Article(id=1319955049384624711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955013183586630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250379, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250379, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765036800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-07, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=1767888000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineDate=1792631407352, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631407352, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631407352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631407352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955013183586630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='250216', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631398721, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631398721, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250379, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955049707586120, articleId=1319955049384624711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research on parameter diagnosis of microwave plasma thruster based on He emission spectroscopy, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

With the rapid development of aerospace engineering and the increasing demand for high-performance microsatellites, microwave plasma thrusters (MPT) have emerged as one of the most promising electric propulsion technologies for orbit maintenance, attitude control, station keeping, and deep-space exploration missions. Featuring high specific impulse, extremely low plume contamination, compact modular structure, and excellent long-term operational reliability, MPT offers significant advantages over traditional chemical propulsion systems, particularly in extending mission duration and reducing launch mass. However, the performance of MPT is fundamentally determined by the internal plasma characteristics, and the accurate, real-time, and non-intrusive diagnosis of key plasma parameters—most critically gas temperature—has long been a major technical bottleneck restricting further performance optimization and practical engineering application. Conventional diagnostic techniques such as Langmuir probes inevitably disturb the delicate plasma structure and suffer from severe probe tip ablation under high-temperature conditions, while laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) requires complex and expensive optical systems, making it impractical for continuous, full-domain monitoring inside the thruster resonant cavity. Therefore, developing a reliable, low-cost, and non-intrusive plasma parameter diagnostic method is of paramount importance for advancing MPT technology from laboratory research to industrial deployment.

Methods

Helium (He), an inert monatomic gas with a high ionization energy of 24.59 eV, abundant and well-separated characteristic spectral lines in the visible and near-infrared regions, and exceptional chemical stability, is selected as the ideal diagnostic propellant in this study. It effectively overcomes the inherent limitations of other commonly used working fluids: water vapor undergoes significant dissociation at high temperatures, producing complex molecular spectra that overlap with plasma emission lines; ammonia (NH3) exhibits severe spectral interference due to its complex molecular structure; and hydrogen (H2) has very few usable spectral lines within the detection range of most commercial spectrometers. In this work, a comprehensive non-intrusive parameter diagnosis system based on He atomic emission spectroscopy is established to achieve precise quantitative measurement of gas temperature. The experimental platform consists of a 2.45 GHz magnetron with continuously adjustable output power, a cylindrical resonant cavity designed to operate in the TM011 mode, a high-precision mass flow controller, and a vacuum system maintained at approximately 3 Pa during all experiments. A NOVA-EX fiber-optic spectrometer equipped with thermoelectric cooling technology is employed to capture plasma emission spectra, with a detection range of 319–1106 nm, a slit width of 25 μm, a wavelength resolution of 0.76 nm, and an optical resolution of 1.97 nm. Five distinct He mass flow rates (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 sccm) are tested at a constant microwave input power of 1100 W, and the Boltzmann plot method is applied to calculate gas temperature using four well-characterized He atomic transition lines (388.9 nm, 587.6 nm, 667.8 nm, and 706.5 nm). The Hα line at 656.3 nm, originating from minor air leakage into the cavity, is carefully excluded from the analysis. The local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition is rigorously validated by the high linearity of the Boltzmann plots, with all fitting R² values exceeding 0.85 and a maximum value of 0.974 achieved at 400 sccm.

Results and Discussions

Key experimental results demonstrate that the He mass flow rate exhibits a strong synchronous negative correlation with both the resonant cavity gas temperature and the thruster specific impulse. In the range of 100–400 sccm, both parameters decrease relatively gently due to stable microwave-plasma coupling efficiency and moderate energy transfer between excited and ground-state particles. However, when the flow rate exceeds 400 sccm, the decline rate increases dramatically. This abrupt change is attributed to three interconnected physical mechanisms: first, the specific energy (defined as the ratio of input microwave power to propellant mass flow rate) decreases significantly; second, excessive plasma density causes the plasma frequency to exceed the microwave frequency, leading to enhanced microwave shielding and skin effects that drastically reduce energy absorption efficiency; and third, increased particle collision frequency accelerates energy dissipation through inelastic collisions and thermal radiation. Under the LTE approximation, specific impulse is directly proportional to the square root of gas temperature, as temperature determines the average thermal kinetic energy of propellant particles and thus their exhaust velocity after expansion through the Laval nozzle. Furthermore, while variations in microwave input power do not alter the fundamental negative correlation between flow rate and performance parameters, they significantly affect the absolute values of temperature and specific impulse, as well as the critical threshold for abrupt performance degradation. Higher input power increases the specific energy per unit mass, shifting the critical threshold toward higher flow rates, whereas lower power reduces overall performance and shifts the threshold leftward. Extremely low power may even break the LTE condition, weakening the linear correlation in Boltzmann plots and reducing diagnostic accuracy. The measured gas temperature and specific impulse values show excellent agreement with previously published computational and experimental results, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the proposed diagnostic system.

