Article(id=1319954921823253504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260081, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260081, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774886400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-31, revisedDate=1781107200000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-11, acceptedDate=1781107200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-11, onlineDate=1792631376939, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631376939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631376939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631376939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260081, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954922062327808, articleId=1319954921823253504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Augmented reality near-eye display technology based on metasurface diffractive waveguides, columnId=1279512304261776153, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Significance

Diffractive waveguide serves as a core optical scheme and mainstream solution for consumer augmented reality (AR) near-eye displays, featuring thin structure, expandable exit pupil and high ambient transmittance. Nowadays, lightweight, high-imaging-quality AR glasses have become a mainstream demand for wearable smart devices, and diffractive waveguide technology is widely adopted in commercial products due to its excellent optical performance and structural advantages. Traditional surface relief gratings have defects such as chromatic dispersion, narrow field of view (FOV), low coupling efficiency and uneven brightness. These defects cause severe color separation, luminance fluctuation and obvious rainbow artifacts, which hinder the development of compact single-layer full-color AR devices with high image quality. Subwavelength-structured metasurfaces achieve precise and flexible manipulation of light phase, polarization and amplitude, and provide effective approaches to address the inherent limitations of diffractive waveguides.

Progress

Based on the grating equation, k-space analysis and geometry-determined theoretical efficiency limit, researchers summarized three typical achromatic strategies. These three technical routes have different working principles and applicable scenarios for full-color waveguide design. Layer-stacked metasurfaces realized independent red-green-blue (RGB) phase modulation by vertically arranging multiple functional layers, and achieved an average diffraction efficiency higher than 89.2% under mixed RGB illumination. Nevertheless, this scheme imposes ultra-high requirements on component alignment and fabrication. The high-order diffraction matching method assigned distinct diffraction orders to three primary wavelengths to unify the in-waveguide diffraction angles. This approach fundamentally eliminates chromatic dispersion and realizes single-layer achromatic coupling with a theoretical FOV over 45°. The geometric compensation strategy does not suppress intrinsic dispersion. By optimizing waveguide thickness, multicolor beams converge accurately at the out-coupler, offering a feasible technical route for compact full-color 3D display devices.

Multi-zone in-couplers and imaginary refractive index engineering effectively narrowed the practical efficiency gap between actual performance and theoretical limits. The minimum field efficiency was increased from 20% to 25.3%. Combined with inverse topological optimization, this method suppresses angle-dependent efficiency fluctuations and balances the output uniformity of RGB light. Silicon carbide (SiC) has excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, which greatly raises the upper limit of full-color FOV and fundamentally suppresses rainbow artifacts. Polarization multiplexing divides the whole field of view into two orthogonal polarization channels, achieving a horizontal FOV exceeding 80° on a monolithic waveguide. Geometric-phase-based polarization multiplexing enables various advanced functions: spin-split metagratings realize low-crosstalk stereoscopic imaging without extra waveguide layers; hybrid polarization-volume holographic gratings adopt dual-focus design to alleviate vergence-accommodation conflict; polarization steering components combine segmented fields of view to double the total FOV without increasing waveguide thickness.

Conclusions and Prospects

Comprehensive comparison shows that combining high-order diffraction with high-index SiC serves as the optimal scheme for compact single-layer, large-FOV full-color waveguides, which can effectively eliminate rainbow artifacts. Polarization multiplexing promotes system function expansion and optimizes user experience. At present, laboratory research results of metasurface waveguides are relatively abundant, but there is still a large gap between laboratory prototypes and mass-produced commercial products. Currently, all existing technical routes face three major industrialization bottlenecks: insufficient precision of large-area nanoimprint and deep-UV lithography lowers mass production yield; the overall efficiency of high-order gratings fails to satisfy the demands of practical display applications; the integration of tunable metasurfaces and waveguides remains in the early stage of development. Future research will focus on three key directions: inverse design optimization based on physics-driven neural networks, integrated fabrication of wide-bandgap SiC materials, and the development of multi-dimensional tunable metasurfaces for dynamic FOV and focal plane regulation. Metasurface diffractive waveguides have evolved from discrete component optimization to full light-field manipulation, and will support the development of next-generation spatial computing optical hardware.

, authors=Yueqi Li1, 2, Zi-Lan Deng3, authorsList=Yueqi Li, Zi-Lan Deng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-Lan Deng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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衍射光波导是增强现实(augmented reality, AR)近眼显示的核心光学方案,但传统表面浮雕光栅在色散、视场角、耦合效率及亮度均匀性等方面存在固有缺陷。超表面凭借亚波长尺度结构灵活的光场调控能力,为有效解决上述问题提供了新途径。本文基于衍射光波导的核心物理机制,系统综述超表面在衍射光波导中的研究进展:在色散补偿方面,通过多层堆叠、高阶衍射级次匹配与系统级几何补偿三种技术路线,实现了波导内消色差耦合;在视场角扩展方面,借助高折射率材料及空间与偏振复用架构,有效突破了传统波导的视场限制;在效率与均匀性优化方面,通过多分区设计、折射率虚部调控与拓扑优化方法,使耦合效率逼近几何理论极限。在功能扩展方面,利用几何相位的偏振调控能力,实现了单波导立体显示、双焦面成像与偏振复用视场拼接等应用。最后,展望了超表面衍射光波导在智能逆向设计、宽禁带材料应用、动态光场调控及大面积低成本制造方面的发展前景。

, authors=李玥碕1, 2, 邓子岚3, *, *, authorsList=李玥碕, 邓子岚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓子岚, authorNote=

作者贡献

李玥碕:研究资料的收集、分析,实验的设计与完成,论文写作;邓子岚:指导论文选题、论文修改。

李玥碕(1996-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为超表面微纳光学器件的设计与加工测试。E-mail:

邓子岚(1986-),男,博士,教授,长期从事微纳光子学的研究,致力于多自由度超表面微纳结构的人工智能光子器件逆向设计、超表面全息显示,超表面偏振器件、超表面手性发光器件、超表面量子器件等研究。E-mail:

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邓子岚,
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Opto-Electron Sci, 2026, 5(1): 250031., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319954927393288248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927401676857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927393288248, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927410065466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927393288248, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院,广东 广州 511442)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319954927485562939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927489757244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927485562939, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927498145853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927485562939, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广东粤港澳大湾区国家纳米科技创新研究院,广东 广州 510700)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319954927565254718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927573643327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927565254718, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Optical Precision Fabrication Technologies and Applications, Institute of Photonics Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954927582031936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, companyId=1319954927565254718, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3暨南大学物理与光电工程学院光子技术研究院,广东省微纳光学精密加工技术及应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510632)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319954928781602900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Classification of metasurface phase modulation[14,20-21,27,30]. (a) Resonant phase modulation; (b) Propagation phase modulation; (c) Geometric phase modulation; (d) Nonlocal phase modulation, figureFileSmall=valInEFVtEkmFW9qn5ikRA==, figureFileBig=Q2IaJ4TK1s+f7/jO6fmt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954928848711765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超表面相位分类[14,20-21,27,30]。(a)共振相位调控;(b) 传播相位调控;(c)几何相位调控;(d)非局域相位调控, figureFileSmall=valInEFVtEkmFW9qn5ikRA==, figureFileBig=Q2IaJ4TK1s+f7/jO6fmt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929062621270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of a diffractive waveguide system[39], figureFileSmall=e9wEVsy5trevAsrrlu8TTA==, figureFileBig=819uPlVc/vSaJBSPtSOlXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929146507351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型衍射光波导系统结构示意图[39], figureFileSmall=e9wEVsy5trevAsrrlu8TTA==, figureFileBig=819uPlVc/vSaJBSPtSOlXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929230393432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of 1D exit pupil expander diffractive waveguide[49]. (a) Schematic diagram of virtual image projection; (b) Schematic diagram of 1D exit pupil expander configuration; (c) Schematic diagram of k-domain, figureFileSmall=T4FJ593/qaM/jAMsvCfYDQ==, figureFileBig=69CWZY099bcWGoskiL+cvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929301696601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图3, caption=一维扩瞳衍射光波导结构示意图[49]。(a) 虚拟图像的投影示意图;(b) 一维扩瞳配置示意图;(c) k域示意图, figureFileSmall=T4FJ593/qaM/jAMsvCfYDQ==, figureFileBig=69CWZY099bcWGoskiL+cvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929385582682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagrams of two-dimensional exit pupil expansion diffractive waveguides[14,50]. (a) 1D surface relief gratings in three regions for in-coupling, steering, and out-coupling, respectively; (b) 2D surface relief grating enabling both steering and out-coupling. Right panels show corresponding k-space diagrams, figureFileSmall=q+bdW+lk89L+zej9GVKAUw==, figureFileBig=Njkwo4YgTNPaMFiQH6iLLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929452691547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图4, caption=二维扩瞳衍射光波导的两种常见方案[14,50]。(a) 一维表面浮雕光栅,三个区域分别实现耦入、转折、耦出;(b) 二维表面浮雕光栅,可同时实现转折和耦出,右侧为对应k空间图, figureFileSmall=q+bdW+lk89L+zej9GVKAUw==, figureFileBig=Njkwo4YgTNPaMFiQH6iLLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929532383324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic of achromatic metagrating coupling with single-layer, double-layer, and triple-layer configurations[58]. (a) Red, green, and blue light are diffracted by their respective gratings and coupled into the waveguide at the same angle; (b) Diffraction effects for the color pairs of green-blue and green-red; (c) Cooperative diffraction of red, green, and blue light by the composite metagrating, enabling full-color achromatic coupling, figureFileSmall=Db6QJr8pGmigv07KMq9TSA==, figureFileBig=Z73QaNp/UInEqLDdrsHCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929595297885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单层、双层与三层消色差超光栅耦合原理示意图[58]。(a) RGB 三色光分别经各自设计的光栅衍射,均以相同角度耦合入波导;(b) 红绿、绿蓝双色组合的衍射效果示意;(c) 三色光在超表面中的协同衍射,实现单层全彩消色差耦合, figureFileSmall=Db6QJr8pGmigv07KMq9TSA==, figureFileBig=Z73QaNp/UInEqLDdrsHCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929666601054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic diagrams of achromatic metasurface structures for diffractive waveguide-based displays. (a) Waveguide display system based on multilayer stacked metagrating[56]; (b) Schematic diagram of a single-layer achromatic structure realized by metagrating[60]; (c) Single-layer achromatic waveguide with triple composite sub-gratings[61]; (d) Schematic diagram of the achromatic structure with multi-field coupling regulation and stray light suppression design[61], figureFileSmall=4Eon+n7PsoM0CnMIyfy98Q==, figureFileBig=4OeMN8bETI8u4HwF0EfN0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929733709919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图6, caption=用于衍射光波导显示的消色差超表面结构示意图。(a) 基于多层堆叠超光栅的波导显示系统[56];(b) 基于超构光栅单层消色差结构示意图[60];(c) 单层三重复合表面微结构消色差波导[61];(d) 具备多光场耦合调控与杂散光抑制设计的消色差结构示意图[61], figureFileSmall=4Eon+n7PsoM0CnMIyfy98Q==, figureFileBig=4OeMN8bETI8u4HwF0EfN0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929800818784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Achromatic metasurface waveguide full-color AR display system based on high-order diffraction matching[62]. (a) Schematic diagram of the system structure, RGB light from the projector is incident on the input metasurface coupler, coupled into a high-index waveguide, propagates via total internal reflection, and then coupled out to the human eye by the output metasurface coupler; (b) Schematic diagram of the high-order diffraction matching principle, different diffraction orders are used to eliminate chromatic dispersion; (c) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup; (d) Absolute efficiency as a function of wavelength and field of view, figureFileSmall=F6HSGn/JqVgKNgyX/SQTEA==, figureFileBig=O+LEC9dJwVX7tvReVrcVNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929905676385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于高阶衍射匹配的消色差超表面波导全彩AR显示系统[62]。(a) 系统结构示意图,投影仪发出的RGB光入射至输入超表面耦合器,耦合进入高折射率波导,经全内反射传播后,由输出超表面耦合器耦出至人眼;(b) 高阶衍射级次匹配原理示意图,采用不同的衍射级次消除色散;(c) 实验装置示意图;(d) 绝对效率随波长和视场角的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=F6HSGn/JqVgKNgyX/SQTEA==, figureFileBig=O+LEC9dJwVX7tvReVrcVNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954929985368162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of a single-layer achromatic structure realized by metagrating[58]. (a) Schematic of the product matching between diffraction order and wavelength; (b) Structure diagram of the input coupling end, featuring a periodic array of Si3N4 nanopillars; (c) Configuration diagram of the single-layer full-color achromatic system, figureFileSmall=4kwXkqmxv3OjLqZ56zRvUg==, figureFileBig=2eQ+1G6otawezHq4mrholQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930052477027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图8, caption=超构光栅实现单层消色差结构示意图[58]。(a) 衍射级次与波长的乘积匹配示意图;(b) 输入耦合端的结构图,采用Si3N4纳米柱周期性排列;(c) 单层全彩消色差系统配置示意图, figureFileSmall=4kwXkqmxv3OjLqZ56zRvUg==, figureFileBig=2eQ+1G6otawezHq4mrholQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930115391588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic diagram of achromatic realization based on system geometric compensation design[63]. (a) Schematic of the monolithic full-color waveguide geometry, showing the propagation paths of red, green, and blue light inside the waveguide; (b) Geometry of the inverse-designed metasurface coupler; (c) Electric field distribution and Poynting vector maps near the metasurface out-coupler for red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, figureFileSmall=56iztz5/XDi5kWqPg1EEPg==, figureFileBig=rYUz6uWdvCEeCUa2+3M/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930182500453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于系统几何补偿设计实现消色差示意图[63]。(a) 单片全彩波导几何结构示意图,显示了RGB三色光在波导内的传播路径;(b) 设计超表面耦合器的几何结构图;(c) 输出耦合超表面结构的电场分布与坡印廷矢量图,分别对应红、绿、蓝三色波长, figureFileSmall=56iztz5/XDi5kWqPg1EEPg==, figureFileBig=rYUz6uWdvCEeCUa2+3M/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930257997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Schematic of the proposed SiC-based AR display waveguide[64]. (a) Cross-section structure: Fresnel lens for beam pre-collimation, anti-reflective coating, 4H-SiC waveguide layer, hard coating, and top anti-reflective coating; (b) Top view layout: the in-coupler injects light into the waveguide, six exit pupil expanders sequentially replicate the pupil, and two out-couplers couple the light out to the eye; (c) Comparison of imaging performance for waveguides with different substrates, three typical grating configurations illustrate flexible light-field manipulation; (d) Photograph of the fabricated SiC waveguide sample, figureFileSmall=gZRfyJ9YRXLZA8OJpSVIRg==, figureFileBig=mMaQMfL89hwQ6PTa407nhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930354466919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图10, caption=基于 SiC 波导的增强现实近眼显示系统示意图[64]。(a) 截面结构:菲涅耳透镜可实现光束预准直,从上至下依次排布抗反射涂层、4H-SiC 波导、硬涂层与顶层抗反射膜;(b) 波导表面耦合器布局俯视图:输入耦合器将光线耦入,六组出瞳扩展器复制出瞳,最终两个输出耦合器将光耦出至人眼;(c) 不同基材波导的成像效果对比示意图,三种典型光栅(透射式闪耀光栅、宽周期光栅及透射式相位光栅)的构型用于体现光场调控自由度;(d) SiC 波导的实物样品, figureFileSmall=gZRfyJ9YRXLZA8OJpSVIRg==, figureFileBig=mMaQMfL89hwQ6PTa407nhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930446741608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Schematic diagram of a metasurface waveguide design scheme for a large field of view. (a) Schematic diagram of a near-eye display system based on geometric-phase silicon metalens[33], which separates virtual and real images via polarization splitting; (b) Schematic diagram of a waveguide system for field-of-view enhancement based on a polarization-sensitive slanted metagrating[67]; (c) Schematic diagram of single-layer metasurface waveguide adopting Littrow oblique in-coupling principle[68]; (d) Schematic diagram of a large field-of-view design based on waveguide shape optimization[69], figureFileSmall=Kz7TG71VGUoAd5rPwerp+w==, figureFileBig=K7yhVb5vyrpkLF/wr/cbSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930530627689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图11, caption=超表面波导大视场角设计方案示意图。(a) 基于几何相位的硅超透镜的近眼显示系统示意图[33],依靠偏振分光实现虚实画面分离;(b) 基于偏振敏感的倾斜超构光栅增强视场角的示意图[67];(c) 基于 Littrow 斜入射耦合原理的单层超表面波导架构示意图[68];(d) 基于楔形输出端面波导形状优化的大视场衍射光波导示意图[69], figureFileSmall=Kz7TG71VGUoAd5rPwerp+w==, figureFileBig=K7yhVb5vyrpkLF/wr/cbSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930593542250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Schematic diagram of efficiency and uniformity enhancement in diffractive waveguides using metasurface structures. (a) Schematic diagram of the three-region metasurface in-coupler[72]; (b) Schematic diagram of a high-efficiency full-color waveguide realized by a multi-coating trapezoidal grating structure[73]; (c) Comparison results of average diffraction efficiency and uniformity for trapezoidal grating structures[73]; (d) Schematic diagram of the double-nanobeam metasurface grating structure[74]; (e) Simulation and experimental verification results of the imaginary part of refractive index engineering scheme[74], figureFileSmall=Keuwv7F0SCt0p6nIuA3rBA==, figureFileBig=+8Cm+8jQqBFZ1Fd9TX1o0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930660651115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图12, caption=超表面结构优化衍射光波导效率与均匀性示意图。(a) 三分区超表面输入耦合器的结构示意图[72];(b) 多涂层梯形光栅结构实现高效率全彩波导示意图[73];(c) 多层梯形光栅结构平均衍射效率及均匀性对比结果图[73];(d) 双纳米梁超表面光栅结构示意图[74];(e) 折射率虚部调控方案的仿真与实验验证结果图[74], figureFileSmall=Keuwv7F0SCt0p6nIuA3rBA==, figureFileBig=+8Cm+8jQqBFZ1Fd9TX1o0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930778091628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Typical applications of polarization-multiplexing technique in diffractive waveguide AR displays. (a) Schematic diagram of a stereoscopic waveguide display system based on a polarization-multiplexed metasurface grating [78]; (b) Near-eye display system based on a geometric phase lens[81]; (c) Schematic diagram of a polarization-dependent metasurface grating out-coupler[67]; (d) Schematic diagram of a binocular waveguide display system based on polarization-sensitive cross-shaped metasurface gratings[69]; (e) Schematic diagram of a dual-focal-plane waveguide near-eye display system based on polarization gratings[82]; (f) Schematic diagram of the field-of-view expansion scheme based on a polarization-steering combiner[83], figureFileSmall=NsfmajuVUtbc34PmKDepEA==, figureFileBig=GsFt/NpUp4IldomuaJFvkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954930857783405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954921823253504, language=CN, label=图13, caption=偏振复用技术在衍射光波导显示中的典型应用。(a) 基于偏振复用超光栅的立体波导显示系统示意图[78];(b) 基于几何相位透镜的近眼显示系统示意图[81];(c) 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基于超表面的衍射光波导增强现实近眼显示技术
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基于超表面的衍射光波导增强现实近眼显示技术
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李玥碕1, 2 , 邓子岚3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院,广东 广州 511442
  • 2广东粤港澳大湾区国家纳米科技创新研究院,广东 广州 510700
  • 3暨南大学物理与光电工程学院光子技术研究院,广东省微纳光学精密加工技术及应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510632
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

