Article(id=1319954927649149066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260123, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260123, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1777910400000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-05, revisedDate=1784476800000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-20, acceptedDate=1784476800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-20, onlineDate=1792631378327, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631378327, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631378327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631378327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260123, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954927854669963, articleId=1319954927649149066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research progress on microwave photonic links based on high-performance micro-nano photonic devices, columnId=1279512304261776153, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Significance

Microwave photonic links (MPLs) serve as a critical physical-layer infrastructure that bridges microwave engineering and integrated photonics, enabling low-loss, high-isolation, and wideband transmission and processing of high-frequency microwave signals. They represent a key enabling technology for next-generation 6G communications, high-resolution radar, and integrated sensing-communication (ISAC) systems. The performance of MPLs is fundamentally governed by two core metrics: working bandwidth and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). Working bandwidth determines the link capacity to handle high-frequency and multi-octave signals, while SFDR—comprehensively reflecting system gain, third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3), and noise floor—quantifies the link's capability to faithfully transmit desired signals in the simultaneous presence of strong interference and weak targets. An inherent design tension exists between these two metrics: broadening the bandwidth typically demands flatter frequency responses from modulators and photodetectors, often at the cost of linearity, while achieving high SFDR requires precise bias control and nonlinear suppression that conflict with low-loss wideband design. Simultaneously realizing ultra-wide bandwidth and large dynamic range therefore remains a long-standing core challenge in this field.

Progress

This review presents a systematic survey of recent advances in high-performance MPLs, organized around on-chip integrated micro-nano photonic devices as the central theme.

At the device level, substantial breakthroughs have been achieved across all key enabling components. In on-chip laser sources and optical frequency combs, heterogeneously integrated lasers with fundamental linewidths below 1 kHz and RIN below −160 dB/Hz have been demonstrated; femtosecond pulse generators on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) have produced flat-top optical frequency combs with conversion efficiencies an order of magnitude higher than prior integrated sources; and a triple-resonance electro-optic comb on thin-film lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) has generated over 2000 comb lines spanning 450 nm (>60 THz), while Kerr microcomb sources with conversion efficiencies exceeding 90% provide low-noise multi-wavelength foundations for wideband MPL architectures. In electro-optic modulators, the TFLN platform has advanced the 3-dB bandwidth from 45 GHz in early demonstrations to beyond 250 GHz, supporting 512 Gbps fiber-wireless transmission and 400 Gbps terahertz-band wireless records; a heterogeneously integrated LiTaO3-on-Si3N4 modulator achieved near-100 GHz bandwidth with 333 Gbit/s PAM4 and 581 Gbit/s 16-QAM transmission; and plasmonic modulators extended the modulation bandwidth beyond 1 THz, covering MHz to THz in a single device. In photodetectors, germanium-on-silicon devices achieved 3-dB bandwidths of 265 GHz, while ultrahigh-power Ge-Si photodetectors delivered record saturation photocurrents of 471.4 mA with OIP3 of 32.3 dBm and SFDR of 114.7 dB·Hz2/3; modified uni-traveling-carrier photodetectors (MUTC-PDs) maintained frequency responses beyond 140 GHz while preserving high linearity.

At the system level, advances are reviewed along three principal directions. For large dynamic range links and nonlinear distortion suppression, three complementary layers of techniques were developed: at the modulator bias and architecture level, schemes including SD-DPMZM, dual-parallel polarization modulator, and DP-DPMZM achieved IMD3 suppression of 20–40 dB and SFDR improvements up to 20 dB; in the optical sideband manipulation domain, a gain-penalty-free IMD3 suppression scheme based on optical single-sideband modulation achieved SFDR exceeding 128 dB·Hz4/5—the first linearization technique to suppress nonlinear distortion without any link gain sacrifice—while multi-order optical sideband vector manipulation (MOSVM) simultaneously improved SFDR by over 20 dB and system gain by over 12 dB; in the algorithm compensation domain, genetic algorithm-assisted coherent detection enabled stable 100.8 km transmission with SFDR above 122 dB·Hz2/3 across −40 to 70°C, and deep neural network architectures including complex-biGRU and focal-loss-based networks provided robust nonlinear compensation in ultra-high-speed and long-distance scenarios. For ultra-wideband microwave photonic communication and spectrum sensing, chromatic dispersion compensation strategies spanning optical double-sideband pre-compensation, optical phase conjugation, TFLN differential phase-diversity electro-optic modulators, and silicon photonic neural network equalization were systematically investigated; a dispersion-immune microwave photonic phase shifter achieved continuous 360° phase shifting from 5 to 25 GHz; a TFLN-integrated real-time spectrum sensing system demonstrated 57.5 GHz instantaneous bandwidth with sub-110 ns latency for 6G ISAC applications; photonics-assisted W-band dual-hop radio-over-fiber transmission achieved 80 Gbit/s 16-QAM at 90 GHz over a 21-km fiber link; and a self-injection-locked microcomb-driven silicon photonic transceiver achieved a WDM coherent transmission record of 61.2 Tbit/s with a net spectral efficiency of 8.01 bit/s/Hz. For microwave photonic intelligent signal processing and computing, a programmable TFLN microwave photonic notch filter simultaneously achieved high dynamic range, high link gain, low noise figure, and ultra-high rejection ratio on a single chip; a silicon photonic true-time-delay processor integrated arbitrary waveform generation, tunable filtering, and ultra-broadband beamforming; a silicon photonic analog parallel processor demonstrated simultaneous 6 GHz radar signal processing and 8 Gbps wireless communication on a single photonic integrated circuit; and microcomb-driven optical convolutional accelerators achieved computing speeds exceeding 3 TOPS for tensor convolution, complex-valued convolution, and transposed convolution tasks, while a photonic edge intelligence chip (PEIC) realized multi-modal analog signal sensing and on-chip inference with a response latency of only 1.33 ns and an energy efficiency of 29 fJ/OP.

Conclusions and Prospects

On-chip integrated micro-nano photonic devices have substantially advanced the performance boundaries of MPLs in both bandwidth and dynamic range, driving the evolution of MPLs systems from signal transmission conduits toward multi-functional intelligent processing platforms. Looking forward, chip-to-fiber coupling loss, wafer-scale fabrication yield, and heterogeneous integration compatibility remain the primary bottlenecks for TFLN-based systems; topological photonic protection mechanisms offer a promising route to improve fabrication robustness and reduce waveguide losses. The fundamental tension among gain, noise figure, and nonlinearity has yet to be resolved at the system level; deep co-design of device innovations—continuously reducing $V_{\text{π}} $ and improving linearity and saturation photocurrent—with adaptive wideband digital linearization and online learning algorithms represents the fundamental path to breaking this bottleneck. As wafer-scale multi-layer heterogeneous integration matures, fully integrated MPLs transceiver systems incorporating laser sources, modulators, photodetectors, and signal processing units on a single chip are expected to become the core physical-layer infrastructure for next-generation 6G intelligent wireless networks and integrated sensing-communication-computation platforms.

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微波光子链路 (MPLs)作为融合微波工程与集成光子学的关键基础设施,是下一代6G通信、高分辨雷达及感知-通信一体化 (ISAC)系统的核心物理层技术。然而,链路的两大核心指标——工作带宽与无杂散动态范围 (SFDR)之间存在设计制约,同时实现超宽带与大动态范围是该领域的长期挑战。本文以片上集成微纳光子器件为主线,全面综述了高性能MPLs的最新研究进展。在器件层面,梳理了底层硬件的突破性进展,包括片上低噪声激光器与高转换效率光频梳、超高调制带宽的薄膜铌酸锂 (TFLN)及太赫兹等离激元电光调制器,以及兼具超高饱和光电流与高带宽的光电探测器 (如锗硅器件与MUTC-PD)。在系统层面,重点探讨了由核心器件性能跃升驱动的三大系统级演进:1)面向大动态范围链路的多阶非线性失真抑制技术,涵盖偏置架构优化、光边带矢量操控及智能算法辅助补偿;2)超宽带微波光子通信与感知系统,探讨了克服光纤色散的多路径补偿机制、毫米波/太赫兹频段光载无线 (RoF)全频带传输及实时频谱感知架构;3)微波光子智能信号处理与计算,展示了系统从可编程多功能滤波网络向算力突破TOPS量级的光学卷积加速器及感算一体光子边缘智能芯片的范式跨越。最后,本文探讨了全集成MPLs收发系统在晶圆级异质集成与耦合封装方面面临的挑战,并对拓扑光子学保护机制及“器件-算法”协同设计在未来智能光子系统中的发展前景进行了展望。

, authors=熊茜茜1, 王承睿1, 张睿轩1, 韦克雷1, 程俏1, 朱厦2, 白云平1, *, *, 徐兴元1, authorsList=熊茜茜, 王承睿, 张睿轩, 韦克雷, 程俏, 朱厦, 白云平, 徐兴元, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=白云平, authorNote=

作者贡献

熊茜茜:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;王承睿,张睿轩,韦克雷,程俏:辅助资料收集,论文内容补充和修改;朱厦,白云平,徐兴元:指导论文选题、论文修改。

熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

白云平(1993-),男,北京邮电大学电子工程学院副研究员,博士/硕士生导师,信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室徐坤教授团队成员,主要研究方向为光子神经网络、人工智能计算芯片、微波光子技术、光电融合芯片,已在相关领域发表学术论文50多篇,其中以第一/通信作者在Nature Communications, Laser & Photonics Reviews,IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Nanophotonics等国际期刊上发表20多篇学术论文,主持/参与多项国家级项目,包括国家自然科学基金重大项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金青年项目。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白云平,
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熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

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熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

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白云平(1993-),男,北京邮电大学电子工程学院副研究员,博士/硕士生导师,信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室徐坤教授团队成员,主要研究方向为光子神经网络、人工智能计算芯片、微波光子技术、光电融合芯片,已在相关领域发表学术论文50多篇,其中以第一/通信作者在Nature Communications, Laser & Photonics Reviews,IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Nanophotonics等国际期刊上发表20多篇学术论文,主持/参与多项国家级项目,包括国家自然科学基金重大项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金青年项目。E-mail:

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白云平(1993-),男,北京邮电大学电子工程学院副研究员,博士/硕士生导师,信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室徐坤教授团队成员,主要研究方向为光子神经网络、人工智能计算芯片、微波光子技术、光电融合芯片,已在相关领域发表学术论文50多篇,其中以第一/通信作者在Nature Communications, Laser & Photonics Reviews,IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Nanophotonics等国际期刊上发表20多篇学术论文,主持/参与多项国家级项目,包括国家自然科学基金重大项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金青年项目。E-mail:

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(a) The TFLN ultra-wideband electro-optic modulator[17]; (b) Schematic of the ultra-broadband carrier and local oscillator generation, signal modulation and reception scheme based on thin-film lithium niobate integrated photonic technology[18], figureFileSmall=PA3+8l5UorJCZpYWU+oEXg==, figureFileBig=TRd0lxnQuPVlcTAtVz5KyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935173730544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图4, caption=超宽带电光调制与全频带无线通信系统。(a) TFLN超宽带电光调制器[17];(b)基于薄膜铌酸锂集成光子技术的超宽带载波与本振生成信号调制与方案原理图[18], figureFileSmall=PA3+8l5UorJCZpYWU+oEXg==, figureFileBig=TRd0lxnQuPVlcTAtVz5KyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935278588145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=TFLN-integrated high-performance electro-optic modulator linearization devices. (a) Schematic of the high-performance in-phase/quadrature (IQ) electro-optic modulator on the TFLN platform[15]; (b) Schematic diagram of the carrier-separated asymmetric Mach-Zehnder modulator (CS-AMZM) on the TFLN platform[32], figureFileSmall=/PhljzqmyaBdAB5uV9YbGA==, figureFileBig=gp5zojGZwrrSVKb+qv70Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935396028658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TFLN集成高性能电光调制器线性化器件。(a)基于TFLN平台的高性能同相/正交 (IQ)电光调制器结构图[15];(b)基于TFLN平台的载波分离非对称马赫-曾德尔调制器 (CS-AMZM)结构原理图[32], figureFileSmall=/PhljzqmyaBdAB5uV9YbGA==, figureFileBig=gp5zojGZwrrSVKb+qv70Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935492497651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Representative advances based on integrated photonic platforms and optical frequency combs. (a) Large-scale quantum communication network enabled by integrated photonics[85]; (b) Integrated lithium niobate photonic millimeter-wave radar prototype system[86]; (c) Full-dimensional control of structured microwaves based on microcombs[26]; (d) Microresonator-referenced soliton microcomb with zeptosecond-level timing noise for frequency Reference[87]; (e) Microcomb-synchronized optoelectronics system[84]; (f) Soliton-comb-based photonic microwave filter operating in the 300 GHz band[88], figureFileSmall=HLOe243Q1kj979kk27tM9A==, figureFileBig=Yk+7B9BC8FyHBY6iWWA4Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935559606516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于集成光子平台与光频梳的代表性研究进展。 (a) 基于集成光子学的大规模量子通信网络[85];(b) 基于集成铌酸锂平台的毫米波光子雷达原型系统[86];(c) 基于微梳的结构化微波全维度调控[26];(d) 基于微腔参考孤子微梳实现泽秒级超低时间抖动的频率参考源[87];(e) 微梳同步光电子系统[84];(f) 基于孤子微梳的300 GHz 频段光子微波滤波器[88], figureFileSmall=HLOe243Q1kj979kk27tM9A==, figureFileBig=Yk+7B9BC8FyHBY6iWWA4Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935698018549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Architecture of the UWB fibre-wireless communication system based on integrated TFLN platform and its diverse application scenarios[17], figureFileSmall=cH3Bob0oBYH2LZdsKccLtw==, figureFileBig=QyFPMXeyKuL0Wf3d26GZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935777710326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于集成薄膜铌酸锂 (TFLN)平台的超宽带光纤-无线融合通信系统架构及其全场景应用[17], figureFileSmall=cH3Bob0oBYH2LZdsKccLtw==, figureFileBig=QyFPMXeyKuL0Wf3d26GZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935849013495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Architecture of the TFLN-integrated photonic ultra-wideband real-time spectrum sensing system and the measured frequency-time mapping results[21], figureFileSmall=KqcBFw5QlYToKU0bW5TaNA==, figureFileBig=V/pEhCogIhcps2ZswMGv+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954935937093880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于TFLN平台的集成光子超宽带实时频谱感知系统架构及频率-时间映射结果[21], figureFileSmall=KqcBFw5QlYToKU0bW5TaNA==, figureFileBig=V/pEhCogIhcps2ZswMGv+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954936008397049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Representative architectures for optical convolutional computing acceleration and integrated sensing-computing photonic edge intelligence. (a) Optical convolutional accelerator (VCA) based on integrated Kerr microcombs[100]; (b) High-bit-efficiency optical tensor convolutional accelerator (OTCA) based on integrated microcombs[38]; (c) Complex-valued optical convolutional accelerator (CVOCA) for feature extraction and inference[39]; (d) Photonic transposed convolution accelerator (PTCA) based on microcombs[40]; (e) Photonic edge intelligence chip (PEIC) for multi-modal analog signal processing[41], figureFileSmall=LNOK5371YHBPWnOwrCCUog==, figureFileBig=H/o+nX1x/sZ6YBL1YHsaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954936092283130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=图9, caption=光学卷积计算加速与感算一体光子边缘智能代表性架构。 (a) 基于集成克尔微梳的光学卷积加速器[100];(b) 基于集成微梳的高比特效率光学张量卷积加速器[38];(c) 面向特征提取与推理的复数光学卷积加速器[39];(d) 基于微梳的光子转置卷积加速器[40];(e) 面向多模态模拟信号处理的光子边缘智能芯片[41], figureFileSmall=LNOK5371YHBPWnOwrCCUog==, figureFileBig=H/o+nX1x/sZ6YBL1YHsaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954936167780603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Performance comparison of typical micro-nano photonic devices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份参考文献器件类型材料平台/结构关键性能指标
2021Xiang等人[42]片上激光器III-V/Si₃N₄异质集成线宽<1 kHz,RIN<−150 dBc/Hz,输出数十mW
2012Lipson等[44]片上激光器多模增益芯片+Si₃N₄环形腔>150 mW,线宽<400 kHz,面积3 mm²
2020Kharas等[45]片上激光器InGaAsP/InP+Si₃N₄ DBR倒装键合312 mW,RIN ≈ −160 dB/Hz,线宽192 kHz
2019Zhang等[46]电光频梳TFLN微环>900根梳齿,重频10 GHz
2025Zhang等[48]电光频梳LiTaO₃三重谐振跨度450 nm (>60 THz),>2000根梳齿,RF功耗降低16倍
2022Nie等[50]克尔梳FP微腔滤波反馈转换效率90.7%
2018Wang等[14]EOMTFLN3 dB带宽45 GHz,Vπ=1.4 V
2022Zhang等[53]EOMTFLN3 dB带宽170 GHz,Vπ=7.3 V
022Xu等[16]IQ EOMTFLN110 GHz,驱动电压<1 V
2026Zhang等[17]EOMTFLN>250 GHz,支撑512 Gbps传输
2023Han等[54]慢光EOMSiP110 GHz
2026Cai等[56]MZMLiTaO₃/Si₃N₄异质集成~100 GHz,Vπ=6 V
2025Horst等[57]EOM等离激元频率响应 > 1 THz
2024Wu等[58]波导集成PD扭转双层石墨烯65 GHz,0.65 A/W
2024Shi等[59]PDGe-on-Si (U形电极)103 GHz,0.95 A/W
2021Lischke等[60]PDGe265 GHz
2024Li等[62]大功率PDGe-Si饱和电流471.4 mA,OIP3 32.3 dBm,SFDR 114.7 dB·Hz²/³
2026Zhang等[17]MUTC-PDInP基140 GHz以上频率响应,高线性度
), ArticleFig(id=1319954936260055292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型微纳光子器件性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份参考文献器件类型材料平台/结构关键性能指标
2021Xiang等人[42]片上激光器III-V/Si₃N₄异质集成线宽<1 kHz,RIN<−150 dBc/Hz,输出数十mW
2012Lipson等[44]片上激光器多模增益芯片+Si₃N₄环形腔>150 mW,线宽<400 kHz,面积3 mm²
2020Kharas等[45]片上激光器InGaAsP/InP+Si₃N₄ DBR倒装键合312 mW,RIN ≈ −160 dB/Hz,线宽192 kHz
2019Zhang等[46]电光频梳TFLN微环>900根梳齿,重频10 GHz
2025Zhang等[48]电光频梳LiTaO₃三重谐振跨度450 nm (>60 THz),>2000根梳齿,RF功耗降低16倍
2022Nie等[50]克尔梳FP微腔滤波反馈转换效率90.7%
2018Wang等[14]EOMTFLN3 dB带宽45 GHz,Vπ=1.4 V
2022Zhang等[53]EOMTFLN3 dB带宽170 GHz,Vπ=7.3 V
022Xu等[16]IQ EOMTFLN110 GHz,驱动电压<1 V
2026Zhang等[17]EOMTFLN>250 GHz,支撑512 Gbps传输
2023Han等[54]慢光EOMSiP110 GHz
2026Cai等[56]MZMLiTaO₃/Si₃N₄异质集成~100 GHz,Vπ=6 V
2025Horst等[57]EOM等离激元频率响应 > 1 THz
2024Wu等[58]波导集成PD扭转双层石墨烯65 GHz,0.65 A/W
2024Shi等[59]PDGe-on-Si (U形电极)103 GHz,0.95 A/W
2021Lischke等[60]PDGe265 GHz
2024Li等[62]大功率PDGe-Si饱和电流471.4 mA,OIP3 32.3 dBm,SFDR 114.7 dB·Hz²/³
2026Zhang等[17]MUTC-PDInP基140 GHz以上频率响应,高线性度
), ArticleFig(id=1319954936364912893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Performance comparison of high-performance MPL systems in terms of SFDR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份参考文献调制方案SFDR主要特点
2010Li等[63]SD-DPMZM122.9 dB·Hz²/³IMD3等幅反相抵消,提升20 dB
2012Huang等[64]DPPolM线性化提升 ~15.5 dB偏振调控,规避DC漂移
2013Chen等[66]PM+偏振片+光滤波器110 dB·Hz⁴/⁵同步色散补偿与IMD3抑制
2016Zhu等[67]DP-DPMZM多倍频程SFDR₃: 110 dB·Hz²/³同步抑制IMD2与IMD3
2019Wang等[69]双并联MZM+PBC124 dB·Hz⁴/⁵满足5G 3GPP指标
2020Bai等[70]DP-DPMZM+OCSwR优化114.1 dB·Hz⁴/⁵同步抑制PFID,RF功率提升13 dB
2019Gu等[74]DPMZM希尔伯特调制120.4 dB·Hz²/³噪声基底−163.9 dBm/Hz
2019Wu等[76]光谱矢量操控 (OSVM)122 dB·Hz⁶/⁷三至五阶边带矢量联合抑制
2019Zheng等[77]OSSB+DP-MZM121.4 dB·Hz⁴/⁵色散免疫,同步抑制IMD2
2021Bai等[33]无增益损耗OSSB>128 dB·Hz⁴/⁵无增益损耗IMD3抑制,提升27 dB
2023Bai等[78]MPPS+MOSVM提升 >20 dB增益同步提升>12 dB
2013Chen等[79]DSB预失真~114 dB·Hz²/³较传统DSB提升15 dB
2014Dai等[80]数字后补偿+低噪放128.3 dB@1Hz较未补偿提升23 dB
2021Gao等[34]零差检测+遗传算法>122 dB·Hz²/³−40~70°C全温稳定
2021Gao等[82]正交调制+DCR算法SFDR₃: 116.31 dB·Hz²/³多倍频程,工程容错优势显著
), ArticleFig(id=1319954936452993278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954927649149066, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高性能MPL系统SFDR性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份参考文献调制方案SFDR主要特点
2010Li等[63]SD-DPMZM122.9 dB·Hz²/³IMD3等幅反相抵消,提升20 dB
2012Huang等[64]DPPolM线性化提升 ~15.5 dB偏振调控,规避DC漂移
2013Chen等[66]PM+偏振片+光滤波器110 dB·Hz⁴/⁵同步色散补偿与IMD3抑制
2016Zhu等[67]DP-DPMZM多倍频程SFDR₃: 110 dB·Hz²/³同步抑制IMD2与IMD3
2019Wang等[69]双并联MZM+PBC124 dB·Hz⁴/⁵满足5G 3GPP指标
2020Bai等[70]DP-DPMZM+OCSwR优化114.1 dB·Hz⁴/⁵同步抑制PFID,RF功率提升13 dB
2019Gu等[74]DPMZM希尔伯特调制120.4 dB·Hz²/³噪声基底−163.9 dBm/Hz
2019Wu等[76]光谱矢量操控 (OSVM)122 dB·Hz⁶/⁷三至五阶边带矢量联合抑制
2019Zheng等[77]OSSB+DP-MZM121.4 dB·Hz⁴/⁵色散免疫,同步抑制IMD2
2021Bai等[33]无增益损耗OSSB>128 dB·Hz⁴/⁵无增益损耗IMD3抑制,提升27 dB
2023Bai等[78]MPPS+MOSVM提升 >20 dB增益同步提升>12 dB
2013Chen等[79]DSB预失真~114 dB·Hz²/³较传统DSB提升15 dB
2014Dai等[80]数字后补偿+低噪放128.3 dB@1Hz较未补偿提升23 dB
2021Gao等[34]零差检测+遗传算法>122 dB·Hz²/³−40~70°C全温稳定
2021Gao等[82]正交调制+DCR算法SFDR₃: 116.31 dB·Hz²/³多倍频程,工程容错优势显著
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基于高性能微纳光子器件的微波光子链路研究进展
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熊茜茜 1 , 王承睿 1 , 张睿轩 1 , 韦克雷 1 , 程俏 1 , 朱厦 2 , 白云平 1, *, * , 徐兴元 1
光电工程 | 综述 2026,53(7): 260123-1
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基于高性能微纳光子器件的微波光子链路研究进展
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熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

