Article(id=1319955091759681891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954930014732947, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260004, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260004, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=1772726400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineDate=1792631417455, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631417455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631417455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631417455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954930014732947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='250315', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631378892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631378892, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260004, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955091977785700, articleId=1319955091759681891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Advances in deep-level impurities hyperdoped silicon-based infrared photodetectors via ion implantation, columnId=1279512304261776153, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Silicon-based photodetectors have established themselves as indispensable components in modern integrated optoelectronics, offering compelling advantages, including low fabrication costs and seamless compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing infrastructure. These attributes have enabled their widespread deployment across consumer electronics, data center optical interconnects, and machine vision systems. However, silicon’s fundamental physical limitation imposes a strict cutoff wavelength of approximately 1.1 μm, rendering it inherently insensitive to the technologically critical infrared communication windows centered at 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm, as well as the extended short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum beyond 2 μm. This intrinsic “bandgap bottleneck” fundamentally constrains silicon photonics from fully addressing the escalating demands of next-generation applications, including fifth-generation wireless communications, light detection and ranging for autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence-enhanced vision systems, night-vision surveillance, and environmental monitoring. Although traditional alternatives, such as germanium-based or III–V compound-semiconductor detectors, offer extended infrared response, they present significant drawbacks, including incompatibility with CMOS processes, high material costs, and integration complexity. Against this technological landscape, the emergence of deep-level impurity hyperdoping represents a promising approach to overcoming silicon’s spectral limitations while preserving its manufacturing advantages. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of this transformative materials platform, offering critical insights into the fundamental mechanisms, fabrication methodologies, material characteristics, and device performance metrics that define the current state and future trajectory of hyperdoped silicon-based infrared photodetection technology.

Methods

The fabrication of hyperdoped silicon materials fundamentally relies on two complementary technological pillars: ion implantation for supersaturated impurity incorporation and subsequent ultrafast thermal processing for lattice recrystallization and electrical activation. Ion implantation enables precise control over dopant species, concentration profiles, and penetration depths, facilitating the introduction of deep-level impurities at concentrations far exceeding equilibrium solubility limits. The choice of impurity species critically determines the optoelectronic properties of hyperdoped silicon, with two principal categories demonstrating particular promise. Chalcogen elements introduce deep-level donor states that form well-defined intermediate bands (IBs) within silicon’s bandgap, enabling sub-bandgap infrared absorption. Transition metals similarly create deep-level states, though their electronic configurations and resulting band structures differ substantially from those of chalcogen-doped systems. The ultrafast annealing step, typically implemented through either pulsed laser melting (PLM) or flash lamp annealing (FLA), enables impurity redistribution and substitutional incorporation during liquid-phase epitaxial regrowth, and suppresses thermal diffusion that would otherwise lead to impurity segregation or precipitate formation. PLM offers nanosecond-scale processing with precise spatial control and a minimal thermal budget, while FLA provides larger-area uniformity and compatibility with batch processing. Both techniques successfully preserve the supersaturated impurity concentrations essential for strong sub-bandgap absorption while restoring crystalline quality and minimizing residual implantation damage.

Results and Discussions

The IB formed by deep-level impurities fundamentally alters silicon’s optical properties, introducing sub-bandgap absorption coefficients reaching 104 cm−1 in the near-infrared and extending sensitivity well beyond 2 μm. Photodetectors fabricated from hyperdoped silicon materials have demonstrated impressive room-temperature performance. Te-hyperdoped silicon photodiodes achieve specific detectivities of 3.2 × 1012 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 1.0 μm and 9.2 × 108 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 1.55 μm, with response times of 39-42 μs. Ag-hyperdoped silicon detectors exhibit responsivities of 504 mA/W at 1310 nm and 65 mA/W at 1550 nm under −3 V bias, with external quantum efficiencies of 0.48 and 0.052 respectively, and response times of approximately 12-16 μs. Titanium-hyperdoped devices demonstrate a responsivity of 34 mA/W at 1.55 μm with a specific detectivity of 1.7 × 104 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 660 Hz. Au-hyperdoped silicon extends room-temperature photoresponse to 2.2 μm. Critically, these devices maintain full compatibility with standard CMOS fabrication processes, suggesting straightforward pathways toward monolithic integration. The working mechanism involves IB-assisted sub-bandgap absorption followed by gain generation through carrier-lifetime disparity; that is, photogenerated minority carriers are temporarily trapped by deep-level states, which extends their effective lifetime far beyond the electrode transit time and enables multiple majority-carrier injections per absorbed photon, providing the fundamental origin of high photoconductive gain. However, ion implantation-induced lattice defects lead to elevated dark current densities, and external quantum efficiency remains substantially below commercial detectors, fundamentally limiting sensitivity in photon-starved applications. The thermal stability of the IB also remains a concern, as high-temperature processing can lead to impurity precipitation and degradation of optoelectronic properties.

Conclusions

Deep-level impurity hyperdoping via ion implantation and ultrafast thermal processing has emerged as a transformative materials platform that fundamentally addresses silicon’s intrinsic bandgap limitation while preserving its manufacturing advantages. The IB formed by supersaturated chalcogen or transition metal impurities enables efficient sub-bandgap photon absorption, effectively extending silicon-based photodetector sensitivity into technologically critical infrared spectral regions. The combination of precise ion implantation with nanosecond-scale PLM or millisecond-scale FLA successfully achieves and maintains the nonequilibrium impurity concentrations essential for IB formation. To advance practical applications, future research should pursue a systematic path encompassing device architecture optimization, material system engineering, and dimensional innovation. First, device architecture optimization represents the foundational path toward performance breakthroughs. The design of CMOS-compatible lateral p-i-n photodiode arrays with ultrathin hyperdoped active layers and interdigitated electrodes can enhance carrier collection efficiency. Integration of wide-bandgap blocking layers and surface passivation coatings can effectively suppress dark current by orders of magnitude. Second, material system engineering through heterojunction integration with two-dimensional materials offers new pathways for performance enhancement. Combining hyperdoped silicon with transition-metal dichalcogenides or graphene enables band structure engineering and interfacial-field-driven carrier separation. However, lattice mismatch and interface state issues must be systematically addressed through optimized passivation strategies. Notably, recent studies demonstrate that even without hyperdoping, graphene integrated with microstructured silicon can achieve broadband infrared response through potential fluctuation engineering, highlighting alternative pathways that complement the hyperdoping approach. Third, extending hyperdoping from bulk silicon to low-dimensional nanostructures opens new frontiers for exploring quantum confinement effects. Silicon nanowires and nanomembranes offer exceptional light confinement, shortened carrier collection paths, and potential for monolithic integration with on-chip photonic circuits, though challenges in conformal doping and thermal budget management for non-planar structures remain unresolved. As these challenges are systematically addressed through coordinated experimental and theoretical efforts, deep-level impurity-hyperdoped silicon is poised to emerge as a foundational technology for next-generation infrared optoelectronics, enabling cost-effective, CMOS-compatible, room-temperature infrared detection for communications, sensing, imaging, and security applications.

, authors=Fangfang Tu1, 2, Tingting Wang1, 2, Songyuan Peng1, 2, Yijia Huang1, 2, Jianqi Zhu1, 2, Mao Wang1, 2, authorsList=Fangfang Tu, Tingting Wang, Songyuan Peng, Yijia Huang, Jianqi Zhu, Mao Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mao Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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硅基光电探测器凭借低成本、互补金属氧化物半导体 (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, CMOS)工艺兼容性及低暗电流等优势,在集成光电子领域具有重要应用价值。然而,其固有的1.12 eV带隙限制了光响应范围,导致探测截止波长仅为1.1 μm,无法覆盖红外通信窗口。近年来,基于离子注入与超快速退火技术的深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料展现出卓越的亚带隙光吸收性能,为室温硅基红外光电探测器的实现提供了新途径。本文系统综述了超掺杂硅材料的制备工艺,重点分析了硫族元素与过渡金属等深能级杂质在硅中的材料特性及其诱导的亚带隙吸收机制,并总结了基于此类材料制备的光电探测器的性能表现。最后,从二维材料异质集成、界面钝化阻挡层设计、低维超掺杂结构等角度,展望了深能级杂质超掺杂硅室温光电探测器的未来发展趋势与技术路径。

, authors=涂芳芳1, 2, 王婷婷1, 2, 彭松塬1, 2, 黄奕嘉1, 2, 祝建琦1, 2, 王茂1, 2, *, *, authorsList=涂芳芳, 王婷婷, 彭松塬, 黄奕嘉, 祝建琦, 王茂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王茂, authorNote=

作者贡献

涂芳芳:文献调研及归纳,论文初稿撰写;王婷婷、彭松塬:资料收集与整理;黄奕嘉、祝建琦:论文修改;王茂:指导论文选题、论文修改。

涂芳芳 (2003-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

王婷婷 (2003-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为宽禁带半导体材料的生长、掺杂及光电特性研究。E-mail:

彭松塬 (2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

祝建琦 (1991-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,硕士研究生导师。2018年博士毕业于中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态物理专业,2018年至今就职于四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院物理系。研究方向:新型二维半导体材料的制备、物性与应用研究。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目、四川省自然科学青年基金项目、国家重点实验开放课题等多项重要科研项目。在国际知名期刊如 Nature Communications、JACS、Nature Materials、Nature Electronics、Advanced Materials等国际期刊合作发表论文30 余篇,总引用超过3000 余次。其中以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表的论文十余篇,包括高水平期刊 Nature Communications与JACS发表的论文均入选 SCI 高被引论文。E-mail:

王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王茂,
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王婷婷 (2003-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为宽禁带半导体材料的生长、掺杂及光电特性研究。E-mail:

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彭松塬 (2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

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彭松塬 (2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

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2四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院,四川 成都 610101, bio={"img":"yEA7MM67erYb+jmLVbZRmg==","content":"

黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=yEA7MM67erYb+jmLVbZRmg==, bioContent=

黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

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祝建琦 (1991-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,硕士研究生导师。2018年博士毕业于中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态物理专业,2018年至今就职于四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院物理系。研究方向:新型二维半导体材料的制备、物性与应用研究。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目、四川省自然科学青年基金项目、国家重点实验开放课题等多项重要科研项目。在国际知名期刊如 Nature Communications、JACS、Nature Materials、Nature Electronics、Advanced Materials等国际期刊合作发表论文30 余篇,总引用超过3000 余次。其中以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表的论文十余篇,包括高水平期刊 Nature Communications与JACS发表的论文均入选 SCI 高被引论文。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=9p7qbzabFTDkd5RbKAjDbg==, bioContent=