李玥碕:研究资料的收集、分析,实验的设计与完成,论文写作;邓子岚:指导论文选题、论文修改。

李玥碕(1996-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为超表面微纳光学器件的设计与加工测试。E-mail:

邓子岚(1986-),男,博士,教授,长期从事微纳光子学的研究,致力于多自由度超表面微纳结构的人工智能光子器件逆向设计、超表面全息显示,超表面偏振器件、超表面手性发光器件、超表面量子器件等研究。E-mail:

Augmented reality near-eye display technology based on metasurface diffractive waveguides
Yueqi Li1, 2 , Zi-Lan Deng3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China
  • 2The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
  • 3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Optical Precision Fabrication Technologies and Applications, Institute of Photonics Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260081
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衍射光波导是增强现实(augmented reality, AR)近眼显示的核心光学方案,但传统表面浮雕光栅在色散、视场角、耦合效率及亮度均匀性等方面存在固有缺陷。超表面凭借亚波长尺度结构灵活的光场调控能力,为有效解决上述问题提供了新途径。本文基于衍射光波导的核心物理机制,系统综述超表面在衍射光波导中的研究进展:在色散补偿方面,通过多层堆叠、高阶衍射级次匹配与系统级几何补偿三种技术路线,实现了波导内消色差耦合;在视场角扩展方面,借助高折射率材料及空间与偏振复用架构,有效突破了传统波导的视场限制;在效率与均匀性优化方面,通过多分区设计、折射率虚部调控与拓扑优化方法,使耦合效率逼近几何理论极限。在功能扩展方面,利用几何相位的偏振调控能力,实现了单波导立体显示、双焦面成像与偏振复用视场拼接等应用。最后,展望了超表面衍射光波导在智能逆向设计、宽禁带材料应用、动态光场调控及大面积低成本制造方面的发展前景。

超表面  /  衍射光波导  /  消色差  /  大视场角
Significance

Diffractive waveguide serves as a core optical scheme and mainstream solution for consumer augmented reality (AR) near-eye displays, featuring thin structure, expandable exit pupil and high ambient transmittance. Nowadays, lightweight, high-imaging-quality AR glasses have become a mainstream demand for wearable smart devices, and diffractive waveguide technology is widely adopted in commercial products due to its excellent optical performance and structural advantages. Traditional surface relief gratings have defects such as chromatic dispersion, narrow field of view (FOV), low coupling efficiency and uneven brightness. These defects cause severe color separation, luminance fluctuation and obvious rainbow artifacts, which hinder the development of compact single-layer full-color AR devices with high image quality. Subwavelength-structured metasurfaces achieve precise and flexible manipulation of light phase, polarization and amplitude, and provide effective approaches to address the inherent limitations of diffractive waveguides.

Progress

Based on the grating equation, k-space analysis and geometry-determined theoretical efficiency limit, researchers summarized three typical achromatic strategies. These three technical routes have different working principles and applicable scenarios for full-color waveguide design. Layer-stacked metasurfaces realized independent red-green-blue (RGB) phase modulation by vertically arranging multiple functional layers, and achieved an average diffraction efficiency higher than 89.2% under mixed RGB illumination. Nevertheless, this scheme imposes ultra-high requirements on component alignment and fabrication. The high-order diffraction matching method assigned distinct diffraction orders to three primary wavelengths to unify the in-waveguide diffraction angles. This approach fundamentally eliminates chromatic dispersion and realizes single-layer achromatic coupling with a theoretical FOV over 45°. The geometric compensation strategy does not suppress intrinsic dispersion. By optimizing waveguide thickness, multicolor beams converge accurately at the out-coupler, offering a feasible technical route for compact full-color 3D display devices.

Multi-zone in-couplers and imaginary refractive index engineering effectively narrowed the practical efficiency gap between actual performance and theoretical limits. The minimum field efficiency was increased from 20% to 25.3%. Combined with inverse topological optimization, this method suppresses angle-dependent efficiency fluctuations and balances the output uniformity of RGB light. Silicon carbide (SiC) has excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, which greatly raises the upper limit of full-color FOV and fundamentally suppresses rainbow artifacts. Polarization multiplexing divides the whole field of view into two orthogonal polarization channels, achieving a horizontal FOV exceeding 80° on a monolithic waveguide. Geometric-phase-based polarization multiplexing enables various advanced functions: spin-split metagratings realize low-crosstalk stereoscopic imaging without extra waveguide layers; hybrid polarization-volume holographic gratings adopt dual-focus design to alleviate vergence-accommodation conflict; polarization steering components combine segmented fields of view to double the total FOV without increasing waveguide thickness.

Conclusions and Prospects

Comprehensive comparison shows that combining high-order diffraction with high-index SiC serves as the optimal scheme for compact single-layer, large-FOV full-color waveguides, which can effectively eliminate rainbow artifacts. Polarization multiplexing promotes system function expansion and optimizes user experience. At present, laboratory research results of metasurface waveguides are relatively abundant, but there is still a large gap between laboratory prototypes and mass-produced commercial products. Currently, all existing technical routes face three major industrialization bottlenecks: insufficient precision of large-area nanoimprint and deep-UV lithography lowers mass production yield; the overall efficiency of high-order gratings fails to satisfy the demands of practical display applications; the integration of tunable metasurfaces and waveguides remains in the early stage of development. Future research will focus on three key directions: inverse design optimization based on physics-driven neural networks, integrated fabrication of wide-bandgap SiC materials, and the development of multi-dimensional tunable metasurfaces for dynamic FOV and focal plane regulation. Metasurface diffractive waveguides have evolved from discrete component optimization to full light-field manipulation, and will support the development of next-generation spatial computing optical hardware.