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熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

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白云平(1993-),男,北京邮电大学电子工程学院副研究员,博士/硕士生导师,信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室徐坤教授团队成员,主要研究方向为光子神经网络、人工智能计算芯片、微波光子技术、光电融合芯片,已在相关领域发表学术论文50多篇,其中以第一/通信作者在Nature Communications, Laser & Photonics Reviews,IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Nanophotonics等国际期刊上发表20多篇学术论文,主持/参与多项国家级项目,包括国家自然科学基金重大项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金青年项目。E-mail:

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熊茜茜1 , 王承睿1, 张睿轩1, 韦克雷1, 程俏1, 朱厦2, 白云平1, *, * , 徐兴元1
作者信息
  • 1信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室,北京邮电大学电子工程学院, 北京 100876
  • 2南开大学智能光子研究院,天津 300192
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

熊茜茜:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;王承睿,张睿轩,韦克雷,程俏:辅助资料收集,论文内容补充和修改;朱厦,白云平,徐兴元:指导论文选题、论文修改。

熊茜茜(2001-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:微波光子链路系统、光子神经网络、光电融合芯片。参与国家自然科学基金项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目。E-mail:

白云平(1993-),男,北京邮电大学电子工程学院副研究员,博士/硕士生导师,信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室徐坤教授团队成员,主要研究方向为光子神经网络、人工智能计算芯片、微波光子技术、光电融合芯片,已在相关领域发表学术论文50多篇,其中以第一/通信作者在Nature Communications, Laser & Photonics Reviews,IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Nanophotonics等国际期刊上发表20多篇学术论文,主持/参与多项国家级项目,包括国家自然科学基金重大项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、科技部重点研发青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金青年项目。E-mail:

Research progress on microwave photonic links based on high-performance micro-nano photonic devices
Xixi Xiong1 , Chengrui Wang1, Ruixuan Zhang1, Kelei Wei1, Qiao Cheng1, Sha Zhu2, Yunping Bai1 , Xingyuan Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1Information Photonics and Optical Communications Key Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876 China
  • 2Intelligent Photonics Research Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192 China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260123
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微波光子链路 (MPLs)作为融合微波工程与集成光子学的关键基础设施,是下一代6G通信、高分辨雷达及感知-通信一体化 (ISAC)系统的核心物理层技术。然而,链路的两大核心指标——工作带宽与无杂散动态范围 (SFDR)之间存在设计制约,同时实现超宽带与大动态范围是该领域的长期挑战。本文以片上集成微纳光子器件为主线,全面综述了高性能MPLs的最新研究进展。在器件层面,梳理了底层硬件的突破性进展,包括片上低噪声激光器与高转换效率光频梳、超高调制带宽的薄膜铌酸锂 (TFLN)及太赫兹等离激元电光调制器,以及兼具超高饱和光电流与高带宽的光电探测器 (如锗硅器件与MUTC-PD)。在系统层面,重点探讨了由核心器件性能跃升驱动的三大系统级演进:1)面向大动态范围链路的多阶非线性失真抑制技术,涵盖偏置架构优化、光边带矢量操控及智能算法辅助补偿;2)超宽带微波光子通信与感知系统,探讨了克服光纤色散的多路径补偿机制、毫米波/太赫兹频段光载无线 (RoF)全频带传输及实时频谱感知架构;3)微波光子智能信号处理与计算,展示了系统从可编程多功能滤波网络向算力突破TOPS量级的光学卷积加速器及感算一体光子边缘智能芯片的范式跨越。最后,本文探讨了全集成MPLs收发系统在晶圆级异质集成与耦合封装方面面临的挑战,并对拓扑光子学保护机制及“器件-算法”协同设计在未来智能光子系统中的发展前景进行了展望。

微纳光子器件  /  微波光子链路  /  工作带宽  /  无杂散动态范围  /  薄膜铌酸锂
Significance

Microwave photonic links (MPLs) serve as a critical physical-layer infrastructure that bridges microwave engineering and integrated photonics, enabling low-loss, high-isolation, and wideband transmission and processing of high-frequency microwave signals. They represent a key enabling technology for next-generation 6G communications, high-resolution radar, and integrated sensing-communication (ISAC) systems. The performance of MPLs is fundamentally governed by two core metrics: working bandwidth and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). Working bandwidth determines the link capacity to handle high-frequency and multi-octave signals, while SFDR—comprehensively reflecting system gain, third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3), and noise floor—quantifies the link's capability to faithfully transmit desired signals in the simultaneous presence of strong interference and weak targets. An inherent design tension exists between these two metrics: broadening the bandwidth typically demands flatter frequency responses from modulators and photodetectors, often at the cost of linearity, while achieving high SFDR requires precise bias control and nonlinear suppression that conflict with low-loss wideband design. Simultaneously realizing ultra-wide bandwidth and large dynamic range therefore remains a long-standing core challenge in this field.

Progress

This review presents a systematic survey of recent advances in high-performance MPLs, organized around on-chip integrated micro-nano photonic devices as the central theme.

At the device level, substantial breakthroughs have been achieved across all key enabling components. In on-chip laser sources and optical frequency combs, heterogeneously integrated lasers with fundamental linewidths below 1 kHz and RIN below −160 dB/Hz have been demonstrated; femtosecond pulse generators on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) have produced flat-top optical frequency combs with conversion efficiencies an order of magnitude higher than prior integrated sources; and a triple-resonance electro-optic comb on thin-film lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) has generated over 2000 comb lines spanning 450 nm (>60 THz), while Kerr microcomb sources with conversion efficiencies exceeding 90% provide low-noise multi-wavelength foundations for wideband MPL architectures. In electro-optic modulators, the TFLN platform has advanced the 3-dB bandwidth from 45 GHz in early demonstrations to beyond 250 GHz, supporting 512 Gbps fiber-wireless transmission and 400 Gbps terahertz-band wireless records; a heterogeneously integrated LiTaO3-on-Si3N4 modulator achieved near-100 GHz bandwidth with 333 Gbit/s PAM4 and 581 Gbit/s 16-QAM transmission; and plasmonic modulators extended the modulation bandwidth beyond 1 THz, covering MHz to THz in a single device. In photodetectors, germanium-on-silicon devices achieved 3-dB bandwidths of 265 GHz, while ultrahigh-power Ge-Si photodetectors delivered record saturation photocurrents of 471.4 mA with OIP3 of 32.3 dBm and SFDR of 114.7 dB·Hz2/3; modified uni-traveling-carrier photodetectors (MUTC-PDs) maintained frequency responses beyond 140 GHz while preserving high linearity.

At the system level, advances are reviewed along three principal directions. For large dynamic range links and nonlinear distortion suppression, three complementary layers of techniques were developed: at the modulator bias and architecture level, schemes including SD-DPMZM, dual-parallel polarization modulator, and DP-DPMZM achieved IMD3 suppression of 20–40 dB and SFDR improvements up to 20 dB; in the optical sideband manipulation domain, a gain-penalty-free IMD3 suppression scheme based on optical single-sideband modulation achieved SFDR exceeding 128 dB·Hz4/5—the first linearization technique to suppress nonlinear distortion without any link gain sacrifice—while multi-order optical sideband vector manipulation (MOSVM) simultaneously improved SFDR by over 20 dB and system gain by over 12 dB; in the algorithm compensation domain, genetic algorithm-assisted coherent detection enabled stable 100.8 km transmission with SFDR above 122 dB·Hz2/3 across −40 to 70°C, and deep neural network architectures including complex-biGRU and focal-loss-based networks provided robust nonlinear compensation in ultra-high-speed and long-distance scenarios. For ultra-wideband microwave photonic communication and spectrum sensing, chromatic dispersion compensation strategies spanning optical double-sideband pre-compensation, optical phase conjugation, TFLN differential phase-diversity electro-optic modulators, and silicon photonic neural network equalization were systematically investigated; a dispersion-immune microwave photonic phase shifter achieved continuous 360° phase shifting from 5 to 25 GHz; a TFLN-integrated real-time spectrum sensing system demonstrated 57.5 GHz instantaneous bandwidth with sub-110 ns latency for 6G ISAC applications; photonics-assisted W-band dual-hop radio-over-fiber transmission achieved 80 Gbit/s 16-QAM at 90 GHz over a 21-km fiber link; and a self-injection-locked microcomb-driven silicon photonic transceiver achieved a WDM coherent transmission record of 61.2 Tbit/s with a net spectral efficiency of 8.01 bit/s/Hz. For microwave photonic intelligent signal processing and computing, a programmable TFLN microwave photonic notch filter simultaneously achieved high dynamic range, high link gain, low noise figure, and ultra-high rejection ratio on a single chip; a silicon photonic true-time-delay processor integrated arbitrary waveform generation, tunable filtering, and ultra-broadband beamforming; a silicon photonic analog parallel processor demonstrated simultaneous 6 GHz radar signal processing and 8 Gbps wireless communication on a single photonic integrated circuit; and microcomb-driven optical convolutional accelerators achieved computing speeds exceeding 3 TOPS for tensor convolution, complex-valued convolution, and transposed convolution tasks, while a photonic edge intelligence chip (PEIC) realized multi-modal analog signal sensing and on-chip inference with a response latency of only 1.33 ns and an energy efficiency of 29 fJ/OP.