祝建琦 (1991-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,硕士研究生导师。2018年博士毕业于中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态物理专业,2018年至今就职于四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院物理系。研究方向:新型二维半导体材料的制备、物性与应用研究。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目、四川省自然科学青年基金项目、国家重点实验开放课题等多项重要科研项目。在国际知名期刊如 Nature Communications、JACS、Nature Materials、Nature Electronics、Advanced Materials等国际期刊合作发表论文30 余篇,总引用超过3000 余次。其中以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表的论文十余篇,包括高水平期刊 Nature Communications与JACS发表的论文均入选 SCI 高被引论文。E-mail:

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2College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955102924919229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, authorId=1319955102761341369, language=CN, stringName=王茂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, *, address=1微纳光电子材料与器件四川省教育厅高校重点实验室,四川师范大学,四川 成都 610101
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王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

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王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

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(a, b) SEM images of surface morphologies of Au-doped black silicon samples prepared under different laser powers[43]; (c-e) TEM and HRTEM images of Si:Ag samples prepared by femtosecond laser after annealing at 950 ℃[44], figureFileSmall=VC6Wj3Bv1qR79ZL7LknOgA==, figureFileBig=9jZeFXtybH7or8dfpoc+wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955104468423117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图1, caption=脉冲激光处理后的材料结构与形貌表征。 (a, b) 不同激光功率下制备的Au掺杂黑硅样品的表面形貌SEM图像[43]; (c-e)飞秒激光制备的Si:Ag样品经950 ℃退火后的TEM和HRTEM图像[44], figureFileSmall=VC6Wj3Bv1qR79ZL7LknOgA==, figureFileBig=9jZeFXtybH7or8dfpoc+wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955104741052878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Solid solubility and diffusion characteristics of impurities in silicon. (a) Solid solubility limits of impurities in silicon[17]; (b) Diffusion coefficients of impurities in silicon[20], figureFileSmall=jyOxbH3PH2ugpTJvoqgh5A==, figureFileBig=zJCGoKTalLMn1AfrFJIFXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955104837521871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图2, caption=硅中杂质的固溶度与扩散特性。(a)杂质在硅中的固体溶解度[17]; (b)杂质在硅中的扩散速度[20], figureFileSmall=jyOxbH3PH2ugpTJvoqgh5A==, figureFileBig=zJCGoKTalLMn1AfrFJIFXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955104917213648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Femtosecond FLA process and diffusion behavior under different annealing conditions. (a) Schematic diagram of a femtosecond FLA setup for semiconductor wafer processing[53]; (b) Variation of diffusion length with annealing time under different annealing processes[52], figureFileSmall=gYBc/VaSzf+GqC2U7YiYTA==, figureFileBig=c1lHRY9ITFbUQM85wq7cVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955104988516817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图3, caption=飞秒FLA工艺及不同退火条件下的扩散行为。(a)用于半导体晶圆加工的飞秒FLA装置示意图[53]; (b)不同退火工艺下扩散长度随退火时间的变化[52], figureFileSmall=gYBc/VaSzf+GqC2U7YiYTA==, figureFileBig=c1lHRY9ITFbUQM85wq7cVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955105059819986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of sub-bandgap carrier excitation in silicon[65], figureFileSmall=q7U7hZBG9TwCSgZa/jo7dw==, figureFileBig=NwnW+e4475p7tx21CLANrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955105139511763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图4, caption=硅的亚带隙载流子激发原理图[65], figureFileSmall=q7U7hZBG9TwCSgZa/jo7dw==, figureFileBig=NwnW+e4475p7tx21CLANrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955105219203540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Energy level scheme of non-metallic element-doped Si[90-91], figureFileSmall=CqaOWcppYNwaGI5yrjg1Ag==, figureFileBig=UgIqLcuF/5MFL0uOGQeBLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955105298895317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图5, caption=非金属元素掺杂Si的能级方案[90-91], figureFileSmall=CqaOWcppYNwaGI5yrjg1Ag==, figureFileBig=UgIqLcuF/5MFL0uOGQeBLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955105370198486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sub-bandgap optical absorption characteristics of chalcogen (Se and Te) hyperdoped silicon. (a) Absorption spectrum of Se-hyperdoped Si[51]; (b) Absorption spectrum of Te-hyperdoped Si[77], figureFileSmall=QpsPFwC6GFpa7TV7MUssTA==, figureFileBig=7X5LrjLduNLptnhuZbyYUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107018559959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图6, caption=硫族元素 (Se、Te) 超掺杂硅的亚带隙光吸收特性。(a) Se超掺杂硅吸收光谱[51];(b) Te超掺杂硅吸收光谱[77], figureFileSmall=QpsPFwC6GFpa7TV7MUssTA==, figureFileBig=7X5LrjLduNLptnhuZbyYUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107102446040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Energy level scheme of metal element-doped silicon[90-91], figureFileSmall=IiQvia00vEm/FNfvsfgMSA==, figureFileBig=wC1QA+cboz4CXwbTic7YpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107161166297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图7, caption=金属元素掺杂硅的能级方案[90-91], figureFileSmall=IiQvia00vEm/FNfvsfgMSA==, figureFileBig=wC1QA+cboz4CXwbTic7YpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107224080858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sub-bandgap optical absorption characteristics of metal (Ag and Au) hyperdoped silicon. (a) Absorption spectrum of Ag-hyperdoped Si[44]; (b) Absorption spectrum of Au-hyperdoped Si[81], figureFileSmall=XIHKCY79Gp/MVrRvMmE0qw==, figureFileBig=lwg0Roh3mIEK169WEbR1EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107295384027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图8, caption=金属元素(Ag、Au)超掺杂硅的亚带隙光吸收特性。(a) Ag超掺杂硅吸收光谱[44];(b) Au超掺杂硅吸收光谱[81], figureFileSmall=XIHKCY79Gp/MVrRvMmE0qw==, figureFileBig=lwg0Roh3mIEK169WEbR1EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107400241628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic diagram of the working mechanism of the Si:Ag photodetector[22]. (a) Schematic illustration of the device structure and photogenerated carrier generation and transport; (b) Schematic diagram of the electrontrap-induced high gain mechanism;(c) Carrier transport and recombination behavior under different wavelengths, figureFileSmall=6UTa39ZjwG5xir89XMQelA==, figureFileBig=u1+ruicalcWsPNAA0ulPLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107517682141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Si:Ag光电探测器工作机制示意图[22]。(a)器件结构及光生载流子产生与传输示意图;(b)电子陷阱诱导的高增益机制示意图;(c)不同波长下载流子输运与复合行为, figureFileSmall=6UTa39ZjwG5xir89XMQelA==, figureFileBig=u1+ruicalcWsPNAA0ulPLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107609956830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Performance characterization of silicon photodetectors via doping modification. (a-c) Chalcogen (S[102], Se[102,110], Te[77]) hyperdoping; (d-f) Metal (Ti[50]、Au[81]、Ag[44]) hyperdoping, figureFileSmall=XoOzLU4h03Ydz7nm72aXEw==, figureFileBig=dCqrPLxncWQyuEPz805OBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107689648607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图10, caption=硅基光电探测器的掺杂改性及性能表征。 (a-c) 硫族元素 (S[102]、Se[102,110]、Te[77])超掺杂; (d-f) 金属元素 (Ti[50]、Au[81]、Ag[44])超掺杂, figureFileSmall=XoOzLU4h03Ydz7nm72aXEw==, figureFileBig=dCqrPLxncWQyuEPz805OBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107765146080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Detection performance and dynamic response characteristics of hyperdoped silicon (Te, Ag, and Ti) photodetectors. (a, b) Specific detectivity and noise equivalent power, and transient photoresponse of the Si:Te photodetector[104]; (c, d) Specific detectivity and noise equivalent power, and response time characteristics of the Si:Ag photodetector[44]; (e) Specific detectivity of the Si:Ti photodetector[50], figureFileSmall=KHCLShC0jeYHRs8zVA0Kkg==, figureFileBig=mjPfJi4VBDg4A8zVxU2FyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107844837857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图11, caption=超掺杂硅(Te、Ag、Ti)光电探测器的探测性能与动态响应特性。(a, b) Si:Te光电探测器的比探测率与噪声等效功率、瞬态光响应[104];(c, d) Si:Ag光电探测器的比探测率与噪声等效功率、响应时间特性[44];(e) Si:Ti光电探测器的比探测率[50], figureFileSmall=KHCLShC0jeYHRs8zVA0Kkg==, figureFileBig=mjPfJi4VBDg4A8zVxU2FyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107911946722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Heterojunction detector structure and carrier transport process based on hyperdoped silicon. (a) Schematic structure of the graphene/Si:Te heterojunction device[128]; (b) Schematic illustration of the photoconversion and carrier transport processes in the WS2 (or MoS2)/Si (Te, Au) heterojunction, figureFileSmall=LuxCYMpFxMG6ISzbjMvWxQ==, figureFileBig=Oln+vW2WC1hATQ4pZw3kYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955107979055587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=图12, caption=基于超掺杂硅的异质结探测器结构与载流子输运过程。(a) 石墨烯与Si:Te异质结探测器结构示意图[128];(b) WS2 (或MoS2)与Si (Te, Au)异质结的光电转换与载流子输运过程示意图, figureFileSmall=LuxCYMpFxMG6ISzbjMvWxQ==, figureFileBig=Oln+vW2WC1hATQ4pZw3kYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955108058747364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of various methods for attempting to broaden the spectral response of silicon-based devices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点缺点
a) 异质结 (Si-III-V 和 Si-Ge)光吸收系数高工艺复杂,影响CMOS兼容性
b) 离子轰击 (Si+, Ar+ 离子, 质子,中子)在不产生热激发载流子的情况下具有光学活性亚带隙吸收系数极低
c) 掺杂浅能级杂质 (B, Al, Ga, P, As, 或Sb)宽波段甚至远红外光响应只能在低温下工作、光生载流子的产率低
), ArticleFig(id=1319955108134244837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多种用于尝试拓宽硅基光谱响应方法的优缺点总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点缺点
a) 异质结 (Si-III-V 和 Si-Ge)光吸收系数高工艺复杂,影响CMOS兼容性
b) 离子轰击 (Si+, Ar+ 离子, 质子,中子)在不产生热激发载流子的情况下具有光学活性亚带隙吸收系数极低
c) 掺杂浅能级杂质 (B, Al, Ga, P, As, 或Sb)宽波段甚至远红外光响应只能在低温下工作、光生载流子的产率低
), ArticleFig(id=1319955108209742310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Status of absorption characteristics in deep-level hyperdoped silicon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素掺杂类型吸收光谱范围吸收率/%> 1100 nm吸收系数/(cm−1)> 1100 nm
S [66-72]n400~2500 nm0~60104
Se[59, 73-74]n400~2500 nm10~30/
Se[51]n0.04~0.86 eV0~25104
Te[75-76]n250~2500 nm10~30/
Te[77-78]n0.05~0.875 eV25~55104~105
Au[79]p0.05~2 eV/104~105
Au[49, 69, 80-81]p1100~1800 nm0~15/
Ag[22]p325~1800 nm15~70/
Ti[82]p0.05~1 eV0~20/
Ti[83-85]p1100~2500 nm23~26103~104
Co[12]p0.05~1.4 eV0~20/
Mg[86]p1.1~6.2 μm3~25/
), ArticleFig(id=1319955108289434087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料的吸收特性研究现状总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素掺杂类型吸收光谱范围吸收率/%> 1100 nm吸收系数/(cm−1)> 1100 nm
S [66-72]n400~2500 nm0~60104
Se[59, 73-74]n400~2500 nm10~30/
Se[51]n0.04~0.86 eV0~25104
Te[75-76]n250~2500 nm10~30/
Te[77-78]n0.05~0.875 eV25~55104~105
Au[79]p0.05~2 eV/104~105
Au[49, 69, 80-81]p1100~1800 nm0~15/
Ag[22]p325~1800 nm15~70/
Ti[82]p0.05~1 eV0~20/
Ti[83-85]p1100~2500 nm23~26103~104
Co[12]p0.05~1.4 eV0~20/
Mg[86]p1.1~6.2 μm3~25/
), ArticleFig(id=1319955108381708776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Summary of room-temperature performance of silicon-based infrared photodetectors primarily utilizing deep-level impurities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测器器件结构 (工作模式)光谱范围/µm响应度R/(mA/W) (λ/µm; bias/V)EQE (λ/µm; bias/V)响应时间/µs
Si:S[67]PIN-光伏模式0.8~20.53 (1.06; 0)//
Si:S[72]Schottky0.75~2.52.12 (1.04;−10)//
Si:S[102]PN-光电导模式0.7~1.25/0.5 (1.16;−8)/
Si:S[103]B中间能带 (阻挡杂质带)0.45~2107.3 (1.31;−1.5)0.102 (1.31;−1.5)46/135
Si:Se[75]PN-光电导模式0.85~1.67.5 × 10−2 (1.5;−1)6 × 10−5 (1.5;−1)7 × 10−3/0.23
Si:Te[104]PN-光伏模式1.2~3.70.75 (1.55; 0)6×10−4 (1.55; 0)39/42
Si:Au[81]PN-光电导模式1.1~2.30.296 (1.31;−5)2.8×10−4 (1.31;−5)
9.3×10−5 (1.55;−5)
/
Si:Au[105]Schottky0.6~1.24250.4942522/74
Si:Ag[22]PN-光电导模式1~1.6504 (1.31;−3)65 (1.55;−3)0.48 (1.31;−3)
0.05 (1.55;−3)
179
Si:Ti[50]PN-光伏模式1.1~2.534 (1.55; 0)2.7 × 10−2 (1.55; 0)/
Si:Er/O[106]PN-光伏模式1.5~1.62100 (1.55; 0)0.08 (1.55; 0)12
Si:Yb[107]PN-光伏模式1.1~20.12 (1.55; 0)1.13×10−4 (1.55; 0)/
Si:Ce[107]PN-光伏模式1.1~20.6 (1.55; 0)5.68×10−4 (1.55; 0)/
), ArticleFig(id=1319955108461400553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955091759681891, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主要利用深能级杂质的硅基红外光电探测器在室温下的性能研究总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测器器件结构 (工作模式)光谱范围/µm响应度R/(mA/W) (λ/µm; bias/V)EQE (λ/µm; bias/V)响应时间/µs
Si:S[67]PIN-光伏模式0.8~20.53 (1.06; 0)//
Si:S[72]Schottky0.75~2.52.12 (1.04;−10)//
Si:S[102]PN-光电导模式0.7~1.25/0.5 (1.16;−8)/
Si:S[103]B中间能带 (阻挡杂质带)0.45~2107.3 (1.31;−1.5)0.102 (1.31;−1.5)46/135
Si:Se[75]PN-光电导模式0.85~1.67.5 × 10−2 (1.5;−1)6 × 10−5 (1.5;−1)7 × 10−3/0.23
Si:Te[104]PN-光伏模式1.2~3.70.75 (1.55; 0)6×10−4 (1.55; 0)39/42
Si:Au[81]PN-光电导模式1.1~2.30.296 (1.31;−5)2.8×10−4 (1.31;−5)
9.3×10−5 (1.55;−5)
/
Si:Au[105]Schottky0.6~1.24250.4942522/74
Si:Ag[22]PN-光电导模式1~1.6504 (1.31;−3)65 (1.55;−3)0.48 (1.31;−3)
0.05 (1.55;−3)
179
Si:Ti[50]PN-光伏模式1.1~2.534 (1.55; 0)2.7 × 10−2 (1.55; 0)/
Si:Er/O[106]PN-光伏模式1.5~1.62100 (1.55; 0)0.08 (1.55; 0)12
Si:Yb[107]PN-光伏模式1.1~20.12 (1.55; 0)1.13×10−4 (1.55; 0)/
Si:Ce[107]PN-光伏模式1.1~20.6 (1.55; 0)5.68×10−4 (1.55; 0)/
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基于离子注入的深能级杂质超掺杂硅基红外光电探测器研究进展
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涂芳芳 1, 2 , 王婷婷 1, 2 , 彭松塬 1, 2 , 黄奕嘉 1, 2 , 祝建琦 1, 2 , 王茂 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 综述 2026,53(6): 260004-1
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光电工程 |综述 2026 , 53 (6) : 260004 -1
基于离子注入的深能级杂质超掺杂硅基红外光电探测器研究进展
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黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