Conclusions

This study provides a robust, non-intrusive method for high-precision parameter diagnosis of microwave plasma thrusters, reveals the intrinsic physical mechanisms governing the effects of He flow rate and microwave power on gas temperature and specific impulse, and clarifies the complex energy coupling processes between microwave fields and plasma. The findings offer valuable experimental data and theoretical support for propellant flow optimization, resonant cavity structural design improvement, microwave coupling efficiency enhancement, and numerical simulation validation of MPT. For practical engineering applications, low flow rates (100–300 sccm) are recommended for high-specific-impulse missions such as deep-space exploration, while the flow rate should be strictly controlled below 400 sccm to maintain stable and efficient propulsion performance. This work advances the development of accurate diagnostic technologies for microwave plasma thrusters and lays a solid foundation for their widespread engineering application in future aerospace propulsion systems.

, authors=Ye Yuan1, Jianghong Sun2, Haoran Bao3, Cheng Guo3, Qing Zhao3, Fanya Jin1, authorsList=Ye Yuan, Jianghong Sun, Haoran Bao, Cheng Guo, Qing Zhao, Fanya Jin, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fanya Jin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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为解决微波等离子体推力器(MPT)关键参数精准诊断的技术瓶颈,本研究以He为诊断工质,构建基于原子发射光谱的参数诊断系统,采用NOVA-EX光纤光谱仪(探测范围319~1106 nm)采集不同流量下的等离子体特征光谱,结合玻尔兹曼作图法实现气体温度定量测量。结果表明:He工质流量与气体温度、推力器比冲呈显著同步负相关,100~400 sccm区间平缓下降,400 sccm后因比能量降低、微波屏蔽效应强化等因素,下降斜率显著增大;功率变化不改变核心负相关规律,但会调控参数数值水平与性能陡降临界阈值。该研究为MPT的工质流量优化、结构设计改进及数值模拟提供了可靠的实验依据与理论支撑。

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作者贡献

袁野:论文写作;鲍浩然:研究资料的收集、分析;郭成:实验;赵青:指导论文修改;金凡亚:指导论文选题、规划。

袁野(1983-),女,博士研究生,研究方向微波等离子体推力器。E-mail:

金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

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金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

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金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

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基于He发射光谱的微波等离子体推力器参数诊断研究
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袁野 1 , 孙江宏 2 , 鲍浩然 3 , 郭成 3 , 赵青 3 , 金凡亚 1, *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(5): 250379-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (5) : 250379 -1
基于He发射光谱的微波等离子体推力器参数诊断研究
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金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=NnyUsDXfjhHaUYdlfYDU4A==, bioContent=

金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

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袁野1 , 孙江宏2, 鲍浩然3, 郭成3, 赵青3, 金凡亚1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1核工业西南物理研究院应用技术所,四川 成都 610207
  • 2上海空间推进研究所,上海 201112
  • 3电子科技大学资源与环境学院,四川 成都 611731
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

袁野:论文写作;鲍浩然:研究资料的收集、分析;郭成:实验;赵青:指导论文修改;金凡亚:指导论文选题、规划。

袁野(1983-),女,博士研究生,研究方向微波等离子体推力器。E-mail:

金凡亚(1978 -),男,博士,研究员,2001年毕业于安徽大学物理系,2004年在核工业西南物理研究院获硕士学位,2007年获博士学位;主要从事等离子体应用、材料表面改性工艺研发及应用,以及ITER屏蔽包层第一壁研制等工作。E-mail:

Research on parameter diagnosis of microwave plasma thruster based on He emission spectroscopy
Ye Yuan1 , Jianghong Sun2, Haoran Bao3, Cheng Guo3, Qing Zhao3, Fanya Jin1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Applied Technology, Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, China
  • 2Shanghai Institute of Space Propulsion, Shanghai 201112, China
  • 3School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250379
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为解决微波等离子体推力器(MPT)关键参数精准诊断的技术瓶颈,本研究以He为诊断工质,构建基于原子发射光谱的参数诊断系统,采用NOVA-EX光纤光谱仪(探测范围319~1106 nm)采集不同流量下的等离子体特征光谱,结合玻尔兹曼作图法实现气体温度定量测量。结果表明:He工质流量与气体温度、推力器比冲呈显著同步负相关,100~400 sccm区间平缓下降,400 sccm后因比能量降低、微波屏蔽效应强化等因素,下降斜率显著增大;功率变化不改变核心负相关规律,但会调控参数数值水平与性能陡降临界阈值。该研究为MPT的工质流量优化、结构设计改进及数值模拟提供了可靠的实验依据与理论支撑。

等离子体推力器  /  发射光谱  /  气体温度  /  参数分析
Objective

With the rapid development of aerospace engineering and the increasing demand for high-performance microsatellites, microwave plasma thrusters (MPT) have emerged as one of the most promising electric propulsion technologies for orbit maintenance, attitude control, station keeping, and deep-space exploration missions. Featuring high specific impulse, extremely low plume contamination, compact modular structure, and excellent long-term operational reliability, MPT offers significant advantages over traditional chemical propulsion systems, particularly in extending mission duration and reducing launch mass. However, the performance of MPT is fundamentally determined by the internal plasma characteristics, and the accurate, real-time, and non-intrusive diagnosis of key plasma parameters—most critically gas temperature—has long been a major technical bottleneck restricting further performance optimization and practical engineering application. Conventional diagnostic techniques such as Langmuir probes inevitably disturb the delicate plasma structure and suffer from severe probe tip ablation under high-temperature conditions, while laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) requires complex and expensive optical systems, making it impractical for continuous, full-domain monitoring inside the thruster resonant cavity. Therefore, developing a reliable, low-cost, and non-intrusive plasma parameter diagnostic method is of paramount importance for advancing MPT technology from laboratory research to industrial deployment.

Methods

Helium (He), an inert monatomic gas with a high ionization energy of 24.59 eV, abundant and well-separated characteristic spectral lines in the visible and near-infrared regions, and exceptional chemical stability, is selected as the ideal diagnostic propellant in this study. It effectively overcomes the inherent limitations of other commonly used working fluids: water vapor undergoes significant dissociation at high temperatures, producing complex molecular spectra that overlap with plasma emission lines; ammonia (NH3) exhibits severe spectral interference due to its complex molecular structure; and hydrogen (H2) has very few usable spectral lines within the detection range of most commercial spectrometers. In this work, a comprehensive non-intrusive parameter diagnosis system based on He atomic emission spectroscopy is established to achieve precise quantitative measurement of gas temperature. The experimental platform consists of a 2.45 GHz magnetron with continuously adjustable output power, a cylindrical resonant cavity designed to operate in the TM011 mode, a high-precision mass flow controller, and a vacuum system maintained at approximately 3 Pa during all experiments. A NOVA-EX fiber-optic spectrometer equipped with thermoelectric cooling technology is employed to capture plasma emission spectra, with a detection range of 319–1106 nm, a slit width of 25 μm, a wavelength resolution of 0.76 nm, and an optical resolution of 1.97 nm. Five distinct He mass flow rates (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 sccm) are tested at a constant microwave input power of 1100 W, and the Boltzmann plot method is applied to calculate gas temperature using four well-characterized He atomic transition lines (388.9 nm, 587.6 nm, 667.8 nm, and 706.5 nm). The Hα line at 656.3 nm, originating from minor air leakage into the cavity, is carefully excluded from the analysis. The local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition is rigorously validated by the high linearity of the Boltzmann plots, with all fitting R² values exceeding 0.85 and a maximum value of 0.974 achieved at 400 sccm.