metasurface  /  diffractive waveguide  /  achromatic  /  wide field of view
李玥碕, 邓子岚. 基于超表面的衍射光波导增强现实近眼显示技术. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260081 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260081
Yueqi Li, Zi-Lan Deng. Augmented reality near-eye display technology based on metasurface diffractive waveguides[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260081 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260081
增强现实(Augmented reality, AR)近眼显示技术[1]能够将数字信息与真实场景实时融合,被视为下一代空间计算的核心交互界面。在各类近眼显示方案中,衍射光波导因结构轻薄、支持出瞳扩展(exit pupil expansion, EPE)且环境光透过率高,已成为消费级 AR 眼镜的主流技术方案。然而,传统基于表面浮雕光栅(surface relief grating, SRG)的衍射光波导仍面临多项关键物理挑战。光栅色散效应导致红、绿、蓝三色光在波导内的衍射角度出现分离,严重限制全彩显示的视场角(field of fiew, FOV);输入耦合区域的光线多次交互引发效率损失,造成眼盒(eye box)内亮度不均;此外,高阶衍射级次还会引入鬼像与彩虹效应,进一步降低图像对比度。为突破上述局限,研究者从材料、结构与系统架构[2]三个层面开展了持续探索。多层波导堆叠方案通过为不同颜色分配独立光栅层来消除色散,但会显著增加器件厚度、重量与对准难度。倾斜光栅[3]与体全息光栅[4]虽可在特定角度范围内获得较高衍射效率,但其角度响应范围较窄,难以满足宽视场均匀成像的实际需求。近年来,超表面技术[5]的兴起为衍射光波导的性能提升提供了全新的调控自由度。超表面由亚波长结构阵列[6]构成,可独立调控光的相位、偏振[7]与振幅[8],在消色差超透镜[9]、高效率超光栅[10]及偏振复用器件[11]等方面展现出显著优势。
本文从衍射光波导的基础物理机制出发,以 k 域模型和效率极限理论为分析工具,系统梳理超表面在解决色散、视场角受限、效率不均及功能单一等关键问题中的前沿应用。首先阐述超表面的相位调控原理及衍射波导的工作物理机制;随后分别从全彩消色差、视场角扩展、效率与均匀性优化,以及偏振复用四个维度,对比分析代表性研究的技术路线与性能指标;最后总结当前领域面临的核心挑战,并展望超表面衍射波导与智能算法[12]、先进制造工艺及动态调谐技术[13]融合的发展趋势。
面向 AR 近眼显示场景,相位调制型超表面是实现光波前灵活调控的核心器件。如图1所示[14],超表面包含四种典型相位调控机制[15-16],分别为共振相位[17]、传播相位[18]、几何相位[19]与非局域相位调控[20]。共振相位源于超表面单元结构的光学共振,当入射光激发超原子的共振模式时,透射光会产生显著的相移调制。可通过调整单元结构的形状、长度、高度等参数,调节共振条件及相移幅度。如图1(a)所示,V 形金纳米天线[21]通过改变纳米天线的张角与臂长调控共振模式,从而对透射光引入不同相位偏移。但金属结构欧姆损耗较高[22],衍射效率通常有限。为解决此问题,研究人员提出了反射型[23]或者多层[24-25]等离子体结构以用于共振相位调制,可实现高效率、全覆盖范围的相位调制。传播相位[26]指光在通过超表面结构时因光程差累积的相移,如图1(b)所示[27],通过调控等效折射率,可以改变相位延迟。采用不同面内尺寸的各向同性纳米天线,可以对任意偏振光施加偏振无关[28]的传播相位调制,该机制通常对偏振不敏感,适用于宽带设计[29]。
几何相位,又称为潘查拉特南-贝里(Pancharatnam-berry, PB)相位[30],适用于圆偏振光入射情况。对于尺寸相同、面内取向角不同[31]的各向异性超表面结构,透射光的交叉圆偏振分量会产生附加相移,且左旋与右旋圆偏振光入射对应的相移大小相等,符号相反。如图1(c)所示[30],旋转各向异性纳米柱的取向角 α,可为交叉圆偏振光引入2σα 的相位延迟[32]($\sigma= \pm 1 $对应左、右旋圆偏振)。对于圆偏振光入射,透射光可表示为[33]:
$ \mathrm{\mathbf{T}}|\sigma\left\langle=\right\rangle\frac{t\mathrm{_l}+t\mathrm{_s}}{2}|\sigma\left\langle+\right\rangle\frac{t\mathrm{_l}-t_{\mathrm{s}}}{2}\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}2\sigma\alpha}|-\sigma\left\langle\; \right\rangle, $
其中:T为任意取向的各向异性纳米单元对应的透射琼斯变换矩阵,完整描述入射光经过超表面单元后的偏振态与复振幅演化规律,t1、ts 分别为纳米单元长光轴、短光轴方向的复透射系数,同时包含透射振幅与相位信息,由纳米结构的几何尺寸、材料折射率共同决定。
为提高偏振转换效率,通常采用具有半波片响应的超原子。通过在超表面平面上排列取向角从0到π变化的超原子,可以对转换后的圆偏振光施加覆盖2π范围的空间变化相移。该机制具有宽带[34]特性,且相位响应与波长无关。非局域相位调控[35]是超表面领域的重要突破,区别于传统局域相位调控,其光学响应源于多个超原子的集体耦合效应。该机制的色散关系决定其频率与角度选择性,可实现高品质因子、窄带光谱选择性及复杂波前调控[36]。如图1(d)所示,Sell等[20]将自由形貌设计应用于透射式光栅,实现了大角度光束偏转。团队通过布洛赫模式耦合分析与结构优化,结合逆向设计进一步提升了器件效率。在AR 衍射波导应用中,几何相位和传播相位因其宽带特性和偏振可控性最为常用。超表面凭借相位、偏振协同调控的优势替代传统衍射微结构,为衍射光波导的性能突破提供新路径。
衍射光波导是当前增强现实近眼显示[37]中极具代表性的光学合像方案。典型的衍射波导系统由输入耦合器、波导基底和输出耦合器三部分组成[38],如图2所示[39]。微显示器发出的光束经准直光学系统后,通过输入光栅耦合进入透明波导基底,光线在波导内满足全内反射条件[40](total internal reflection, TIR)传输,最终由输出光栅耦出至人眼,在保持镜片薄型化的同时,实现精准的虚实融合成像。该技术可利用出瞳扩展[41-42]使单一入射光束被复制多次,在不增加光机体积的前提下放大眼盒,因此已成为AR显示的重要技术路线。
为了评估衍射光波导的综合性能,通常需要同时考虑场景感知指标与系统指标[43]两类参数。前者包括视场角、调制传递函数(modulation transfer function, MTF)、颜色与亮度均匀性、眼盒、鬼像、彩虹效应等;后者则包括波导效率、环境透过率、厚度、重量及可制造性等。尽管传统表面浮雕光栅,如矩形光栅[44]、倾斜光栅[45-47]等可在特定条件下实现较高衍射效率,但其种种技术局限已成为制约单波导全彩 AR 显示发展的关键障碍。其中,光栅的色散效应导致不同波长的光在波导内衍射角度各异,造成色彩分离和视场角受限。光线在输入光栅区域的多重交汇将引发显著的效率损失,且这种损失与视场角相关,导致系统亮度不均。此外,光栅的非均匀角度响应使得眼盒内亮度与颜色分布不均,高阶衍射还会引入鬼像与彩虹效应,降低图像质量,这些问题共同构成了衍射波导技术走向实用化的主要障碍。