Conclusions and Prospects

On-chip integrated micro-nano photonic devices have substantially advanced the performance boundaries of MPLs in both bandwidth and dynamic range, driving the evolution of MPLs systems from signal transmission conduits toward multi-functional intelligent processing platforms. Looking forward, chip-to-fiber coupling loss, wafer-scale fabrication yield, and heterogeneous integration compatibility remain the primary bottlenecks for TFLN-based systems; topological photonic protection mechanisms offer a promising route to improve fabrication robustness and reduce waveguide losses. The fundamental tension among gain, noise figure, and nonlinearity has yet to be resolved at the system level; deep co-design of device innovations—continuously reducing $V_{\text{π}} $ and improving linearity and saturation photocurrent—with adaptive wideband digital linearization and online learning algorithms represents the fundamental path to breaking this bottleneck. As wafer-scale multi-layer heterogeneous integration matures, fully integrated MPLs transceiver systems incorporating laser sources, modulators, photodetectors, and signal processing units on a single chip are expected to become the core physical-layer infrastructure for next-generation 6G intelligent wireless networks and integrated sensing-communication-computation platforms.

micro-nano photonic devices  /  microwave photonic links  /  working bandwidth  /  spurious-free dynamic range  /  thin-film lithium niobate
熊茜茜, 王承睿, 张睿轩, 韦克雷, 程俏, 朱厦, 白云平, 徐兴元. 基于高性能微纳光子器件的微波光子链路研究进展. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260123 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260123
Xixi Xiong, Chengrui Wang, Ruixuan Zhang, Kelei Wei, Qiao Cheng, Sha Zhu, Yunping Bai, Xingyuan Xu. Research progress on microwave photonic links based on high-performance micro-nano photonic devices[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260123 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260123
随着信息通信技术的高速发展与下一代6G通信系统的到来,微波光子链路 (microwave photonic links, MPLs)已成为深度融合微波工程与集成光子学的关键基础技术,实现了高频微波信号的低损耗、宽带传输与高效处理。MPLs将微波信号调制至光载波后经光纤传输,从根本上克服了传统同轴电缆高传输损耗 (典型值10~100 dB/km)、窄带宽、易受电磁干扰及体积庞大等固有缺陷。在通信波段,光纤传输损耗仅约0.2 dB/km,同时兼备大瞬时带宽、高隔离性及快速可重构等突出优势[1-10]。依托集成光子学的持续进步,微波光子器件与系统正朝着芯片级集成方向快速演进,在有效降低成本与功耗的同时大幅提升系统稳定性,为雷达、电子战、无线通信及感知一体化等应用场景提供了广阔的发展空间。
MPLs的系统性能主要由两大核心指标制约:工作带宽与无杂散动态范围 (spurious-free dynamic range, SFDR)。工作带宽决定链路处理高频宽谱信号的能力,制约着系统在高速通信与宽谱探测中的应用上限;SFDR则综合反映系统增益、三阶互调失真 (third-order intermodulation distortion, IMD3)及噪声水平,量化了链路在强干扰与微弱信号并存条件下保真传输有用信号的能力。然而,宽带与高SFDR之间存在固有的设计矛盾[11-13]:在底层物理层面,由于热噪声功率与系统瞬时带宽成正比,带宽的拓展不可避免地抬升了系统噪声基底,从而从根本上压缩了SFDR的理论上限[13];在器件与信号处理层面,提升带宽往往要求光电器件频率响应更加平坦,且实现高选择性频域调控时常引发增益饱和效应,这通常以牺牲器件的线性度为代价[12];在系统架构层面,随着工作带宽与采样速率的急剧提升,光电器件非线性及级联缺陷导致的失真产物会在宽带范围内累积,导致超宽带接收与模数转换系统的动态范围显著下降[11]。此外,高SFDR的实现依赖精准的工作点控制与非线性抑制,这又与宽带低损耗设计相互制约。因此,同时实现超宽带与大动态范围,是该领域长期面临的核心挑战。
典型的高性能MPL系统架构如图1所示,主要由激光源、电光调制器 (electro-optic modulator, EOM)、光纤传输介质及光电探测器 (photodetector, PD)等核心微纳光子器件构成,各器件的性能上限直接决定了链路的系统性能边界。近年来,以薄膜铌酸锂 (thin-film lithium niobate, TFLN)为代表的新型集成平台和硅光子 (silicon photonics, SiP)技术的迅猛发展,为高性能MPLs的实现提供了前所未有的器件基础[14-21]。TFLN凭借极强的Pockels效应与极低的光波导弯曲损耗,已将片上电光调制器带宽推进至250 GHz以上,同时保持极低的半波电压;改进型单行载流子探测器 (modified uni-traveling-carrier photodetector, MUTC-PD)在维持高线性度的同时实现了140 GHz以上的3 dB带宽;片上多波长激光源与光频梳技术则为多路并行传输提供了高相干、低噪声的光源支撑。基于上述集成微纳光子器件所构建的系统,已实现覆盖0.5~115 GHz全频段的超宽带光纤-无线融合通信与实时频谱感知,深刻揭示了片上集成微纳光子器件在未来通信与感知系统中的巨大潜力。
上述器件性能的系统性突破,直接驱动了MPL系统层面三个方向的创新。在超宽带传输方向, TFLN EOM将调制边界推至250 GHz以上,此后系统带宽瓶颈转移至光纤色散,研究者从预失真调制格式、光相位共轭补偿到TFLN差分相位分集EOM等多条路径系统性地解决了色散引起的射频功率衰落问题[22-29];在此基础上,Tao等人[21]基于TFLN Pockels效应的超宽线性响应实现了57.5 GHz瞬时带宽的实时频谱感知,W波段双跳RoF系统[30]与极简太赫兹收发器[31]则将超宽带MPL技术推向毫米波与太赫兹频段的工程化部署。在大动态范围方向,从调制器偏置架构优化、光边带矢量操控到算法辅助补偿,SFDR沿三个递进层次实现了跨越式提升:TFLN载波分离非对称马赫-曾德尔调制器 (carrier-separated asymmetric Mach-Zehnder modulator, CS-AMZM)在片上同步抑制多阶失真[32],无增益损耗光单边带 (optical single sideband, OSSB)调制方案突破了非线性抑制与链路增益的固有权衡,将SFDR推进至128 dB·Hz4/5以上[33];complex-biGRU与遗传算法等智能算法进一步赋予系统在宽温度范围与复杂传播环境下的鲁棒性[17,34]。在集成信号处理方向,TFLN低$V_{\text{π}} $可重构调制器支撑了高增益可调微波光子陷波滤波器[35],硅光子真时延 (true time delay, TTD)处理器实现了任意波形生成与超宽带波束成形的片上共集成[36],基于片上光频梳的宽带模拟并行处理器则在单一光子集成电路上同时完成了6 GHz带宽雷达信号处理与8 Gbps无线通信[37];光频梳的多波长并行特性进一步被延伸至计算加速领域,驱动了超过3 TOPS的光学张量卷积加速器与感算一体光子边缘智能芯片的实现[38-41],标志着MPL系统正从传输工具向多功能智能处理平台演进。
本文以片上集成微纳光子器件为主线,围绕带宽扩展与动态范围提升两条核心主线,对高性能MPLs的最新研究进展进行系统综述。第2节聚焦高性能微纳光子器件,依次介绍片上多波长激光源、超宽带电光调制器及高速大功率光探测器的最新进展;第3节在器件基础上,围绕大动态范围链路非线性失真抑制、基于微纳光子器件的微波光子通信与感知系统、基于微纳光子器件的微波光子智能信号处理与计算,综述高性能MPLs系统的研究进展;第4节对微纳光子器件与MPLs系统的未来发展趋势与挑战进行展望。
MPLs的系统性能由其各级微纳光子器件的综合性能共同决定。激光源的相对强度噪声 (relative intensity noise, RIN)与线宽决定了链路的噪声基底与相干性能;系统的有效工作带宽则受限于电光调制器与光电探测器的级联频率响应,两者共同定义了链路在高频段的传输边界;同时,调制器的半波电压与探测器的饱和电流、线性度,则分别从转换效率与失真抑制的角度,共同制约着链路的增益与SFDR上限。近年来,以TFLN和SiP为代表的片上集成技术取得了重大突破,不仅将单器件工作带宽推向新极限,更为系统级全频带超宽带传输与高动态范围信号处理奠定了坚实的器件基础。
在基于单波长光源的MPLs系统中,激光器的输出功率、线宽及RIN直接制约链路的传输损耗与信噪比。2021年,Xiang等人[42]利用多层异构集成技术研制了低噪声片上激光器,实现了数十毫瓦的输出功率、低于1 kHz的基础线宽,以及低于−150 dBc/Hz的RIN。2023年,该团队进一步采用三维集成技术,将III-V族增益介质与超低损耗氮化硅波导直接集成于芯片上,成功研制出无隔离器激光器 (如图2所示),光波导传输损耗仅为0.5 dB/m[43]。Lipson等人[44]通过将宽面积多模增益芯片与氮化硅环形谐振腔及单模滤波器耦合,实现了输出功率超过150 mW、线宽低于400 kHz、占地面积仅3 mm2的片上激光器。Kharas等人[45]则通过倒装键合方式将InGaAsP/InP弯曲通道双通放大器耦合至含氮化硅波导与分布式布拉格反射光栅的光子集成电路上,获得了312 mW光功率输出,RIN约为−160 dB/Hz,集成线宽仅192 kHz。
