 0.046), indicating higher requirements for the saturation of blue emission. Commercialized blue emitters are no longer able to meet the requirements of the BT.2020 display standard. Some studies have shown that color purity is not only related to the emission wavelength, but also to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission spectrum. Therefore, deep blue materials with narrow emission are the object of current research workers' pursuit, which is crucial for achieving ultra-high definition and full color with wide color gamut displays. Moreover, ultraviolet light, as the extension of deep blue toward the short-wavelength direction, is also widely concerned by researchers because of its scarcity. Therefore, developing high-efficiency near ultraviolet and ultraviolet luminescent materials with narrow half peak width is of great significance for academic research and commercial applications

Methods

All chemicals and reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. The final product underwent vacuum sublimation to improve purity. All density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 package. The theoretical calculation was completed at the M06-2X/6-31G (d,p) level. Solutions with a concentration of 1×10−5 mol/L were prepared for the solution measurements. All organic films used for the photoluminescence measurements were deposited onto clean quartz substrates via thermal evaporation at 1–1.5 Å s−1 under high vacuum with a base pressure of < 10−5 torr (1 Å = 0.1 nm, 1 torr = 133.322 Pa). Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were measured on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer. PL spectra were recorded on a Horiba Fluoromax-4 spectrofluorometer. PLQYs were measured using a Hamamatsu absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer (C11347 Quantaurus_QY). Transient PL decay curves were measured using an Edinburgh Instrument FLS1000 spectrometer.

Cyclic voltammetry was conducted on a CHI 610E A14297 using a solution of tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu4NPF6) (0.1 mol/L) in dichloromethane or dimethylformamide at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. A platinum wire was used as the auxiliary electrode, a glass carbon disk as the working electrode, and Ag/Ag+ as the reference electrode, with the redox couple ferricenium/ferrocene (Fc/Fc+) serving as the calibration standard. The ionization potential (IPCV) and electron affinities (EACV) of these molecules were calculated using the following formulas: IPCV = (Eox − E1/2(Fc/Fc+) + 4.8) eV and EACV = (Ered − E1/2(Fc/Fc+) + 4.8) eV, where Eox and Ered represent the onset oxidation potential and reduction potential relative to Fc/Fc+ (4.8 eV), respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a Netzsch TG 209 under nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 10℃ min−1. Differential scanning calorimetric was performed on a Netzsch DSC 200 F3 under nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 10 ℃ min−1.

The glass substrates, precoated with a 90 nm layer of ITO with a sheet resistance of 15 to 20 ohms per square, were successively cleaned in ultrasonic bath of acetone, isopropanol, detergent, and deionized water, respectively, with each step lasting 10 min. Then, the substrates were completely dried in a 70 ℃ oven. To improve the hole injection ability of ITO, the substrates underwent O2 plasma treatment for 6 min before fabrication. The vacuum-deposited OLEDs were fabricated under a pressure of < 5 × 10−4 Pa in the Suzhou Fangsheng FS-380 vacuum deposition system. Organic materials, LiF, and Al were deposited at rates of 0.5 to 1.5 A, 0.1, and 3 Å s−1, respectively. The effective emitting area of the device was 9 mm2, determined by the overlap between the anode and cathode. The luminance-voltage-current density characteristics and EL spectra were obtained via a PIN-25D silicon photodiode and Luminance Meter and an Ocean Optics USB 2000+ spectrometer, along with a Keithley 2400 Source Meter.

Results and Discussions

Based on the O/B/O multiple resonance molecular framework, benzocarbazole derivatives were introduced in the para position of the central benzene ring connected to B atom. By introducing methyl groups on the side of the intermediate benzene bridge, the emissions of the TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz were shifted from near ultraviolet to ultraviolet. Theoretical calculations indicate that a gradual decrease in the electron delocalization degree of S1 states of TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz with an increase in the number of methyl groups introduced, exhibiting a characteristic of multiple resonance distribution. This is consistent with the gradual blue shift of their fluorescence emission peak positions, shifting from near ultraviolet to ultraviolet. Their doped devices all exhibit excellent electroluminescence performance, the maximum external quantum efficiency of TB-MePhCz based OLED device reaches 8.05% and thedevice has a high color purity (the full width at half maxima is 23 nm); TB-2MePhCz based OLED exhibits the deepest violet emission, thepeak of which is at 396 nm (the full width at half maxima is 20 nm), the CIE coordinates are (0.169, 0.012), and the CIEy value approaches 0.01, which is currently the lowest CIEy value reported in the literature, and the external quantum efficiency of the device reaches 7.81%, indicating that this molecular design strategy can effectively limit molecular conjugation and achieve blue shift of luminescent molecules, providing guidance for the development of more high-performance ultraviolet emitters.

Conclusions

Three ultraviolet-emitting molecules, TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz were designed and synthesized by tuning molecular torsion based on tert-butyl boron-oxygen multiple resonance skeletons. These molecules exhibit multiple resonance characteristics, achieving emission blue shift from near-ultraviolet to ultraviolet region. High-efficiency narrowband violet OLEDs were fabricated using the three molecules, respectively.

