Article(id=1319954809231356054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260006, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260006, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767801600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-08, revisedDate=1773936000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-20, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1792631350095, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631350095, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631350095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631350095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260006, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954809445265559, articleId=1319954809231356054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research progress of micro-nano photonic properties and applications of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures, columnId=1279512304261776153, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Significance ZnO, as a representative wide-bandgap semiconductor, possesses high exciton binding energy, excellent optoelectronic properties, diverse controllable morphologies, and outstanding material compatibility. These characteristics make it highly attractive for micro-nano photonic applications such as ultraviolet photodetectors, light emitting diodes, photonic crystals, and microlasers. Compared with conventional high temperature routes such as chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis offers distinct advantages including low reaction temperature, process simplicity, low cost, environmental friendliness, and compatibility with flexible substrates and complex surfaces. These merits make it one of the most representative methods for fabricating ZnO micro-nanostructures. As photonic devices continue to evolve toward flexibility, miniaturization, array integration, and on-chip implementation, the development of low temperature, controllable, and scalable strategies for the high-quality growth and patterned construction of ZnO nanostructures has become an important research topic. Therefore, a systematic review of the growth behavior, morphology regulation mechanisms, and application progress of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanostructures is of great significance for promoting the transition of ZnO materials from fundamental research to engineering applications in high performance micro-nano photonic devices. Precursor solution chemistry, reaction temperature, reaction time, and seed layer characteristics strongly affect nucleation behavior, crystallographic orientation, and morphology evolution, which in turn determine the optoelectronic properties and application performance of ZnO-based systems. In this context, establishing clear relationships among hydrothermal conditions, structural features, and device performance is essential for the rational design of next generation ZnO-based photonic materials and devices.

Progress In recent years, research on hydrothermal ZnO micro-nanostructures has expanded from the growth of single morphologies to multiparameter synergistic regulation, region selective growth, and the construction of composite and heterostructured systems. First, in terms of basic growth control, existing studies demonstrate that precursor species and concentration jointly determine the morphology and crystallinity of ZnO by regulating the Zn2+/OH− complexation equilibrium, nucleation kinetics, and preferential crystal growth. By tuning the hydrothermal system, a variety of ZnO architectures, including nanorods, nanowires, nanosheets, nanoflowers, self-assembled spheres, and sea-urchin-like structures, can be obtained in a controllable manner. Second, reaction time and temperature have been identified as key parameters governing c axis growth, array ordering, aspect ratio, and crystal defect evolution. Appropriate extension of reaction time generally favors the increase in nanostructure length and improvement in orientation, whereas temperature variation further influences ion diffusion, interfacial reaction rates, and morphology transformation. Third, the presence and quality of seed layers play a decisive role in crystallographic orientation, nucleation density, and array uniformity, thereby enabling the fabrication of highly aligned ZnO arrays under low temperature conditions. Meanwhile, remarkable advances have been achieved in region selective growth technologies. Through strategies such as microcontact printing, inkjet printing, and laser induced hydrothermal growth, researchers have realized patterned ZnO growth in designated regions on both rigid and flexible substrates. Among these methods, laser induced hydrothermal growth is especially promising because it enables rapid, digital, and oriented epitaxial growth in localized regions without requiring complex masks or high vacuum processing, and is therefore regarded as an important emerging strategy for on-chip integration and flexible device fabrication. Furthermore, by combining ZnO with other functional materials to construct composites or heterojunctions, continuous improvements have been achieved through heterojunction engineering, doping control, and composite incorporation, which effectively regulate interfacial charge transfer, defect states, carrier transport, and photoresponse behavior. As a result, hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanostructures have been widely applied in ultraviolet photodetectors, light emitting diodes, photonic crystals, and microlasers, exhibiting strong application response characteristics, integration capability, and considerable application potential. These studies collectively indicate that hydrothermal synthesis is no longer limited to morphology control alone, but is increasingly serving as a practical platform for coupling material growth with device oriented functional optimization.