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黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

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祝建琦 (1991-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,硕士研究生导师。2018年博士毕业于中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态物理专业,2018年至今就职于四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院物理系。研究方向:新型二维半导体材料的制备、物性与应用研究。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目、四川省自然科学青年基金项目、国家重点实验开放课题等多项重要科研项目。在国际知名期刊如 Nature Communications、JACS、Nature Materials、Nature Electronics、Advanced Materials等国际期刊合作发表论文30 余篇,总引用超过3000 余次。其中以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表的论文十余篇,包括高水平期刊 Nature Communications与JACS发表的论文均入选 SCI 高被引论文。E-mail:

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王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

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王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

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涂芳芳1, 2 , 王婷婷1, 2 , 彭松塬1, 2 , 黄奕嘉1, 2 , 祝建琦1, 2 , 王茂1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1微纳光电子材料与器件四川省教育厅高校重点实验室,四川师范大学,四川 成都 610101
  • 2四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院,四川 成都 610101
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

涂芳芳:文献调研及归纳,论文初稿撰写;王婷婷、彭松塬:资料收集与整理;黄奕嘉、祝建琦:论文修改;王茂:指导论文选题、论文修改。

涂芳芳 (2003-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

王婷婷 (2003-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为宽禁带半导体材料的生长、掺杂及光电特性研究。E-mail:

彭松塬 (2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于超掺杂半导体材料的红外光电子器件研究。E-mail:

黄奕嘉 (1993-),男,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士生导师。中国科协“青年人才托举工程”、四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年科技人才项目获得者。研究方向:微纳光学、亚波长电磁学以及新型超构表面器件。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目以及四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上科研项目4项。以第一/通讯作者在 Opto-Electronic Advances、Advanced Science等国际期刊发表论文二十余篇。担任 Nature Communications、Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy以及Advanced Optical Materials等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:

祝建琦 (1991-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,硕士研究生导师。2018年博士毕业于中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态物理专业,2018年至今就职于四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院物理系。研究方向:新型二维半导体材料的制备、物性与应用研究。主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目、四川省自然科学青年基金项目、国家重点实验开放课题等多项重要科研项目。在国际知名期刊如 Nature Communications、JACS、Nature Materials、Nature Electronics、Advanced Materials等国际期刊合作发表论文30 余篇,总引用超过3000 余次。其中以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表的论文十余篇,包括高水平期刊 Nature Communications与JACS发表的论文均入选 SCI 高被引论文。E-mail:

王茂 (1990-),女,博士,四川师范大学副研究员,博士研究生导师。四川省“天府峨眉计划”青年人才项目、成都市重大人才项目“蓉漂计划”创新青年人才项目获得者。2019年博士毕业于德国德累斯顿工业大学物理学专业,2019-2021任德国亥姆霍兹德累斯顿罗森多夫研究中心助理研究员。研究方向:半导体材料的掺杂及物性调控、硅/锗基红外光电子器件以及宽禁带半导体的光电特性研究。主持德国科学基金会 (DFG)研究项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、四川省自然科学基金项等省部级及以上等科研项目。以第一/通讯作者在Acta Materialia、Physical Review B、‌Physical Review Applied、Advanced Optical Materials‌等期刊发表学术论文20余篇。获国际离子束与材料改性学会 (International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials) 2024 IBMM prize。E-mail:

Advances in deep-level impurities hyperdoped silicon-based infrared photodetectors via ion implantation
Fangfang Tu1, 2 , Tingting Wang1, 2 , Songyuan Peng1, 2 , Yijia Huang1, 2 , Jianqi Zhu1, 2 , Mao Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices at Sichuan Normal University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, China
  • 2College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260004
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硅基光电探测器凭借低成本、互补金属氧化物半导体 (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, CMOS)工艺兼容性及低暗电流等优势,在集成光电子领域具有重要应用价值。然而,其固有的1.12 eV带隙限制了光响应范围,导致探测截止波长仅为1.1 μm,无法覆盖红外通信窗口。近年来,基于离子注入与超快速退火技术的深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料展现出卓越的亚带隙光吸收性能,为室温硅基红外光电探测器的实现提供了新途径。本文系统综述了超掺杂硅材料的制备工艺,重点分析了硫族元素与过渡金属等深能级杂质在硅中的材料特性及其诱导的亚带隙吸收机制,并总结了基于此类材料制备的光电探测器的性能表现。最后,从二维材料异质集成、界面钝化阻挡层设计、低维超掺杂结构等角度,展望了深能级杂质超掺杂硅室温光电探测器的未来发展趋势与技术路径。

