Article(id=1319954852906643939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260067, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260067, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773244800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-12, revisedDate=1780848000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-08, acceptedDate=1780848000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-08, onlineDate=1792631360507, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631360507, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631360507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631360507, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260067, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954853137330660, articleId=1319954852906643939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Control of disclination vortex optical fields under the Floquet mechanism, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the formation, evolution, and regulation mechanisms of topological states induced by the combined effects of disclination topological defects and Floquet periodic modulation in honeycomb photonic lattices, and to explore how disclination structures with different rotational symmetries regulate the generation, localization, and propagation characteristics of vortex beams. In contrast to conventional topological photonic systems, where topological states are mainly associated with edges or boundaries, this study focuses on higher-order localized topological states bound to structural defects inside the lattice. By constructing $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination honeycomb photonic lattices, this work aims to reveal the relationship between disclination-induced degenerate states, fractional charge localization, and vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, the role of Floquet periodic modulation in reconstructing the band structure, opening band gaps, and controlling localized topological states is analyzed. The study provides a theoretical basis for realizing stable topological vortex optical fields and offers guidance for the design of tunable topological photonic devices based on defect engineering and nonequilibrium periodic driving.

Methods

Honeycomb photonic lattice models containing disclination structures with $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ rotational symmetries are constructed. These two types of disclination topological defects are introduced by removing or inserting a 60° wedge angle in an ideal honeycomb lattice, corresponding to fivefold and sevenfold coordination around the defect core, respectively. Such geometrical operations break the original translational and rotational symmetries of the lattice and induce effective curvature or gauge-field-like responses near the defect center. Based on Wannier center theory and fractional charge theory, the formation mechanisms of disclination states, corner states, and edge states are analyzed, and the connection between localized fractional charge distributions and higher-order topological states is discussed. For the optical propagation model, the paraxial wave equation is employed to describe the evolution of light fields in the photonic lattice. Under the linear approximation, the nonlinear term is neglected, and the problem is reduced to an eigenvalue equation similar to a two-dimensional Schrödinger equation with an effective periodic potential. The finite-difference method is then used to discretize the system and solve the eigenvalue problem numerically, from which the band structure, eigenvalue spectrum, and eigenmode distributions of the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination structures are obtained. To further introduce nonequilibrium topological control, a helical periodic potential is applied to implement Floquet periodic modulation. By transforming the system into a co-rotating reference frame, an equivalent gauge-field theoretical model is established, in which the helical modulation acts as a periodically driven effective vector potential. Finally, vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum are constructed by linearly combining degenerate disclination states with an additional π/2 phase shift, and their propagation behavior in the periodic potential is studied through numerical simulations over long propagation distances.

Results and Discussions

Numerical results show that both $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination honeycomb photonic lattices can generate stable localized disclination states under appropriate structural parameters. The number of disclination states is closely related to the rotational symmetry of the system. Specifically, five disclination states are formed in the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, while seven disclination states appear in the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure. Several of these states exhibit clear degeneracy in the eigenvalue spectrum, such as the degenerate pairs observed in the corresponding disclination-state modes. These results are consistent with the theoretical analysis based on Wannier center displacement and fractional charge localization, indicating that disclination defects can induce higher-order localized topological states by modifying the local topological response of the lattice. After the introduction of Floquet periodic modulation, the band structure of the system is significantly reconstructed. The helical periodic potential introduces a periodic driving along the propagation direction, causing the bands to fold in quasienergy space and leading to the opening of new band gaps near the original band-crossing or band-approaching regions. Meanwhile, some originally degenerate disclination states undergo rearrangement in their energy ordering and mode distributions. For example, in the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, the degenerate disclination states change their relative spectral positions after helical modulation, showing that Floquet periodic modulation can not only regulate the band width and band-gap size, but also affect the formation, separation, and stability of localized topological states. This demonstrates that disclination defects and Floquet modulation have a synergistic effect in controlling topological states in nonequilibrium photonic systems. The vortex modes constructed from degenerate disclination states show robust propagation behavior. For the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, degenerate disclination states are linearly combined to form a complex vortex mode with a well-defined phase-winding feature. A similar construction is applied to the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure using its corresponding degenerate disclination states. During propagation, the amplitude distributions of the vortex beams remain relatively stable in both structures, with only small overall fluctuations even after 100 propagation periods. The phase distributions exhibit a continuous variation from -π to π around the vortex core, confirming that the constructed modes possess typical vortex phase structures and well-defined orbital angular momentum. These results indicate that disclination structures can effectively induce and maintain stable topological vortex beams, while Floquet periodic modulation further enhances the controllability and robustness of their propagation.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated that disclination topological defects can effectively induce higher-order localized topological states in honeycomb photonic lattices, and that the number and distribution of these states are strongly determined by the rotational symmetry of the disclination structure. Floquet periodic modulation provides an additional dynamic control mechanism by reconstructing the band structure, opening band gaps, and regulating the degeneracy and spatial distribution of disclination states. Vortex modes formed by linear combinations of degenerate disclination states exhibit stable amplitude distributions, clear phase-winding characteristics, and strong propagation robustness over long propagation distances. These findings reveal the synergistic mechanism of disclination defects and nonequilibrium periodic driving in controlling topological optical fields. They provide theoretical insights into topological defect states, Floquet topological photonics, and vortex beam manipulation, and may contribute to the future design of robust topological photonic devices for optical information processing, vortex beam control, and topological light transport.

, authors=Yihang Yin1, 2, Yongdong Li1, 2, Yiqi Zhang1, 2, authorsList=Yihang Yin, Yongdong Li, Yiqi Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiqi Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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基于蜂巢光晶格构建了具有$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $两种旋转对称性的旋错结构,系统研究了弗洛凯调制下拓扑旋错态以及旋错涡旋的调控行为。为波导阵列结构引入纵向螺旋调制,成功类比弗洛凯机制打破了系统的时间反演对称性,为系统引入了等效规范场,揭示了弗洛凯工程对能带结构的调控机理,获得了螺旋波导阵列中旋错缺陷对应的模式。基于得到的多组简并旋错态,通过线性组合构建了具有轨道角动量的旋错涡旋模式并考察了其传播动力学。本工作实现了弗洛凯工程与拓扑缺陷的有机结合,为制备稳定的涡旋光束和拓扑光学器件提供了理论基础,有望扩展拓扑材料在光子学领域的应用前景。

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作者贡献

尹一行:研究资料的收集与分析,仿真实验的设计与完成,论文写作;李永东:论文修改,研究方案统筹与监督;张贻齐:提出本文创意,指导全部工作开展,指导论文选题,论文修改。

尹一行(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事拓扑光子学及其相关领域。E-mail:

李永东(1974-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。研究方向包括束流与微波相互作用、真空电子器件的粒子模拟方法、气体放电等领域,并主要从事高功率电子学、微波与等离子体电子学、现代真空电子器件、等离子体器件及脉冲功率技术研究。他主持并完成了863项目、973子课题,以及国家自然科学基金项目等10余项科研项目。E-mail:

张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

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张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

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张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

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(a) Band structure of the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure; (b) Energy spectrum of the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure,with degenerate pairs (42,43) and (49,50); (c) Band structure of the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure; (d) Energy spectrum of the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure,with degenerate pairs (58,59), (67,68) and (69,70), figureFileSmall=Pc9zR+EBH8VezbBsgf6oRQ==, figureFileBig=yOasCEw3Y4zwG8Wk4vA0AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954913162015683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954852906643939, language=CN, label=图5, caption=能带能谱图。(a) $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构能带;(b) $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构本征能谱((42,43)、(49,50)简并);(c) $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构能带;(d) $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构本征能谱((58,59)、(67,68)、(69,70)简并), figureFileSmall=Pc9zR+EBH8VezbBsgf6oRQ==, figureFileBig=yOasCEw3Y4zwG8Wk4vA0AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954913237513156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954852906643939, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Disclination state mode pattern. 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(a) A pair of degenerate edge states; (b) A pair of degenerate corner states, figureFileSmall=Y6HOsNdf8rojZU6vCPATOA==, figureFileBig=olU7vB9iQe0vUQtksOLrmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954913866658765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954852906643939, language=CN, label=图10, caption= $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构其他拓扑态。(a)一组简并边界态;(b)一组简并角态, figureFileSmall=Y6HOsNdf8rojZU6vCPATOA==, figureFileBig=olU7vB9iQe0vUQtksOLrmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954913946350542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954852906643939, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Simulation experiment parameter settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure $ a $ $ r $ $ p $ $ \sigma $ $ \rho $ $ Z $ $ {r}_{\text{ctrl}} $
$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ $ 3.2\sqrt{3} $ $ [0.8{,}\;3.0] $ $ 5 $ $ 0.5 $ $ 0.3 $ $ 60\pm 2 $ $ 2.700 $
$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ $ 3.2\sqrt{3} $ $ [0.8{,}\;3.0] $ $ 5 $ $ 0.5 $ $ 0.3 $ $ 100\pm 2 $ $ 1.860 $
), ArticleFig(id=1319954914030236623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954852906643939, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真实验参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure $ a $ $ r $ $ p $ $ \sigma $ $ \rho $ $ Z $ $ {r}_{\text{ctrl}} $
$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ $ 3.2\sqrt{3} $ $ [0.8{,}\;3.0] $ $ 5 $ $ 0.5 $ $ 0.3 $ $ 60\pm 2 $ $ 2.700 $
$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ $ 3.2\sqrt{3} $ $ [0.8{,}\;3.0] $ $ 5 $ $ 0.5 $ $ 0.3 $ $ 100\pm 2 $ $ 1.860 $
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弗洛凯机制下的旋错涡旋光场调控研究
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尹一行 1, 2 , 李永东 1, 2 , 张贻齐 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(7): 260067-1
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弗洛凯机制下的旋错涡旋光场调控研究
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张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

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张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

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尹一行1, 2 , 李永东1, 2 , 张贻齐1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2西安交通大学电子物理与器件教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

尹一行:研究资料的收集与分析,仿真实验的设计与完成,论文写作;李永东:论文修改,研究方案统筹与监督;张贻齐:提出本文创意,指导全部工作开展,指导论文选题,论文修改。

尹一行(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事拓扑光子学及其相关领域。E-mail:

李永东(1974-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。研究方向包括束流与微波相互作用、真空电子器件的粒子模拟方法、气体放电等领域,并主要从事高功率电子学、微波与等离子体电子学、现代真空电子器件、等离子体器件及脉冲功率技术研究。他主持并完成了863项目、973子课题,以及国家自然科学基金项目等10余项科研项目。E-mail:

张贻齐(1983-),男,博士,西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院教授。长期从事拓扑光场的非线性调控、人工微结构中的光与物质相互作用等研究,在拓扑边界态的非线性局域操控等方面取得了系列创新性成果。以第一作者和通讯作者在国内外期刊发表SCI论文100余篇。E-mail:

Control of disclination vortex optical fields under the Floquet mechanism
Yihang Yin1, 2 , Yongdong Li1, 2 , Yiqi Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
  • 2School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260067
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基于蜂巢光晶格构建了具有$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $两种旋转对称性的旋错结构,系统研究了弗洛凯调制下拓扑旋错态以及旋错涡旋的调控行为。为波导阵列结构引入纵向螺旋调制,成功类比弗洛凯机制打破了系统的时间反演对称性,为系统引入了等效规范场,揭示了弗洛凯工程对能带结构的调控机理,获得了螺旋波导阵列中旋错缺陷对应的模式。基于得到的多组简并旋错态,通过线性组合构建了具有轨道角动量的旋错涡旋模式并考察了其传播动力学。本工作实现了弗洛凯工程与拓扑缺陷的有机结合,为制备稳定的涡旋光束和拓扑光学器件提供了理论基础,有望扩展拓扑材料在光子学领域的应用前景。

蜂巢光晶格  /  高阶拓扑绝缘体  /  弗洛凯调控  /  旋错态  /  涡旋光束
Objective

To investigate the formation, evolution, and regulation mechanisms of topological states induced by the combined effects of disclination topological defects and Floquet periodic modulation in honeycomb photonic lattices, and to explore how disclination structures with different rotational symmetries regulate the generation, localization, and propagation characteristics of vortex beams. In contrast to conventional topological photonic systems, where topological states are mainly associated with edges or boundaries, this study focuses on higher-order localized topological states bound to structural defects inside the lattice. By constructing $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination honeycomb photonic lattices, this work aims to reveal the relationship between disclination-induced degenerate states, fractional charge localization, and vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, the role of Floquet periodic modulation in reconstructing the band structure, opening band gaps, and controlling localized topological states is analyzed. The study provides a theoretical basis for realizing stable topological vortex optical fields and offers guidance for the design of tunable topological photonic devices based on defect engineering and nonequilibrium periodic driving.