在多波长光源方面,片上光频梳 (optical frequency combs, OFCs)技术为多信道并行传输提供了高相干、低噪声的宽谱光源基础。现有的多波长光源主要是电光梳 (electro-optic combs, EO combs)和克尔梳 (Kerr combs)。Zhang等人[46]在铌酸锂微环谐振腔中实现了宽带集成电光频梳 (如图3所示),在通信L波段产生了900条以上的梳齿,重复频率为10 GHz,有效突破了传统单波长光源对系统带宽的限制。在超短脉冲与高功率宽谱光源生成方面,Yu等人[47]在薄膜铌酸锂平台上展示了一种全集成的飞秒脉冲发生器。该研究利用级联的低损耗电光幅度、相位调制器与啁啾布拉格光栅构建了片上“时间透镜”系统,在无需复杂锁定机制的条件下,成功将连续波激光转化为重复频率30 GHz、脉宽仅520 fs的超短脉冲序列,并产生了单根梳齿功率大于0.1 mW、10 dB光带宽达12.6 nm的平顶光频梳,其连续波到脉冲的转换效率比以往的集成光源高出一个数量级。
然而,基于传统薄膜铌酸锂平台的电光频梳仍面临着由材料强本征双折射效应带来的光谱跨度限制,以及非谐振微波电极设计导致的高射频驱动功耗等瓶颈。为攻克上述挑战,Zhang等人[48]近期提出了一种基于薄膜钽酸锂 (LiTaO3)平台的三重谐振架构集成电光频梳。薄膜钽酸锂不仅具有与铌酸锂相当的Pockels系数,且其本征双折射率显著降低 (仅为铌酸锂的1/17),从物理层面上有效抑制了模式杂化现象。该研究创新性地将单片微波集成电路与薄膜钽酸锂光子微环谐振腔相结合,极大增强了电光相互作用,实现了射频功耗16倍的降低和光谱跨度4倍的展宽。在混合集成连续波激光器的驱动下,该器件成功生成了跨越450 nm (超过60 THz)、包含2000多根梳齿的超宽带光频梳,为片上高保真宽带模拟信号处理和多波长并行传输提供了极具潜力的宽谱光源。
针对克尔梳转换效率偏低的问题,Rowley等人[49]在高折射率掺杂石英微环谐振腔中实验验证了激光腔孤子微梳的自发形成,称为激光腔孤子。在这种嵌套环形腔的微谐振器方案中,微梳可以跟随泵浦源输出,有效解决了转换效率低的问题;Nie等人[50]采用法布里-珀罗 (Fabry-Pérot, FP)微腔作为滤波器构建一键式激光器,实测转换效率高达90.7%,为MPLs提供了兼具高相干性与高功率密度的多波长光源方案。
综上,片上集成激光源与光频梳技术已在低噪声、高功率和多波长输出等关键指标上取得了系统性突破,为后续超宽带调制与传输奠定了坚实的器件支撑。
片上集成光子技术的迅猛发展,尤其是TFLN平台的崛起,极大地推动了EOM工作带宽的突破。TFLN凭借强Pockels效应 (r33 ≈ 30 pm/V)、超低光波导弯曲损耗以及与高速RF信号的良好速度匹配,成为实现百GHz量级超宽带调制的最优平台之一。Wang等人[14]于2018年率先报道了基于TFLN的集成EOM,3 dB带宽超过45 GHz,半波电压仅1.4 V,片上传输损耗低于0.5 dB。此后,TFLN调制器带宽纪录持续被刷新:Xu等人[15]于2020年提出了基于TFLN平台的IQ调制器,7.5 mm臂长器件的3 dB带宽超过67 GHz;Pan等人[51]于2022年报道了基于2×2 FP腔结构的超紧凑EOM,器件尺寸仅4 μm×500 μm,带宽超过110 GHz;Zhang等人[52]于2023年将尺寸进一步缩减至1.6 μm×140 μm,3 dB带宽高达104 GHz,峰峰驱动电压约2 V;另一研究将TFLN调制器3 dB带宽推进至170 GHz,半波电压为7.3 V[53];Xu等人还报道了双偏振TFLN IQ调制器,驱动电压低于1 V,带宽达110 GHz,C波段插入损耗低于0.3 dB[16]值得关注的是,Han等人[54]基于慢光效应的硅调制器同样实现了110 GHz工作带宽,展示了硅光子平台在超宽带调制领域的竞争潜力。
在系统应用层面,基于TFLN平台的近期突破尤为引人注目。Zhang等人[17]报道的TFLN超宽带EOM的3 dB带宽史无前例地超过250 GHz,图4(a)给出了该TFLN超宽带EOM的频率响应曲线及系统架构,其低半波电压和平坦频率响应支撑了512 Gbps超宽带传输速率,并创造了太赫兹频段链路400 Gbps信号传输的世界纪录,将微纳光子器件的带宽边界推进至亚毫米波范围。Tao等人[18]在TFLN平台上实现了片上宽带光子集成系统,系统结构如图4(b)所示,利用基于TFLN光电调制器与高品质因数微环谐振器的光电振荡器 (opto-electronic oscillator, OEO),生成频率在0.5~115 GHz范围内连续可调、且相位噪声一致的载波与本振信号,基于同相/正交(in-phase/quadrature, IQ)调制器调制器对信号进行调制,通过九路载波频段验证了100 Gbps速率的全频带 (0.5~115 GHz)无线通信应用,展示了集成微纳光子器件覆盖多代通信标准的能力。基于该平台调制器的高效光电转换特性,其在数模转换与任意波形生成 (arbitrary waveform generator, AWG)领域也展现出巨大的应用潜力。Song等人[55]提出并实现了一种基于TFLN多端口马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的通用电光数模链路 (electro-optic digital-to-analog link, EO-DiAL)。该器件无需外部高速电子数模转换器 (digital-to-analog converter, DAC),通过纯数字信号直接驱动即可实现高达186 Gbit/s速率的高保真光域波形编码,能耗低至0.058 pJ/bit;同时展示了免脉冲整形的微波任意波形生成能力,为光子计算加速与高速光互连提供了高效的数模接口。
在新型调制器平台方面,除了前述的硅基和铌酸锂结构外,薄膜钽酸锂 (LiTaO3)作为一种新兴的电光材料,展现出了比铌酸锂更优异的光稳定性、更高的光损伤阈值及更低的直流偏置漂移特性。Cai等人[56]成功实现了晶圆级钽酸锂薄膜在低损耗氮化硅 (Si3N4)光子集成电路上的异质集成。该混合集成平台深度融合了成熟的氮化硅波导工艺与薄膜钽酸锂的超快电光响应,实现了仅为14.2 dB/m的低光传输损耗,并研制出半波电压为6 V、3 dB调制带宽接近100 GHz的推挽式马赫-曾德尔调制器 (Mach-Zehnder modulator, MZM)。利用该平台构建的单强度调制器和IQ调制器,在数据传输实验中分别实现了高达333 Gbit/s的PAM4信号和581 Gbit/s的16-QAM信号净数据传输速率,确立了氮化硅基钽酸锂器件在微波光子学和宽带通信系统中的关键地位。此外,Horst等人[57]报道了基于等离激元结构的超宽带EOM,频率响应超过1 THz,覆盖从MHz到THz的超宽频率范围,并建立了调制器的等效电路模型,证明等离激元调制器是实现THz光子集成电路的理想器件平台,为未来太赫兹频段MPL系统提供了新的器件选择。
综上,TFLN平台凭借强Pockels效应与超低弯曲损耗,已将片上EOM的3 dB带宽从早期的45 GHz推进至250 GHz以上;新兴的薄膜钽酸锂异质集成平台在保证百GHz大带宽的同时,进一步提升了器件的光稳定性和直流偏置稳定性;等离激元调制器的出现则进一步将调制带宽延伸至THz量级,标志着集成电光调制器已具备覆盖多代无线通信标准的宽带调制能力。
PD是MPLs带宽链路的末端瓶颈,其3 dB带宽、饱和光电流与线性度共同决定了系统的带宽上限与动态范围。Wu等人[58]利用扭转双层石墨烯作为光吸收材料,实现了响应度0.65 A/W、3 dB带宽65 GHz的波导集成光探测器。Shi等人[59]提出了U形电极Ge-on-Si光探测器,探测带宽高达103 GHz,响应度0.95 A/W。在极限带宽方向,Lischke等人[60]报道了3 dB带宽达265 GHz的锗光探测器,刷新了硅基探测器的带宽纪录。
在高线性度应用方面,Wen等人[61]在硅基上单片集成了III-V族波导耦合光探测器,3 dB带宽超过70 GHz,在10 dBm入射功率下仍保持良好线性响应。Li等人[62]提出的超高功率Ge-Si光探测器实现了创纪录的471.4 mA饱和光电流,响应度1.12 A/W,三阶输出交调截点 ( third-order output intercept point, OIP3)高达32.3 dBm,SFDR达114.7 dB·Hz2/3,为高动态范围MPLs提供了关键器件基础。在此基础上,MUTC-PD凭借高线性度与极宽频率响应的协同优势,在140 GHz频率下仍具备1.26 dBm的频率响应,已被成功集成于超宽带光纤-无线融合通信系统的接收端,实现了远程收发一体化功能[17]。
综上,从石墨烯、锗硅到III-V族单片集成方案,光探测器的3 dB带宽已突破265 GHz,为高速大动态范围MPLs提供了末端器件保障,也为光纤-无线融合系统的全链路集成奠定了基础。为便于横向比较,表1汇总了本章所述各类典型微纳光子器件的材料平台与关键性能指标。
高性能微纳光子器件的突破为MPLs系统性能的跨越式提升奠定了物质基础。在器件层面实现超宽带调制、高速探测与低噪声光源之后,系统层面的研究聚焦于以下三个方面:1)如何通过调制架构优化、光边带操控与智能算法协同,将链路非线性失真压制至最低,实现大动态范围信号传输;2)如何克服光纤色散等传输损伤,将器件带宽潜力充分转化为系统级宽带传输与频谱感知能力;3)如何在单一集成平台上实现滤波、波束成形、频率测量等多功能信号处理,推动MPLs从传输工具向智能处理平台演进。本节围绕上述三条主线依次展开。
在第2节所述器件级性能突破的基础上,器件优势能否转化为链路级指标,首先取决于系统对非线性失真的抑制能力。SFDR综合反映了MPLs系统增益、非线性失真 (主要为三阶互调失真(third-order intermodulation distortion, IMD3))及噪声基底,是衡量系统在强干扰与微弱信号共存条件下保真传输能力的核心指标。从器件层面看,调制器半波电压越低、PD饱和电流越高,链路在给定工作点下的线性动态范围越大。第2.2节综述的TFLNEOM已将调制器半波电压$V_{\text{π}} $降至1.4 V量级,从源头降低了达到有效调制深度所需的驱动电压,有助于在较低电功率下维持线性工作区间;第2.3节综述的超高功率Ge-Si光探测器[62]以471.4 mA的饱和光电流和32.3 dBm的OIP3,在器件层面将单器件SFDR推至114.7 dB·Hz2/3,直接验证了高线性度PD对大动态范围MPL的器件级贡献。这也正是第2节着重综述TFLN EOM低$V_{\text{π}} $特性与MUTC-PD高OIP3指标的系统层面动因。然而,仅靠器件性能提升不足以满足工程需求,系统层面的非线性抑制研究同样不可或缺,且所揭示的抑制机理正逐步向TFLN、SOH等集成平台迁移。根据作用层次的不同,现有方案可归纳为三个递进层次:调制器偏置调控与架构优化从硬件层面减少非线性分量的产生;光边带操控在光谱域对各阶失真分量进行精细矢量调控;数字线性化与智能算法则在信号处理层面对残余非线性进行后处理补偿。