超掺杂  /  深能级杂质  /  中间能带  /  离子注入  /  超快速退火  /  红外光电探测器  /  硅
Objective

Silicon-based photodetectors have established themselves as indispensable components in modern integrated optoelectronics, offering compelling advantages, including low fabrication costs and seamless compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing infrastructure. These attributes have enabled their widespread deployment across consumer electronics, data center optical interconnects, and machine vision systems. However, silicon’s fundamental physical limitation imposes a strict cutoff wavelength of approximately 1.1 μm, rendering it inherently insensitive to the technologically critical infrared communication windows centered at 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm, as well as the extended short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum beyond 2 μm. This intrinsic “bandgap bottleneck” fundamentally constrains silicon photonics from fully addressing the escalating demands of next-generation applications, including fifth-generation wireless communications, light detection and ranging for autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence-enhanced vision systems, night-vision surveillance, and environmental monitoring. Although traditional alternatives, such as germanium-based or III–V compound-semiconductor detectors, offer extended infrared response, they present significant drawbacks, including incompatibility with CMOS processes, high material costs, and integration complexity. Against this technological landscape, the emergence of deep-level impurity hyperdoping represents a promising approach to overcoming silicon’s spectral limitations while preserving its manufacturing advantages. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of this transformative materials platform, offering critical insights into the fundamental mechanisms, fabrication methodologies, material characteristics, and device performance metrics that define the current state and future trajectory of hyperdoped silicon-based infrared photodetection technology.

Methods

The fabrication of hyperdoped silicon materials fundamentally relies on two complementary technological pillars: ion implantation for supersaturated impurity incorporation and subsequent ultrafast thermal processing for lattice recrystallization and electrical activation. Ion implantation enables precise control over dopant species, concentration profiles, and penetration depths, facilitating the introduction of deep-level impurities at concentrations far exceeding equilibrium solubility limits. The choice of impurity species critically determines the optoelectronic properties of hyperdoped silicon, with two principal categories demonstrating particular promise. Chalcogen elements introduce deep-level donor states that form well-defined intermediate bands (IBs) within silicon’s bandgap, enabling sub-bandgap infrared absorption. Transition metals similarly create deep-level states, though their electronic configurations and resulting band structures differ substantially from those of chalcogen-doped systems. The ultrafast annealing step, typically implemented through either pulsed laser melting (PLM) or flash lamp annealing (FLA), enables impurity redistribution and substitutional incorporation during liquid-phase epitaxial regrowth, and suppresses thermal diffusion that would otherwise lead to impurity segregation or precipitate formation. PLM offers nanosecond-scale processing with precise spatial control and a minimal thermal budget, while FLA provides larger-area uniformity and compatibility with batch processing. Both techniques successfully preserve the supersaturated impurity concentrations essential for strong sub-bandgap absorption while restoring crystalline quality and minimizing residual implantation damage.

Results and Discussions

The IB formed by deep-level impurities fundamentally alters silicon’s optical properties, introducing sub-bandgap absorption coefficients reaching 104 cm−1 in the near-infrared and extending sensitivity well beyond 2 μm. Photodetectors fabricated from hyperdoped silicon materials have demonstrated impressive room-temperature performance. Te-hyperdoped silicon photodiodes achieve specific detectivities of 3.2 × 1012 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 1.0 μm and 9.2 × 108 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 1.55 μm, with response times of 39-42 μs. Ag-hyperdoped silicon detectors exhibit responsivities of 504 mA/W at 1310 nm and 65 mA/W at 1550 nm under −3 V bias, with external quantum efficiencies of 0.48 and 0.052 respectively, and response times of approximately 12-16 μs. Titanium-hyperdoped devices demonstrate a responsivity of 34 mA/W at 1.55 μm with a specific detectivity of 1.7 × 104 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 at 660 Hz. Au-hyperdoped silicon extends room-temperature photoresponse to 2.2 μm. Critically, these devices maintain full compatibility with standard CMOS fabrication processes, suggesting straightforward pathways toward monolithic integration. The working mechanism involves IB-assisted sub-bandgap absorption followed by gain generation through carrier-lifetime disparity; that is, photogenerated minority carriers are temporarily trapped by deep-level states, which extends their effective lifetime far beyond the electrode transit time and enables multiple majority-carrier injections per absorbed photon, providing the fundamental origin of high photoconductive gain. However, ion implantation-induced lattice defects lead to elevated dark current densities, and external quantum efficiency remains substantially below commercial detectors, fundamentally limiting sensitivity in photon-starved applications. The thermal stability of the IB also remains a concern, as high-temperature processing can lead to impurity precipitation and degradation of optoelectronic properties.

Conclusions

Deep-level impurity hyperdoping via ion implantation and ultrafast thermal processing has emerged as a transformative materials platform that fundamentally addresses silicon’s intrinsic bandgap limitation while preserving its manufacturing advantages. The IB formed by supersaturated chalcogen or transition metal impurities enables efficient sub-bandgap photon absorption, effectively extending silicon-based photodetector sensitivity into technologically critical infrared spectral regions. The combination of precise ion implantation with nanosecond-scale PLM or millisecond-scale FLA successfully achieves and maintains the nonequilibrium impurity concentrations essential for IB formation. To advance practical applications, future research should pursue a systematic path encompassing device architecture optimization, material system engineering, and dimensional innovation. First, device architecture optimization represents the foundational path toward performance breakthroughs. The design of CMOS-compatible lateral p-i-n photodiode arrays with ultrathin hyperdoped active layers and interdigitated electrodes can enhance carrier collection efficiency. Integration of wide-bandgap blocking layers and surface passivation coatings can effectively suppress dark current by orders of magnitude. Second, material system engineering through heterojunction integration with two-dimensional materials offers new pathways for performance enhancement. Combining hyperdoped silicon with transition-metal dichalcogenides or graphene enables band structure engineering and interfacial-field-driven carrier separation. However, lattice mismatch and interface state issues must be systematically addressed through optimized passivation strategies. Notably, recent studies demonstrate that even without hyperdoping, graphene integrated with microstructured silicon can achieve broadband infrared response through potential fluctuation engineering, highlighting alternative pathways that complement the hyperdoping approach. Third, extending hyperdoping from bulk silicon to low-dimensional nanostructures opens new frontiers for exploring quantum confinement effects. Silicon nanowires and nanomembranes offer exceptional light confinement, shortened carrier collection paths, and potential for monolithic integration with on-chip photonic circuits, though challenges in conformal doping and thermal budget management for non-planar structures remain unresolved. As these challenges are systematically addressed through coordinated experimental and theoretical efforts, deep-level impurity-hyperdoped silicon is poised to emerge as a foundational technology for next-generation infrared optoelectronics, enabling cost-effective, CMOS-compatible, room-temperature infrared detection for communications, sensing, imaging, and security applications.