Conclusions and Prospects Overall, hydrothermal synthesis provides a low temperature, simple, economical, and scalable route for the controllable fabrication of ZnO micro-nanostructures and their application in micro-nano photonic devices. Existing studies have demonstrated that by coordinating precursor solution chemistry, kinetic processes, seed layer design, and region selective growth strategies, it is possible to achieve morphology tailoring, oriented growth, and functional integration of ZnO nanostructures to a considerable extent, thereby meeting the structural and performance requirements of diverse optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, several critical challenges still need to be addressed. First, the coupled mechanisms of nucleation, growth, defect formation, and interface evolution in complex hydrothermal systems remain insufficiently understood. Second, region selective growth still requires further improvement in terms of spatial resolution, uniformity, reproducibility, and large area manufacturing stability. Third, in heterostructured systems, the effects of interface states, surface hydroxyl groups, and intrinsic defects on carrier separation, device stability, and long-term service performance still require more systematic experimental and theoretical investigation. Future studies should therefore focus on the development of high precision region selective growth techniques, the strengthening of in situ characterization and multiscale theoretical analysis, the deeper integration of hydrothermal synthesis with micro-nanofabrication technologies, and the acceleration of practical applications of ZnO and related composite nanostructures in high performance, low power, flexible, and wearable micro-nano photonic devices. By synthesizing the reported correlations between application response characteristics and the corresponding material configurations and growth conditions, this study is expected to provide stronger practical guidance for the scalable integration and performance optimization of ZnO nanomaterials in micro-nano photonics.

, authors=Tong Zang1, 2, Zhengwei Li1, 2, Zhongwei Zhang1, 2, Lei Chen1, 2, Guodong Lv1, 2, Dongfeng Qi1, 2, authorsList=Tong Zang, Zhengwei Li, Zhongwei Zhang, Lei Chen, Guodong Lv, Dongfeng Qi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongfeng Qi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319954817498329286, articleId=1319954809231356054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=水热ZnO纳米结构的微纳光子特性及应用研究进展, columnId=1279512308976173851, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水热合成以其低温、可控性强和基底兼容性好等特点,已经成为制备ZnO纳米结构的重要方法。本文以ZnO纳米结构的“生长-结构-应用” 为主线,系统梳理了水热合成中前驱体溶液、反应温度、反应时间和种子层等关键参数对ZnO形貌和取向调控的作用机制。对微接触印刷、喷墨打印与激光诱导水热生长法等区域选择性生长策略的可行性与适用性进行了比较。在此基础上,进一步探讨了ZnO纳米结构在微纳光子器件中的代表性应用,包括紫外探测器、发光二极管、光子晶体和微激光器等。重点分析了异质结设计、掺杂调控以及复合材料引入对器件性能的具体影响。通过器件响应特性与材料结构生长条件之间的对应关系,为ZnO纳米材料在微纳光子学领域的规模化集成与性能优化提供技术参考。

, authors=臧彤1, 2, 李政委1, 2, 张中威1, 2, 陈磊1, 2, 吕国栋1, 2, 亓东锋1, 2, *, *, authorsList=臧彤, 李政委, 张中威, 陈磊, 吕国栋, 亓东锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=亓东锋, authorNote=

作者贡献

臧彤:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;李政委、张中威:研究资料的收集与图片整理;陈磊、吕国栋:研究资料的收集;亓东锋:指导论文选题、论文修改。

臧彤(1999-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为激光微纳加工、光电器件。E-mail:

亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

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亓东锋,
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亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

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亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