Methods

Honeycomb photonic lattice models containing disclination structures with $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ rotational symmetries are constructed. These two types of disclination topological defects are introduced by removing or inserting a 60° wedge angle in an ideal honeycomb lattice, corresponding to fivefold and sevenfold coordination around the defect core, respectively. Such geometrical operations break the original translational and rotational symmetries of the lattice and induce effective curvature or gauge-field-like responses near the defect center. Based on Wannier center theory and fractional charge theory, the formation mechanisms of disclination states, corner states, and edge states are analyzed, and the connection between localized fractional charge distributions and higher-order topological states is discussed. For the optical propagation model, the paraxial wave equation is employed to describe the evolution of light fields in the photonic lattice. Under the linear approximation, the nonlinear term is neglected, and the problem is reduced to an eigenvalue equation similar to a two-dimensional Schrödinger equation with an effective periodic potential. The finite-difference method is then used to discretize the system and solve the eigenvalue problem numerically, from which the band structure, eigenvalue spectrum, and eigenmode distributions of the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination structures are obtained. To further introduce nonequilibrium topological control, a helical periodic potential is applied to implement Floquet periodic modulation. By transforming the system into a co-rotating reference frame, an equivalent gauge-field theoretical model is established, in which the helical modulation acts as a periodically driven effective vector potential. Finally, vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum are constructed by linearly combining degenerate disclination states with an additional π/2 phase shift, and their propagation behavior in the periodic potential is studied through numerical simulations over long propagation distances.

Results and Discussions

Numerical results show that both $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ and $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ disclination honeycomb photonic lattices can generate stable localized disclination states under appropriate structural parameters. The number of disclination states is closely related to the rotational symmetry of the system. Specifically, five disclination states are formed in the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, while seven disclination states appear in the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure. Several of these states exhibit clear degeneracy in the eigenvalue spectrum, such as the degenerate pairs observed in the corresponding disclination-state modes. These results are consistent with the theoretical analysis based on Wannier center displacement and fractional charge localization, indicating that disclination defects can induce higher-order localized topological states by modifying the local topological response of the lattice. After the introduction of Floquet periodic modulation, the band structure of the system is significantly reconstructed. The helical periodic potential introduces a periodic driving along the propagation direction, causing the bands to fold in quasienergy space and leading to the opening of new band gaps near the original band-crossing or band-approaching regions. Meanwhile, some originally degenerate disclination states undergo rearrangement in their energy ordering and mode distributions. For example, in the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, the degenerate disclination states change their relative spectral positions after helical modulation, showing that Floquet periodic modulation can not only regulate the band width and band-gap size, but also affect the formation, separation, and stability of localized topological states. This demonstrates that disclination defects and Floquet modulation have a synergistic effect in controlling topological states in nonequilibrium photonic systems. The vortex modes constructed from degenerate disclination states show robust propagation behavior. For the $ {\rm{C}}_{5} $ structure, degenerate disclination states are linearly combined to form a complex vortex mode with a well-defined phase-winding feature. A similar construction is applied to the $ {\rm{C}}_{7} $ structure using its corresponding degenerate disclination states. During propagation, the amplitude distributions of the vortex beams remain relatively stable in both structures, with only small overall fluctuations even after 100 propagation periods. The phase distributions exhibit a continuous variation from -π to π around the vortex core, confirming that the constructed modes possess typical vortex phase structures and well-defined orbital angular momentum. These results indicate that disclination structures can effectively induce and maintain stable topological vortex beams, while Floquet periodic modulation further enhances the controllability and robustness of their propagation.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated that disclination topological defects can effectively induce higher-order localized topological states in honeycomb photonic lattices, and that the number and distribution of these states are strongly determined by the rotational symmetry of the disclination structure. Floquet periodic modulation provides an additional dynamic control mechanism by reconstructing the band structure, opening band gaps, and regulating the degeneracy and spatial distribution of disclination states. Vortex modes formed by linear combinations of degenerate disclination states exhibit stable amplitude distributions, clear phase-winding characteristics, and strong propagation robustness over long propagation distances. These findings reveal the synergistic mechanism of disclination defects and nonequilibrium periodic driving in controlling topological optical fields. They provide theoretical insights into topological defect states, Floquet topological photonics, and vortex beam manipulation, and may contribute to the future design of robust topological photonic devices for optical information processing, vortex beam control, and topological light transport.