Results and Discussions

Key experimental results demonstrate that the He mass flow rate exhibits a strong synchronous negative correlation with both the resonant cavity gas temperature and the thruster specific impulse. In the range of 100–400 sccm, both parameters decrease relatively gently due to stable microwave-plasma coupling efficiency and moderate energy transfer between excited and ground-state particles. However, when the flow rate exceeds 400 sccm, the decline rate increases dramatically. This abrupt change is attributed to three interconnected physical mechanisms: first, the specific energy (defined as the ratio of input microwave power to propellant mass flow rate) decreases significantly; second, excessive plasma density causes the plasma frequency to exceed the microwave frequency, leading to enhanced microwave shielding and skin effects that drastically reduce energy absorption efficiency; and third, increased particle collision frequency accelerates energy dissipation through inelastic collisions and thermal radiation. Under the LTE approximation, specific impulse is directly proportional to the square root of gas temperature, as temperature determines the average thermal kinetic energy of propellant particles and thus their exhaust velocity after expansion through the Laval nozzle. Furthermore, while variations in microwave input power do not alter the fundamental negative correlation between flow rate and performance parameters, they significantly affect the absolute values of temperature and specific impulse, as well as the critical threshold for abrupt performance degradation. Higher input power increases the specific energy per unit mass, shifting the critical threshold toward higher flow rates, whereas lower power reduces overall performance and shifts the threshold leftward. Extremely low power may even break the LTE condition, weakening the linear correlation in Boltzmann plots and reducing diagnostic accuracy. The measured gas temperature and specific impulse values show excellent agreement with previously published computational and experimental results, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the proposed diagnostic system.

Conclusions

This study provides a robust, non-intrusive method for high-precision parameter diagnosis of microwave plasma thrusters, reveals the intrinsic physical mechanisms governing the effects of He flow rate and microwave power on gas temperature and specific impulse, and clarifies the complex energy coupling processes between microwave fields and plasma. The findings offer valuable experimental data and theoretical support for propellant flow optimization, resonant cavity structural design improvement, microwave coupling efficiency enhancement, and numerical simulation validation of MPT. For practical engineering applications, low flow rates (100–300 sccm) are recommended for high-specific-impulse missions such as deep-space exploration, while the flow rate should be strictly controlled below 400 sccm to maintain stable and efficient propulsion performance. This work advances the development of accurate diagnostic technologies for microwave plasma thrusters and lays a solid foundation for their widespread engineering application in future aerospace propulsion systems.