, authors=Jingli Lou1, Tao Chen1, Benzhong Tang2, 3, Zhiming Wang1, authorsList=Jingli Lou, Tao Chen, Benzhong Tang, Zhiming Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiming Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955107932914649, articleId=1319955103495340989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=叔丁基硼氧衍生物作为发光材料实现近紫外OLED, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

有机发光二极管 (Organic light-emitting diode, OLED)凭借质量轻、响应快、功耗低以及可柔性显示等优势,成为新一代显示技术。目前,基于显示三基色的红光、绿光和蓝光OLED 已经实现了商业化。然而,紫外光 OLED相比于其他可见光区的 OLED 发展较为缓慢。本文基于氧/硼/氧多重共振分子骨架设计合成了三种近紫外有机发光材料,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz。理论计算表明,三个分子均表现出多重共振分布的特点。三个分子具有良好的热稳定性,溶液状态下呈现出强烈的近紫外光发光,其发光峰位分别为402 nm、399 nm和395 nm。基于三个分子制备的OLED都表现出非常优异的电致发光性能,其中,基于TB-MePhCz的OLED器件最大外量子效率达到了8.05%;三个分子均实现了较好的色纯度,其中,TB-2MePhCz则表现出最紫的发光,光谱发光峰位为396 nm (半峰宽为20 nm),CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.012),为开发更多性能优异的紫外光OLED提供了参考。

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作者贡献

娄敬丽、陈涛:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;唐本忠、王志明:指导论文选题、论文修改。

娄敬丽 (1999-),女,博士研究生,主要从事有机电致发光二极管的研究。E-mail:

王志明 (1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事芳基杂环高效率深蓝光材料的设计及新型AIE荧光探针的研究。E-mail:

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王志明,
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王志明 (1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事芳基杂环高效率深蓝光材料的设计及新型AIE荧光探针的研究。E-mail:

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王志明 (1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事芳基杂环高效率深蓝光材料的设计及新型AIE荧光探针的研究。E-mail:

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J Am Chem Soc, 2017, 139(11): 4042−4051., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955108188767194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108201350107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108188767194, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108209738716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108188767194, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华南理工大学发光材料与器件全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319955108293624797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108297819102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108293624797, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Science and Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108306207711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108293624797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2香港中文大学理工学院,广东 深圳 518172)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319955108394288096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108402676705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108394288096, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955108415259618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, companyId=1319955108394288096, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3香港科技大学化学系,香港 999077)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319955111850394624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The synthesis of tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives (R represent MeCz-B, MeCz-B, and MeCz-B, respectively), figureFileSmall=yYGBsEXhEhS1e311l9rCMA==, figureFileBig=7wHyI0zA1ySk7KQBSYDsPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955111913308160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图1, caption=叔丁基硼氧衍生物的合成 (R为MeCz-B、MeCz-B和MeCz-B), figureFileSmall=yYGBsEXhEhS1e311l9rCMA==, figureFileBig=7wHyI0zA1ySk7KQBSYDsPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112139800577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Thermal stability of tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives. (a) thermogravimetric analysis curves (orange dashed line: 5% weight loss); (b) Differential scanning calorimetry curves (purple dashed line: the glass transition process; pink dashed line: the crystallization process), figureFileSmall=ms6ERdzRRsAoX4+8hmzT7w==, figureFileBig=uE/MtqDdNjWOfqxmwcJ5Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112198520834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图2, caption=叔丁基硼氧衍生物的热稳定性能。 (a)热失重曲线 (橙色虚线:重量损失5%时); (b)差式扫描量热曲线 (紫色虚线:玻璃化转变过程;粉色虚线:结晶过程), figureFileSmall=ms6ERdzRRsAoX4+8hmzT7w==, figureFileBig=uE/MtqDdNjWOfqxmwcJ5Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112274018307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Electrochemical performances of (a) TB-PhCz, (b) TB-MePhCz, and (c) TB-2MePhCz (the potential corresponding to the intersection of the black solid line is the oxidation or reduction potential), figureFileSmall=ZHf7wjyckVVPsQGH0dal1g==, figureFileBig=+8PwYj0qR+1K1MjkEsIUUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112341127172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a) TB-PhCz、 (b) TB-MePhCz和 (c) TB-2MePhCz的电化学性能 (黑色实线交点对应的电势为氧化或还原电势), figureFileSmall=ZHf7wjyckVVPsQGH0dal1g==, figureFileBig=+8PwYj0qR+1K1MjkEsIUUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112416624645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Optimized configuration of S1 state and hole and electron distribution of tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives, figureFileSmall=PVA/+XzAmj5lgKX8HbjClg==, figureFileBig=tayL4jL2pM7hsksYXRU8xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112483733510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图4, caption=叔丁基硼氧衍生物的优化的S1构型及空穴和电子分布, figureFileSmall=PVA/+XzAmj5lgKX8HbjClg==, figureFileBig=tayL4jL2pM7hsksYXRU8xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112567619591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The photoluminescence properties of TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz. (a) UV-visible absorption spectra and (b) fluorescence emission spectra in tetrahydrofuran solution (10−5 mol/L); (c) Fluorescence emission spectra and (d) transient fluorescence spectra of doped films (3 wt% doping in mCP), figureFileSmall=kSLQPFW1XSsPwWUWtsrTHQ==, figureFileBig=tk8DfVsc1gtF/DnJxpJYuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112630534152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图5, caption=化合物TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的光致发光性能。(a)四氢呋喃溶液 (10−5 mol/L)下的紫外-可见吸收光谱和 (b)荧光发光光谱;mCP为主体 (掺杂浓度为3 wt%)的掺杂薄膜的 (c)荧光发光光谱和 (d)瞬态荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=kSLQPFW1XSsPwWUWtsrTHQ==, figureFileBig=tk8DfVsc1gtF/DnJxpJYuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112739586057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=PL spectra of (a) TB-PhCz, (b) TB-MePhCz, and (c) TB-2MePhCz in different solvents with various polarities, figureFileSmall=IfV9vO+ux39IhYD4kRiHow==, figureFileBig=5i1xT0p5i/Iho5CcO2ab3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112819277834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a) TB-PhCz、 (b) TB-MePhCz和 (c) TB-2MePhCz在不同极性溶剂下的光谱, figureFileSmall=IfV9vO+ux39IhYD4kRiHow==, figureFileBig=5i1xT0p5i/Iho5CcO2ab3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112894775307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fluorescence (delay of 0 ms) and phosphorescence (delay of 5 ms) spectra of (a) TB-PhCz, (b) TB-MePhCz and (c) TB-2MePhCz in toluene at 77 K, figureFileSmall=2nqZtW66kh/e4mcCt7h5YA==, figureFileBig=qwnaTzp2rEoujXjWyTqvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955112957689868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a) TB-PhCz、(b) TB-MePhCz和 (c) TB-2MePhCz三个分子在甲苯中的低温 (77 K)荧光 (延迟0 ms)和磷光光谱 (延迟5 ms), figureFileSmall=2nqZtW66kh/e4mcCt7h5YA==, figureFileBig=qwnaTzp2rEoujXjWyTqvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955113037381645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Electroluminescence properties of the OLEDs based on TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz. (a) Device structure and chemical formula of each functional layer; (b) Electroluminescence spectra; (c) External quantum efficiency-luminance curve; (d) Luminance-voltage-current density curves, figureFileSmall=jYTd0Ne4XLoIRUprBxC+qw==, figureFileBig=PGnIXB5eFhaiLT0ao/Vscg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955113108684814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TB-PhCz、 TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz掺杂器件的电致发光性能。 (a)器件结构及各功能层化学结构式; (b)电致发光光谱; (c)外量子效率-亮度关系曲线; (d)亮度-电压-电流密度关系曲线, figureFileSmall=jYTd0Ne4XLoIRUprBxC+qw==, figureFileBig=PGnIXB5eFhaiLT0ao/Vscg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955113167405071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The photoluminescence data of TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EmitterTHF solutionDoped film
λabsi)/nmλem ii)/nmFWHMiii)/nmΦiv)/%ΔESTv)/eVλem ii)/nmFWHMiii)/nmΦiv)/%τvi)/ns
TB-PhCz3874022647.30.474133138.26.83
TB-MePhCz3833992745.90.234052934.47.45
TB-2MePhCz3823952759.60.224002749.18.24
), ArticleFig(id=1319955113238708240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化合物TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的光物理数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EmitterTHF solutionDoped film
λabsi)/nmλem ii)/nmFWHMiii)/nmΦiv)/%ΔESTv)/eVλem ii)/nmFWHMiii)/nmΦiv)/%τvi)/ns
TB-PhCz3874022647.30.474133138.26.83
TB-MePhCz3833992745.90.234052934.47.45
TB-2MePhCz3823952759.60.224002749.18.24
), ArticleFig(id=1319955113322594321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Electroluminescence properties of TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EMLλEL/nmi)FWHM/nmii)Von/Viii)L/(cd/m2)iv)ηC/(cd/A)v)ηP/(lm/W)vi)EQEmax/EQE100 /(cd/m2)vii)CIE (x,y)viii)
mCP: 3 wt% TB-PhCz408253.85180.370.306.50/5.480.166, 0.014
mCP: 3 wt% TB-MePhCz402233.83200.250.208.05/7.640.169, 0.013
mCP: 3 wt% TB-2MePhCz396203.82590.170.137.81/7.350.169, 0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1319955113385508882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955103495340989, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TB-PhCz、 TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的电致发光性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EMLλEL/nmi)FWHM/nmii)Von/Viii)L/(cd/m2)iv)ηC/(cd/A)v)ηP/(lm/W)vi)EQEmax/EQE100 /(cd/m2)vii)CIE (x,y)viii)
mCP: 3 wt% TB-PhCz408253.85180.370.306.50/5.480.166, 0.014
mCP: 3 wt% TB-MePhCz402233.83200.250.208.05/7.640.169, 0.013
mCP: 3 wt% TB-2MePhCz396203.82590.170.137.81/7.350.169, 0.012
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叔丁基硼氧衍生物作为发光材料实现近紫外OLED
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娄敬丽 1 , 陈涛 1 , 唐本忠 2, 3 , 王志明 1, *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(5): 250331-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (5) : 250331 -1
叔丁基硼氧衍生物作为发光材料实现近紫外OLED
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王志明 (1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事芳基杂环高效率深蓝光材料的设计及新型AIE荧光探针的研究。E-mail:

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娄敬丽1 , 陈涛1, 唐本忠2, 3, 王志明1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学发光材料与器件全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
  • 2香港中文大学理工学院,广东 深圳 518172
  • 3香港科技大学化学系,香港 999077
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

娄敬丽、陈涛:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;唐本忠、王志明:指导论文选题、论文修改。

娄敬丽 (1999-),女,博士研究生,主要从事有机电致发光二极管的研究。E-mail:

王志明 (1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事芳基杂环高效率深蓝光材料的设计及新型AIE荧光探针的研究。E-mail:

Realization of near ultraviolet OLED with tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives as emitting materials
Jingli Lou1 , Tao Chen1, Benzhong Tang2, 3, Zhiming Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
  • 2School of Science and Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
  • 3Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250331
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有机发光二极管 (Organic light-emitting diode, OLED)凭借质量轻、响应快、功耗低以及可柔性显示等优势,成为新一代显示技术。目前,基于显示三基色的红光、绿光和蓝光OLED 已经实现了商业化。然而,紫外光 OLED相比于其他可见光区的 OLED 发展较为缓慢。本文基于氧/硼/氧多重共振分子骨架设计合成了三种近紫外有机发光材料,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz。理论计算表明,三个分子均表现出多重共振分布的特点。三个分子具有良好的热稳定性,溶液状态下呈现出强烈的近紫外光发光,其发光峰位分别为402 nm、399 nm和395 nm。基于三个分子制备的OLED都表现出非常优异的电致发光性能,其中,基于TB-MePhCz的OLED器件最大外量子效率达到了8.05%;三个分子均实现了较好的色纯度,其中,TB-2MePhCz则表现出最紫的发光,光谱发光峰位为396 nm (半峰宽为20 nm),CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.012),为开发更多性能优异的紫外光OLED提供了参考。

有机发光二极管  /  紫外光  /  窄发射  /  多重共振效应
Objective

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a new generation of display technology following LCD display, which has many advantages and has received widespread attention from researchers. OLED has been developing over thirty years, and emitters based on the three primary colors of red, green, and blue have met the requirements of commercialization. However, the latest Broadcast Television 2020 (BT.2020) display standard defines the color coordinates of blue emission as (0.131, 0.046), indicating higher requirements for the saturation of blue emission. Commercialized blue emitters are no longer able to meet the requirements of the BT.2020 display standard. Some studies have shown that color purity is not only related to the emission wavelength, but also to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission spectrum. Therefore, deep blue materials with narrow emission are the object of current research workers' pursuit, which is crucial for achieving ultra-high definition and full color with wide color gamut displays. Moreover, ultraviolet light, as the extension of deep blue toward the short-wavelength direction, is also widely concerned by researchers because of its scarcity. Therefore, developing high-efficiency near ultraviolet and ultraviolet luminescent materials with narrow half peak width is of great significance for academic research and commercial applications

Methods

All chemicals and reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. The final product underwent vacuum sublimation to improve purity. All density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 package. The theoretical calculation was completed at the M06-2X/6-31G (d,p) level. Solutions with a concentration of 1×10−5 mol/L were prepared for the solution measurements. All organic films used for the photoluminescence measurements were deposited onto clean quartz substrates via thermal evaporation at 1–1.5 Å s−1 under high vacuum with a base pressure of < 10−5 torr (1 Å = 0.1 nm, 1 torr = 133.322 Pa). Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were measured on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer. PL spectra were recorded on a Horiba Fluoromax-4 spectrofluorometer. PLQYs were measured using a Hamamatsu absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer (C11347 Quantaurus_QY). Transient PL decay curves were measured using an Edinburgh Instrument FLS1000 spectrometer.

Cyclic voltammetry was conducted on a CHI 610E A14297 using a solution of tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu4NPF6) (0.1 mol/L) in dichloromethane or dimethylformamide at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. A platinum wire was used as the auxiliary electrode, a glass carbon disk as the working electrode, and Ag/Ag+ as the reference electrode, with the redox couple ferricenium/ferrocene (Fc/Fc+) serving as the calibration standard. The ionization potential (IPCV) and electron affinities (EACV) of these molecules were calculated using the following formulas: IPCV = (Eox − E1/2(Fc/Fc+) + 4.8) eV and EACV = (Ered − E1/2(Fc/Fc+) + 4.8) eV, where Eox and Ered represent the onset oxidation potential and reduction potential relative to Fc/Fc+ (4.8 eV), respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a Netzsch TG 209 under nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 10℃ min−1. Differential scanning calorimetric was performed on a Netzsch DSC 200 F3 under nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 10 ℃ min−1.

The glass substrates, precoated with a 90 nm layer of ITO with a sheet resistance of 15 to 20 ohms per square, were successively cleaned in ultrasonic bath of acetone, isopropanol, detergent, and deionized water, respectively, with each step lasting 10 min. Then, the substrates were completely dried in a 70 ℃ oven. To improve the hole injection ability of ITO, the substrates underwent O2 plasma treatment for 6 min before fabrication. The vacuum-deposited OLEDs were fabricated under a pressure of < 5 × 10−4 Pa in the Suzhou Fangsheng FS-380 vacuum deposition system. Organic materials, LiF, and Al were deposited at rates of 0.5 to 1.5 A, 0.1, and 3 Å s−1, respectively. The effective emitting area of the device was 9 mm2, determined by the overlap between the anode and cathode. The luminance-voltage-current density characteristics and EL spectra were obtained via a PIN-25D silicon photodiode and Luminance Meter and an Ocean Optics USB 2000+ spectrometer, along with a Keithley 2400 Source Meter.

Results and Discussions

Based on the O/B/O multiple resonance molecular framework, benzocarbazole derivatives were introduced in the para position of the central benzene ring connected to B atom. By introducing methyl groups on the side of the intermediate benzene bridge, the emissions of the TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz were shifted from near ultraviolet to ultraviolet. Theoretical calculations indicate that a gradual decrease in the electron delocalization degree of S1 states of TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz with an increase in the number of methyl groups introduced, exhibiting a characteristic of multiple resonance distribution. This is consistent with the gradual blue shift of their fluorescence emission peak positions, shifting from near ultraviolet to ultraviolet. Their doped devices all exhibit excellent electroluminescence performance, the maximum external quantum efficiency of TB-MePhCz based OLED device reaches 8.05% and thedevice has a high color purity (the full width at half maxima is 23 nm); TB-2MePhCz based OLED exhibits the deepest violet emission, thepeak of which is at 396 nm (the full width at half maxima is 20 nm), the CIE coordinates are (0.169, 0.012), and the CIEy value approaches 0.01, which is currently the lowest CIEy value reported in the literature, and the external quantum efficiency of the device reaches 7.81%, indicating that this molecular design strategy can effectively limit molecular conjugation and achieve blue shift of luminescent molecules, providing guidance for the development of more high-performance ultraviolet emitters.