早期改善MPLs SFDR的研究主要聚焦于MZM工作点的精确控制与双臂架构的优化设计。Li等人[63]提出了基于单驱动双平行MZM (single-drive dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator, SD-DPMZM)的SFDR优化方案,使上、下支路分别产生双边带调制与单相位光载波,接收端IMD3等幅反相相消,相比传统正交偏置方案SFDR提升20 dB,达到122.9 dB·Hz2/3。Huang等人[64] 基于双平行偏振调制器 (dual-parallel polarization modulator, DPPolM)通过精细偏振态调控抑制IMD3达40 dB、SFDR提升约15.5 dB,且以偏振调控取代直流偏压,从根本上规避了DC漂移问题,提升了系统长期稳定性。在此基础上,Li等人[65]与Z.Chen等人[66] 分别利用相位调制器 (phase modulator, PM)结合光带通滤波器、偏振片与光滤波器的方案对载波与边带功率比进行精细调控,IMD3抑制量达32~40 dB;其中Chen等人[66]的方案同时实现色散补偿,40 km光纤传输后链路SFDR仍达110 dB·Hz4/5。
在双路并联架构方面,Zhu等人[67] 基于偏振复用双平行MZM (dual-polarization dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator, DP-DPMZM),Han等人[68] 基于正交偏振调制结合平衡探测,均通过双路IMD分量相消实现了二、三阶失真的同步抑制,前者SFDR3达110 dB·Hz2/3,后者SFDR2与SFDR3分别提升23 dB和13 dB。Wang等人[69]采用两路并联MZM结合偏振合束器 (polarization beam combiner, PBC)的架构,通过调节两路RF输入功率比与偏置点以较低增益损耗实现SFDR为124 dB·Hz4/5,并通过LTE信号传输实验验证了方案满足5G通信3GPP指标要求。Bai等人[70] 在DP-DPMZM架构中协同抑制非线性失真与色散引起的功率衰落 (power fading induced by dispersion, PFID),并通过优化光载波边带比 (optical carrier to sideband ratio, OCSR)将SFDR进一步提升至114.1 dB·Hz4/5,输出RF功率提高13 dB。
上述研究揭示的核心机理——精确调控光载波与各阶边带的幅度、相位关系——恰恰是TFLN、硅有机混合(silicon-organic hybrid, SOH)等集成调制器平台的固有物理可控量。这一趋势在新型集成平台上已有初步体现:在新型调制器平台方面,Kholeif等人[71]基于SOH MZM构建了全光放大MPL前端,SOH调制器半波电压仅600 mV,仅依赖光学放大而无需电域预放大,在11 mW调制器输入功率条件下实现了超过33 dB的系统增益,工作带宽20 GHz;该方案将低驱动电压与全光放大相结合,为在紧凑、低功耗平台上实现高增益MPLs提供了新的技术路径。
在此基础上,光边带操控技术通过直接调控光谱中各阶边带的幅度与相位关系,从根源上消除拍频产生的IMD3分量,是实现高SFDR的重要手段。Zhu等人[72]与Zhai等人[73] 分别基于光载波边带相移和偏振调制奇偶边带分离,均实现了约10 dB的SFDR提升,同时兼顾了色散功率衰落的补偿。Gu等人[74]基于DPMZM希尔伯特调制方案通过对光载波边带引入180°相移抑制IMD3,在维持高输出增益的同时SFDR达120.4 dB·Hz2/3,噪声基底−163.9 dBm/Hz。N. Li等人[75]利用萨格纳克环结构内置偏振调制器产生偏振调制信号与未调制光载波,通过控制两路信号的功率比有效抑制非线性互调,实现了高SFDR RoF传输,并利用上游光载波复用降低了系统成本。Wu等人[76]提出了基于光谱矢量操控 (optical sideband vector manipulation, OSVM)的多阶非线性失真抑制方案,通过矢量操控三阶、四阶和五阶光边带的幅度与相位,将系统SFDR从100.9 dB·Hz2/3提升至122 dB·Hz6/7,对多阶失真的来源与抑制机理给出了较为系统的分析与讨论。Zheng等人[77]基于DP-MZM提出了OSSB调制线性化方案,利用OSSB调制的色散免疫特性同时抑制IMD2,SFDR达121.4 dB·Hz4/5。
光边带操控所依赖的精细幅相调控能力,正是TFLN集成调制器平台的核心器件优势。这种操控能力的实现不仅取决于精巧的干涉架构,更依赖于底层偏置点的长期稳定性。图5(a) 展示了 Xu 等人[15]研制的高性能 TFLN IQ 调制器,其核心突破在于引入了微型化热光 (thermo-optic, TO)移相器,有效地克服了铌酸锂材料固有的直流偏置漂移 (direct current drift, DC drift)问题,为链路中各阶失真分量的稳定矢量消减奠定了物理保障。在此稳定性支撑下,TFLN 平台的架构灵活性得以进一步释放。在TFLN集成平台上,Li等人[32]提出了如图5(b)所示的CS-AMZM结构,通过非对称臂设计实现了二次谐波失真 (second harmonic distortion, SHD)与IMD3的同步抑制;与正交偏置参考MZM相比,在10 GHz处三阶SFDR提升11.8 dB、二阶SFDR提升15.1 dB,由于不含谐振结构,器件3 dB带宽达53.9 GHz,可与滤波器、延迟线等器件集成,为大规模片上集成MPLs提供了关键线性化器件支撑。Bai等人[33]在此方向取得了重要进展。针对传统OSSB调制中IMD3失真显著的问题,首次提出了无增益损耗的OSSB调制IMD3抑制方案:利用DP-DPMZM在辅助信道中通过精确调节偏置电压使光载波与一阶边带完全抵消,实现主信道IMD3分量的相消干涉;整个过程不改变PD接收光总功率,从根本上消除了传统线性化方案必然引入增益损耗的固有缺陷,这是该领域首次实现无增益损耗条件下的IMD3抑制技术突破。经OCSR优化后,输出微波信号功率提升约11 dB,SFDR超过128 dB·Hz4/5,相比传统OSSB辅助MPL提升27 dB。进一步地,提出了多信道微波光子相移器与多阶光边带矢量操控 (multi-order optical sideband vector manipulation, MOSVM)协同方案[78],通过联合调控光载波边带、一阶与二阶边带的幅度与相位,同步优化输出相位并抑制IMD3,SFDR提升超过20 dB,系统增益提升超过12 dB,在宽带信号传输中有效抑制了频谱再生,大幅拓展了基于微波光子相移器 (microwave photonic phase shifter, MPPS)的信号处理系统的功率动态范围。
在算法辅助线性化方面,数字预失真与智能算法为在复杂传播环境和宽带多倍频程场景下进一步提升SFDR提供了灵活手段,且其效果直接依赖调制器与PD非线性特征的稳定可预测性——第2.2节所述TFLN调制器的偏置稳定性正为此提供了有利的器件前提。
Chen等人[79] 通过双驱动MZM色散预失真双边带 (double sideband, DSB)方案,在15~25 km传输后SFDR约达114 dB·Hz2/3,较传统DSB链路提升约15 dB。Dai等人[80] 将低噪声电放大器与数字后补偿算法结合,SFDR在1 Hz带宽下达128.3 dB,较未补偿方案提升23 dB。Li等人[81] 利用MPLs系统中IMD3分量相对于基波信号存在固定180°相位偏差这一普遍特征,构造具有闭合解的代价函数快速获取最优线性化系数,无需复杂迭代训练,可与低偏压技术协同消除IMD2与IMD3,同时保持高增益与低噪声性能。Gao等人[34-82]进一步将相干检测与智能算法相结合:基于光学零差检测与遗传算法辅助数字解调的方案在−40~70°C宽温度范围内实现了100.8 km稳定传输,全温范围内SFDR保持在122 dB·Hz2/3以上;基于正交调制与直流残差算法 (direct current residual, DCR)的多倍频程方案在2 MHz~100 MHz范围内同步抑制二阶与三阶非线性失真,SFDR3达116.31 dB·Hz2/3,理论分析与实验表明该算法较传统数字I/Q方案具有更强的工程容错优势。
在智能算法与光子器件协同方面,Zhang等人[17]在超宽带光纤-无线融合系统中引入复数双向门控循环单元 (complex bidirectional gated recurrent unit, complex-biGRU)神经网络,对400 Gbps太赫兹频段信号传输中的非线性失真进行实时补偿,有效提升了信号星座图质量与误码率性能,进一步拓展了大动态范围MPLs在超高速传输场景中的应用边界。Zhao等人[83]提出了基于焦点损失 (focal loss, FL)函数的神经网络软解映射方法,通过对难分类样本赋予更高权重,在模型参数量较小的条件下显著降低了毫米波传输的误码率,ResNet架构取得最优效果;该方法在30.4 km近海面毫米波链路上实现了10.43 Gbps线速率传输,为复杂传播环境下长距离毫米波MPL系统的低复杂度接收端非线性补偿提供了新思路。
纵观上述三个递进层次,无论是偏置点的精确调控、光边带的矢量操控还是算法的自适应补偿,其物理机制均依托于第2.2节综述的TFLN等新型集成调制器所提供的低$ V_{\mathrm{\text{π}}} $、宽带平坦频率响应与稳定偏置工作点,以及第2.3节综述的高线性度PD所提供的大饱和光电流与高OIP3特性——正是这两类器件在性能边界上的系统性突破,赋予了系统级非线性抑制方案持续向更高SFDR突进的器件空间。
综上,从调制器偏置调控与架构优化,到光边带矢量操控与多阶非线性抑制,再到数字预失真、遗传算法辅助相干解调与深度神经网络实时补偿,MPLs的SFDR性能沿三个递进层次实现了跨越式提升:无增益损耗OSSB调制IMD3抑制方案突破了传统线性化方案中非线性抑制与链路增益之间的固有权衡;多阶光边带矢量操控方案将SFDR推进至128 dB·Hz4/5以上;智能算法的引入则进一步赋予系统在宽温度范围、超长距离与复杂传播环境下的鲁棒性,为高性能MPLs系统的工程化部署奠定了坚实基础。为了更直观地展示不同非线性抑制策略的效果,表2系统对比了前述各层次方案在调制方式、SFDR指标及技术特点等方面的表现。
超宽带MPL系统的实现不仅依赖器件带宽的突破,还需在系统层面应对由此引发的新挑战。第2.2节所综述的TFLN EOM已将片上3 dB调制带宽推进至250 GHz以上,等离激元调制器更将其延伸至THz量级,使系统的带宽瓶颈从器件本身转移至光纤色度色散 (chromatic dispersion, CD)引起的射频功率衰落,驱动了本节所述多路径色散补偿技术的系统性演进;与此同时,第2.3节综述的MUTC-PD (140 GHz以上频率响应)与锗基探测器 (265 GHz 3 dB带宽)为毫米波与太赫兹频段光电转换提供了接收端器件保障。在上述器件能力具备的基础上,系统层面的研究聚焦于如何克服色散传输损伤并构建面向实际应用的宽带传输与频谱感知系统。
近年来,随着集成光子技术的发展,基于微梳 (microcomb)与薄膜铌酸锂 (TFLN)平台的宽带光电转换与多载波生成能力被引入微波光子链路中,为超宽带信号的多载波生成、相干调制与片上集成处理提供了重要技术支撑[84]。需要指出的是,相关工作主要集中于“多载波生成与相干控制”等关键技术环节,其在完整MPLs系统中的作用仍以功能增强为主,而非替代传统链路架构。
在长距离光纤传输场景下,CD导致的射频功率衰落是限制MPLs工作带宽的主要因素之一。Gliese等人[22]早在1996年即指出,CD会显著制约光纤微波与毫米波链路的传输距离和工作频率范围。此后,研究者提出了多路径的色散抑制方案。在预失真与调制格式补偿方面,Hraimel等人[23]提出了光双边带 (optical double sideband, ODSB)调制预补偿方案,通过相位偏移的双路RF信号驱动DPMZM,相比OSSB调制获得了3 dB以上的射频功率效率改善;Lin等人[24]针对超宽带光纤系统设计了DSB调制方案,功率效率较传统ODSB调制提升12~15 dB;Zhu等人[25]采用基于DP-DPMZM的载波抑制双边带 (carrier-suppressed double sideband, CS-DSB)调制实现了双啁啾微波波形的光纤传输,系统3 dB带宽达33 GHz,SFDR较传统强度调制链路提升12.6 dB。