honeycomb photonic lattice  /  higher-order topological insulator  /  Floquet modulation  /  disclination states  /  vortex beams
尹一行, 李永东, 张贻齐. 弗洛凯机制下的旋错涡旋光场调控研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260067 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260067
Yihang Yin, Yongdong Li, Yiqi Zhang. Control of disclination vortex optical fields under the Floquet mechanism[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260067 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260067
自二十一世纪以来,一类新的量子材料——拓扑绝缘体被提出并迅速发展[1-2],成为物理研究领域的热点问题。拓扑绝缘体的一个显著特征是:体系内部表现为绝缘体,但在体系边界或表面上存在导电态。只要不破坏体系的关键对称性(如时间反演对称性),这些边界态就不会被杂质或微小扰动所破坏[1-5]。这种现象被称为拓扑保护效应。尽管传统拓扑绝缘体已经极大地丰富了人们对物态分类的认识,但其拓扑态主要局限于比体维数(bulk dimension)低一维的边界。在这一背景下,人们提出了高阶拓扑绝缘体(higher-order topological insulator, HOTI)的概念[6-8]。HOTI突破了传统体-边对应关系,并且在$ d $维体系中,其受拓扑保护的态为$ (d-2) $维甚至更低维。在2维HOTI中存在与位错(dislocation)、旋错(disclination)等缺陷对应的高阶拓扑态,而在3维HOTI中则存在着更丰富的高阶拓扑态。除此之外,一些科研工作者也在研究其他的新型高阶拓扑绝缘体[9-10]:一方面是引入轨道自由度实现的p-轨道HOTI,其拓扑保护机制较传统s-轨道体系更为丰富;另一方面是通过平方根操作构造的平方根HOTI,其能带结构中呈现出多重角态。这些进展丰富了高阶拓扑相的内涵,也为拓扑光子学器件的设计提供了新思路。
值得注意的是,上述基于轨道自由度或平方根操作的HOTI设计,其拓扑保护的根源在于特定的晶格对称性和跳跃对称性,这是对拓扑起源的一种深入理解。同样地,部分科研工作者另辟蹊径,重新审视晶体中的结构缺陷。传统上,位错、旋错等各种结构缺陷[11-13]往往被视为影响材料性能的“负面因素”。然而,拓扑物理的发展表明,缺陷本身也可以成为拓扑态的载体[14-17],有助于诱导出新的束缚于缺陷位置的拓扑态。
近年来,围绕旋错等拓扑缺陷及其诱导的涡旋态调控,拓扑光子学领域取得了重要进展。早期理论研究为理解拓扑缺陷诱导的束缚态奠定了基础。Rüegg等研究了石墨烯拓扑绝缘体模型中锥形奇点所诱导的电子束缚态,建立了旋错缺陷与等效磁通之间的对应关系,并揭示了缺陷束缚态的拓扑起源[18]。在此基础上,Teo与Hughes系统总结了对称性保护拓扑相中的拓扑缺陷理论,指出缺陷束缚态的存在由体态拓扑不变量与缺陷拓扑荷的乘积决定,从拓扑场论角度建立了缺陷态的统一描述框架[19]。进一步地,Benalcazar等对二维旋转对称拓扑晶体超导体进行了系统分类,并提出统一的指标,用于判断旋错处是否存在马约拉纳零能模,为拓扑缺陷态的判定提供了重要理论依据[20]。随着研究的深入,高阶拓扑绝缘体理论进一步揭示了拓扑缺陷与高阶拓扑态之间的联系,例如Schindler等指出拓扑态可以局域在角点或晶格缺陷处,为研究缺陷诱导的局域态提供了新的理论视角[16]。
在光子体系中,拓扑缺陷诱导的局域态和涡旋模式逐渐得到实验验证。Sheng等通过在蜂巢光波导阵列中引入旋错型拓扑缺陷,使体系等效模拟规范场作用下的蜂巢晶格,并实验实现了携带轨道角动量的涡旋光模式在旋错缺陷处的束缚与稳定传播[21]。在此基础上,Huang等进一步研究了旋错晶格中的涡旋孤子传播行为,发现旋错结构能够显著影响涡旋态的稳定性和输运特性,为拓扑光子器件设计提供了新的思路[22]。与此同时,在声学拓扑系统中也观察到了类似现象。Ni等实验观测到了由广义手性对称性保护的高阶拓扑声学态,这类局域态的存在进一步验证了拓扑缺陷结构在波动体系中的普适性[17]。
随着研究的拓展,拓扑缺陷态逐渐从二维体系发展到三维拓扑结构。Yan等通过构建具有Kekulé畸变的三维蜂巢晶格模型,首次观测到沿涡旋线拓扑缺陷传播的Dirac涡旋模式,验证了三维拓扑缺陷态在光子拓扑绝缘体中的可实现性[23]。此外,Lustig等在三维光子晶体中通过引入位错结构,实现了由晶格缺陷诱导的光子拓扑绝缘体,并实验观测到沿缺陷传播的拓扑保护模式,表明真实空间拓扑缺陷可以成为构建拓扑光子通道的重要手段[24]。在极化子体系中,Jin等进一步实现了基于旋错晶格结构的拓扑激子—极化子激光器,通过结合旋转对称性与手性对称性,使拓扑态被钉扎在能隙中心并局域于晶格核心,实现了室温条件下的拓扑激光发射[25]。
除了线性拓扑态外,非线性效应也为拓扑缺陷态的调控提供了新的自由度。Ren等在周期调制的非线性光波导阵列中实验观测到了非线性旋错态,表明非线性作用能够显著改变拓扑缺陷态的稳定性和空间分布[26]。Hu等进一步研究了拓扑缺陷结构中的轨道角动量输运问题,发现拓扑保护机制可以实现高效且稳定的涡旋模式传输,并提出了相关的光学信息处理方案[27]。
此外,拓扑缺陷研究还与非平衡拓扑现象密切相关。Bao等系统综述了光与拓扑材料相互作用中的弗洛凯(Floquet)工程、光诱导拓扑相变,以及非线性光学响应,为理解非平衡条件下拓扑态调控提供了重要理论框架[28]。Lin等进一步指出,旋错与位错等拓扑缺陷不仅可以在光子和声子晶格中诱导拓扑束缚态,还可以在非厄米系统中产生新的趋肤(skin)效应,在非线性体系中调控拓扑激发,并在合成维度中实现更高维度的拓扑现象[29]。此外,相关研究还表明,在真实空间引入拓扑晶格缺陷能够诱导拓扑保护的边缘态传播,为拓扑光子器件设计提供了新的实现途径[28-30]。
综上所述,拓扑缺陷为调控光子拓扑态提供了一种重要手段。从早期理论模型到二维和三维光子晶格中的实验实现,再到非线性与非平衡拓扑调控,相关研究不断拓展拓扑光子学的研究边界。未来,结合非厄米效应、非线性调控,以及合成维度等新型物理机制,拓扑缺陷有望在光子器件、信息处理,以及量子光学等领域展现更加广阔的应用前景。
尽管高阶拓扑绝缘体与拓扑缺陷相关研究已取得显著进展,但旋错缺陷在高阶拓扑体系中的作用机理及其对拓扑态调控的内在规律仍有待进一步深入探索。基于此,本文围绕旋错缺陷光子晶格展开研究,系统分析其对拓扑态及涡旋模式传播特性的影响,主要工作如下:
1) 设计并构建了具有$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $与$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $非平凡旋转对称性的旋错蜂巢光晶格结构,引入晶体旋转对称性破缺所对应的几何缺陷。在此基础上,系统研究旋错诱导的局域模态特性,成功实现了涡旋模式在旋错光晶格中的稳定传输,为高阶拓扑缺陷态在光学体系中的物理实现提供了可行方案。