plasma thruster  /  emission spectrum  /  gas temperature  /  parameter analysis
袁野, 孙江宏, 鲍浩然, 郭成, 赵青, 金凡亚. 基于He发射光谱的微波等离子体推力器参数诊断研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250379 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250379
Ye Yuan, Jianghong Sun, Haoran Bao, Cheng Guo, Qing Zhao, Fanya Jin. Research on parameter diagnosis of microwave plasma thruster based on He emission spectroscopy[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (5) : 250379 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250379
在当今航天事业飞速发展的背景下,航天器的推进系统作为决定其任务能力、续航时间与轨道机动性的核心部件,始终是航空航天领域的研究重点[1-3]。微波等离子体推力器(Microwave plasma thrusters,MPT)凭借其高比冲、低羽流污染、结构紧凑及运行可靠性高等显著优势,在微小卫星轨道保持、姿态控制以及深空探测等任务中展现出广阔的应用前景[4-9]。相较于传统化学推进器,MPT 通过微波能量耦合电离工质产生等离子体,并利用热膨胀力推动航天器前进[10-11],其性能的优劣直接取决于等离子体内部关键参数的精准调控与优化。微波等离子体推力器的性能核心依赖于气体温度参数的精准调控——气体温度直接决定工质的电离效率与粒子动能,是影响推力器比冲、推力大小的关键因素;同时,气体温度的空间分布与时间稳定性直接关系到微波能量向等离子体动能的转化效率,可避免局部过热导致的部件烧蚀,保障推力器长期可靠运行。此外,气体温度参数还是验证数值模拟准确性、优化谐振腔结构与微波耦合效率的核心依据,其精准获取是突破MPT性能瓶颈、实现从实验室研发到工程化应用的关键前提。因此,国内外相关研究均将气体温度测量作为核心方向之一。
美国佛罗里达航天研究所将MPT成功扩展到分别在100 W、1 kW和50 kW的7.5 GHz、2.45 GHz和0.915 GHz微波下运行,并能使用各种气体作为工质,其中水蒸气工质被证明具有优异的性能,测量的比冲大于800 s,研究没有得到气体温度参数[12]。日本东京大学研究了推进剂气体为氦(He)和氢气(H2)的4.0 GHz、6 W微波电热型微等离子体推力器,得到在电热型微等离子体推进器中,He和H2在高表面积体积比的微等离子体源中的高扩散率和热导率不会导致推力性能的恶化,这主要是由于He和H2中的电子和重粒子之间的弹性碰撞导致了更显著的热能增益,使用少量H2和N2添加气体的光发射光谱诊断出气体温度为600~700 K[13]。美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学进行了17.8 GHz微波氨等离子体电热推力器的直接推力测量以及排气羽流的光学发射光谱和喉部孔径参数化研究。在20 W至60 W的微波功率输入范围内进行测试。通过SPECAIR进行气体温度拟合,得出腔室氨气体温度约为2500 K[14]。美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校采用二维轴对称等离子体流体模型,结合电磁波和气流,对17.5 GHz氦推进剂MET进行了研究,得到等离子体密度达到约1020 m3,气体温度约为2000 K,测量的峰值推力和比冲分别为8.24 mN和292 s[6]。米兰理工大学使用氩气和氦气作为推进剂,探索了1~5 kW的输入功率范围和50~77 mm的腔室半径,同时将谐振频率保持在2.45 GHz,仿真得到了气体温度、密度、推力、比冲等推力器参数[15]。国内方面,西北工业大学在2025年对结构固定的千瓦级MPT圆柱腔内等离子体过程进行分析,探寻最佳放电条件。计算腔体内TM011模谐振状态下的微波电场和功率密度分布。对圆柱腔进行精细调谐实验,研究圆柱腔尺度和微波耦合探针尺度对谐振状态的影响,研究没有得到气体温度参数[16]。
由于微波等离子体具有高温、高能、非平衡态以及空间分布不均匀等复杂特性,对其内部关键参数进行实时、精准且非侵入式的诊断,一直是制约 MPT 性能提升与工程化应用的核心技术瓶颈。传统的诊断方法如探针法,虽能直接获取局部参数,但存在易干扰等离子体形态、探针头易被烧蚀且测量范围有限等问题。激光诱导击穿光谱法 (Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)虽具备较高的空间分辨率,却受限于复杂的光路系统与较高的设备成本,难以实现推力器内部等离子体的全域动态监测。因此,寻找一种兼具高灵敏度、非侵入性、低成本且适用于 MPT 工况的参数诊断技术[17-19],成为当前该领域研究的迫切需求。