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Nano Convergence, 2025, 12: 28., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319954817762570439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954817775153352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, companyId=1319954817762570439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954817783541961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, companyId=1319954817762570439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东理工大学机械工程学院激光高端制造研究中心,山东 淄博 255000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319954817850650826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954817859039435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, companyId=1319954817850650826, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shandong Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing and Hybrid Machining, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954817867428044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, companyId=1319954817850650826, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东省高性能精密制造与复合加工重点实验室,山东 淄博 255000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319954821860405499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Crystal structure and typical nanomorphologies of ZnO. (a) Wurtzite ZnO crystal structure, with Zn shown in yellow and O in white [7]; (b) ZnO nanofilm [17]; (c) Nanowire [18]; (d) Nanocage [19]; (e) Dendritic ZnO [24]; (f) Nanosheet [22]; (g) Nanotube [20]; (h) Nanoring [23]; (i) Nanoflag [25]; (j) Nanoflower [21], figureFileSmall=pwFZ1Xvax/YZqgvJ2soS9g==, figureFileBig=wiBRhgfoBCo1AIj1qyWfKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954821935902972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ZnO的晶体结构与典型纳米形貌。(a) ZnO纤锌岩结构,Zn为黄色,O为白色[7];(b) ZnO纳米薄膜[17];(c) 纳米线[18];(d) 纳米笼[19];(e) 纳米树枝[24];(f) 纳米片[22];(g) 纳米管[20];(h) 纳米环[23];(i) 纳米旗[25];(j) 纳米花[21], figureFileSmall=pwFZ1Xvax/YZqgvJ2soS9g==, figureFileBig=wiBRhgfoBCo1AIj1qyWfKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822137229565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Publications identified via keywords “ZnO” and “Hydrothermal” from 2015 to 2025 according to sciencedirect.com. Publications identified via keywords “ZnO” and “Hydrothermal” from 2015 to 2025 according to sciencedirect.com. (a) Yearly number of publications between 2015 and 2025; (b) Publications/article types; (c) Subject area of published documents, figureFileSmall=lgP3OGcebCPR/MMLUEDeCg==, figureFileBig=vtrvjT0kAaCbbp7AMN62QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822258864382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图2, caption=根据sciencedirect.com的数据,2015年至2025年间通过关键词“ZnO”和“水热法”检索到的文献。(a) 根据sciencedirect.com,2015年至2025年通过关键字“ZnO”和“Hydrothermal”确定的出版物数量;(b) 出版物/文章类型;(c) 出版物主题领域, figureFileSmall=lgP3OGcebCPR/MMLUEDeCg==, figureFileBig=vtrvjT0kAaCbbp7AMN62QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822342750463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hydrothermal growth process of ZnO nanostructures and representative examples on large area and flexible substrates. (a) Process for synthesizing ZnO nanostructures via hydrothermal reaction[52]; (b) SEM images of ZnO crystals with different morphologies grown using Zn2+/HMTA solution at 100 ℃ [60]; (c) SEM image of ZnO arrays grown on a transparent conductive tin oxide glass substrate[61]; (d) ZnO nanowire arrays on a four-inch (approximately 10 cm) silicon wafer, the center shows a photograph of the coated wafer, surrounded by SEM images of the array at different locations and magnifications; (e) ZnO nanowire arrays on a two-inch (approximately 5 cm) PDMS substrate; (f) SEM image of a bent array on PDMS [62], figureFileSmall=Ue4sScRjCWimzqf7lexEcg==, figureFileBig=sDfKChMU4WrolQIY5ceRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822409859328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ZnO纳米结构水热生长流程及大面积/柔性基底制备示例。