2) 通过在旋错蜂巢光晶格中引入螺旋周期势场,实现对体系的弗洛凯调制,并推导建立了相应的螺旋波导阵列模型。进一步构建等效规范场描述,揭示了周期调制在能带结构重构中的作用机理。结果表明,通过调制参数的合理设计,可有效打开能带间隙,实现拓扑态的分离与调控,从而验证了非平衡条件下旋错体系拓扑调控机制的有效性。
3) 基于旋错缺陷诱导的简并态结构,构建并分析具有明确相位旋转特征和轨道角动量性质的涡旋模式。通过数值模拟涡旋光束在周期势场中的传播过程,系统研究了其传播稳定性与演化行为,并进一步探讨了涡旋态形成机制与拓扑保护效应及拓扑相变之间的内在联系,从而加深对旋错态拓扑物理内涵的理解。
蜂巢光晶格又被称为光子石墨烯,是一种具有六边形对称结构的光学晶格,广泛应用于拓扑光子学、光学超晶格、量子模拟以及光纤通信等领域。其独特的几何结构使得光子在晶格中传播时表现出丰富的物理现象,包括拓扑保护态、光学边界态以及光子流的调控。蜂巢光晶格通常由微结构化的光学材料(如光子晶体、二维材料或纳米结构)构成,通过合理设计其介电常数或折射率分布,能够实现对光波的有效操控。
本文所研究的蜂巢光晶格同样也是六边形结构,如图1所示,每个六边形边界内一共有六个格点。其中晶格常数$ a=3.2\sqrt{3} $,相邻两格点之间的间距为$ \sqrt{3}a/3 $。需要指出的是,为了便于分析和讨论,本文研究的所有对象均为无量纲化的数值,因此已去除单位。这些无量纲化的参数与真实物理参数是一一对应的。
接下来讨论旋错结构的构建方法。旋错本质上是一类由晶格角度缺失或冗余所引入的拓扑缺陷,可视为通过对理想晶格实施局域角度扭转而形成。在蜂巢光晶格的框架下,可按照图2所示方式构造$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $两类旋错结构。对这类缺陷结构的系统研究,有助于揭示其所诱导的特殊拓扑效应以及能谱调制机制。
具体而言,这两种旋错结构可理解为在理想六角晶格中分别插入或移除一个$ 60{^{\circ}} $的楔形角(大多数文献中亦称为Frank角)所形成的拓扑缺陷。当移除一个$ 60{^{\circ}} $楔形角时,局域晶格的配位数发生改变,在缺陷核心处形成五配位的$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构;相反,插入一个$ 60{^{\circ}} $楔形角则导致七配位的$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构产生。
为定量刻画晶格几何结构的调控方式,定义同一六边形单元内部相邻格点之间的距离为$ {r}_{\text{intra}} $,不同六边形单元之间相邻格点的距离为$ {r}_{\text{inter}} $。在此基础上,引入无量纲结构调控参数$ r={r}_{\text{intra}}/{r}_{\text{inter}} $用以表征晶格间距的相对比例关系[31],其中r的取值范围为$ [0.8,\ 3.0] $。该参数的取值直接反映了单元内部耦合与单元间耦合的相对强弱,从而决定了晶格几何构型及其对应的物理性质演化。
此类旋错缺陷的引入破坏了原有蜂窝晶格的平移对称性与旋转对称性,并在缺陷区域诱导有效几何曲率或等效规范场,从而对体系的局域能谱分布、态密度结构以及拓扑不变量产生显著影响。这为研究缺陷诱导的拓扑局域态与异常输运行为提供了重要物理平台。
综上,在明确$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $旋错结构的构建方法,并阐明其由角度缺失或冗余所引入的拓扑缺陷在晶格层面的几何特征之后,有必要进一步从理论层面深入分析旋错态的形成机制。为此,第3节将围绕旋错缺陷对体系能带结构与拓扑不变量的影响展开讨论,系统揭示旋错态产生的物理本质及其与整体拓扑性质之间的内在联系,从而为后续数值模拟结果的解释与物理图像的构建奠定理论基础。
在拓扑绝缘体及高阶拓扑体系的研究中,万尼尔(Wannier)中心理论是分析体系拓扑性质的重要方法。万尼尔函数是由Bloch波函数通过傅里叶变换得到的一组局域化实空间基函数,其中心位置被称为万尼尔中心,反映了粒子在晶格中的平均分布位置。当万尼尔中心偏离原有晶格位置时,往往意味着体系出现了非平庸的拓扑结构。相关研究表明,在万尼尔型高阶拓扑绝缘体中,万尼尔中心的位置与体系的拓扑性质密切相关,当其发生偏移时可以在二维体系中产生角态,在三维体系中产生铰链态[32]。
在具有离散旋转对称性的体系中,万尼尔中心的空间分布还可以用来刻画高阶拓扑绝缘体中的角分数电荷。理论研究指出,在具有$ \mathrm{C}_n $旋转对称性的二维拓扑晶体绝缘体中,当体系体极化为0时,引入角或拓扑缺陷会导致所谓的填充异常,从而在角区域或对称扇区内产生量子化的分数电荷,其大小由体系的旋转对称性决定[33]。此外,类似的分数电荷也可以在旋错等拓扑缺陷处出现,从而反映体系的局域拓扑响应。
另一方面,万尼尔中心的演化还能够用于刻画拓扑绝缘体的拓扑性质。例如,通过混合万尼尔中心的演化可以揭示能带的拓扑绕行特征,并进一步表征体系的拓扑相结构[34]。因此,通过分析万尼尔中心的分布以及由此产生的分数电荷,可以从理论上解释高阶拓扑体系中旋错态、角态,以及边界态的产生机制。
基于上述万尼尔中心与分数电荷的理论框架,可以进一步从分数电荷分布的角度分析旋错态、角态和边界态产生的物理机制。通过对比两种具有不同旋转对称性的光晶格结构和计算不同光晶格结构中的分数电荷,可以进一步揭示旋错结构对拓扑态空间分布的调控作用。具体的角分数电荷计算要涉及到万尼尔中心相关理论[35-39],但是可以借由已有的文献把旋错态等形成的物理机制进行简单说明。在Liu等成果[35]的基础上,$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $旋转对称性的旋错光晶格在进入非平庸相时的分数电荷分布结果如图3所示。
由图3可知,在$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $旋错结构的中心区域以及相应的5个或7个角区域均会出现非整数电荷分布。例如,在角区域可以观察到1.5个单位电荷,而在中心旋错缺陷附近则为2.5个单位电荷。进一步地,若将体态分数电荷取为单位电荷1.0,并分别对边界区域(淡蓝色区域)、角区域(绿色区域),以及中心旋错缺陷处(红色区域)的电荷进行处理,可以发现三个区域——边界态、角态、旋错态对应的电荷分别约为$ 2/3 $、$ 1/2 $和$ 5/6 $。对于一个$ {\rm{C}}_{n} $对称的旋错晶格,会有n个旋错态,与旋转对称性密切相关。对于处在旋错中心周围的元胞,其归一化分数电荷为$ 5/6 $,但是这一数值与$ n $没有关系,它只与所占有的万尼尔中心的个数有关系。这表明在上述三个区域中均存在分数电荷的局域化分布。根据相关理论,分数电荷的局域化往往对应着拓扑态的产生,因此在体系处于非平庸拓扑相时,可以在相应位置观测到边界态、角态,以及旋错态。
这种情况仅有当$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $旋转对称性的旋错光晶格在$ r \gt r\mathrm{_c} $的一定条件下(平庸相到非平庸相)才具有如此分数电荷空间分布。这种分数电荷的出现表明体系的万尼尔中心在旋错引入后发生了重排,并偏离了原本均匀分布的晶格位置,从而在几何缺陷处诱导出拓扑受限态。具体而言,中心区域的分数电荷对应于由旋错缺陷诱导的旋错态,而分布在5个或7个角位置的分数电荷则分别对应于体系中形成的角态。此外,在中心与角区域之间的过渡区域,拓扑极化的空间变化还可能进一步诱导出沿边界分布的边界态。