He作为一种惰性气体,具有电离能高、光谱线丰富且谱线干扰少等独特优势,常被用作等离子体诊断的理想工质。基于 He 原子发射光谱的诊断技术,通过采集等离子体中 He 原子受激发跃迁产生的特征光谱信号,结合原子光谱学理论与谱线分析模型,可计算得到气体温度、电子数密度等关键参数,具有非接触测量、响应速度快、空间分辨率较高且设备结构相对简单等显著优点[20-21]。可以作为工质的其他气体均存在一定缺陷。如水蒸气分子结构复杂,高温下易发生解离,产生的分子谱线与等离子体特征谱线重叠,导致气体温度等核心参数无法精准提取;氨气(NH3)作为分子工质,激发态跃迁过程复杂,谱线干扰严重,仅能实现气体温度的粗略估算,难以满足 MPT 关键参数的定量诊断需求;H2原子谱线数量有限(主要集中在远紫外区域),受光谱仪探测范围限制,无法提供充足的跃迁谱线用于玻尔兹曼拟合,诊断可靠性不足。相比之下,He 作为惰性气体具有不可替代的优势:其一,电离能(24.59 eV)远高于 H2 (15.43 eV)、NH3 (10.18 eV)及水蒸气(12.62 eV),在 MPT 高温等离子体环境中化学性质稳定,不会发生解离或化学反应,避免了分子谱线干扰;其二,He 原子在 319~1106 nm 探测范围内具有丰富的特征跃迁谱线(如 388.9 nm、667.8 nm、706.5 nm 等),谱线轮廓清晰、无重叠,为气体温度的精准计算提供了充足的数据源;其三,He 的低原子量特性使其扩散率与热导率适中,既能快速响应等离子体状态变化,又能维持诊断系统的稳定性,尤其适用于 MPT 动态工况下的非侵入式监测。
本文以微波等离子体推力器为研究对象,采用 He 作为诊断工质,基于原子发射光谱技术构建等离子体参数诊断系统。通过采集不同工作条件下 He 等离子体的特征发射光谱,结合玻尔兹曼作图法,实现对气体温度的定量测量与分析,揭示工作参数对推力器内部等离子体状态的影响规律,为微波等离子体推力器的性能优化与设计改进提供实验依据与理论支撑。
我们研发设计并制造了He工质的MPT实验平台,其系统图如图1所示。该推力器的微波源采用功率可调节的磁控管,其微波频率为 2.45 GHz。谐振腔设计为工作在该频率上的圆柱形TM011模式。磁控管产生的微波经由转换器传入矩形波导,依次经过环形器、正向耦合器与反向耦合器后通过波同转换器转换至同轴线,再借助天线馈入谐振腔。正反向耦合器用来从入射与反射微波中分别提取极小功率,对正反向的功率进行监测,同时可对谐振腔的谐振状态进行监测,分别计算正向功率数值和谐振腔的反射功率。正反向耦合器的耦合度均为60 dB。功率为示波器测量到的波形电压值平方除以50 Ω得到,用正向耦合器耦合出的监测功率除以功率耦合系数得到正向微波功率,用反向耦合器耦合出的监测功率除以功率耦合系数得到反向微波功率。微波耦合效率由正向功率减去反向功率再除以正向功率得出。当谐振腔的谐振频率与微波源的频率一致时,谐振腔会产生谐振,此时腔内电磁场形成驻波,能量耦合达到最大。谐振腔被石英玻璃隔板分隔为两部分:天线所在的部分为常压腔,维持常压状态,而另一部分则经拉瓦尔喷管与真空室连接。当He从进气口切向通入推力器,并由流量计控制输入流量时,真空室压力为3 Pa左右(由ZDF-IV-LED复合真空计测量,精度(0.075±15%) Pa)。若在谐振腔内电场强度最高的区域,电场强度达到或高于气体工质的击穿电压时,气体工质会发生击穿,电离后形成等离子体。等离子体不断吸收微波能量,在电场中持续产生焦耳热,对谐振腔内的气体进行加热,放电状态也从初始的场电离转变为稳定放电阶段的热电离,高温高压的等离子体气体最终从拉瓦尔喷口高速喷出,微波电磁场的能量最终转化为等离子体气体的动能。当等离子体频率与微波频率相等时,系统达到谐振状态,此时微波能量吸收达到最大值;若等离子体密度过大,当等离子体频率超过微波频率,等离子体会像金属一样对微波产生屏蔽反射作用,导致微波在等离子体中的趋肤效应,能量吸收效率降低,等离子体密度也会相应下降,由此达到动态平衡。
从图1中可以看到微波等离子体推力器性能试验测试系统布置。磁控管电源设置为1100 W时,调节流量计使He工质流量为100 sccm、200 sccm、300 sccm、400 sccm和500 sccm,将光纤探头对准谐振腔观察窗,用光谱仪分别测量这5种工况下的等离子体发射光谱,并计算相应气体温度。在观察窗外观察到的He工质等离子体发光如图2所示。采用NOVA-EX光谱仪进行光谱测量,NOVA-EX光谱仪是一款具有热电内制冷技术的光纤光谱仪,适用于需要长时间曝光的弱光检测场合。光谱仪探测范围为319~1106 nm,狭缝宽度25 μm,波长分辨率0.76 nm,光学分辨率1.97 nm。