hyperdoping  /  deep-level impurities  /  intermediate band  /  ion implantation  /  ultrafast annealing  /  infrared photodetector  /  silicon
涂芳芳, 王婷婷, 彭松塬, 黄奕嘉, 祝建琦, 王茂. 基于离子注入的深能级杂质超掺杂硅基红外光电探测器研究进展. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (6) : 260004 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260004
Fangfang Tu, Tingting Wang, Songyuan Peng, Yijia Huang, Jianqi Zhu, Mao Wang. Advances in deep-level impurities hyperdoped silicon-based infrared photodetectors via ion implantation[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (6) : 260004 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260004
过去几十年,硅基光电子学因成本低、器件尺寸小、集成度高,成为集成光学与电子学功能的主流技术,受到广泛关注[1]。在硅光子芯片中,光电探测器负责将光信号转换为电信号,其性能直接决定芯片的整体表现。该探测器必须能够探测能量低于硅带隙 (1.12 eV,对应1.1 µm波长)的光子,这类光子可在芯片中低损耗传输。因此,硅基光电子器件中的光电探测器通常需满足以下要求: 1) 能探测1.1 µm以上的红外光,覆盖1.3 µm和1.5 µm通信波段,并延伸至短波红外 (short-wave infrared,SWIR,约3 µm及以上)范围; 2) 能在室温下工作,具备红外光电探测能力; 3) 在SWIR波段具备高探测灵敏度,可在如光学通信、安全监控、物体检查、天文观测和单光子成像等应用中实现微弱信号的探测; 4) 能与工业界现有的硅技术工艺相结合,并具备与互补金属氧化物半导体 (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, CMOS)兼容的性质。目前,能同时满足上述四点要求的光电探测器,其研制已成为推动微电子与信息技术产业发展的关键。微电子产业作为支撑经济社会发展和保障国家安全的战略性、基础性、先导性产业,其重要性不言而喻。
与III-V族化合物 (如锑化铟(InSb))或碲镉汞(HgCdTe)红外探测器相比,硅基探测器凭借单片集成优势,成为该领域最具吸引力的候选方案。同时硅基红外光电探测器可以满足成本效益和环境友好的需求,并使单芯片上 (on-chip) CMOS兼容的光电子学系统得到有效的发展[2-4]。然而,由于硅具有1.12 eV的间接带隙,其光响应被限制在可见光 (visible light, VIS)和近红外 (near-infrared, NIR)光谱范围。这一缺点从根本上构成了设计宽波段室温红外硅基器件的挑战,极大地限制了其在通信[5]、光谱学[6]及集成光电子学[7]等领域的红外探测应用。另一方面,硅基热探测器,例如热电堆探测器或辐射热测量计,皆具有独立于波长的光谱响应[3]。然而,它们的带宽通常小于100 Hz,而光电子学应用中所需要的带宽为MHz至GHz[3]。因此将硅的光学响应扩展到SWIR甚至中红外 (mid-infrared, MIR)光谱范围是一个非常有趣且必要的研究内容。
几十年来,研究人员基于不同的物理机制致力于扩展硅材料的红外响应,主要包括双光子吸收、内光电效应吸收、表面缺陷态吸收和中间能带 (intermediate band, IB)吸收。双光子吸收利用非线性光学效应使两个亚带隙光子协同激发电子,但需要高功率脉冲激光,难以实用化。内光电效应基于金属-半导体界面的热电子注入机制,但受限于肖特基势垒高度。表面缺陷态虽能在室温下吸收红外光,但缺陷分布难以精确控制,且载流子复合严重。在材料异质集成方面,Si-III-V和Si-Ge异质结具有提高载流子迁移率和重构能带带隙的优点,可用于优化光学集成电路[3],但其制造过程会损害CMOS的兼容性[8-9]。离子束技术可在硅中精确引入中间能态缺陷或杂质,调控其分布与浓度以形成中间能带,将硅的探测波段拓展至SWIR。此外,离子束技术因其微纳尺度上的可控性和CMOS工艺兼容性等优势,有望推动硅基红外光电探测器在自动驾驶激光雷达 (light detection and ranging, LiDAR)、片上光谱仪等领域的实际应用。
离子轰击工艺简单可控,通过调节离子种类 (Si+、Ar+、质子或中子)、能量与剂量,可精准调控硅中缺陷态的密度与分布,从而改变其固有能带结构并产生中间带隙状态,将硅材料在室温下的红外吸收扩展至更长波段[8-10]。同时,离子束轰击引入的晶格缺陷可以诱导缺陷介导的非本征载流子,这些载流子不依赖于热激发,从而显著提高光激发载流子与热激发载流子的比率。这一特性有助于降低探测器的暗电流,提升器件在室温下的性能。此外,该技术与现有CMOS工艺高度兼容,便于大规模集成,有利于硅基红外探测器的产业化。但离子束轰击制备的硅材料亚带隙吸收系数较低 (仅0.5~50 cm−1)[8,11],光吸收效率受限,致使探测器响应度与量子效率偏低。为拓展硅的光谱响应,引入高浓度杂质形成中间能带是有效策略之一。传统III族或V族杂质 (B、Al、Ga、P、As、Sb)在硅中固溶度高 (> 1019 cm−3),可实现远红外波段的宽谱响应。但这些浅能级杂质离化能低 (仅几十meV),室温下光生载流子与热生载流子比例小[12-13],因此基于浅能级杂质的硅探测器只能在40 K以下低温工作[3,14-15]。以上多种用于尝试拓宽硅基光谱响应方法的优缺点总结见表1。
近年来,硫族元素 (S, Se, Te)和过渡金属元素 (Au, Ag, Ti, Co)超掺杂硅因强室温亚带隙光吸收特性备受关注[1-4,8-11,13,16],哈佛大学、麻省理工大学、中国科学院半导体研究所及浙江大学的研究团队利用这些离化能约为百meV的深能级杂质显著提升了硅基SWIR探测器的工作温度。该技术通过超高浓度掺入深能级杂质,在硅带隙中形成中间能带,显著增强其对亚带隙光子的吸收,使得制备全硅基、室温工作的宽谱红外光电探测器成为可能。目前,该技术面临两大挑战:一是杂质溶解度极限 (~ 1016 cm−3)远低于形成能带所需的临界浓度 (> 1018 cm−3) [17-18];二是杂质扩散系数大,热退火易导致分布不均[19-20]。飞秒激光掺杂与离子注入均可突破溶解度限制实现超掺杂。其中,离子注入结合纳秒级脉冲激光退火或毫秒级闪光灯退火,能有效抑制退火过程中的杂质扩散,为晶圆级硅基红外探测器制造提供新路径。基于上述离子注入和超快速退火技术,深能级杂质超掺杂硅研究近年来取得了重要进展。例如,Simmons等[12]通过硼 (B)-硫 (S)共掺杂调控费米能级位置,将1550 nm红外光响应 (ΔR/Ravg)提高了约3个数量级;García-Hemme等[21]将钛 (Ti)超掺杂硅,在室温条件下实现延伸至2.5 μm波段的亚带隙外量子效率;Qiu等[22]则基于银 (Ag)超掺杂硅,成功研制出高性能、低成本且可集成的可见光盲SWIR探测器。这些成果充分展示了超掺杂硅在宽谱光电探测领域的巨大潜力。然而,该技术走向实用化仍面临核心挑战。研究表明,超掺杂材料的热稳定性不足,高温退火可能会导致其中间能带特性退化[23]。同时,其发光特性存在一个关键浓度阈值 (约1020 cm−3),超过此阈值后,缺陷带与导带重叠将导致所有发光淬灭[24]。这些问题直接关系到器件的长期可靠性、工艺兼容性与性能极限。
尽管深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料展现出巨大潜力,但其研究仍处于快速发展阶段,在杂质选择、掺杂工艺优化、光电转换机理、器件性能提升等方面尚缺乏系统性的梳理与前瞻性分析。为此,本文聚焦于离子注入制备的深能级杂质超掺杂硅基红外光电探测器,系统综述其最新研究进展。首先,详细阐述离子注入结合超快热处理技术的制备方法与工艺原理;其次,分类讨论常用深能级杂质 (硫族元素与过渡金属)在硅中的能级特性、掺杂对材料光学与电学性能的调控规律;进而,总结基于此类材料构建的肖特基结、p-i-n结等探测器的器件性能,分析其响应度、探测率、响应速度等关键指标;最后,从新型器件结构设计、与二维材料等异质集成,以及低维纳米线/薄膜超掺杂等前沿方向,展望该领域未来的发展趋势与技术挑战。本文旨在为发展高性能、高集成度、低成本的室温硅基红外光电探测器提供系统的知识参考与技术指引,推动硅光技术在更宽广光谱范围内的应用。
飞秒脉冲激光掺杂是一种高效的表面修饰技术,能在快速非平衡过程中同步实现超掺杂与光捕获结构的构建[25]。该过程的物理机制,如载流子激发、晶格热化及表面形貌演化,可通过双温模型 (two-temperature model,TTM)等理论框架进行描述[26]。该方法可在硅表面快速引入远超固溶度极限的杂质,形成中间能带并构建光捕获结构,实现宽谱吸收。该技术优势在于脉冲时间极短,热量来不及向基体扩散,加工高度局域化,可实现高精度处理且无额外热效应[27-29],成功制备出具有强宽带红外吸收特性的光电材料。郑泽宇等[30]的工作正是该技术的典型应用,他们在高浓度S气氛中,利用800 nm、100 fs飞秒激光对硅片背面进行辐照,不仅形成了具有光陷效应的黑硅微结构,更通过非平衡掺杂过程将S过饱和地引入硅晶格,形成深能级中间带,从而显著增强器件在NIR波段的光吸收与光电转换效率,最终实现了940 nm波长处0.55 A/W的光响应度及0.8的外量子效率。但掺杂过程中的强光-物质相互作用会产生压力波,引发硅相变,导致超掺杂层结晶度下降,片电阻升高、载流子迁移率降低、复合中心增多[31-33]。