在探讨具体解决方案之前,需明确衍射光波导的物理机制与物理极限。k 域模型[48]是解析该体系直观且强大的分析工具。如图3(a)所示[49],该模型将光线的传播方向映射为二维平面内的特征点位,将光线视为波矢的集合,波矢指向对应传播方向,其大小与介质折射率和波长相关。全内反射在 k 域中表现为内外两个同心圆之间的环形区域,光栅耦合的物理本质则是给入射光施加一个光栅矢量。这一分析方法将复杂的角度、波长、光栅周期和衍射级次关系转化为简洁的矢量几何关系,成为理解后续所有色散、效率和均匀性问题的物理基础。对于在折射率为 n 的介质中传播的单色平面波,其波矢 k 可写为
$ k=\frac{2{\text{π}} n}{\lambda }(\sin \theta \cos \varphi ,\sin \theta \sin \varphi ,\cos \theta)\;, $
式中: λ 为真空波长,θ 为入射角的极角,φ 为入射方位角。在 k 域中,我们只关注波矢在波导平面(x-y 平面)上的投影横向分量,由于纵向分量 kz 是唯一确定的,因此每一束光线都对应 k 域中的唯一点。空气中所有可能传播的光线在域中构成一个圆盘。波导介质中所有可能传播的光线构成另一个同心圆盘。光线能够在波导内发生全内反射的条件是:横向波矢的模要大于空气圆盘的半径,即该圆环的径向宽度直接决定了波导能够支持的最大视场角。图3(c)展示了一维扩瞳的 k 域分布,矩形区域对应的入射视场经输入光栅的矢量平移落入全内反射环域,光束在波导内经多次全内反射传输后,再由输出光栅平移回空气区域并射入人眼,该传输过程与图3(b)所示的一维出瞳扩展光路相互对应。
面向 AR 近眼显示应用,需要将微投影机进行二维出瞳扩展,在 x 和 y 两个方向复制出瞳,以此适配人眼观测的大尺寸眼盒。因此通过精心设计衍射光栅,在波导内部将各 FOV 对应的入射光线进行角度平移与转向,使光线满足全内反射条件并在波导内传输,最终在出瞳处将不同视场的光线复原并重叠,形成一个放大的眼盒。现有两种二维出瞳扩展方案[14,50]:如图4(a)所示,采用一维光栅分区设计,通过耦入光栅将空气圆内的入射光衍射至 TIR 圆对应的波导模区域,再由转折光栅提供另一个方向的倒格矢,使波矢在 k 空间内移动,最后通过耦出光栅再将波矢移回空气圆内,实现出射。而另外一种方案,如图4(b)所示,直接使用二维光栅同时实现光线转向和耦出,省去转折区域并简化了器件结构。通过 k 域分析还能为上述两类二维扩瞳设计提供统一的矢量匹配依据。后续章节将依托该模型,进一步分析衍射光波导色散、效率及亮度均匀性等核心问题。
以上阐述了衍射光波导的k域物理模型和出瞳扩展方案,从而为分析视场角极限提供了直观的几何工具。中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所团队[51]的研究从基础物理出发,推导出单层波导视场角的理论上限。对于单色光,FOV 上限由波导折射率 n 和中心光线角 θavg共同决定,满足关系式[51]:
$ 2\sin\left(\frac{\mathrm{\mathit{FOV}}}{2}\right)\cos(\theta_{\mathrm{avg}}) \lt n-1\; . $
根据式(3)可以判断,垂直入射时,折射率 n=1.75的材料可实现约44°的视场角。而对于复色光,光源单色性系数 q=λmax/λmin 的引入会显著压缩视场角,其上限满足[51]:
$ \mathrm{\mathit{FOV}} \lt \arcsin(n-q)\; . $
对于典型 LED 光源(q=1.3)和折射率 n=1.75的材料,视场角上限骤降至约26.7°。式(4)揭示了单层衍射波导全彩显示的根本性约束,是所有消色差方案必须面对的理论极限。另外,当红、绿、蓝共用一层波导和同一个光栅周期时,其最大视场角受限于最极端的波长,长波段的红光和短波段的蓝光为了都在全反射环内,它们的衍射角范围必须重叠,这个重叠区域的大小就是视场角。这就导致单层全彩波导的视场角比单色波导小。
在效率与均匀性方面,罗切斯特大学团队[52-53]的研究首次明确指出并量化了输入耦合的效率极限。即使光栅本身衍射效率达到百分之百,系统整体效率仍存在上限,这个上限由波导几何结构决定。这是因为光线可能在输入光栅区域发生多次交互,而根据互易定理,第一次交互的高效率必然导致第二次交互的低透射率,造成损耗。由此定义的有效孔径,即光栅上只被入射光线撞击一次的区域,其面积占总面积的比例决定了系统效率的理论极限。对于矩形输入光栅,效率上限${\eta }_{\max } $[53]可用式(5)来表示:
$ {\eta }_{\max }=2{t}\frac{H\tan {\theta }_{x}+\tan {\theta }_{y}\left(W-2{t}\tan {\theta }_{x}\right)}{HW} \;,$
式中: t 为波导厚度,H 和 W 为光栅尺寸,θx 和 θy 分别表示两个方向的衍射角分量。该公式清晰地揭示了效率极限与几何参数的函数关系。后续章节将在以上理论基础上,进一步探讨超表面技术在提升耦入效率、扩展视场角和实现全彩显示方面的应用。
传统衍射元件由于色散严重[54],常导致效率不均。因此如何让 RGB 三色光都高效且均匀地传输是一个亟待优化的问题。目前衍射波导的消色差方法可以归纳为以下三大类:基于多层波导堆叠方案、通过高阶衍射匹配或者系统级几何补偿实现消色差,在以下的小节中将进行详细对比分析。
传统 SRG 仅可在窄波长范围内保持高效衍射,无法同时覆盖红(626 nm)、绿(529 nm)、蓝(465 nm)三色光,因波长不同而产生不同的衍射角,导致严重的色散现象,在全彩显示时色彩失真或效率不均。另一局限是角度响应狭窄,SRG 衍射效率随入射角度变化显著,在大视场角下边缘亮度衰减、色彩偏移,难以满足 AR 眼镜对宽视场稳定成像的需求。为突破上述局限,行业曾提出双层[55]或者多层波导[56-57]堆叠方案分别处理 RGB 三色光,但该方案对波导间的对齐精度要求极高,微米级误差即会导致色彩失真,且叠层结构大幅增加了AR眼镜的体积与重量,与轻量化诉求相悖。如图5(a)所示,红、绿、蓝三色各用一层独立的波导片[58],每层光栅只针对单波长优化,这样每层内部无色散,最后在眼睛处通过光学或算法合成彩色图像。优点是每层设计简单,效率高,视场角不受颜色间制约,但是三层堆叠导致重量、厚度增加,制造对准难度大,成本高,且存在层间串扰和鬼像风险。引入超表面结构后,可通过几何设计和算法优化解决上述问题。如图5(b)所表示的红绿混合与绿蓝通道双层波导方案,在体积与性能间取得了较好平衡,通过将光谱跨度较大的蓝光分离至独立通道,降低了单层光栅的色散压力。单调渐进衍射效率曝光法的引入,显著提升了亮度均匀性,为体全息波导的实用化提供了新思路。同时,结合当前量子点微型显示技术的应用发展需求,各类全彩消色差波导方案的工程落地价值进一步提升。
近年来兴起的超表面与混合光栅结构,通过亚波长尺度的色散工程与模式调控,在单层[58-60]结构中实现了 RGB 三色光的消色差耦合,如图5(c)所示,展现出替代传统多层波导的潜力。超表面的引入优化了衍射光波导的全彩显示能力,仅用单层结构就实现了传统多层波导的消色差功能,大幅降低了系统厚度和重量。Chen 等[56]提出了一种基于物理驱动生成对抗网络的多层超表面光栅逆向设计方法。如图6(a)所示,通过优化9层 TiO2 与玻璃堆叠结构,在集成 RGB 照明下实现了89.2%的绝对衍射效率,RGB 三色光均以55°耦合入波导,解决了衍射光波导中严重的色散问题。进一步设计了三层分离照明方案、四层分束器以及六层三段式耦出光栅。该工作表明超表面的引入优化了衍射光波导的色散控制能力和耦合效率,同时通过多层堆叠为相位调控提供了充足自由度。Gu 等[60]提出一种超构光栅,如图6(b)所示,每个周期内包含宽度不同的两个光栅。通过优化纳米梁宽度、厚度及间隙,在24.7°视场角内实现了单片全彩。该设计的核心物理机制在于不同尺寸的纳米梁在不同波长下激发共振,共振诱导的散射将光高效耦合至第一衍射级,而共振增强的吸收则通过平衡三色光吸收损耗,进一步拉平了效率曲线。如图6(c)所示,Xiao 等[61]提出了另一种新颖的单层消色差结构,将针对 RGB 波长设计的三个矩形子光栅的轮廓叠加,形成一个公共周期为18.9 μm的复合光栅。基于严格耦合波理论优化每个子光栅的深度和占空比后,在 TE 偏振正常入射下,RGB 三色光的 ±1级衍射效率均高于47.5%,0级效率接近零。进一步采用粒子群优化改善了红蓝光的效率,并设计了如图6(d)所示的黑色涂层和优化的光栅间距来抑制杂散光。