采用玻尔兹曼作图法计算谐振腔内气体温度。从后文拟合直线的R2值可以证实数据良好的线性度,因此可以近似为局部热力学平衡(LTE) 状态,在局部热力学平衡近似下根据玻尔兹曼定律,粒子从高能级m跃迁到低能级n时辐射出光谱,其强度$ {I}_{mn} $[22-23]:
$ I_{m n}=\frac{h c g_m A_{m n} N}{4 {\text{π}} \lambda U} \exp \left(-\frac{E_m}{k T}\right)\;, $
式中:h是普朗克常数;c是光速;$ {A}_{mn} $是跃迁概率;$ {g}_{m} $是高能级统计权重;N是高能级粒子密度;U是配分函数;$ \lambda $是谱线波长;$ {E}_{m} $是高能级能量;T是电子激发温度;k是玻尔兹曼常数。在局部热力学平衡近似下,电子激发温度可以看作等于气体温度[24]。方程两边取对数,得到:
$ \mathit{\ln}\left(\dfrac{I_{mn}\lambda}{g_mA_{mn}}\right)=-\dfrac{E_m}{kT}+c\; . $
在光谱图中选择同一价态相同粒子的多条原子发射光谱谱线,在NIST数据库里找到对应谱线,查询谱线对应的$ {g}_{m}{A}_{mn} $乘积值,和谱线$ \lambda $、光谱测得的强度$ {I}_{mn} $一起计算谱线的$ \mathit{\ln } \left(\dfrac{{I}_{mn}\lambda }{{g}_{m}{A}_{mn}}\right) $值。以谱线分别对应的跃迁的上能级$ {E}_{m} $值(数据库中查询)为x坐标,以谱线的$ \mathit{\ln } \left(\dfrac{{I}_{mn}\lambda }{{g}_{m}{A}_{mn}}\right) $为y坐标绘制点,一条谱线描出一点。在局部热力学平衡状态下,描出的点满足式(2),可以被拟合为斜率为$ -{1}/{kT} $的直线,从而通过直线斜率求得气体温度T。
由光谱仪测得的不同He工质流量下的发射光谱如图3所示,可以看出,所有工况下的光谱均集中在 319~1106 nm 探测范围内,谱线对应 He 原子不同高能级向低能级跃迁的特征辐射。由于随工质流量增大,整体光谱强度逐渐减小,因此在实验中,100 sccm、200 sccm、300 sccm、400 sccm、500 sccm时光谱仪软件设置的积分时间分别为50 ms、50 ms、50 ms、100 ms、1000 ms,以得到最大幅度相对统一的光谱图像。400 sccm时光谱谱线图如图4所示,本文使用He原子388.9 nm、587.6 nm、667.8 nm、706.5 nm四条典型跃迁谱线进行气体温度玻尔兹曼作图法计算,图中出现的一条最强谱线为He原子的Hα 656.3 nm谱线,这是由于实验时谐振腔的密封性问题引起的,该谱线予以排除。400 sccm时玻尔兹曼作图直线拟合图如图5所示,其拟合直线R2值为0.974,可见图中数据点的极好线性度,在本实验的其余流量下,R2值均在0.85以上,证实了局部热力学平衡近似的正确性。若状态偏离局部热力学平衡,玻尔兹曼作图法作出的数据点线性度将变差,数据将拟合为向某一方向弯曲的曲线。
不同He工质流量下的谐振腔气体温度及推力器比冲如图6所示。计算出的气体温度和比冲值与文献[15]符合得较好。从图6可以看出,在微波输入功率固定为1100 W的条件下,He工质流量从100 sccm增至500 sccm的全区间内,气体温度与推力器比冲始终呈同步下降趋势,且400 sccm后下降斜率显著增大,这一规律的核心驱动因素是比能量(输入功率与工质流量的比值)与等离子体能量耦合、粒子相互作用的内在关联,且每个流量工况下系统均处于动态平衡状态——粒子数平衡、能量平衡。从物理机制来看,比能量与流量呈严格反比,流量增大时比能量同步降低,单位质量工质获得的微波能量随之减少。100~400 sccm区间,比能量仍处于较高水平,微波能与等离子体的耦合效率维持在相对稳定的范围,粒子间碰撞频率虽随流量增加而升高,但激发态粒子向基态粒子的能量传递过程相对缓和,同时谐振腔内能量分布仍能保持一定均匀性,因此气体温度呈平缓下降趋势。而当流量超过400 sccm后,比能量大幅降低,单位体积内粒子数急剧增多,等离子体密度远超微波耦合的最优阈值,导致等离子体频率显著高于微波频率,微波的屏蔽反射效应与趋肤效应急剧增强,能量吸收效率大幅下滑,同时粒子碰撞频率激增,激发态粒子的能量快速通过非弹性碰撞耗散,叠加热膨胀、辐射等能量损失途径的强化,使得气体温度呈现更陡峭的下降态势,而这一过程中系统始终通过动态调整维持粒子数与能量的平衡,只是平衡态随比能量降低向低气体温度、低能量水平迁移。