为改善上述不足,相关研究逐步探索了更优的掺杂技术路径。1986年,Carey等人[34-35]提出气体浸没激光掺杂(gas immersion laser doping, GILD)技术,先后成功制备出砷 (As)和B超掺杂硅。2014年,Sher等[36]利用飞秒激光向硅中引入非平衡浓度的S,变温霍尔与电阻率测试表明:掺杂浓度未达绝缘体-金属转变(insulator-to-metal transition, IMT)阈值,样品在导带底下方70 meV处形成局域化中间能带。光泵-太赫兹探针测量进一步发现,当掺杂浓度超过IMT阈值后,载流子寿命随浓度升高而缩短[37],进而提出可通过调控掺杂前驱体气体压力与激光脉冲参数使掺杂原子的掺入效率更高[38]。
尽管GILD技术成功实现了硫族元素在硅中的超掺杂,但其依赖的复杂气氛控制系统与单一气态前驱体形态限制了掺杂元素的多样性与工艺的灵活性。为此,研究者转向采用固态薄膜作为掺杂前驱体。随着薄膜沉积技术的发展,基于薄膜前驱体的激光掺杂方法近年来受到广泛关注与研究[39-41]。成熟的薄膜沉积技术不仅简化了激光掺杂流程,还将掺杂元素拓展至过渡金属。Sher等[42]率先采用“真空热蒸发+飞秒脉冲激光掺杂”的路线,在硅片表面沉积65 nm厚的硒 (Se)或碲 (Te)膜,随后经激光掺杂处理成功制备出Se或Te超掺杂硅。此后,Yu等[43]与Qiu等[44]进一步拓展了该技术,分别利用真空热蒸发沉积金 (Au)膜和Ag膜,结合飞秒激光掺杂,实现了Au、Ag在硅中的超掺杂。相较于GILD技术,基于薄膜前驱体的激光掺杂路线无需复杂的气体氛围控制系统,具有设备成本低、操作简便、可灵活选用多种掺杂元素前驱体等优势。
然而,需要注意的是脉冲激光掺杂在引入过渡金属的同时,会显著改变硅表面的微观结构。与完美单晶硅相比,超掺杂硅的显著变化体现在两方面 (见图1): 1) 表面从原子级平整变为微米/纳米级锥状或丘状结构;这是飞秒激光非平衡加热与快速凝固导致硅局部熔融、喷溅与再沉积,形成自组织表面织构所致。这种表面粗化虽利于光捕获,但使器件难以形成平整的异质界面。 2) 近表面区域从完美单晶变为高缺陷密度层。激光超掺杂在表层数百纳米内引入远超固溶度极限的杂质,同时产生大量位错环、堆垛层错及非晶区域。杂质原子部分占据替位,部分以间隙或团簇形式存在,加剧晶格畸变。即使经纳秒激光退火实现液相外延再结晶,该区域仍残留高密度缺陷,晶体完整性远低于原始单晶硅。表面织构化与近表层晶格畸变是超掺杂硅区别于单晶硅的本质特征。它们既带来红外吸收增强与光电增益,也导致载流子迁移率下降、暗电流升高等负面效应。
近50年来,离子注入技术推动了硅微电子技术的飞速发展[45]。作为非平衡工艺,离子注入适用于大面积掺杂,既能突破固溶度极限实现过饱和掺杂,又具备热扩散难以达到的剂量精确控制能力。如图2(a)所示,多种杂质在硅中的平衡固溶度随退火温度变化。离子注入的优势在于它能将杂质浓度提升至远超其平衡固溶度曲线的水平,从而实现超掺杂。离子注入的基本原理是在真空系统中将掺杂元素原子电离成离子,聚焦为离子束,经电场加速后轰击材料表面。高能离子穿透表面,与晶格原子碰撞损失能量,最终停在材料内部特定深度,形成具有特殊性能的注入层[46]。然而,高能离子注入常造成晶格损伤甚至非晶化,且深能级杂质扩散系数大 (如图2(b)所示),长时间退火易扩散并形成团簇。为修复晶格、恢复有序性并激活杂质,必须对注入样品进行快速退火处理[45]。短时退火时间跨度超过十个数量级 (10 ns~100 s),主流技术主要包括三类:1~100 s的快速热退火 (rapid thermal annealing,RTA)、100 μs~100 ms的闪光灯退火 ( flash lamp, FLA),以及纳秒级的脉冲激光退火 (pulsed laser annealing,PLA)[47]。
RTA是目前工艺最成熟、应用最广泛的退火技术,主要面向1~100 s的中长时退火场景。该技术通过高强度光源或红外辐射实现对半导体材料表面的快速升温和冷却,是一种关键的短时热处理工艺。该工艺典型温度超过1000 ℃,升/降温速率可达100~200 ℃/s。相比传统炉管退火,RTA热预算低、能量效率高,能有效抑制杂质扩散与缺陷演化,更适配超掺杂等工艺需求;然而,RTA在大尺寸晶圆应用中仍面临温度均匀性调控等技术挑战。
PLA适用于纳秒级超短时退火,利用激光短脉冲使材料表层极速升温至目标温度,再借助衬底快速导热实现急冷。与RTA相比,PLA可精准调控掺杂深度与位置,显著抑制热扩散,大幅降低纵向扩散[18],最终实现杂质的高效激活与材料晶格缺陷的有效修复。这一优势使PLA在深能级杂质超掺杂硅领域展现出独特应用价值,引起研究者的广泛关注[48-49],尤其在过渡金属等深能级杂质的超掺杂改性中。例如,García-Hemme等[50]通过离子注入结合PLA工艺,成功制备出基于Ti超掺杂硅红外光电探测器,探测器在1.55 μm波长光照射下,于660 Hz时展现出1.7×104 cm·Hz1/2·W−1的探测率。
FLA退火时长为100 μs~100 ms,基于高强度脉冲光源,核心装置包括背面卤素预热灯组与正面氙气闪光灯组,如图3(a)所示:卤素灯组预热晶圆,氙气闪光灯提供主加热能量,上方反射器确保光线精准导向,保障照射均匀性。灯与晶圆间以石英窗隔离,保护光源组件。FLA在硅超掺杂材料制备中表现出优异适配性,例如,离子注入结合毫秒级FLA成功制备出室温工作的SWIR波段Se超掺杂硅p-n光电二极管。且在保持材料原始结构完整的前提下,实现浓度高达9×1020 cm−3的Se掺杂[51]。此外,Zhou等[52]研究表明,相比纳秒PLA,FLA处理的Se掺杂硅杂质取代率达70%,最高掺杂浓度达2.3%,不仅表现出较低的电阻率,还具备较高的载流子迁移率,且在抑制表面偏析与工艺可扩展性方面优于激光退火。图3(b)中展示了不同温度下硅中Se的扩散长度随时间的变化,并与液相中Se的扩散长度作为对比。三个方框分别表示固相中不同热处理工艺的工作区间。可以看出,相较于传统FA和RTA,FLA因其极短的作用时间,在接近液相区的高温条件下仍能有效抑制扩散长度,更适合超浅结形成与高精度掺杂工程。
在红外探测、光电子集成等新兴领域的需求驱动下,深能级杂质超掺杂硅凭借其独特的材料特性和CMOS工艺兼容性,成为近年来材料科学与光电子领域的研究热点。深能级杂质超掺杂硅的材料特性研究是器件应用的基础,其中红外吸收特性决定探测器的光谱响应范围与吸收效率,室温性能则是衡量实际应用潜力的关键。表2总结了深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料的吸收特性研究现状。超掺杂技术将硫族元素 (S、Se、Te)与过渡金属 (Au、Ag)引入硅晶格,突破本征硅能带限制,在带隙中形成中间能带[52,54-60],如图4所示,价带电子先跃迁至中间能带,再跃迁至导带,实现低能光子吸收,从而拓展光响应并提升光电转换效率[61-65]。
近年来,硫族元素超掺杂硅凭借独特的光、电性能受到广泛关注。这类材料不仅具有近全域宽带吸收与增强的亚带隙响应,还可通过浓度调控实现IMT,在硅基光电子领域应用前景广阔[87]。离子注入结合亚秒退火制备的硫族元素超掺杂硅,红外吸收性能突出:吸收波段延伸至3.1 μm,最高吸收系数达104 cm−1 [54]。该数值与本征Ge、In0.53Ga0.47As等传统红外材料相当;在波长> 1.5 μm区域,比未掺杂硅 (吸收系数10−8 cm−1)提升约12个数量级[88-89]。下文将对近年来硫族元素超掺杂硅的研究进展进行系统综述。
S是首个实现超固溶度掺杂的硫族元素,相关研究为该领域奠定基础[70]。如图5所示,S掺杂在硅带隙中引入多重杂质能级[90-91]。低浓度时,局域能级位于导带底下方100~300 meV;浓度升高后,能级展宽并最终形成连续中间能带[72]。Gimpel等[92]指出,S杂质引入的深层供体能级位于导带底下方614 meV和318 meV;Wang等人[77]通过深能级瞬态光谱 (deep-level transient spectroscopy, DLTS)分析,明确了硅中硫族元素的能级位置。光学性能上,S超掺杂硅在1.2~2.5 μm波段表现出优异的亚带隙吸收,吸收系数最高达104 cm−1 [70]。将测试波长拓展至0.9~24 μm,发现该材料在MIR区域呈现宽吸收带,峰值位于~ 2.5 μm (~ 0.5 eV),吸收强度与带宽均随S浓度增加而增大[93]。这些结果表明,S超掺杂硅的红外响应源于中间能带与价带、导带间的带间跃迁。Se超掺杂硅同样具备出色光学性能:室温下强亚带隙吸收覆盖NIR至MIR波段[54-55,93]。理论与实验均表明,该吸收源于价带-中间能带及中间能带-导带间的电子跃迁,而非自由载流子吸收。Berencén等[51]发现,在一定浓度范围内,Se超掺杂硅的红外吸收率随Se浓度增加而显著提高,如图6(a)所示。但在高浓度 (9×1020 cm−3)下,硅晶格无法容纳更多Se,导致Se聚集成Se-Se二聚体。此时,过饱和取代型缺陷中的Se转变为沉淀态SiSe2,导致亚带隙吸收减弱。扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱进一步证实,亚带隙吸收与点缺陷中的Se原子直接相关[39]。
Te作为硫族元素,可在硅中引入深能级双施主态,能级分别位于导带底下方0.20 eV和0.41 eV。与S、Se相比,Te的施主能级更靠近导带[94],有利于将硅的光响应拓展至MIR波段。近年来,离子注入结合PLA技术成功实现Te浓度超平衡固溶度4~5个数量级的超掺杂,获得单晶及外延结构的Te超掺杂硅层[77-78,95]。值得注意的是,即使浓度超过1020 cm−3,实验中仍未观察到Te表面偏析或纳米团聚现象。如图6(b)所示,Te超掺杂硅层在室温下呈现宽谱强红外吸收[77],且相比Au超掺杂硅,该材料红外吸收强度提升超20倍[81],且随Te浓度增加而增强[51,96]。Su等人[75]进一步报道了Te超掺杂纳米多孔硅中的吸收增强效应。Te与注入诱导的结构缺陷形成络合物,缺陷或非晶区域为Te提供多样化局域电子环境,促进杂质态扩展形成中间能带,增强红外吸收。同时,Te引入的两个额外价电子增加应变键或弯曲键中的电子浓度,进一步提升红外吸收。实验表明,在波长> 1100 nm范围内,Te掺杂纳米多孔硅的亚带隙吸收显著提高。此外,研究人员基于p型硅衬底成功制备出Te超掺杂硅p-n结光电二极管[77]。为平衡光吸收、载流子迁移率与寿命,Te超掺杂层浓度被控制在IMT临界浓度以下[37]。该器件在高达4.1 μm的亚带隙范围内均表现出显著光响应,而商用硅基p-i-n二极管在波长> 1.3 μm时响应度已降至噪声水平[87]。