Conclusions

Three ultraviolet-emitting molecules, TB-PhCz, TB-MePhCz, and TB-2MePhCz were designed and synthesized by tuning molecular torsion based on tert-butyl boron-oxygen multiple resonance skeletons. These molecules exhibit multiple resonance characteristics, achieving emission blue shift from near-ultraviolet to ultraviolet region. High-efficiency narrowband violet OLEDs were fabricated using the three molecules, respectively.

organic light-emitting diode  /  ultraviolet  /  boron oxide derivatives  /  external quantum efficiency
娄敬丽, 陈涛, 唐本忠, 王志明. 叔丁基硼氧衍生物作为发光材料实现近紫外OLED. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250331 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250331
Jingli Lou, Tao Chen, Benzhong Tang, Zhiming Wang. Realization of near ultraviolet OLED with tert-butyl boron oxide derivatives as emitting materials[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250331 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250331
有机发光二极管 (Organic light-emitting diode, OLED)是一种电致发光器件,在外加电场的作用下,电子和空穴分别从器件的金属阴极和氧化铟锡 (indium tin oxide, ITO)阳极注入,然后穿过能垒向发光层移动,二者在发光层复合形成激子,激子从高能的激发态辐射跃迁到低能的基态产生光子[1]。早在1987年,邓青云教授等制备出了第一个高性能OLED器件并引起了科研界广泛关注[2],越来越多的科学家参与其中,经历了近四十年的发展,OLED基本上实现了从基础科学研究到商业化应用的全过程。其中,基于三元色的可见光红光、绿光、蓝光材料已经层出不穷,种类繁多,已达到商业化的要求[3-6]。紫外OLED是OLED在短波长 (400 nm以下)范围的进一步延伸,因其在生物/化学传感,激发光源和高密度信息存储方面的应用而受到科研人员的广泛关注[7-9]。但高性能的紫外OLED并不常见,这一方面可能是由于紫外光材料本身分子设计较为困难,大的共轭结构往往会使光色红移而偏离紫光区,因此,需要严格限制分子的有效共轭程度[10-11];另一方面,紫外有机发光材料本身固有的宽带隙会大大增加器件制备的难度,过深的最高占据分子轨道 (highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO)能级或者过浅的最低未占据分子轨道 (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, LUMO)能级会使得载流子的注入变得困难,导致器件的启亮电压较高,器件的稳定性较差[12-15]。目前,已报道的紫外OLED的最大外量子效率 (maximum external quantum efficiency, EQEmax)很少超过5%,并且色纯度较低[16-19]。因此,开发出具有高发光效率和窄发射特性的新型紫外有机发光材料迫在眉睫。
2016年,Hatakeyama课题组报道了一类B和O掺杂的多元芳香稠环超纯蓝光热活化延迟荧光 (thermally activated delayed fluorescence, TADF)分子DABNA-1[20],理论计算结果表明,其HOMO轨道主要分布在N原子及其邻位和对位的C原子上,LUMO轨道主要分布在B原子及其邻位和对位的C原子上,这种特殊的前线轨道分布是由于B原子和N原子具有相反的电负性,诱导了前线分子轨道HOMO和LUMO在分子骨架上原子层级的交替分布,与传统给-受体型TADF材料有很大的不同。他们基于此现象提出了多重共振 (multiple resonance, MR)效应。由于具备刚性的分子结构和特殊的前线轨道分布,DABNA-1表现出非常窄的光谱半峰宽 (33 nm),并且具有非常高的绝对量子效率,在溶液态和掺杂薄膜态的光致发光量子效率都接近90%。此开创性工作为有机发光材料提供了有效的窄化光谱的办法,并引起了广泛关注。越来越多的科研工作者参与其中,但是高性能的含B的紫外光多重共振材料仍然较少[21-23]。
在2015年,Hatakeyama等人[24]通过一步硼化法合成了含B和O的多元芳香稠环结构O/BO,理论计算结果表明其前线轨道分布也满足多重共振效应。其中,化合物5,9-二氧-1,3b-"并[3,2,1-de]蒽(该文献中命名为2a,下文称2a)在二氯甲烷中表现出398 nm的紫外光发光,由于其具有较高的三线态能级,被作为绿光磷光材料 (Ir (ppy)3)的主体材料,应用在OLED中并取得了不错的效果,但并未直接被当做发光层材料来探究其电致发光性能。虽然O/B/O结构具有很小的单三线态能极差 (ΔEST),但是其最低单线态 (S1)和最低三线态 (T1)之间的旋轨耦合效应较小,TADF性质很弱,化合物2a仅有4%的延迟比例。因此,目前多数的研究工作都是将其作为具有刚性结构的受体基元来构筑给-受体型TADF材料[25-31],用于高效率OLED的发光层。但是,强分子内电荷转移 (charge transfer, CT)效应使得此类材料光色最蓝只能做到深蓝光,并且具有较宽的半峰宽。