比冲作为衡量推力器推进效率的核心指标,其定义为单位质量推进剂产生的冲量(单位:s),本质反映了推进剂粒子的出口动能水平——在局部热力学平衡状态下,气体温度是粒子平均动能的宏观表征,气体温度越高,工质电离效率越高,粒子热运动速度越快,经拉瓦尔喷管加速后喷出的动量传递效率越高,比冲也就越大,因此比冲与气体温度呈现显著正相关关系。图6中比冲与气体温度的同步变化的趋势正是这一关联的直接体现:100~400 sccm区间随气体温度平缓下降而温和降低,400 sccm后随气体温度陡降而急剧下滑,清晰印证了气体温度对推进性能的调控作用。比冲对航天任务的成败至关重要,对于深空探测、微小卫星轨道转移等任务,高比冲意味着能用更少的推进剂实现更长续航或更远航行距离,大幅降低航天器发射质量与任务成本;而比冲的稳定性则直接影响推力器运行可靠性,避免因推进效率波动导致轨道控制精度不足或任务失败。图6揭示的规律不仅量化了比冲与气体温度、流量的内在关联,更为不同任务需求下的参数优化提供了关键依据——需高比冲时可选择100~300 sccm低流量区间,需兼顾推进效率与运行稳定性时则谨慎控制流量不超过400 sccm,避免比冲急剧下滑影响任务效果。
从能量供给本质来看,实验中气体温度与比冲的变化根源是比能量(输入功率与工质流量的比值)的差异,功率作为比能量的分子项,其变化会直接改变相同流量下的能量分配基准:当微波输入功率升高时(如高于 1100 W),相同 He 流量对应的比能量增大,单位质量工质获得的微波能量增多。一方面会提升工质电离效率与粒子碰撞的能量传递效率,使等离子体气体温度呈 “整体上移” 趋势,且在相同流量区间内(如 100~400 sccm)的气体温度下降幅度会小于 1100 W 工况 —— 因为更高的总能量可部分抵消流量增加带来的 “粒子分摊效应”;另一方面,更高的气体温度会进一步提升粒子平均动能,使得相同流量下的比冲同步提高,且比冲随流量陡降的临界阈值(原 1100 W 下的 400 sccm)会向更高流量方向偏移(如 500 sccm 及以上),这是由于更高功率能支撑更多粒子的有效能量耦合,延缓等离子体频率超过微波频率的屏蔽临界点。反之,当功率降低时(如低于 1100 W),相同流量下的比能量大幅减小,单位粒子获得的能量不足,气体温度与比冲会整体下移,且比冲陡降的临界阈值会左移(如 300 sccm 左右),此时较低流量下就可能因能量供给不足导致微波耦合效率急剧下滑,提前进入 “流量增大 - 性能陡降” 阶段。
从微波等离子体耦合特性来看,功率变化会改变谐振腔内的电磁场强度与等离子体密度的动态匹配关系:在 1100 W 工况下,谐振腔能维持稳定的 TM011 模驻波场,而功率升高时,更强的电磁场会使等离子体击穿更充分,粒子数密度增加,但当功率过高(如远超 1100 W),即使流量未显著增大,也可能导致等离子体密度突破临界值,引发微波屏蔽与趋肤效应增强,此时流量增加带来的 “粒子稀释效应” 与 “屏蔽效应强化” 会叠加,可能使气体温度-流量曲线的陡降段斜率更大;而功率过低时,电磁场强度不足,工质击穿不完全,等离子体密度较低,粒子碰撞频率难以满足 LTE 状态要求,此前 1100 W 下 R2值均≥0.85 的 (local thermodynamic equilibrium,LTE)前提可能被打破,导致玻尔兹曼作图法计算的气体温度准确性下降,“流量 - 气体温度” 的线性负相关关系会弱化,甚至出现局部波动,进而影响比冲与流量关系的规律性 —— 低功率下低流量区间可能因电离不充分导致比冲偏低,无法呈现 1100 W 工况下的 “低流量高比冲” 特征。
本研究成功构建了基于He原子发射光谱的微波等离子体推力器(MPT)参数诊断系统,采用NOVA-EX光谱仪实现了319~1106 nm范围内等离子体特征发射光谱的精准采集,并结合玻尔兹曼作图法完成了气体温度的定量计算。得到以下结论:
1) He工质流量与气体温度、推力器比冲均呈显著同步负相关,100~400 sccm区间内气体温度与比冲平缓下降,400 sccm后因比能量大幅降低、微波屏蔽反射与趋肤效应强化、粒子碰撞能量耗散加剧,二者下降斜率显著增大。
2) 功率高于1100 W时,比能量提升使气体温度与比冲整体上移,临界阈值向更高流量偏移;功率低于1100 W时,能量供给不足导致二者整体下移,阈值左移,功率过高会引发微波屏蔽与趋肤效应增强,功率过低可能破坏局部热力学平衡状态,弱化性能关联性。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250379
  • 接收时间:2025-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-07
  • 修回日期:2026-01-05
  • 录用日期:2026-01-09
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    1核工业西南物理研究院应用技术所,四川 成都 610207
    2上海空间推进研究所,上海 201112
    3电子科技大学资源与环境学院,四川 成都 611731

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