因此,通过角分数电荷的计算与分析,不仅可以清晰区分旋错态、角态和边界态在空间上的分布特征,还能够从拓扑极化和万尼尔中心演化的角度,为旋错光晶格中多种拓扑态的共存机制提供统一的理论解释。
在光子晶体或波导阵列体系中,光场在傍轴近似条件下的传播动力学可由类薛定谔方程形式的傍轴波动方程进行描述[26, 40],其数学表达式为
$ {\mathrm{i}} \frac{\partial \mathcal{E} }{\partial \zeta}=-\frac{1}{2 k}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \xi^2}+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \eta^2}\right) \mathcal{E}-\frac{k}{n_0}\left(\delta n+n_2|\mathcal{E}|^2\right) \mathcal{E} \;,$
其中:$ \xi $、$ \eta $为横向坐标,$ \zeta $为传播距离。引入无量纲横向坐标$ x=\xi /{r}_{0} $、$ y=\eta /{r}_{0} $,其中$ {r}_{0}=10\;\mu \text{m} $为特征横向尺度;该尺度同时确定了实际传播距离$ \zeta $与无量纲传播距离$ z $的关系为$ \zeta=z_dz $,衍射长度$ z_d=kr_0^2\approx1.14\; \text{mm} $。实际场振幅$ \mathcal{E} $与无量纲场振幅$ \psi $的关系为$ \mathcal{E}={\left({n}_{0}/{k}^{2}r_{0}^{2}{n}_{2}\right)}^{1/2}\psi $。式中$ k=2{\text{π}} {n}_{0}/\lambda $为未受扰折射率为$ {n}_{0} $的介质中的波数(熔融石英的折射率$ {n}_{0}=1.45 $,非线性折射率$ {n}_{2}\approx 2.7\times {10}^{-20}\;{\text{m}}^{2}\text{/W} $);$ \lambda =800\;\text{nm} $为工作波长。从而式(1)对应的无量纲形式为
$ \mathrm{i}\frac{\mathrm{\partial}\psi}{\partial z}=-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\right)\psi-\mathcal{R}(x,y,z)\psi-|\psi|^2\psi\; . $
该方程在形式上等价于二维含势场的非线性薛定谔方程,其中$ \psi(x,y,z) $表示光场的无量纲复振幅;$ x $与$ y $为归一化后的横向坐标;$ z $表示归一化传播距离,对应于类时间演化变量。式中等号右侧第一项描述横向衍射效应,第二项$ \mathcal{R}\left(x,y,z\right) $表征由折射率调制所形成的周期性有效势场,第三项$ {\left| \psi \right| }^{2}\psi $则来源于介质的非线性响应,用以刻画光强对折射率的自调制效应。
波导阵列所对应的有效折射率分布函数$ \mathcal{R}\left(x,y,z\right) $可表示为一组高斯型势阱的叠加形式:
$ \mathcal{R}(x,y,z)=p\displaystyle\sum_{m,n}^{ }\mathrm{exp\left(-\mathit{\mathit{\mathrm{\frac{\left(\mathit{x}-\mathit{x_m}\right)^2+\left(\mathit{y}-\mathit{y_n}\right)^2}{\mathit{\sigma}^2}}}\mathit{ }}\right)}\; , $
其中:$ ({x}_{m},{y}_{n}) $为晶格中各波导(即格点)的空间坐标,并随着传播距离$ z $变化;$ \sigma $表示单个波导的有效宽度(设置为0.5个单位);$ p $为晶格势深度参数(设置为5个单位),其表达式为$ p={k}^{2}r_{0}^{2}\delta n/n $,与相对折射率调制深度$ \delta n/n $成正比。因此,参数$ p $实质上决定了晶格势场的强度,即波导对光场的束缚能力。对于$ p=1 $,折射率改变为$ \delta n\approx 1.1\times {10}^{-4} $。
在研究旋错结构的能带性质时,通常关注体系的线性本征模特性。为此,可先忽略非线性项 $ {\left| \psi \right| }^{2}\psi $,将问题限制在线性框架内。一般地,式(2)在不考虑非线性项时,其通解可以经过分离变量后写为如下形式:
$ \psi=u(x,y)\mathrm{exp\left(i\mathit{bz}\right)}, $
其中:$ u\left(x,y\right) $为横向本征模分布函数,$ b $为传播常数(对应于类薛定谔方程中的本征能量)。将该形式代入式(2),即可得到描述横向本征模分布的本征值问题,如式(5)所示,从而为后续计算两类旋错结构的能带谱及局域缺陷态奠定理论基础。
$ u=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\right) u+\mathcal{R} u \;.$
在上述理论模型的基础上,进一步借助Matlab数值计算平台对体系进行离散化处理。采用有限差分法将连续偏微分方程转化为矩阵形式的本征值问题,从而分别构建$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $两种旋错结构对应的离散哈密顿矩阵。通过对角化求解该矩阵本征方程,可获得体系的本征能谱及对应本征模式,为后续旋错态的分析与比较提供数值支撑。
为了观察两种旋错结构从平庸相进入非平庸相的一些拓扑态,本文引入了弗洛凯工程调控[41]来诱导其产生相变。弗洛凯调控是通过施加周期性电场,从而有效地驱动量子材料进入非平衡态,并诱发一系列拓扑相变,从而实现具有调控性的非平衡态拓扑结构[41-42]。与传统的电调控和应力调控方法相比,弗洛凯调控具有显著的优势。传统方法往往依赖于通过外加电压或应力来改变量子材料的宏观物理性质,这些调控手段通常需要较大程度地改变量子材料的晶体结构或电子态。而弗洛凯调控则能在不改变量子材料晶体结构的前提下,通过外场调节电子的动态行为,诱导出全新的拓扑相,极大地拓展了量子材料的应用范围和功能特性,例如一些运用弗洛凯调制实现拓扑材料能带的打开。
此外,弗洛凯调控能够实现对拓扑相的时间可调控性,这使得量子材料在非平衡态下展现出更加丰富的拓扑结构和量子现象。通过精确控制外加周期性电场的参数,可以在量子材料中实现动态调节,从而打开多种新的物理状态,例如非平衡的拓扑绝缘态、拓扑超导态等,这些新奇的相态对于未来量子计算、量子传感等技术的进展具有重要意义。
为方便研究体系的弗洛凯调控,对描述光传播的空间坐标进行适当的数学变换——将原本的坐标系中随传播方向周期变化的螺旋波导阵列结构转化为在旋转坐标系中不随传播距离变换的直波导阵列。具体而言,旋转坐标系中的参量$ \left(x',y',z'\right) $与原来参量$ \left(x,y,z\right) $之间的关系为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x^{\prime}=x+\rho \cos (\varOmega {\textit{z}}) \\y^{\prime}=y+\rho \sin (\varOmega {\textit{z}}) \\{\textit{z}}^{\prime}={\textit{z}}\end{array}\right.\;, $