近年来,Lee教授等人报道了紫外窄发光基元吲哚咔唑,其大平面的芳香结构、刚性的平面结构和弱的给电子能力,使其成为了构筑紫外、近紫外发光材料的热门基元[32]。由于引入的CT组分会诱导光谱展宽,目前报道的吲哚咔唑衍生物多为蓝光发光材料[33-35]。赵祖金教授等人报道了紫外窄谱带发光材料BO-MX-ICz和tBO-MX-ICz,通过构筑空间电荷转移结构,增强三线态激子利用的同时限制共轭程度,实现了最大EQE为5.03%的紫外光发光,其对应的CIEy值为0.016[36]。闫寿科教授等人通过在不同取代位置将O/B/O MR分子骨架与二苯并噻吩进行耦合。其中,基于BO-2DBT分子制备的OLED实现了7.90%的最大外量子效率,对应的CIEy值为0.014[37]。综上所述,目前CIEy值≤0.02的高效率紫外光OLED十分稀少。
基于上述考虑,本文选择在O/B/O MR分子骨架中B原子所连中心苯环的对位接入弱给体-苯咔唑,来抑制前线轨道的分离程度,并通过在苯桥的侧边引入甲基来增大O/B/O与苯桥之间的二面角,进一步将电子限域在O/B/O结构上。采用此分子设计策略,成功设计合成了两个近紫外发光材料TB-PhCz,TB-MePhCz和一个紫外发光材料TB-2MePhCz。三个分子的掺杂器件都表现出非常优异的电致发光性能,其中基于TB-MePhCz的掺杂OLED器件EQEmax达到了8.05%,CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.013)。TB-2MePhCz则表现出最紫的发光,CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.012),CIEy值逼近了0.01,这也是目前文献报道的CIEy值最小,光色最深的紫光OLED器件,且器件的EQEmax达到了7.81%,说明此分子设计策略能有效限制分子共轭,实现发光分子的蓝移,为开发更多性能优异的紫外光材料提供指导。
2,5-二溴-1,3-二氟苯购于上海毕得医药有限公司,4-叔丁基苯酚和N-甲基吡咯烷酮购于上海萨恩化学技术有限公司;正丁基锂购于百灵威科技有限公司;三溴化硼二氯甲烷溶液 (2 mol/L)购于上海迈瑞尔化学技术有限公司;N,N-二异丙基乙胺购于上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;2-溴-5碘甲苯、2-溴-5碘-1,3-二甲苯、咔唑、叔丁醇钠、碘化亚铜、1,2-环己二胺和超干间二甲苯均购于安耐吉化学;双联频哪醇硼酸酯购于上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;1,1'-二 (二苯膦基)二茂铁二氯化钯 (II)和四 (三苯基)磷钯由柏卡化学专供;4- (9H-咔唑-9-基)苯硼酸购于苏州苏凯路化学;K2CO3,无水Na2SO4和KOAc购于上海润捷化学试剂有限公司;有机合成实验中所用到的溶剂:二氯甲烷、石油醚、四氢呋喃、正己烷、甲苯和1,4-二氧六环均购于广州化学试剂厂;光物理测试实验中所用的光谱纯溶剂:正己烷、甲苯、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和氯仿购于阿法埃莎或者阿拉丁;核磁共振氢谱和碳谱测试所用的氘代试剂购于美国CIL公司。
核磁共振氢谱、碳谱测试在Bruker 500 MHz核磁共振波谱仪进行,以四甲基硅烷 (TMS)为化学位移的内标,测试使用的氘代试剂为氘代二氯甲烷 (CD2Cl2)。质谱测试仪器为Bruker Agilent1290/maXis impact超高压液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用仪,测试用溶剂为1 mL四氢呋喃+0.5 mL乙腈,模式为HRMS正模式。紫外-可见吸收光谱测试仪器为Shimadzu UV-2600分光光度计,荧光光谱测试仪器为Horiba Fluoromax-4分光光度计。溶液和薄膜的光致发光量子产率测试仪器为Hamamatsu C11347绝对荧光量子效率仪。瞬态荧光光谱测试仪器为爱丁堡FLS1000荧光寿命测试系统。材料的电化学测试在上海辰华CHI 610E 电化学工作站进行,测试采用三电极体系,其中玻碳电极为工作电极,铂丝电极为对电极,Ag/AgNO3电极为参比电极。氧化电势和还原电势分别在0.1 mol/L四丁基六氟磷酸铵的超干二氯甲烷和超干N, N二甲基甲酰胺溶液中测试,扫描速率都是100 mV/s,标定物都使用二茂铁进行标定,计算能级使用的近似公式是E (eV) = ‒ (4.8 + Eox (red) ‒ $E_{{\mathrm{Fc/Fc}}^+}$)。热重分析和差示扫描量热分析仪器分别为TA TGA 550和TA DSC 2500,测试在氮气氛围下进行,升温速率为10 ℃/min。升华提纯仪器为SAVC-sub100有机小分子升华提纯仪。
图1为三个分子的合成路线。首先通过硼化反应得到TB-Br分子,带有不同甲基的碘衍生物通过Ullmann偶联反应、硼酯化反应得到硼酸频哪醇酯,最终与TB-Br通过Suzuki偶联反应得到终产物TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz。
基于密度泛函理论和含时密度泛函理论分别优化叔丁基硼氧衍生物的基态 (S0态)和S1态分子构型,所有的计算任务都在Gaussian 16安装包中进行。计算得到的结果在Multiwfn 3.6上进行分析,所呈现的前线分子轨道图是在VMD中进行绘制。所选的泛函是M062x,基组是6-31G (d,p)。
使用ITO作为器件的阳极材料,在使用涂有ITO的透明玻璃前先用丙酮、异丙醇、表面活性剂、去离子水清洗三次,然后放入烘箱。待烘干后,用氧等离子体处理5 min,目的是提高ITO阳极的空穴注入能力。器件的阴极材料采用的是Al,电子注入材料为LiF。器件中各层材料均采用真空蒸镀沉积法,通过调控功率的大小和时间来控制膜厚。所制备的器件均未进行封装处理,测试环境为室温、空气环境。