传统衍射光波导通常让 RGB 都使用一阶衍射级次。由于 RGB 波长不同,衍射角必然不同,这就产生了色散。针对全彩显示的色散问题,学术界和工业界探索了多种技术路径,其中南方科技大学研究团队Tian等[62]提出的高阶衍射匹配方案直接从根源上消除色散,其核心是为 RGB 三色光分配不同的衍射级次,使得它们在波导内的衍射角度完全一致。
该方案的核心是为 RGB 三色光分配不同的衍射级次,如图7(b)所示,使得它们在波导内的衍射角度完全一致。核心公式与理论是基于反射模式下的光栅方程:
$ n_{\mathrm{s}}\cdot\sin\theta_{\mathrm{diff}}-n_{\mathrm{s}}\cdot\sin\theta_{\mathrm{in}}=\frac{m\lambda}{\mathit{\Lambda}}\; , $
其中:ns表示波导的折射率,${\mathit{\Lambda}} $表示波导内光栅周期,θin 和 θdiff 分别表示入射角和衍射角。如果让不同波长使用不同的衍射级次,使得它们的乘积相等,那么衍射角就可以相同。如式(7)所示,只要这个等式成立,RGB光在波导内部的衍射角度 θdiff 就是一样的。
$ {m}_{{\mathrm{R}}}{\lambda }_{{\mathrm{R}}}={m}_{{\mathrm{G}}}{\lambda }_{{\mathrm{G}}}={m}_{{\mathrm{B}}}{\lambda }_{{\mathrm{B}}}\;. $
为了满足上述等式,选择了红光波长663 nm使用 m=4级衍射、绿光530 nm使用 m=5级衍射、蓝光442 nm使用 m=6级衍射,使波长与级次的乘积相等,代入式(6)可将光栅周期确定为1900 nm。此时无论入射角如何变化,三色光在波导内的衍射角都保持一致,实现了真正的消色差传播,理论上可支持高达45°的视场角。如图7(d)所示输入耦合器平均效率约5%,输出耦合器平均效率达到80%,实验原型展示了高质量的全彩 AR 图像,这是超表面在消除色散方面的经典应用,证明了高阶衍射级次匹配消色差路线的可行性。
韩国基础科学研究院团队Moon等[58]紧接着也实现了类似的设计,如图8(b)所示,采用 Si3N4 材料制作周期为2.164 μm的消色差超构光栅,为 RGB 光分配不同的衍射级次,使得它们在波导内的衍射角度完全一致,如图8(a)所示。通过随机拓扑优化算法优化结构,实现了 RGB 三色光在不同衍射级次匹配相同角度(约54°)衍射的消色差设计,输入耦合器效率均匀且达到25%左右。并且使用随机拓扑优化 (stochastic topology optimization,STO)来设计超构光栅结构,将输出耦合器划分为7个子区域,通过 STO 算法,为每个区域优化出不同的纳米结构参数,使得沿传播方向的耦出能量分布更加均匀。与上述南方科技大学研究团队 Tian等[62]的方案相比,该方案选择了 Si3N4 材料,其在可见光波段具有低吸收、高透过率的特点,可保证 AR 透视功能,但较低的折射率会导致 FOV 受限。韩国基础科学研究院团队的工作在均匀性优化和轻薄化方面表现更优,两者共同推动了高阶衍射匹配路线的成熟,为未来单片全彩 AR 波导的商业化提供了多种技术选择,有望实现同时具备大FOV、高均匀性、超轻薄的单片全彩 AR 波导。
与上述方案不同,斯坦福大学Gopakumar等[63]走了一条完全不同的技术路线。他们不追求波导内角度一致,而是允许色散存在,但通过精确设计波导厚度和光栅周期,使 RGB 三色光在波导内部经历不同次数的全内反射后,还能在输出耦合器的位置完美重叠,空间上重新汇聚形成单一的清晰图像,同时保证衍射效率的均匀性。这个方案是在小型化和全彩3D显示这两个高优先级目标下,对视场角、制造难度和理论极限做出的精妙平衡。通过精确计算厚度,让不同颜色的光在波导里传输的次数不同,但最终同时汇聚到输出光栅的同一位置。这就解决了空间上的色散分离问题。通过逆设计算法优化纳米柱形状,使得超表面对于不同角度入射的光都能保持稳定的衍射效率,消除亮度的不均匀性。RGB 角度不同,但通过精确设计波导厚度和光栅周期,使它们经过不同次数的全内反射后,在输出端空间上重新汇聚。
如图9(a)所示,先用高折射率玻璃(SF6)作为基底,保证波长最短的蓝光能被全内反射,保证 RGB光在波导内的完整传输。其次对于系统的几何设计,将波导厚度选定为5 mm,光栅周期为384 nm,利用最小公倍数原理,让红光(1次)、绿光(3次)、蓝光(5次)在波导中经过不同次数的反射后,在空间上重新汇聚到出瞳位置。具体的机理是不同波长的光在波导内的横向位移(lateral displacement, l(λ))不同。具体表达式如下:
$ l(\lambda)=2d_{\mathrm{wg}}\tan\left({\mathrm{arcsin}}\left(\frac{\lambda}{n(\lambda)\mathit{\Lambda}}\right)\; \right), $
式中:dwg 表示波导厚度;λ 表示波长。如果波导厚度 dwg 设计得当,RGB 虽然每一步走的距离不同,但经过特定次数的反射后,它们会恰好同时到达输出耦合器。仅仅位置重合还不够,还需要保证对应图像的不同视场,也就是每个角度入射的光都能被高效且均匀地衍射。图9(c)中分别给出了红(638 nm)、绿(521 nm)、蓝(445 nm)波长下,光波通过输出耦合器时电场强度分布及能量流向,表明超表面能够将入射光高效地衍射至大角度方向。最后通过使用伴随方法和严格耦合波分析逆设计算法优化纳米柱形状,使得超表面对于不同角度入射的光都能保持稳定的衍射效率,消除亮度的不均匀性。图9(b)中展示了优化得到的双线型超表面单元结构,该非对称结构能够增强单向衍射效率并提高角度响应均匀性。通过材料、几何系统、算法三个维度的协同设计,最终实现了高质量、全彩色、无彩虹伪影的3D 全息增强现实近眼显示。
综合多层堆叠、高阶衍射匹配、系统几何补偿三种主流消色差方案:多层堆叠结构可实现 RGB 三色平均衍射效率89.2%,但多层套刻对准难度大、器件厚度偏高;南科大高阶衍射匹配方案采用4、5、6阶波长匹配,理论全彩视场可达45°,缺点是输入耦合效率仅5%,且光栅加工容错严苛;韩国基础科学研究院团队Moon等[58]选用 Si3N4材料搭配拓扑优化,成像均匀性突出,但受材料折射率(n=2.0)限制,视场拓展有限;斯坦福几何补偿方案无需色散级次匹配,可实现全彩3D全息成像,但原型波导厚度5 mm、实测视场角仅11.72°,且逆向设计算法复杂。上述三类方案的性能差异可为单层全彩波导的选型与优化提供重要参考。
衍射光波导的视场受到多重因素制约:光栅自身有效角带宽不足、材料的折射率受限、色散导致 RGB 三色光衍射角度分离。如何突破这些限制,实现更沉浸的视觉体验,是 AR 显示的核心挑战之一。前文所述高阶衍射匹配方案可令 RGB 三色在波导内衍射角度保持一致,消除色散带来的视场压缩问题,理论上单片波导可实现45° 全彩视场;在此基础上,高折射率材料的选取、空间与偏振复用架构是进一步突破视场上限的两条核心技术路线。
衍射光波导的视场角受波导材料折射率的约束,基于上节 k 域的物理机制推导,以折射率为1.7的材料为例,单层全彩波导的有效视场通常难以突破40°。在结构设计不断精进的同时,高折射率材料创新为单片全彩波导开辟了全新路径。西湖大学仇旻团队[64]的工作展示了基于碳化硅(4H-SiC)的单层全彩衍射波导,这是通过材料驱动创新的典型代表。SiC 材料具有极高的折射率,可达2.6以上,远高于传统高折射率玻璃(1.8~2.0)。这一特性直接决定了全彩视场角的理论上限,高折射率条件可制备周期更小的光栅结构,环境杂散光经过小周期光栅衍射后,出射光束大多偏移至人眼有效眼盒区域之外,无法参与成像,由此从源头抑制彩虹伪影。除此之外,4H-SiC 热导率较常规玻璃提升近千倍,同时拥有高硬度、低密度的材料优势,为 AR 镜片轻薄化与散热优化提供支撑。