(a) 基于水热反应生长ZnO纳米结构的过程[52];(b) 利用Zn2+/ HMTA溶液在100 ℃下生长ZnO晶体不同形貌的SEM图像[60];(c) 生长在透明导电氧化锡玻璃基底上ZnO阵列的SEM图像[61];(d) 四英寸(约10厘米)硅晶圆上的ZnO纳米线阵列,中央是一张涂覆晶圆的照片,周围是阵列在不同位置和放大倍数下的SEM图像;(e) 2英寸(约5厘米) PDMS基板上ZnO纳米线阵列;(f) PDMS上的弯曲阵列的SEM图像[62], figureFileSmall=Ue4sScRjCWimzqf7lexEcg==, figureFileBig=sDfKChMU4WrolQIY5ceRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822489551105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of precursor chemical conditions on the growth of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures. (a) Effect of solution pH on the morphology of ZnO nanostructures[90]; (b) Schematic growth mechanism of ZnO nanorods; (c) SEM images of ZnO nanorods synthesized at precursor concentrations of 0.01 mol/L, 0.02 mol/L, 0.03 mol/L, 0.04 mol/L, and 0.05 mol/L[93]; (d) SEM images of ZnO nanowires synthesized using Na2CO3 as the oxygen source at concentrations of 2.044 mol/L, 2.673 mol/L, 3.145 mol/L, 4.193 mol/L, and 4.717 mol/L, together with photographs of the filtered and dried products[95]; (e) ZnO nanostructures synthesized using Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O as zinc sources, exhibiting porous coral-like nanosheets and ultrathin nanosheets, respectively[99], figureFileSmall=vwId9cWPk/C25yULwc/68A==, figureFileBig=qOZotknInO8IGdXefvBRpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822581825794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图4, caption=前驱体化学条件对水热ZnO纳米结构生长的影响。(a) 溶液pH值对ZnO纳米结构形貌的影响[90];(b) ZnO纳米棒的生长机制;(c) 溶液浓度分别为0.01 mol/L、0.02 mol/L、0.03 mol/L、0.04 mol/L和0.05 mol/L下生长的ZnO纳米棒的SEM图像[93];(d) 以浓度2.044 mol/L、2.673 mol/L、3.145 mol/L、4.193 mol/L和4.717 mol/L的Na2CO3为氧源生长的ZnO纳米线的SEM图像以及过滤和干燥后的实物图[95];(e) 以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和ZnSO4·7H2O为锌源生长的ZnO分别呈现多孔珊瑚状纳米片和超薄纳米片结构[99], figureFileSmall=vwId9cWPk/C25yULwc/68A==, figureFileBig=qOZotknInO8IGdXefvBRpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822653128963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of reaction time on the growth and kinetics of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures. (a) Side-view SEM images of ZnO nanorods grown hydrothermally for 2–10 h[100]; (b) Top-view and cross-sectional SEM images of ZnO nanorod arrays grown at 90 ℃ for 5–40 min[101]; (c) ZnO nanowires grown hydrothermally for 45–210 min[52]; (d) SEM images of ZnO nanofibers grown hydrothermally for 5–20 h; (e) SEM images of ZnO nanowires grown hydrothermally for 2–6 h; (f) Schematic illustration of the radial and axial growth kinetics of ZnO nanowires[106], figureFileSmall=bHbhjaw+E4B4Cgj5NeaQoQ==, figureFileBig=lfuOWZhsabmhsufdA491gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822741209348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图5, caption=反应时间对水热ZnO纳米结构生长与动力学的影响。(a) 生长时间从2~10 h的 ZnO 纳米棒的侧视图的SEM图像[100];(b) 在 90 ℃下生长的5~40 min的ZnO纳米棒阵列的顶视图和横截面[101];(c) 通过水热法在45~210 min下生长的ZnO纳米线[52];(d) 5~20 h水热制备的ZnO纳米纤维的SEM图像;(e) 2~6 h水热生长的ZnO纳米线的SEM图像;(f) ZnO纳米线径向和轴向生长的动力学机制示意图[106], figureFileSmall=bHbhjaw+E4B4Cgj5NeaQoQ==, figureFileBig=lfuOWZhsabmhsufdA491gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822816706821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of reaction temperature and LIHG on the growth of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures. (a) SEM images of individual ZnO nanoflowers grown hydrothermally at 