良好的热稳定性和相稳定性是制备蒸镀型OLED以及提高OLED器件稳定性的前提,所以,在制备OLED器件之前对叔丁基硼氧衍生物进行了热失重分析和差式扫描量热测试。如图2所示,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的热分解温度分别为400 ℃、379 ℃和381 ℃,均具有很优异的热稳定性。此外,这三个分子还具有很高的玻璃化转变温度,分别为139 ℃、137 ℃和161 ℃,说明三个分子具有很好的相稳定性。值得注意的是,TB-PhCz分子在228 ℃时还具有很强的结晶放热峰,而TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz在250 ℃以内并未观测到结晶放热现象,这可能是因为TB-PhCz分子结构具有较好的平面性,TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz由于在苯桥侧边接入了甲基,增大了给体/受体之间的扭转角,分子结构较为扭曲,所以导致结晶性下降。以上结果说明,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz具有制备蒸镀型OLED的条件。
其次,为了方便后续OLED器件的结构优化,筛选合适的功能层和主体材料需要与发光层材料的HOMO、LUMO能级匹配,这将有利于载流子的注入、传输以及复合。通过循环伏安法测定了化合物TBNO-tCz和TBNO-tDPA的起始氧化电位和还原电位,如图3所示,再通过经验公式E (eV) = ‒ (4.8 + Eox (red) ‒ $E_{{\mathrm{Fc/Fc}}^+} $)近似计算得到三个分子的HOMO能级分别为‒5.22 eV,‒5.18 eV和‒5.16 eV,LUMO能级分别为‒2.71 eV,‒2.64 eV和‒2.64 eV。
为了深入理解引入甲基对叔丁基硼氧衍生物的分子结构和前线轨道分布的影响,首先对TB-PhCz,TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz进行了理论计算。为了方便叙述,本文将咔唑用Cz表示,中间苯桥用Ph表示,硼氧多重共振骨架用BO表示。从图4可以看到,随着引入甲基个数的增加,Ph与BO之间的二面角逐渐从29.58°增加到66.91°,而Cz与Ph之间的二面角变化不大。从这三个分子S1态的空穴和电子分布来看,三个分子的空穴都是分布在BO上的,但三个分子的电子分布却有细微的差别,TB-PhCz的电子主要在BO和Ph上,Cz上也有少量分布,与此相比,TB-MePhCz的电子仅分布在BO和Ph上,而TB-2MePhCz的电子却只分布在BO上。所以,随着引入甲基个数的增加,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的电子离域程度逐渐减小,同时对应的长程CT也受到限制,这有利于光谱的蓝移和窄化。
测试了三个分子的光物理性质,如图5和表1所示,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz在四氢呋喃中的最大吸收峰分别为387 nm、383 nm和382 nm,表现为逐渐蓝移的趋势,说明三者的光学带隙逐渐增大,这与前面理论计算得到三个分子共轭程度逐渐减小的结论是对应的。三个分子在四氢呋喃中的最大发光波长分别为402 nm、399 nm和395 nm,从近紫外光蓝移至紫外光,表现出明显的发光蓝移的趋势,且半峰宽分别仅有26 nm、27 nm和27 nm,具有非常明显的多重共振效应诱导的窄发光特性,这也与理论计算的空穴和电子分布是对应的。此外,三个分子的四氢呋喃溶液表现出较高的光致发光量子效率,在氮气氛围下分别为47.3%、45.9%和59.6%。进一步探究了TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz在掺杂薄膜下的光物理性质,将这三个分子以3 wt%的浓度掺杂到mCP主体材料中,三个分子的掺杂薄膜最大发光峰分别位于413 nm、405 nm和400 nm,表现出与四氢呋喃溶液同样的逐渐蓝移的趋势,但是与四氢呋喃溶液相比都发生了一定程度的红移,分别红移了11 nm、6 nm和5 nm,红移程度逐渐减小。此外,化合物TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz半峰宽相对于四氢呋喃溶液也发生了轻微的展宽,分别展宽到了31 nm和29 nm。惊喜的是,TB-2MePhCz的掺杂薄膜相对于溶液并未发生展宽,半峰宽仍为27 nm。同时,三者的量子效率也轻微地降低,分别为38.2%、34.4%和49.1%。以上数据的分析表明三个分子在掺杂薄膜中仍然存在一定程度的分子间相互作用,但是由于甲基的引入,分子的扭曲程度逐渐增加,聚集态时相互作用逐渐减小,引起的光谱变化也就逐渐减小。
由于TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz在溶液态和掺杂薄膜态都表现出窄发光特性,根据理论计算认为是多重共振效应引起的,而多重共振效应所产生的激发态特性是短程CT,所以,为了验证理论计算的结果,对这三个分子进行了溶剂化效应测试。如图6所示,从低极性正己烷到高极性氯仿,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz分别只红移了7 nm、10 nm和11 nm,这是典型的短程CT特性所表现的溶剂化效应,进一步证明了TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz都是短程CT主导的发光。
为了确定 TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的S1能级和T1能级的位置,为了避免溶剂极性对能级的影响,选择测试三个分子在低极性甲苯中的低温荧光和磷光光谱。如图7所示,测得三个分子的低温荧光/磷光发光峰分别在399/470 nm、396/428 nm和394/423 nm,然后根据发光峰位计算得到的S1/T1能级分别是3.11/2.64 eV、3.13/2.90 eV和3.15/2.90 eV,对应的S1与T1的能级差 ΔEST分别为0.47 eV、0.23 eV和0.22 eV。三个分子的ΔEST有依次减小的趋势,说明甲基的引入除了能抑制分子间相互作用,还可以减小S1与T1的能级差,小的能级差有利于反向系间窜越 (reverse intersystem crossing, RISC)过程,因此,TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz可能存在TADF特性。