在此基础上,多载波调制技术被进一步用于缓解频率选择性衰落问题。Zhang等人[84]基于微梳实现了如图6(e)多通道相干光载波的同步生成,并在光电系统中完成并行调制与信号处理实验。该类方法通过将宽带RF信号映射至多个较窄带子信道,有助于在系统层面分散色散对单通道的影响,从而提升整体传输的鲁棒性,但其对系统复杂度与通道间一致性控制提出了更高要求。与此同时,针对结构化微波信号的调控研究表明,通过对各梳齿幅度与相位进行编程,可实现对输出射频频谱的整形[26],该方法在实验上展示了对频谱分布的可控性,但尚未直接作为色散补偿手段应用于长距离MPL链路。
在光域补偿方面,Huang等人[27]利用分布式反馈 (distributed feedback, DFB)半导体激光器中的四波混频产生光相位共轭 (optical phase conjugation, OPC),在50.4 km链路中补偿了色散引起的功率衰落,系统3 dB带宽达33 GHz,SFDR提升约12.6 dB。Ordouie等人[19]基于TFLN平台研制了差分相位分集EOM,通过精确控制IMD3分量使其相互抵消,在单模光纤传输20 km后IMD3抑制量超过40 dB,SFDR提升15.5 dB,比传统链路改善约10 dB。Liu等人[28]提出了基于光子集成电路有限冲激响应 (finite impulse response, FIR)滤波器的自校准色散补偿方案,对14 Gbaud QPSK信号在30 km传输后实现了18 dB的Q因子保证。Staffoli等人[29]引入硅光子神经网络 (photonic neural network, PNN)对色散失真进行智能均衡,成功恢复了经125 km传输的20 Gbps PAM4信号,并在仿真中验证了可扩展至100 Gbps的潜力,相较传统数字信号处理 (digital signal processing, DSP)方案显著降低了处理延迟。
在集成化微波光子通信领域,实现光纤网络与无线接入网在硬件架构上的深度融合是当前的研究难点。如图7所示,Zhang 等人[17]提出了一种基于集成TFLN平台的超宽带 (ultra-wideband, UWB)光子架构方案。该方案充分利用了 TFLN 调制器极高的电光带宽 (>250 GHz)以及改进型 MUTC-PD 的高速光电转换能力,构建了一个共享带宽的基础设施。实验验证表明,该集成系统不仅能支撑单通道 512 Gbps 的短距光纤互连,还能在太赫兹频段实现 400 Gbps 的高速无线传输。这种架构有效地解决了光纤与无线链路之间长期存在的带宽失配问题,为未来 6G 网络中高密度、无拥塞的多场景通信 (如基站接入、数据中心互连等)提供了极具竞争力的芯片级解决方案。
此外,集成光子网络方向的研究表明,大规模低损耗光互连与精确相位控制技术可支持复杂光信号处理功能的实现 (如图6(a)所示)[85]。该类工作主要面向量子通信与光互连系统,但其在“高稳定相位控制”“多通道一致性”等方面的技术积累,对提升MPLs中多通道补偿与协同处理能力具有一定参考价值,而非直接构成色散补偿方案。
在色散免疫调制架构方面,Bai等人[20]提出了基于DP-DPMZM的宽带MPPS,利用CS-DSB调制与可调OCSR控制,在5~25 GHz频率范围内实现了连续360°射频相位调谐。在使用色散系数为−331 ps/nm的光纤进行传输后,输出RF信号的功率与相位均无明显劣化,验证了方案的色散免疫特性;同时,通过OCSR优化可在接收光功率不变的条件下大幅提升输出RF功率效率,为相控阵天线与微波光子雷达提供了新的设计思路。
进一步地,在高频稳定性方面,Jin等人[87]基于微谐振腔孤子微梳实现了超低时间抖动 (zeptosecond量级)的频率参考源。实验表明,该类光源可用于高稳定微波/毫米波信号生成,其在MPLs中的潜在作用主要体现在提升本振信号纯度与系统相位噪声性能,而相关性能增益仍依赖具体链路结构实现。
在多波长并行传输容量方面,Zhang等人[89]提出了基于自注入锁定微梳的高相干并行化方案,将微梳各梳齿分别注入锁定片上DFB激光器阵列,在不损失相干性的前提下实现了60 dB片上增益,每通道输出功率超过20 dBm,电光转换效率达19%。基于该34通道相干光源驱动硅光子收发器,采用DP-32-QAM调制格式与7芯光纤传输,实现了61.2 Tbit/s的波分复用 (wavelength division multiplexing, WDM)相干传输总速率,净频谱效率8.01 bit/s/Hz,创造了集成光源与硅光子收发器相干链路的传输速率纪录,较此前最高纪录提升30倍,标志着集成光子多波长并行传输在系统容量维度取得了里程碑式突破。相关研究进一步表明,微梳光源在多波长相干传输中的优势主要体现在“频率间隔稳定性”和“片上集成度”,其在MPLs系统中的应用仍集中于高密度载波生成与分发环节[26,84]。
面向6G系统对高密度频谱资源动态管理的需求,Tao等人[21]基于TFLN平台研制了集成光子超宽带实时频谱感知 (real-time spectrum sensing, RT-SS)系统,其架构及频率-时间映射结果如图8所示。该系统利用高速线性调频微波滤波器将射频频率信息映射为高分辨率频率-时间关系,借助Pockels效应的超宽线性响应实现了57.5 GHz的瞬时带宽,可探测高达120 GHz的信号,系统延迟低于110 ns,有效克服了传统色散扫描技术的速度瓶颈,在雷达-通信一体化 (integrated sensing and communication, ISAC)场景中展示了显著应用效能。在此类系统基础上,Zhu等人[86]进一步实现了基于集成铌酸锂平台的毫米波光子雷达原型系统,完成了从信号产生、调制到探测的链路级实验验证,展示了光子集成技术在“通信-感知”融合链路中的可实现性。
在宽带系统应用层面,毫米波与太赫兹频段的光载无线 (radio-over-fiber, RoF)传输是近年来的研究热点。Ping等人[30]实验验证了光子辅助W波段双跳RoF系统,利用光子技术将毫米波信号从中心站无需电域频率变换地直接路由至终端用户,在90 GHz载频下实现了80 Gbit/s 16-QAM信号经21 km光纤与2 m×1 m无线链路的稳定传输;通过在1545~1554 nm范围内扫描路由光波长,系统在全波长范围内均维持了80 Gbit/s的最高传输速率,双跳架构有效突破了毫米波视距传输的覆盖限制,显著提升了室内与城市场景的传输灵活性。在太赫兹频段,Guo等人[31]进一步提出了基于集成光子学的极简太赫兹收发器方案,通过简化架构降低了终端侧集成复杂度,为太赫兹MPL系统的工程化部署提供了新思路。
与此同时,基于微梳的高频信号产生能力已被探索。Song等人[26]实现了如图6(c)的基于微梳的结构化微波全维度调控,Jin等人[87] 基于微谐振腔孤子微梳实现了如图6(d)超低时间抖动 (zeptosecond量级)的频率参考源。进一步地,Li等人[90]基于紧凑型电驱动Kerr光梳实现了10.1~384 GHz的低噪声频率合成及高达240 Gbps的太赫兹64QAM无线数据传输。在国内,赵清春等人[91]实验研究了外光注入垂直腔面发射激光器 (vertical cavity surface emitting laser, VCSEL)产生可调谐微波频率梳的机理与实现方案,为低成本、小型化的多载波微波信号生成提供了另一条技术途径。Tanikawa等人[88]利用孤子微梳结合单行载流子光电探测器 (uni-traveling-carrier photodetector, UTC-PD)产生了300 GHz波并实现了停带抑制比超过30 dB的光子滤波器。上述工作表明,基于微梳可在光域直接生成高频载波信号,其中部分方案已初步验证太赫兹频段的无线传输能力。但面向长距离、多场景的完整MPLs系统集成应用,其性能评估与工程化验证仍有待进一步深入研究。
需要指出的是,尽管微梳在多载波生成、频谱整形与高稳定本振等功能环节展现出显著潜力,其在实际MPLs系统中的规模化部署仍面临多重工程化障碍。在温度稳定性方面,克尔孤子微梳的产生与维持依赖泵浦—谐振失谐量的精确控制,微腔的热光效应使孤子态对环境温度波动高度敏感,通常需辅以主动温控与伺服反馈锁定,显著增加了系统复杂度;在长期频率稳定性方面,微腔谐振频率随封装应力释放与环境温漂发生缓慢漂移,导致梳齿频率与重复频率的长期漂移,微腔参考锁定方案[87]虽已将时间抖动压至泽秒量级,但对锁定环路与参考腔的依赖制约了其在野外部署场景中的适用性;在与现有光纤基础设施的兼容性方面,微梳单梳齿功率通常显著低于商用DFB激光器,需级联光放大以满足链路信噪比要求,且梳齿间隔由微腔自由光谱范围决定,难以灵活对准ITU-T标准波长栅格,自注入锁定放大方案[89]虽实现了每通道20 dBm以上的输出,但以牺牲架构简洁性为代价;在泵浦功耗方面,传统孤子微梳的泵浦-梳转换效率普遍低于个位数百分比,激光腔孤子[49]与微腔滤波反馈[50]等方案虽将转换效率提升至90%以上,但计入泵浦激光器、温控与锁定电路的整体壁插效率仍缺乏面向工程部署的系统性评估。上述障碍表明,微梳从“功能增强”走向“链路核心光源”,仍需在热管理、封装集成与频率标准化等方面取得进一步突破。
综上,从色散补偿的多路径技术演进,到色散免疫相移器与实时频谱感知系统的提出,再到W波段双跳RoF与太赫兹集成收发器的系统级验证,超宽带MPL系统正沿着“克服传输损伤→拓展工作频段→推进工程化部署”的路径持续演进。色散抑制方案已覆盖从预失真调制格式、光相位共轭补偿到TFLN差分相位分集调制器的多个技术层次,在长距离传输中实现了IMD3抑制超过40 dB、SFDR提升超过15 dB的系统性能;色散免疫相移器与实时频谱感知系统的提出,进一步将色散管理从被动补偿推向主动利用;毫米波与太赫兹频段RoF系统的实验验证,以及基于自注入锁定微梳的61.2 Tbit/s多波长相干传输纪录,则标志着超宽带MPLs技术正加速向6G感知-通信一体化的实际部署场景迈进。在此基础上,基于微梳与集成光子平台的相关研究进一步从多载波光源生成、频谱整形及高稳定本振等关键功能模块层面提升了链路性能,但现阶段主要体现为对既有MPLs系统的功能增强,其在完整链路中的系统级优势仍有待进一步验证。总体而言,超宽带MPLs系统的发展正由单一器件性能提升逐步转向链路级协同优化与系统复杂度权衡,为面向6G的高性能微波光子链路系统提供了重要技术基础。
在3.2节所述超宽带传输与实时频谱感知能力的基础上,MPLs系统的功能边界正进一步由传输与感知向处理与计算延伸。随着MPL技术的成熟,微波光子系统的功能定位正从单一的信号传输通道向多功能集成信号处理平台演进。集成微波光子信号处理利用光子器件的宽带、低损耗与高度可重构特性,在单一芯片上实现滤波、波束成形、频率测量与感知-通信一体化处理等功能,突破了传统电子信号处理在带宽与速度上的固有瓶颈;另一方面,光子技术的高吞吐量与并行处理优势进一步催生了面向射频信号的光学卷积计算加速架构,为实时宽带信号的分析、识别与智能推理提供了全新的计算范式。实现这一目标面临的核心挑战在于如何在单一集成平台上同时兼顾高动态范围、多功能可重构与宽带处理能力。近年来,TFLN与硅光子平台的器件性能突破为上述挑战的解决提供了关键支撑,第2.2节综述的TFLN EOM低半波电压特性 (Vπ低至1.4 V)与宽带平坦响应,直接支撑了高动态范围可编程微波光子滤波电路的实现;第2.1节综述的片上光频梳技术 (单微环谐振腔900条以上梳齿、克尔梳转换效率达90.7%)为多通道宽带信号并行离散化与光学张量卷积计算提供了高相干多波长光源,是宽带模拟并行处理器与光学卷积加速器的关键器件驱动力;第2.3节综述的高速宽带PD则保障了感算一体链路末端的高保真宽带模拟接入能力。上述器件特性与系统功能之间的直接对应,构成了本节所述集成微波光子信号处理系统得以实现的物质基础。