自20世纪80年代起,过渡金属超掺杂硅因其在中间能带太阳能电池和红外光电探测器中的潜在应用而受到持续关注[97]。Ti超掺杂硅被视为实现中间能带光伏器件的理想候选材料之一,理论与实验均证实,当Ti掺杂浓度超过Mott极限时,Si的能带中将形成中间能带,并在约1.2 μm波长处产生显著的亚带隙光吸收,吸收系数可达104 cm−1量级[85]。基于此类材料制备的光电探测器,在室温下能够实现波长延伸至2.5 μm的亚带隙光响应。除Ti外,Au也被证实是能够在硅带隙中形成中间能带的有效掺杂元素, Au超掺杂硅光电探测器在室温下的光响应波长可拓展至2.2 μm[22,81]。此外,钒 (V)、Ag等其他过渡金属也已被报道可作为硅基中间能带材料的深能级杂质掺杂剂:其中V超掺杂硅材料在110 K低温下的光谱响应极限高达6.2 μm,但其室温红外光响应性能仍未实现突破性进展,相关研究仍面临挑战[98]。为进一步拓展硅基中间能带材料的过渡金属掺杂体系,研究人员通过PLA辅助离子注入技术,系统探究了钴 (Co)、铬 (Cr)、铜 (Cu)、铁 (Fe)、钯 (Pd)、铂 (Pt)、钨 (W)及锌 (Zn)等多种过渡金属超掺杂硅的可行性。然而,过渡金属超掺杂硅体系仍存在一些根本性制约因素:过渡金属在硅基体中具有极高的扩散系数,这意味着在PLA 驱动的液相外延与快速再凝固过程中,需要维持极高的液/固界面迁移速率才能将掺杂元素有效禁锢于再固化的硅晶格中[99]。实际过程中,过渡金属原子易向材料表面快速扩散,进而诱发“胞状分解” (cellular breakdown)微观结构的形成,该结构不仅会阻碍硅基体的进一步再结晶,还会严重限制过渡金属的掺杂饱和浓度,最终影响中间能带的形成效率与材料的光电特性[100]。
过渡金属原子注入硅晶格后,通常占据取代位并在带隙中心附近引入深能级,如图7所示[90-91]。以Ag为例,Qiu等[22]通过DLTS测量了Ag超掺杂硅中深能级缺陷态的具体位置和密度。图8(a)验证了Ag超掺杂所形成的中间能带导致的显著亚带隙光吸收[44]。然而,不同过渡金属的掺杂存在显著差异。例如,在Ti超掺杂硅中,Ti原子主要占据硅晶格中的间隙位而非取代位,因此既不能有效提供载流子,也难以促成中间能带的形成[101]。Au在硅中则呈现出典型的深能级特性,其受主能级和施主能级分别位于导带底以下0.55 eV和价带顶以上0.34 eV[69]。Yang等[80]的研究表明,Au超掺杂硅的吸光度随注入剂量的增加而增强。当注入剂量超过2×1015 cm−2时,Au在硅中的分布不均匀。他们采用Mailoa等人提出的方法,得到在1300 nm波长处,剂量为6×1015 cm−2的样品平均吸收系数约为5200 cm−1,是剂量为2×1015 cm−2样品 (1600 cm−1)的三倍以上,且未出现亚表面Au分布不均匀的迹象。Mailoa等[81]的研究同样表明,在150 nm厚的高掺杂区域内,样品表现出均匀的亚带隙吸收特性,且亚带隙吸光度与Au剂量呈正相关关系。如图8(b)所示,在1200~1800 nm波段范围内,随着Au注入剂量从3×1014 cm−2增加到1015 cm−2,亚带隙吸收率呈单调上升趋势,且在整个测量波段内均保持这一规律。值得注意的是,高剂量Au掺杂会导致严重的晶格超饱和。在可见的晶格损伤发生前,Au杂质倾向于形成不均匀的亚表面网状结构,即富金细丝,其中大部分Au原子位于硅晶格的取代位,然而,这种具有高浓度取代Au的高富集细丝结构属于亚稳态,其稳定性对器件性能具有重要影响[99]。
以上研究表明,通过深能级杂质超掺杂引入中间能带,可显著增强硅的亚带隙光吸收,将其光响应从NIR拓展至MIR波段。硫族元素与过渡金属超掺杂体系的吸收特性表明,器件性能强烈依赖于掺杂浓度:浓度过低则中间带效应不足,过高则可能诱发IMT或杂质沉淀,反而削弱光电性能。该材料体系的研究成果,不仅为理解中间能带工程调控光电性能提供了理论基础,更为后续开发与CMOS兼容、低成本、室温工作的宽带硅基红外探测器奠定了关键的材料基础。
超掺杂硅光电探测器的核心机制在于:高浓度杂质在硅带隙中形成中间能态。这些能态不仅拓展硅的红外响应,还充当高效的光生载流子产生-复合中心,主导器件增益过程。反向偏压下,光生电子与空穴向相反方向运动。以S超掺杂硅探测器为例,光生电子向表面移动,空穴向衬底迁移。光电流持续存在,直至载流子被电极收集,或在到达电极前于硅体内复合。高光导增益源于两类载流子输运时间的数量级差异。具体而言,多数载流子 (电子)在介电弛豫时间内快速到达阳极被收集;少数载流子 (空穴)向阴极输运时会被中间能态暂时俘获。被俘获的空穴不会立即复合,而是在热激发或电场辅助下重新释放回价带,继续向阴极输运。该过程可反复发生,使少数载流子有效寿命 (τ)远大于电极间渡越时间 (t)。根据光导增益公式G =τ/t,少数载流子寿命延长意味着单个光生空穴在其存活期内可诱导外部电路从阳极注入多个电子以维持电中性,实现“一光子多电子”的高增益效果。总之,电子与空穴传输时间的巨大差异导致电荷在电极间持续循环,这正是超掺杂硅探测器实现高光导增益的关键机制[22]。图9以Si:Ag器件为例,通过示意图直观展示了上述工作机制。如图9(a)和图9(b)所示,图 9(a) 首先展示了 Si:Ag 光电探测器的器件结构以及光生载流子的产生与传输过程,光生载流子通过亚带隙光子吸收在Si:Ag超掺杂层内部产生,该吸收过程由Ag引入的深能级电子陷阱态辅助完成,电子从价带跃迁到杂质能级或从杂质能级跃迁到导带。图9(c)则展示了不同波长光照射下的载流子行为:短波长光吸收强,载流子在表面附近产生,易被表面陷阱捕获复合;而长波长光吸收弱,载流子在深处产生并能够有效收集。在能级传输路径上,电子被Ag诱导的深能级电子陷阱捕获,空穴则在价带中传输或由电极注入。图9(b)展示了光增益的产生机制,光生电子被深能级电子陷阱束缚,导致电极附近能带向下弯曲,从而降低空穴注入势垒。在外加反向偏压下,空穴由电极持续注入并在材料中多次循环,形成高增益。这一过程中,电子被束缚在体陷阱中,而空穴可以多次循环,最终实现“一光子多电子”的高增益效果。
上述以S为代表的硫族元素 (S、Se、Te)超掺杂硅光电探测器在工作机理上具有共性,均遵循中间带辅助光吸收与光导增益机制。然而,不同杂质体系在深能级位置、缺陷态密度、载流子俘获截面及热发射速率等微观参数上存在差异,这可能导致器件的响应波段、增益幅值、工作温度及响应速度等宏观性能呈现定量区别。对于过渡金属 (如Ti、Au、Ag等)超掺杂体系,其杂质能级通常更深、缺陷行为更复杂,部分体系甚至表现出局域化的杂质带而非准连续中间带,其载流子输运路径与复合动力学可能与硫族超掺杂体系存在本质差异。因此,在将上述工作原理推广至其他杂质体系时,需结合具体材料的能带结构与缺陷物理进行个案分析。本文对利用深能级杂质的硅基红外光电探测器在室温下的性能研究现状进行了总结 (见表3)。
超掺杂硅室温红外光电探测器的性能主要通过暗电流密度、光响应度、外量子效率等参数来评估。暗电流指无光照条件下,反向偏置时器件产生的反向直流电流,主要来源于材料表面缺陷引起的漏电流以及载流子热扩散形成的本征暗电流。相比于商用硅光电探测器,超掺杂硅探测器通常表现出较高的暗电流密度,这主要与高能注入过程中引入的结构缺陷有关。为降低暗电流,可采用高温热处理工艺,通过减少注入层缺陷、改善材料结晶质量,从而显著降低器件的暗电流密度[45]。暗电流的降低有助于提升探测器的信噪比,进而优化整体性能。影响暗电流密度的因素有很多,退火温度是其中之一。Hu等[73]的实验研究系统揭示了不同退火温度对Se超掺杂硅暗电流特性的影响。结果显示,暗电流密度随退火温度的升高呈现先降低后上升的非单调变化规律。具体而言,在700 ℃退火条件下,Se注入层中的非晶与缺陷区域得到有效修复,晶格质量显著改善,同时Se杂质得到充分电激活,因此器件在−10 V偏压下展现出最低的暗电流密度 (约0.30 mA/cm2)。而当退火温度进一步升高至900 ℃时,Se原子在硅衬底中的扩散加剧,与衬底掺杂剂 (如B)之间产生强烈的补偿效应,导致体复合电流升高,暗电流密度随之增大至0.54 mA/cm2。该研究说明,在Se超掺杂硅红外探测器的制备中,通过精准控制退火温度可有效调控晶格缺陷与杂质分布,从而有效降低暗电流、提升器件信噪比。
响应度是表征光电转换能力的核心参数,定义为输出光电流Ip与入射光功率P0的比值。超掺杂硅红外探测器的光响应主要受注入剂量、反向偏压及工作温度调控[77]。2017年,Zhang等[108]针对S超掺杂硅体系,系统探究注入剂量与器件光响应的关联。研究发现,尽管高剂量样品在近红外区吸收更强,但注入剂量为1014 cm−2的器件光响应性能最优。注入剂量过高 (如1016 cm−2)时,虽杂质浓度增加拓宽吸收范围,但过量掺杂离子严重破坏晶格完整性,成为复合中心,导致迁移率骤降、载流子寿命缩短。相反,适中剂量 (1014 cm−2)下,材料既能通过中间能带实现有效亚带隙吸收,又能保持较好的晶格完整性,为光生载流子提供良好输运通道与较长寿命。研究进一步证实,该优化剂量对应体浓度约1019 cm−3,恰处于有效形成杂质带与维持良好载流子迁移率的平衡点。这一发现表明,追求强光吸收的同时必须兼顾材料电学质量,二者协同优化才能获得高效光电转换器件。Hu等[72]探究了反向偏置电压对S超掺杂Si光电二极管光谱响应的影响,0 V反向偏置下,飞秒激光处理的光电二极管响应度极低;反向偏置增至5 V与10 V时,器件在1040 nm波长处的响应度分别提升至1.07 A/W与2.12 A/W。Wang等[76]则针对Te超掺杂硅体系,分析反向偏置与光谱响应率的关联:吸收极限范围内,0 V偏置下器件响应度仅0.03 A/W,截止波长为1136 nm,短于商用硅光电二极管 (1160 nm);随着反向偏置增大,器件响应度逐步提升,光响应范围向红外波段拓展,且截止波长红移程度同步增加,当反向偏置为12 V时,截止波长可达1256 nm。