为了验证TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz分子是否具有TADF性质,进一步测试了这三个分子掺杂薄膜在氮气氛围下的瞬态荧光光谱,遗憾的是,并未观测到任何长寿命的延迟组分,仅观测到数个纳米级的瞬时短寿命衰减,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的荧光寿命分别为6.83 ns、7.45 ns和8.24 ns,这说明即使TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz具有较小的ΔEST,三个分子也并不一定存在RISC过程,或者说RISC过程非常慢,延迟占比非常小,以至于观测不到长寿命的存在。根据费米黄金法则[38],RISC过程的速率除了与ΔEST有关,还与T1与S1之间的自旋轨道耦合效应有关,所以,这可能是TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz具有较小的自旋轨道耦合效应导致的。
对TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz三个化合物的电致发光性能展开研究。根据这三个分子的HOMO和LUMO能级的位置,经过一系列器件各功能层材料的优化及厚度的优化,最终确定的器件结构是:ITO/HATCN (5 nm)/TAPC (50 nm)/TcTa (15 nm)/mCP(10 nm)/发光层 (20 nm)/PPF (10 nm)/TmPyPB (30 nm)/LiF (1nm)/Al (120 nm)。其中,ITO作为阳极材料,HATCN和TAPC分别作为空穴注入层和空穴传输层,TcTa充当空穴传输层和电子阻挡层的作用,mCP作为电子阻挡层,PPF作为空穴阻挡层,TmPyPB作为电子传输层,LiF和Al分别作为电子注入层和阴极材料,考虑到分子的刚性,所以发光层是以这三个化合物3 wt%的低浓度掺杂到mCP主体中。如图8和表2所示,基于TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的掺杂器件都有不超过4 V的启亮电压 (3.8 V),说明器件结构是合理的。三个分子的电致发光峰位分别在408 nm、402 nm和396 nm,与光致发光光谱的发光峰位是对应的且同样表现出逐渐蓝移的趋势,光色从近紫外到紫外,说明器件的发光峰均来自客体,主体材料的选择是合适的,主客体之间存在着充分的能量转移。TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的电致发光峰表现出比光致发光光谱更窄的半峰宽,分别只有25 nm、23 nm和20 nm,甚至比三个分子在四氢呋喃中的发光光谱还要窄,这说明电致发光过程与光致发光过程的差异性,一方面可能是在电场的极化作用下,抑制了分子间的相互作用,另一方面可能是在掺杂薄膜态分子的构象变化相比于溶液态更小,这非常有利于进一步提升OLED器件的色纯度。由于TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的电致发光峰位逐渐蓝移且依次拥有更窄的半峰宽,所以三个分子的色坐标表现出越来越紫的光色,分别为 (0.166, 0.014)、(0.169, 0.013)和 (0.169, 0.012),可以明显看到三个分子的CIEy值逐渐向着0.01逼近,这是目前报道的CIEy值最小的紫外 OLED器件,也是色纯度最高、最紫的OLED器件。此外,器件的最大外量子效率都超过了5%,分别达到了6.50%、8.05%和7.81%的优异性能,而且具有很低的效率滚降,在100 cd m−2下仍各自保留5.48%、7.64%和7.35%的高EQE。
本文基于叔丁基硼氧多重共振分子骨架在B原子所连中心苯环的对位接入苯咔唑,并在中间苯桥的侧边引入甲基增大其与叔丁基硼氧多重共振分子骨架之间的二面角来探究其对发光性质的影响。首先,通过系统地理论计算,发现随着引入甲基个数的增加,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的S1态空穴分布无变化,但是电子分布却存在着明显的区别。三个分子的电子分布依次从咔唑单元、中间苯桥和叔丁基硼氧多重共振分子骨架上的分布限域到仅在叔丁基硼氧多重共振分子骨架上分布,分子的共轭程度在逐渐减小,并且表现出多重共振分布的特点,三个分子的光色从近紫外光区蓝移至紫外光区,说明甲基的引入有效地限制了分子的共轭程度。最终,TB-PhCz、TB-MePhCz和TB-2MePhCz的掺杂OLED器件表现出非常优异的电致发光性能。其中,基于TB-MePhCz的掺杂OLED器件EQE达到了8.05%,并且具有很高的色纯度 (半峰宽为23 nm),CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.013);TB-2MePhCz则表现出最紫的发光,发光峰位为396 nm (半峰宽为20 nm),CIE坐标为 (0.169, 0.012),CIEy值逼近了0.01,这是目前文献报道的最深的紫光OLED器件,且器件的EQE达到了7.81%。

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2026年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250331
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2026-01-31
  • 录用日期:2026-02-02
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    1华南理工大学发光材料与器件全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
    2香港中文大学理工学院,广东 深圳 518172
    3香港科技大学化学系,香港 999077

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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