在滤波与干扰抑制方面,Wei等人[35]基于TFLN强度调制器与可编程级联微环谐振器,在单芯片上实现了同时具备高动态范围、高链路增益、低噪声系数与超高抑制比的可调微波光子陷波滤波器,并支持双频段滤波与高功率干扰抑制的多功能模式切换,充分发挥了TFLN低半波电压与低传输损耗的协同优势。在此基础上,波束成形与任意波形生成对处理带宽与延迟精度提出了更高要求。Martínez-Carrasco等人[36]基于可扩展硅光子集成电路,在单一可编程光子芯片上集成了高速任意波形生成、可调带宽滤波与超宽带真时延波束成形三项核心功能,突破了电子真时延在带宽与延迟精度上的限制,为6G大规模相控阵系统的光子化波束管理提供了可行方案。在微波光子波束成形与相控阵天线控制方向,光学相控阵 (optical phased array, OPA)作为一条重要的并行技术路线,近年来同样取得了快速进展[92-97]。OPA通过对片上波导阵列各通道光场相位的精确调控,直接在光域实现无惯性波束扫描,在扫描速度、集成度与功耗方面展现出独特优势[92]。在硅光子平台上,Chen等人[93]研制了半波长间距64通道OPA,同时实现了180°无混叠视场、高旁瓣抑制比与复杂波束赋形;Chen等人[94]进一步将128通道OPA与单孤子微梳相结合,实现了多波长并行调频连续波激光雷达,展示了OPA与光频梳协同并行处理的潜力。在TFLN平台上,Wang等人[95]利用铌酸锂波导的强电光效应实现了高速、低功耗的电光波束扫描;Li等人[96]通过超晶格波导与非均匀阵列优化设计,在16通道OPA上同时实现了0.99°×0.63°窄主瓣、20 dB旁瓣抑制比与47°×9.36°的二维扫描视场;Ma等人[97]研制的16通道TFLN OPA实现了约158 ps的波束切换速度,并完成了单通道320 Gbps的多目标光无线通信,验证了OPA在高速无线接入场景中的应用潜力。OPA与微波光子真时延波束成形在原理上互补——前者直接操控光波束的空间指向,后者调控微波信号的相位与延迟——两者的融合有望为6G相控阵系统提供更高维度的波束管理能力。
在多功能一体化处理方面,ISAC场景要求系统在同一硬件平台上同时支撑雷达探测与高速通信,对处理带宽与计算速度提出了严苛要求。Qian等人[37]报道了基于硅光子平台的宽带模拟并行处理器 (analog parallel processor, APP)。该处理器利用光频梳对宽带信号进行光域离散化,再通过光学动态相位干涉将信号重新分配至2N路并行序列,在每路序列中同步压缩数据率与数据量,从而突破单一计算核心的带宽瓶颈;在单一光子集成电路上实现了6 GHz带宽雷达信号处理 (距离分辨率2.69 cm)与8 Gbps无线通信信号的双功能并行运行。吴等人[98]则在绝缘体上硅 (silicon-on-insulator, SOI)平台上研制了多功能模拟/数字混合信号处理器,以级联微环谐振器与延迟线构成可重构处理核心,并单片集成高速硅基MZM,在单一芯片上同时实现了可重构微波光子滤波、电光带宽均衡与9 bit精度的矩阵计算加速,兼顾了专用光子集成电路的高性能与可编程光子处理器的灵活性。与此同时,精确的微波频率测量是频谱感知与电子战系统的基础功能需求。Liang等人[99]基于可编程光子处理器构建通用光学滤波结构,利用幅度比较函数 (amplitude comparison function, ACF)实现RF频率到光域功率的单值映射,在测量精度的理论极限与系统噪声水平及ACF斜率之间建立了明确的解析关系,同时支持多频率信号的并行测量,在测量范围、精度与多频处理能力等维度均取得了显著提升。
在智能计算方面,面向宽带微波信号的光学卷积加速器研究为MPLs系统的实时智能化处理开辟了新途径。Xu等人[100]在2021年报道了如图9(a)所示的基于集成克尔微梳的光学矢量卷积加速器 (vector convolutional accelerator, VCA),首次将光学神经网络的计算速度推至11 万亿次操作每秒(tera operations per second, TOPS)量级。该方案创新性地同时交织时间、波长与空间维度:利用微梳产生的多波长通道编码卷积核权重,将输入数据 (如图像向量)编码为高速电波形的强度;经电光调制多播与色散介质延迟后,各波长副本在时域精确对齐,最终通过光电探测求和实现卷积运算。该加速器成功处理了25万像素的大规模图像,并利用同一硬件构建了包含10个输出神经元的光学卷积神经网络,在MNIST手写数字识别任务中达到88%的准确率。此项工作奠定了利用光频梳的并行性实现超高吞吐量光学卷积计算的基础框架,是智能计算方向的一个里程碑。在光学张量卷积计算方面,Chen等[38]针对传统光学卷积加速器处理多通道张量数据时存在严重数据冗余的问题,报道了基于集成微梳的高比特效率光学张量卷积加速器 (optical tensor convolutional accelerator, OTCA)。该方案通过同时复用波长、时间和空间三种物理维度,利用集成克尔微梳源产生的27个波长通道构建通用3×3×3卷积核,实现了超过3 TOPS的计算速度,是当时报道的最快单核光学卷积加速器。该方案通过引入三条并行调制路径,将比特效率相比单路径方案提升三倍 (在处理3通道图像时,从约11%提升至约33%),在单通道任务中比特效率可接近100%,显著降低了内存开销,并在手写数字识别和组织病理学癌症检测任务中分别取得了93.8%和77%的识别准确率,验证了光学张量卷积在复杂多通道图像处理中的有效性。面向复数数据场景,Bai等人[39]提出了如图9(c)所示的复数光学卷积加速器 (complex-valued optical convolutional accelerator, CVOCA),通过对微梳进行奇偶信道交织以编码复数权重,结合复数电光调制器实现振幅与相位信息的同步处理,在特定配置下单核计算速度超过2 TOPS。该加速器在Sentinel-1卫星合成孔径雷达 (synthetic aperture radar, SAR)图像识别任务中以500个样本取得了83.8%的准确率,接近电子计算机的85.4%,验证了光学卷积计算在微波遥感与雷达图像智能解译中的巨大潜力。不同于前述的特征提取,Xia 等人[40]将光卷积加速的应用拓展至生成式任务,报道了基于微梳的光子转置卷积加速器 (photonic transposed convolution accelerator, PTCA),如图9(d)所示。该工作利用跨越约 1.8 THz (1553.76~1568.03 nm)总带宽的 36 根微梳齿,构建四通道转置卷积核,在实现 1.026 TOPS 计算速度的同时,通过创新的数据加载方案实现了100% 的比特效率,在 Fashion-MNIST 图像重建任务中取得了仅 0.0062 的均方误差,为面向生成式任务的光学加速提供了高效方案。
在感算一体光子边缘智能方面,Zhang等人[41]近期提出了如图9(e)所示的光子边缘智能芯片 (photonic edge intelligence chip, PEIC)新架构,将多模态模拟信号的采集与光计算在单一芯片上深度融合,实现了“感算一体”范式。该芯片将来自图像、光谱和射频信号等多种模态的模拟输入融合并统一编码为宽带光谱信号,经单根光纤传输至芯片后,由阵列波导光栅同时执行光谱传感与高能效卷积运算 (能效达29 fJ/OP),结合后续的非线性激活层和全连接层构成端到端光学神经网络,片上推理响应时间仅1.33 ns。研究团队在药物光谱识别、图像分类和雷达目标分类三类任务上验证了PEIC的处理能力,展示了其在自动驾驶、健康监测和雷达监视等边缘智能场景中的广阔应用前景。这一工作将模拟信号采集与光计算深度融合,为开发集感知与计算于一身的光子芯片系统开辟了新路径。
综上,从可编程滤波、真时延波束成形到感知-通信一体化处理与高精度频率测量,集成微波光子信号处理正沿着“单功能—多功能—可编程一体化”的路径快速演进。TFLN与硅光子平台在器件层面的性能突破,是上述系统功能跃升的根本驱动力,也印证了本文第2节所综述的器件进展对系统能力提升的直接支撑作用。
本文以片上集成微纳光子器件为主线,系统综述了高性能MPLs的最新研究进展。在器件层面,TFLN平台将片上EOM的3 dB带宽推进至250 GHz以上,等离激元调制器进一步将调制带宽延伸至THz量级;锗基光探测器3 dB带宽突破265 GHz,MUTC-PD在兼顾高饱和光电流与高OIP3的同时维持了140 GHz以上的频率响应;异构集成激光器与高转换效率光频梳则为多信道宽谱传输提供了低噪声光源基础。在系统层面,覆盖0.5~115 GHz全频段的片上光子系统、57.5 GHz瞬时带宽的实时频谱感知系统与512 Gbps超宽带光纤-无线融合通信的实现,标志着集成微纳光子器件已具备支撑多代通信标准的系统级能力;无增益损耗OSSB调制IMD3抑制方案将SFDR推进至128 dB·Hz4/5以上,遗传算法与深度神经网络辅助线性化进一步赋予系统在宽温度范围与复杂传播环境下的鲁棒性;可编程TFLN微波光子滤波电路、硅光子真时延处理器与宽带模拟并行处理器的涌现,则标志着MPLs系统正从传输工具向多功能集成处理平台演进。
尽管上述进展令人振奋,当前集成微纳光子MPLs系统在迈向工程部署的过程中仍面临若干关键挑战。器件层面,TFLN调制器的芯片-光纤耦合损耗、晶圆级制造良率,以及与硅光子工艺的异质集成兼容性,仍是制约系统性能与规模化生产的主要瓶颈;微梳光源的温度敏感性、长期频率漂移与泵浦功耗问题,亦需通过封装级热管理与片上参考锁定技术协同解决;拓扑光子学所提供的边界态鲁棒性有望为新一代低损耗片上波导器件提供天然的物理保护机制,降低对制造精度的严苛依赖。系统层面,增益、噪声系数与非线性之间的三角矛盾尚未从根本上解决,现有线性化方案在宽带多倍频程与宽温度环境中的鲁棒性有待提升;器件创新与算法设计的深度协同——在器件侧持续降低$V_{\text{π}} $、提升线性度与饱和光电流,在算法侧发展自适应宽带数字线性化与在线学习优化——是突破这一瓶颈的根本路径。应用层面,面向6G与ISAC,MPLs系统需在单一平台上同时支撑太赫兹频段高速通信与毫米波雷达精密感知,随着晶圆级多层异质集成工艺的成熟,将激光源、调制器、探测器与信号处理单元集成于单芯片的全集成MPLs收发系统,有望成为下一代6G智能无线网络与感知—通信—计算一体化基础设施的核心物理层支撑。

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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260123
  • 接收时间:2026-05-05
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  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-05
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    1信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室,北京邮电大学电子工程学院, 北京 100876
    2南开大学智能光子研究院,天津 300192

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