外量子效率 (EQE)是评估光电探测器性能的另一关键指标,其定义为器件所收集到的光生载流子数目与入射光子总数之比。当光子入射至器件表面并被吸收后,可激发材料中的电子跃迁,产生电子-空穴对,其中被电极有效收集的部分形成光电流。对于超掺杂硅基光电探测器而言,其EQE主要受离子注入剂量、注入能量、反向偏置电压以及退火温度等因素的影响。Mailoa等[81]系统研究了Au超掺杂硅光电探测器的EQE与Au注入剂量的关系。在1310 nm、1550 nm和1650 nm等红外波段,器件的EQE随Au浓度的增加而显著提升,在1310 nm和1550 nm处的峰值EQE分别达到2.8×10−4和9.3×10−5。说明Au超掺杂所形成的中间能带可以产生强烈的红外吸收,使得该类探测器的EQE稳定在10−4量级。退火温度对EQE具有决定性影响。Hu等人[73]的研究显示,在Se注入硅形成的n+-p结中,500 ℃退火样品的EQE极低,这归因于掺杂层晶格无序度高、缺陷密度大,导致光生载流子被大量复合而无法被有效收集。当退火温度升至700 ℃时,缺陷被有效消除,Se原子实现热扩散,EQE达到最大值;温度进一步升高至900 ℃时,EQE则出现小幅下降。这表明硅带隙中的深能级或杂质带可作为载流子的产生-复合中心,而复合行为在其中起主导作用,直接影响光电流的收集效率。此外,注入能量也是调控EQE的关键参数。Hutchinson等[109]通过调控注入能量发现40 keV注入样品在650 nm处的EQE可达约0.4,优于更高注入能量的样品。图10汇总了硫族元素与过渡金属超掺杂硅探测器的响应度与EQE结果,直观展示了超掺杂对硅探测器NIR光电性能的增强作用,说明硫族、金属元素超掺杂能通过调控硅的能带结构,大幅提升硅探测器在NIR波段的EQE与响应度,突破了传统硅探测器的NIR响应瓶颈。
得益于超掺杂硅材料卓越的红外吸收特性,基于该体系的光电转换器件已在红外探测领域展现出广阔应用前景,目前已有多种基于不同杂质的超掺杂硅红外探测器被报道。Said等[102]采用S或Se离子注入结合纳秒激光熔化工艺,制备了具有超薄过饱和n+硅顶层的n+-p型光电二极管。该器件在12 V偏压、700~1200 nm波段内表现出高增益特性,EQE接近30,即使反向偏压降至2 V,其EQE仍可维持在1以上,显示出优异的弱光响应能力。Te超掺杂硅探测器则在光通信波段表现出优异性能,0 V偏置时响应度可达10−4 A/W,−12 V偏置下响应度进一步提升至6.9 A/W,对应通信波段 EQE 处于10−4~10−5数量级;Wang等[77,104]制备的Te超掺杂硅光电二极管,室温下在1.0 μm与1.55 μm波长处的最大比探测率分别达到了3.2×1012 cm·Hz1/2·W−1与9.2×108 cm·Hz1/2·W−1,性能与商用器件相当 (见图11(a)),且在室温下能获得更快的响应速度 (见图11(b))。Au超掺杂硅探测器则展现出更宽的红外响应范围,其室温光响应极限高达2.2 μm,且亚带隙光学活性随Au注入剂量的增加呈单调递增趋势,但该器件在1.55 μm波长处的室温EQE较低,仅为$ {10}^{-5} $量级[81]。 Qiu等[22]报道的Ag超掺杂硅基光电探测器,在室温下实现了亚带隙光响应范围拓展至1.6 μm。在−3 V偏置下,1310 nm与1550 nm波长处的响应度分别为504 mA/W与65 mA/W,1.55 μm波长处的EQE为0.052,其增强的光响应源于深能级电子陷阱引发的两级载流子激发机制。图11(c)进一步展示了其比探测率与噪声等效功率的波长依赖性,在800 nm处比探测率达到峰值1.84×1012 Jones,并在550~950 nm波段内基本保持在1.0×1012 Jones以上,表明器件在VIS-NIR区域具备较高的光子探测灵敏度。此外,该器件表现出较快的响应速度,上升与下降时间分别为12.5 $ \text{μs} $和15.9 $ \text{μs} $ (见图11(d))。García-Hemme等[50]制备的Ti超掺杂硅红外探测器,在1.55 μm波长处实现34 mA/W的高亚带隙响应度,且在660 Hz频率下的比探测率达到1.7×104 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 (见图11(e))。总体而言,过渡金属超掺杂Si 探测器在−3~ −5 V偏置范围内,量子效率普遍处于10−4~10−5数量级,部分器件响应度可达504 mA/W,为光通信波段红外探测提供了新的技术路径[68-69,81]。
本文系统综述了离子注入与超快热退火制备的深能级杂质超掺杂硅材料及其室温红外探测器的研究进展。该技术通过在硅带隙中引入中间能带,将硅的光响应拓展至SWIR甚至MIR波段,同时保持与主流CMOS工艺的良好兼容性,为发展低成本、可集成的硅基红外探测提供了一条极具潜力的路径。然而,要实现其高性能与实用化,仍面临高暗电流和光电转换效率偏低等核心挑战。为实现高效室温超掺杂硅红外探测器的实用化,未来研究应遵循“器件架构-材料体系-维度革新”的系统路径推进。
首先,优化器件架构是性能突破的基础。当前超掺杂硅探测器室温响应度与EQE仍较低,高暗电流密度严重制约微弱信号探测能力。该瓶颈源于离子注入导致的晶格缺陷:缺陷增强表面复合速率、缩短非平衡载流子寿命,并作为陷阱与散射中心诱发暗电流升高。为此,应设计与CMOS兼容的横向p-i-n光电二极管阵列,其宽本征区可提供更高EQE、更宽光谱响应与更快响应速度。超掺杂有源层应尽量减薄以缩短载流子渡越时间,同时采用指状间距小于少数载流子扩散长度的交叉指状电极,以降低串联电阻、减少载流子复合。结合直接二进制搜索等逆向设计算法[111],可系统优化光学有源区尺寸、电极构型与布局,有效提升光生载流子收集与传输效率。另一方面,引入宽带隙阻挡层 (如ZnO)阻断缺陷态电子传输[112],或采用表面钝化层 (如SiO2、SiNx、HfO2或Al2O3)降低表面态密度,可显著抑制暗电流、提升信噪比[113]。此外,优化光学结构设计,集成偏振敏感等微纳光学结构[114],可增强目标信号提取能力。这些基于成熟工艺的优化是推动器件实用化的首要可行步骤。
其次,材料体系工程是降低噪声的关键途径。与低维材料构建异质结为性能突破提供了新路径。将超掺杂硅与过渡金属硫属化物 (如MoTe2、MoS2、WS2)结合,通过厚度调控能带、利用界面内建电场驱动载流子分离,可显著提升1.55 μm波段光电响应[115-121]。石墨烯等二维狄拉克半金属具有高载流子迁移率、可调费米能级及红外-太赫兹波段强电磁调控能力[122],与超掺杂硅形成的异质结构可实现超常光电增益[123-125]。相关器件结构与载流子输运过程如图12(a, b)所示。然而,这类异质结面临显著晶格失配,易在界面引入悬挂键、缺陷态及费米能级钉扎,形成非辐射复合中心,限制载流子寿命与器件稳定性。因此,界面钝化是提升异质集成质量的关键策略。此外,二维材料/硅复合结构为拓展响应波段提供了另一路径。Jiang等[126-127]研究表明,即使不依赖超掺杂,仅通过石墨烯与微纳结构硅异质集成,亦可有效拓展硅基器件红外响应范围。他们通过硅光栅、二维狭缝等介电结构工程构建周期性势场涨落或二维势阱,实现1.55~11 $ \mu $m宽谱高响应度探测。该策略利用二维材料本征宽谱吸收特性,与CMOS工艺完全兼容,但需优化介电结构参数与界面质量以平衡增益、带宽与噪声。此类低维材料-硅结构既继承硅工艺成熟度,又融合低维材料特性,但在材料-界面-工艺-器件耦合方面仍面临挑战。解决异质界面质量、能带对齐及工艺兼容性问题是该方向的研究重点。
最后,维度创新为超掺杂技术开辟新空间。“低维超掺杂硅”指将超掺杂对象从体硅延伸至硅纳米线、纳米薄膜等一维/二维结构,利用维度限域效应实现体材料难以获得的掺杂分布与光电耦合特性。将超掺杂技术从体材料推向低维硅结构,是探索新效应、开辟新应用的前沿方向。低维构型在器件性能上展现出体材料难以比拟的优势。其横向尺寸远小于载流子扩散长度,可有效抑制体产生-复合电流,结合表面钝化后有望大幅降低暗电流。同时,载流子收集路径缩短、界面电场增强,有利于提升EQE。在硅纳米线等准一维结构中实现深能级杂质可控超掺杂,有望在纳米尺度协同调控电子态与光子态。其一维形貌提供优异光约束能力与轴向载流子快速输运通道,纳米尺度掺杂分布控制可能产生量子限域效应,进一步优化中间带特性与红外吸收。此外,硅纳米线本身还可兼作光波导,实现探测器与片上光路的单片集成,避免传统耦合方式带来的对准难题与损耗。这类结构通常在1 V以下偏压即可工作,更适合低功耗成像或可穿戴传感等应用场景。深入研究低维超掺杂硅的制备科学、缺陷动力学及其在片上纳米光子学、高灵敏度传感等领域的应用,将推动该领域向更高层次发展。然而,从体相走向低维并非简单尺度缩减,过程中面临一系列特殊挑战:1)深能级杂质在纳米尺度下的固溶度、激活率及分布均匀性仍缺乏系统研究。2)低维结构对缺陷更敏感,超掺杂引入的残余损伤与表面态问题亟待解决。3)现有工艺如离子注入结合纳秒PLA在体材料中虽已成熟,但在纳米线等非平面结构上难以实现保形掺杂与热预算匹配。从工艺扩展性看,闪光灯退火具备晶圆级均匀性与更好热场可控性,在大规模硫族元素超掺杂硅红外探测器阵列制备上更具优势,但在过渡金属超掺杂体系及低维构型中的应用仍需进一步验证。
综上所述,基于离子注入与快速热处理的超掺杂硅材料及探测器,不仅展现优异红外吸收与探测性能,且与成熟CMOS工艺高度兼容,深能级杂质在硅中引入的中间能带是实现强亚带隙光吸收的关键物理机制。为实现高效室温超掺杂硅红外探测器的实用化,未来研究应协同推进:p-i-n横向阵列与低维异质结的兼容设计与工艺集成;发展精准空间掺杂调控方法,制备高质量超掺杂硅纳米线;探索新型掺杂杂质体系并优化工艺;系统研究低维超掺杂体系载流子动力学,为新一代硅基红外光电器件奠定理论与实验基础。通过多维度协同创新,有望最终实现室温高性能、低成本、可大规模集成的硅基红外探测系统。

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2026年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260004
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
  • 录用日期:2026-03-06
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    1微纳光电子材料与器件四川省教育厅高校重点实验室,四川师范大学,四川 成都 610101
    2四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院,四川 成都 610101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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