其中:$ \mathit{\Omega } $为弗洛凯周期性势场螺旋调制的角频率,其大小满足$ 2{\text{π}} /Z $,$ Z $为势场调制周期;$ \rho $表示势场螺旋运动的半径,刻画了调制强度的空间尺度。将上述坐标变换代入光的传播方程式(2)中,并在螺旋坐标系中重新整理各项,可以得到修正后的演化方程:
$ \begin{split}\mathrm{i}\partial_{^{z'}}\psi'= & -\frac{1}{2k}\left(\overline{\nabla}'+\mathrm{i}\boldsymbol{A}\left(z'\right)\right)^2\psi' \\ &-\frac{k\rho^2\varOmega^2}{2}\psi'-\frac{k\Delta n\left(x',y'\right)}{n_0}\psi'\; .\end{split} $
该方程清晰地表明,螺旋调制在螺旋坐标系中等效地产生了一个随传播距离周期变化的规范势场。其中,$ \overline{\nabla}'=\left(\mathrm{\partial}_{x'},\mathrm{\partial}_{y'}\right) $,$ \boldsymbol{A}\left(z'\right) $表示由坐标变换引入的等效矢量势,其具体形式为$ \boldsymbol{A}\left(z'\right)=k\rho\mathit{\Omega}\left[\sin\left(\mathit{\Omega}z'\right),-\text{cos}\left(\mathit{\Omega}z'\right),0\right] $,该矢量势在空间上是均匀的,并具有圆偏振的时间(传播方向)依赖性,对应于一种人工合成的规范场。该等效势场的存在使体系在形式上与带有外加电磁场的量子粒子哈密顿量高度类似,从而为实现拓扑能带调控提供了物理基础。
弗洛凯调控通过坐标变换在螺旋参考系中等效地产生了一个周期驱动的规范势场,使体系自然地满足弗洛凯理论的基本条件。该机制为后续研究拓扑能带、非平庸相及旋错结构中的弗洛凯拓扑态奠定了理论基础。
本研究两种不同旋错结构在弗洛凯调控下的示意图,如图4所示。在这些结构中,周期性势场采用了螺旋型周期势场模型,其中螺旋的半径设定为$ \rho =0.3 $,而周期长度则取值为Z (不同的旋错结构设置为不同的取值)。通过沿传播方向施加弗洛凯调控,螺旋周期势场在空间中形成了具有周期性变化的调制环境,这种调节直接影响了波导模式的分布及旋错态的形成。
图4呈现了弗洛凯调制下旋错缺陷6根波导的示意图,清晰展示了沿$ z $方向螺旋势场的空间分布——每一根波导都沿着其中心朝着同一个方向螺旋,螺旋的半径$ \rho $和周期$ Z $一致。这一调控方案为光学旋错结构的设计与优化提供了重要的理论依据与实践指导,是本文开展后续研究的基础。
为保证数值结果的可靠性,本文对两种旋错结构在相同的理论框架下设置统一的仿真参数。所有参数的选取均基于前述无量纲化模型,并结合已有相关研究的典型取值范围,以确保计算结果具有良好的数值稳定性与物理合理性。具体设置结果如表1所示,其中,$ a $表示晶格常数,用以表征晶格的整体尺度;$ r $为控制格点间距比例关系的结构调控参数,用于刻画单元内与单元间耦合强度的相对变化;$ p $为晶格势深度参数,决定有效折射率调制强度及波导对光场的束缚能力;$ \sigma $表示单个波导的有效宽度,用以描述势阱的空间扩展范围。此外,$ \rho $为弗洛凯周期性势场的调控半径,反映螺旋调制的空间幅度;$ Z $为弗洛凯调制周期,决定沿传播方向的周期性演化尺度。参数$ {r}_{\text{ctrl}} $表示用于调控与对比分析的关键结构参数取值点,在该取值附近可获得最为显著且稳定的物理响应特征,因此选取其作为重点观测与讨论对象。
通过对方程的求解,能够得到不同传播常数b对应的能谱,并进一步构建出能带图,如图5所示。旋错$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $和$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构的能带由于其不同的对称性和拓扑性质,表现出一定的差异,这反映了旋错态在晶格结构中的特殊影响。通过求解这些方程,可以清晰地得到这些拓扑结构中光场的频谱特征,进一步揭示它们在不同条件下的传播特性。
从图5中可以看出,无论是$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构还是$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构,在局部区域都出现了简并的现象,这一现象源于两种光晶格结构所具有的高度旋转对称性。具体而言,由于这两种结构在对称性上的相似性,它们的能带结构在某些特定条件下会产生简并,从而导致多个模式之间的能量差异接近或完全重合。这种简并现象不仅体现在光晶格的能带上,也反映在后续分析中的旋错态和角态的形成中,表明这些拓扑态在系统中具有一定的自洽性和稳定性。
同时由图5可知,仿真结果与前文3.1节万尼尔中心理论相符合,在相关模式的结果中的确出现了旋错态,并且不同的结构所对应的旋错态数目等都与理论相符合。$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构具有五个旋错态,分别对应图5(b)中的41、42、43、49、50编号,其中42号与43号对应的旋错态简并,49和50号对应的旋错态简并;$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构具有七个旋错态,分别对应图5(d)中的57、58、59、67、68、69、70编号,其中58号与59号、67号与68号、69号与70号对应的旋错态简并。相关的旋错态具体结果如图6所示。通过研究这几对简并的旋错态,为后续讨论涡旋现象提供了重要的理论支持与数据依据,为深入研究旋错结构与涡旋之间的关系奠定了基础。
通过在蜂巢光晶格中引入弗洛凯周期调制,并进一步求解式(7),可以获得经过周期驱动后的系统能带结构及其对应的能谱分布。计算得到的螺旋波导能带结构与能谱结果如图7所示。由于弗洛凯调制在传播方向上引入了周期性变化,系统的布里渊区发生折叠,从而导致能带在准能空间中呈现周期重复的结构。因此,在图7中绘制了三个周期的能带分布(其中,用淡蓝色分隔开的区域对应三个不同周期),以便更加清晰地观察能带的整体变化趋势及其调制后的结构特征。
从图7可以看出,无论是具有五重旋转对称性的$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构还是具有七重旋转对称性的$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构,在引入螺旋波导调制后,原有的能带结构均发生了明显变化。具体而言,周期调制使得系统能带出现折叠,并在原本的能带交叉或接近区域打开新的能隙,表明弗洛凯调制能够有效改变系统的拓扑能带结构。此外,为了进一步分析旋错态在调制后的变化情况,本文选取了与前文相同的观测点,对对应的能谱进行计算,结果分别如图7(b)和图7(d)所示。