图10(a)展示了波导器件的截面结构。底层为菲涅耳透镜,用于对入射光进行初步准直。向上依次为抗反射涂层、4H-SiC 波导层、硬涂层及顶部抗反射涂层。4H-SiC 因其高折射率(约为2.6)和宽透光窗口,可在可见光波段实现大视场角全内反射导光,而硬涂层与抗反射层则用于增强机械强度并降低界面反射损耗。图10(b)为波导上表面的耦合器布局示意图。输入耦合器将微显示器发出的光线耦入波导;随后光线依次经过六个出瞳扩展器,实现一维或二维的扩瞳。该布局通过多级扩瞳结构,可在保持波导轻薄的同时获得均匀的照明与较大的眼盒范围。图10(c, d)给出了不同基材波导的成像效果对比图及 SiC 波导实物样品图。透射式闪耀光栅可实现光束定向高效偏折,经由宽周期光栅与窄周期光栅对比,表明通过调节光栅周期可控制衍射角;透射式相位光栅则可实现波前整形或分光功能。该团队开发了 NIL-to-lift-off 工艺,利用金属掩模的高刻蚀选择性,解决了 SiC 硬脆材料的微纳加工难题,并实现了不同区域独立刻蚀深度控制。与传统波导采用单一高度光栅不同,该设计采用多分区变高度光栅,输入耦合器区域光栅高度最高以提升耦合效率,扩瞳区域和输出耦合器区域采用渐变高度设计,使出瞳光逐步耦合,避免了前亮后暗的均匀性问题。
当材料折射率提升到一定程度后,通过空间、波长、偏振等复用技术,系统级架构优化成为进一步扩展 FOV 的核心手段。超透镜[65]已被用作传统光学方案中的光学透镜、自由曲面光学方案中棱镜的替代元件,有效提升 AR 显示系统[66]的性能和紧凑性。Lee 等[33]采用一个20 mm直径的硅超透镜作为 AR 近眼显示系统的目镜,样机分别实现90°单色视场、76°全彩视场。器件依靠几何相位和偏振选择性,实现虚拟成像与真实透视的分离,突破传统反射式目镜的视场约束。但选择的硅材料在可见光波段存在极强本征光吸收,器件整体光学效率不足10%,该方案现阶段仅适用于原理验证。图11(a)展示了基于几何相位的硅基超透镜的近眼显示系统示意图,通过精细优化多晶硅超原子的外形尺寸,实现可见光波段内同偏振透射光的均匀调控。
依托偏振复用完成视场拼接同样可以扩展 FOV,哈佛大学 Shi等[67]提出了一种基于空间复用超表面的耦出光栅设计策略,以突破波导显示视场角的物理限制。其核心思想是将整个目标视场角一分为二,分别分配给两个正交的偏振态。来自微型显示器的图像首先被两个正交的线偏振片分割,左半视场变为 TE偏振光,右半视场变为 TM 偏振光。这两束光被入耦合器耦合进波导后,在出耦合区域被一个由两种空间交错排布的超光栅构成的倾斜结构处理,如图11(b)所示,该结构具有极高的偏振选择性,负责 TE 光的区域只将 TE 光衍射耦出,同时反射 TM 光;负责 TM 光的区域则反之。通过这种设计,两个偏振通道的耦出视场角可以独立设计并拼接起来。最终,在折射率仅为1.7的玻璃波导上,该系统实现了67°的水平视场角,显著超越了传统光栅在同等材料下的性能极限。
此外,还可通过波导几何构型优化实现视场扩展。Boo 等[68]提出的超表面波导显示系统由输入耦合超表面光学元件、单层波导和输出耦合超表面光学元件组成。如图11(c)所示,入耦合器以斜角设计,利用 Littrow 效应将光高效耦合进波导,出耦合器则将光线均匀提取至人眼。通过优化超表面光栅的填充因子、高度和折射率,系统在折射率 n=1.46的玻璃上实现了超过55°的视场角,远高于传统全息或衍射波导,并实现了焦距自由的视网膜投影,消除了辐辏调节冲突。类似地,Afra 团队[69]从系统集成角度,采用梯形波导结构,通过将输出端设计为楔形,其斜面角度等于全内反射角。这样使得原本以大角度入射到输出耦合器的光线,在楔形结构中被折叠到超表面光栅效率最高的角度区间。随后,整个显示系统逆时针旋转相同角度,使衍射光直接射向人眼。通过这种几何变换,系统在保持紧凑结构的同时,将水平视场角大幅扩展至80°,显著优于传统衍射波导。
除色散抑制和宽视场问题之外,衍射波导的效率与均匀性[40]是决定其实际应用价值的关键。在衍射光波导中,耦合光栅的衍射效率直接影响系统的光能利用率和显示亮度。传统表面浮雕光栅在宽角度范围内的衍射效率[70]存在显著波动,且受限于光栅边缘区域的二次衍射效应[71],实际效率往往低于理论极限。2023年,罗切斯特大学 Goodsell等[53]在研究中发现,衍射光波导中耦合光栅的实际衍射效率不仅取决于光栅本身的衍射能力,还受到光栅尺寸的制约。具体而言,入射在光栅边缘区域的光线,在经过光栅衍射耦入波导并经历一次全反射后,会重新落在光栅区域内,此时这部分光线会再次被光栅衍射,从波导中泄漏出去,从而无法有效参与传播。这一机制使得光栅的衍射效率存在一个由几何结构决定的理论上限。
利用这一理论极限作为优化目标,罗切斯特大学团队[53]针对特定入射角范围开展了光栅结构的优化设计,他们提出了一种由圆柱形与条形二氧化钛(TiO2)结构单元组合而成的超表面光栅,并与传统表面浮雕光栅进行对比。优化目标不是追求单一角度最高效率,而是最大化整个视场角范围内的最小效率值 (minimum field efficiency, MFE)。结果显示超表面光栅的最小效率值达到28%,逼近理论极限。作为对照,按相同优化标准设计的传统光栅仅为20%,且其效率随入射角的变化呈现出显著的不均匀性。
在上述理论基础上,该团队[52]进一步提出了多分区输入耦合器的设计策略。他们将输入光栅分为三个区域,每个区域独立优化其一级衍射效率和零级反射效率,以在保持理论效率极限的同时,实现衍射极限的图像质量。随后该团队的 Nelson等[72]通过实验首次验证了这一策略的可行性,如图12(a)所示,采用原子层沉积(astomic layer deposition,ALD)技术,为三个分区制备了独立的 TiO2 超表面,并搭建了精密的测试光路。实验测得的三分区超表面输入耦合器最小效率值达到25.3%,与理论值吻合良好。这一工作首次在实验上证明了多分区策略的有效性,架起了理论与现实之间的桥梁。
针对传统表面浮雕光栅带宽窄、角响应差的缺点,中央佛罗里达大学团队[73]提出了多层梯形复合光栅结构。如图12(b)所示,通过引入离散折射率分布扩展有效折射率的可用范围,降低结构对波长与入射角变化的敏感度,实现了光谱带宽与角响应的同步展宽。优化后的两层和三层光栅在20°×20°全视场范围内,RGB 三色平均衍射效率超过87%,亮度均匀性优于84%,如图12(c)所示。相比传统 SRG 仅约50 nm的有效工作带宽和 ±10°的窄角响应范围,该方案的有效带宽完整覆盖可见光波段 (455~635 nm),角响应范围扩展至整个20°×20°视场,且 RGB 三色间的角响应均匀性差异从传统光栅的33.9%降至4.5%,彻底解决了传统光栅宽波段宽角度效率波动剧烈的问题。将其作为输入耦合器应用于单波导全彩系统,仿真结果显示系统整体效率较传统表面浮雕光栅提升了20%。
RGB 三色光在波导耦合器中存在由波长依赖性导致的固有衍射效率差异。这种差异会直接造成全彩成像过程中的色彩失衡,是当前全彩衍射波导领域亟待解决的共性技术瓶颈。对此,舜宇奥莱技术团队[74]提出了一种新颖的调控策略,通过精准调控材料折射率的虚部实现三色效率均衡。其核心物理机制在于:纳米结构的局域共振不仅能偏转波前与坡印廷矢量、显著提升一级衍射效率,更可利用共振诱导的选择性吸收来补偿不同波长的衍射效率差。通过精确设计折射率虚部的波长响应,可定量控制各波段的吸收损耗,从而在维持系统整体高效率的同时,实现 RGB 三色衍射效率的精准匹配。该研究设计了如图12(d) 所示的双纳米梁超表面光栅结构,并在单片玻璃基板上完成了样品制备;图12(e)的仿真与实验对比结果表明,该方案实现了 RGB 三色光约20%的均匀一阶衍射效率,验证了该方法的有效性。该工作拓展了超表面的光学调控自由度,为全彩衍射波导的效率均衡设计提供了全新的技术路径,具备明确的产业应用前景。
在衍射光波导的研究中,如何利用光的所有调控维度来提升和扩展系统性能,一直是前沿探索的方向。除了通过超表面实现消色差和效率优化,偏振作为光的基本属性,正被越来越多研究者用于构建功能更丰富、架构更紧凑的 AR 显示系统[75]。特别是基于与波长无关的几何相位的调控,为宽带、多功能、偏振选择性[76]的光学元件设计提供了强大工具。本节将系统梳理利用偏振复用和几何相位原理,在立体显示、动态切换、波长解复用和双焦面显示等方面取得突破的代表性工作,展现其为 AR 显示带来的全新功能与架构。
超表面的偏振调控能力同样可以为衍射光波导带来新的功能维度[77]。立体显示通过向左右眼分别呈现具有视差的两幅图像,使用户获得三维感知。传统的衍射光波导方案若要实现立体显示,通常需要两片独立的波导分别对应左眼和右眼,这无疑会增加系统的体积和集成复杂度。为解决这一问题,密歇根大学 Liu等[78]利用几何相位超表面的自旋相关特性,巧妙地实现了一款单波导立体显示系统。如图13(a)所示,设计的超构光栅输入耦合器由具有不同取向角的金纳米椭圆棒构成,覆盖2π 相位范围。该光栅对左旋和右旋圆偏振光具有相反的衍射方向。在实验中,携带左眼视图和右眼视图的两束激光分别被转换为左旋和右旋圆偏振光,同时入射到同一片超光栅上。超光栅将它们分别衍射到波导中完全相反的两个传播方向。这两路光在波导中独立传播后,最终被波导另一端的两个表面浮雕光栅耦出,分别送入观察者的左右眼。该系统结构极其紧凑,仅用一片波导就实现了高质量的立体3D 显示,且左右眼图像之间的串扰极低,为AR 眼镜的轻薄化与3D 显示功能的集成提供了极具潜力的解决方案。除此之外,多扭曲液晶制备的窄带消色差 PB 相位器件[79]与液晶集成超表面[80]等主动调控技术,共同拓展了偏振复用波导的实现路径。
Moon 等[81]提出了一种基于几何相位透镜的近眼显示系统,利用透镜的偏振选择特性,实现单镜片成像与透视功能。其核心器件称为 PBLIC (PB phase lens-image combiner),如图13(b)所示,PBLIC 由两片几何相位透镜和夹在中间的右旋圆偏振片组成。PB 相位透镜对圆偏振光的响应具有手性依赖性:右旋圆偏振光入射时,透镜表现为凸透镜,实现聚焦成像;左旋圆偏振光入射时,先经凹透镜转换为发散光,再经中间偏振片转化为右旋圆偏振光,最后经过凸透镜后,发散与会聚效应完全抵消,总光焦度为零,从而无畸变地实现透视功能。该结构在单镜片上同时实现虚拟成像和真实场景透视的功能。仁荷大学团队[82]将偏振控制与体全息光栅结合,实现了单波导双焦面显示。如图13(e)展示了利用偏振光栅和两对体全息光栅实现双焦面显示的系统。来自微显示器的光经偏振控制器后变为左旋或右旋圆偏振光,再经偏振光栅衍射到不同角度,分别由对应的输入耦合体全息光栅耦合进入波导。两对体全息光栅分别对两种偏振态响应,其中一对设计为对应远焦平面的60° 衍射角,另一对设计为对应近焦平面的45°衍射角。实验测得远焦平面光学效率70.7%,近焦平面67.7%,成功演示了双焦面成像能力。这一工作将偏振复用从空间分离拓展到深度分离,后续研究已将此概念扩展至多焦面显示[84],为解决 AR 显示中的视觉疲劳问题提供了新思路。
除上述立体成像与多焦面显示外,偏振复用技术还为突破衍射波导视场角物理极限提供了核心路径。哈佛大学 Capasso 团队[67]提出了一种基于偏振相关超构光栅的视场角扩展方案。与传统方法不同,该方案将左右半视场分别编码到 TE 和 TM 偏振态中。如图13(c)所示,通过设计具有不同周期的 TE-pass 和 TM-pass 光栅,使两种偏振光在波导内以不同角度传播,出射后拼接成完整图像,为超表面偏振复用视场扩展奠定了理论基础。类似地,Afra 团队[69]利用偏振敏感特性,如图13(d)所示,设计了“十字形”超表面输入耦合器,TE 敏感光栅将光衍射到左侧,TM 敏感光栅将光衍射到右侧,分别耦合到左右眼。两种光栅的衍射效率在主级次均超过80%,有效抑制了杂散光,该工作展示了偏振复用从原理验证向可集成系统演进的可能性。同样的,首尔大学 Yoo 等[83]进一步实现了集成化偏振转向合束器。如图13(f)所示,该器件由偏振光栅、四分之一波片和圆偏振片堆叠而成,厚度仅约1.4 mm。其核心创新在于通过偏振控制将入射视场角分为左右两半,分别编码到正交偏振态中,在波导内传播后由输出端重新拼接,从而使整体 FOV 扩展至原来的两倍。上述工作共同证明,偏振复用可在不改变波导材料与结构厚度的前提下,实现视场扩展与双目成像集成,是超表面波导功能拓展的核心技术支撑。
结合前文技术方案的应用特点综合对比来看,高阶衍射匹配结合高折射率 SiC 材料的技术组合,是打造单片式轻薄大视场全彩光波导器件最具落地潜力的产业化路线。该方案不仅能够有效拓展显示视场,还可从根源抑制彩虹类光学伪影,综合性能适配主流增强现实设备的使用需求。偏振复用技术则是拓展器件功能的重要手段,可有效实现视场扩容、立体成像与多焦面显示等多样化功能,但该类架构普遍存在偏振串扰问题,容易影响最终成像质量。现阶段,大面积、高精度的微纳加工工艺仍是制约所有技术路线走向规模化应用的核心障碍。不同技术路线各有优劣与适用场景,后续可结合算法设计、材料研发与动态光场调控等方向持续优化,为超表面衍射波导技术的迭代升级与场景化应用夯实基础。
本文从物理机制、技术路径与系统集成三个层面,系统梳理了超表面在衍射光波导增强现实近眼显示中的应用进展,得出以下主要结论。第一,衍射波导的色散问题可通过三类超表面方案有效解决。多层超表面堆叠在集成 RGB 照明下实现了高衍射效率,但制造复杂度较高;高阶衍射级次匹配利用不同级次补偿波长差异,在单层波导内实现消色差耦合,具备优异的全彩显示应用潜力;系统级几何补偿则允许色散存在,通过优化波导结构参数,使不同颜色光在输出端的空间上精准重合,为紧凑型全彩3D显示提供了另一条可行路径。第二,视场角扩展依赖于材料折射率提升与复用架构设计。以 SiC 为代表的高折射率材料,不仅提高了全彩视场角的理论上限,还有效抑制了彩虹伪影。结合空间复用、偏振复用与波导形状优化等手段,单层波导的视场角已可扩展至80°以上。第三,输入耦合器的效率极限由波导几何结构决定,而非仅取决于光栅自身,研究人员借助超表面的分区设计、折射率虚部调控与拓扑逆向优化等手段,可让薄型波导逼近理论效率极限,同时实现 RGB 三色光的输出效率均衡。第四,基于几何相位的偏振复用技术为衍射波导增添了立体显示、双焦面成像与视场拼接等新功能,单波导立体显示系统利用自旋复用超光栅实现了低串扰的3D成像,偏振光栅与体全息光栅结合则实现了双焦面显示,缓解了视觉辐辏调节冲突。
综合各类技术方案的性能特点与产业化条件来看,高阶衍射匹配技术搭配高折射率材料,是现阶段最具潜力的单层全彩大视场光波导发展方向,该方案可兼顾大视场与抑制彩虹效应两大核心需求。当前超表面衍射波导仍面临三大共性核心挑战:一是大面积纳米压印、深紫外光刻与多层光栅套刻工艺精度不足,制约规模化量产;二是高阶衍射匹配方案的整体耦合效率仍有待提升;三是动态可调超表面与波导的集成技术尚不成熟。针对现存技术短板,后续研究应重点围绕三大方向攻关:依托人工智能逆向算法开展多目标优化,进一步改善高阶衍射效率问题;完善 SiC 等宽禁带半导体材料的一体化制备工艺,攻克大面积高精度的加工难题;完成可调超表面的多维度系统集成开发,实现动态光场调控。随着上述关键技术的不断突破,超表面衍射光波导有望实现从分立器件优化升级为全系统光场定制方案,为下一代空间计算类光学硬件提供核心技术支持。

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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260081
  • 接收时间:2026-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-31
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    1华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院,广东 广州 511442
    2广东粤港澳大湾区国家纳米科技创新研究院,广东 广州 510700
    3暨南大学物理与光电工程学院光子技术研究院,广东省微纳光学精密加工技术及应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510632

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