从能谱结果可以明显看出,在引入弗洛凯调制后,系统中的能隙被进一步扩大,同时部分原本简并的本征态发生了重新排列,导致简并关系发生变化。以$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构为例,调制前形成的两组旋错简并态分别位于(42,43)和(49,50)位置,而在引入螺旋调制后,从本征值角度看这两组简并态重新排布为(41,42)和(49,50),但是从模式上观察(42,43)旋错态仍然简并。这一变化表明弗洛凯周期驱动不仅能够调控系统的能带宽度,还可以改变旋错态之间的能级排序,从而影响局域拓扑态的形成与稳定性。另外观察$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $可得知,尽管57、58的本征值更接近,但是它们的模式看起来简并性却不如模式58与59,这也是为什么在检验两个旋错态是否为简并模式时需要同时兼顾本征值与其模式。
进一步地,通过对螺旋波导体系的本征模式进行分析,可以获得在弗洛凯调制作用下旋错光晶格的能谱性质及其对应的拓扑信息。这些信息不仅能够反映系统能带结构的重构过程,还能够揭示周期驱动条件下可能出现的拓扑相变行为。例如,当调制参数发生变化时,系统中的能隙大小、能带排列,以及局域态分布都可能发生显著改变,从而导致不同类型的拓扑态产生,甚至不会出现明显的拓扑现象,如图8所示。
据此,研究弗洛凯调制对螺旋波导拓扑性质的影响具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。由于螺旋波导结构能够在传播方向上引入有效规范场,其形成的弗洛凯拓扑态具有较好的鲁棒性和稳定性。因此,该类结构在拓扑光子学器件设计中具有广阔的应用前景。例如,可以利用螺旋波导结构实现具有低损耗和抗缺陷能力的光传输通道,并进一步应用于量子通信、量子计算以及信息传输等领域。基于这种周期驱动的拓扑调控机制,有望设计出具有优异传输性能和稳定拓扑保护特性的光学器件,为未来拓扑光子学与量子信息技术的发展提供新的研究思路。
在旋错结构中,涡旋现象通常表现为光场的相位旋转或波动模式的卷曲[27, 42-43]。具体而言,涡旋现象在光子晶体中表现为具有非零角动量的光场,这种光场在传播过程中会沿着某些特定方向发生相位变化,形成旋转的光波结构。这些涡旋态不仅与光场的几何结构密切相关,而且与晶格的拓扑性质有着直接联系[27]。本文将深入观察旋错结构中的涡旋现象,并分析它们如何影响能谱的演化以及光子传输的性质,特别是如何通过拓扑保护机制影响边界态和光子的传播路径。
涡旋现象与拓扑保护态、拓扑相变之间存在紧密的关系。在拓扑光子学中,涡旋态是由特殊的拓扑保护机制所形成的,它们对于光子的传播提供了强大的保护作用,使得光子在传播过程中能够保持其拓扑特性,而不受缺陷或杂质的影响。涡旋现象作为一种拓扑效应,其存在与光子晶体的拓扑相变密切相关,当系统经历拓扑相变时,涡旋态的性质可能发生变化,从而显著影响光子在不同相态中的传播特性。
此外,涡旋现象在量子光子学和量子计算中的应用潜力也非常巨大。特别是在光子学量子计算和量子态保护的领域,涡旋态的特殊性质使其成为理想的候选者。例如,通过精确控制涡旋光束,我们可以实现对微粒的精确操控。
因此,对于之前所得到的简并旋错态,可以将其进行线性组合,对于$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构,本文采用42号与43号所对应旋错态,观测晶格间距取为2.700;对于$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构,本文采用58号与59号所对应旋错态,观测所取间距为1.860。所得到的结果如图9所示。理论上,简并的两组模式通过线性组合,并使其中一组模式获得一个$ {\text{π}} /2 $相位,便可以构造出具有特定轨道角动量或手性的复模式,再通过对其传播行为进行系统分析,可以进一步验证该复模式在传输过程中轨道角动量的守恒特性以及手性的鲁棒性。值得说明的是,这里的涡旋属于离散涡旋——光强分布在格点上[44],有别于大块介质中环形分布的涡旋[45]。
由图9(a)和图9(b)可以看出,在传播过程中,无论是$ {\rm{C}}_{5} $结构还是$ {\rm{C}}_{7} $结构,涡旋光束的振幅分布均保持较好的稳定性,整体振幅波动较小。这表明在所选晶格间距参数条件下,旋错结构能够有效诱导并维持稳定的涡旋光束传播。
图9(c)和图9(d)分别给出了两种结构对应的涡旋相位分布图。从理论上讲,理想的单涡旋模式应表现为相位在空间上连续变化,并在绕涡旋核心一周时完成从$ -{\text{π}} $到$ {\text{π}} $的相位跃迁。图中的相位分布清晰地呈现出这一特征,进一步验证了所得到模式具有典型的涡旋相位结构。并且还可以得出,经过100个周期,涡旋光束的相位信息保持仍然具有很高的鲁棒性。
在本研究所探讨的蜂窝旋错晶格中,除了旋错态之外,还观察到了一些其他引人注目的现象,例如角态和边界态。这些态虽然未成为研究的核心内容,但它们在蜂窝晶格中的存在及表现同样具有深远的物理意义。由于研究主题主要聚焦于旋错态,因此这些现象并未作为主要讨论点展开。然而,角态和边界态作为拓扑缺陷的一种特殊表现形式,为蜂窝晶格的拓扑性质增添了重要的维度,它们在拓扑相变、边界效应和局域态的形成等方面都提供了独特的视角。
尤其是,角态和边界态不仅影响了晶格的局部电子结构,还可能对晶格的导电性、光学特性等多种物理性质产生显著影响。通过深入分析这些态的形成机制和物理特性,能够更加全面地理解蜂窝旋错晶格的拓扑性质和能谱特性。这些现象为进一步研究拓扑缺陷和晶格效应提供了有力的实验和理论依据,并为拓扑材料的设计与应用提供了更多的探索方向。相关结果如图10所示,揭示了这些态在晶格中的分布特征与相互作用。
本文在拓扑光子学框架下,结合蜂巢晶格旋错结构与弗洛凯周期调制,开展了对光学涡旋态调控的理论与数值研究。首先,设计了具有旋转对称性的旋错光晶格结构,系统分析了其几何构建方法与拓扑缺陷特征。在此基础上,通过引入螺旋周期势场,建立了螺旋坐标系下的等效规范场模型,揭示了弗洛凯调控对能带结构的重构机制,实现了能带间隙的打开与拓扑态的分离。数值求解本征方程,获得了旋错诱导的局域本征模式,识别出多组简并旋错态,并通过线性组合构建出具有明确轨道角动量的涡旋模式。进一步模拟了涡旋光束在周期势场中的传播过程,验证了其在旋错光晶格中的稳定传输特性。研究结果表明,旋错缺陷与弗洛凯调制的协同作用能够有效诱导并调控高阶拓扑局域态,为非平衡拓扑光子学及新型光子器件设计提供了理论基础和可行路径。另一方面,这也明确了该研究在扩展体—旋错对应关系、探索新型拓扑探针等方面的重要理论意义,以及在拓扑激光器、非线性光学器件等领域的潜在应用价值。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260067
  • 接收时间:2026-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-12
  • 修回日期:2026-06-08
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    1西安交通大学电子科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    2西安交通大学电子物理与器件教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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