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 ℃[107]; (b) SEM images of ZnO nanowires synthesized hydrothermally for 2 h at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ℃[106]; (c) SEM images of ZnO nanorod arrays annealed at 750 and 900 ℃ for 10 min[112]; (d) Schematic illustration of top-focused and bottom-focused LIHG processes; (e) SEM images of ZnO nanowires grown by top-focused and bottom-focused LIHG[114]; (f) Correlation between nanowire array height and growth time under different laser spot diameters[116], figureFileSmall=qhX/owmTwlen+psNGwuOFw==, figureFileBig=QaUih4UfSyY/02lICoFCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822913175814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图6, caption=反应温度与LIHG对水热ZnO纳米结构生长的影响。(a) 100 ℃、120 ℃、140 ℃、160 ℃和180 ℃水热温度下生长的单个ZnO纳米花的SEM图像[107];(b) 60 ℃、80 ℃、100 ℃、120 ℃和140 ℃水热生长2小时的ZnO纳米线的SEM图像[106];(c) 750 ℃和900 ℃退火10分钟的ZnO纳米棒阵列的SEM图像[112];(d) 顶部聚焦LIHG、底部聚焦LIHG过程;(e) 顶部聚焦LIHG、底部聚焦LIHG生长ZnO纳米线的SEM图像[114];(f) 不同光斑直径下生长的纳米线阵列的高度与生长时间的关系[116], figureFileSmall=qhX/owmTwlen+psNGwuOFw==, figureFileBig=QaUih4UfSyY/02lICoFCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954822984478983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Selective hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures assisted by microcontact printing. (a) Schematic illustration of the patterned synthesis of ZnO nanowires: direct printing of ZnO nanoparticle seed layers followed by localized low temperature hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanowires on the printed seeds[123]; (b) SEM image of a square patterned ZnO nanowire array; (c) SEM image of a finger like ZnO nanowire array; (d) SEM image of locally grown ZnO nanowires forming the letters “KAIST”; (e) Photograph of ZnO nanowires grown on a PET film; (f) Photograph of ZnO nanowires grown on a PI film[123]; (g) SEM images of ZnO nanowires with average lengths of 2.6, 7.3, and 12 µm[125]; (h) SEM images of ZnO arrays grown for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively [126], figureFileSmall=wcLP8oYrtJLVyQ7z7Bwngg==, figureFileBig=tlJmnfU+rgJ1mRHXgrrkUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823080947976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微接触印刷辅助的ZnO纳米结构选择性水热生长。(a) ZnO纳米线图案化生长过程的示意图:直接打印ZnO纳米颗粒种子层,随后在打印的ZnO纳米颗粒种子上进行的低温ZnO纳米线水热局部生长[123];(b) 正方形ZnO纳米线阵列SEM图像;(c) 指状ZnO纳米线阵列SEM图像;(d) 在“KAIST”上的局部生长的ZnO纳米线SEM图像;(e) 在PET薄膜上生长ZnO纳米线的照片;(f) 在PI薄膜上生长ZnO纳米线的照片[123];(g) 平均长度分别为2.6 µm、7.3 µm和12 µm的ZnO纳米线的SEM图像[125];(h) 生长时间分别为10 min、20 min、30 min和60 min的ZnO阵列的SEM图像[126], figureFileSmall=wcLP8oYrtJLVyQ7z7Bwngg==, figureFileBig=tlJmnfU+rgJ1mRHXgrrkUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823173222665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Selective hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures assisted by inkjet printing. (a) Schematic illustration of the direct hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanowires on inkjet printed ZnO seed layers[127]; SEM images of ZnO nanowires synthesized by the inkjet printing–hydrothermal method with (b) network and (c) ring shaped morphologies; (d) Enlarged cross sectional view of network like ZnO nanowires; (e) Enlarged top view of ring shaped ZnO nanowires; (f) Top view of the central region of ring shaped ZnO nanowires[127]; (g) SEM image of ZnO nanorods formed under the coffee ring effect [128]; (h) SEM image of ZnO nanorods obtained after suppressing the coffee ring effect; SEM images of ZnO nanowire arrays hydrothermally grown on inkjet printed seed layers at substrate temperatures of (i) 25 ℃, (j) 40 ℃, (k) 50 ℃, and (l) 60 ℃[129], figureFileSmall=gD1bBXCRbu/t5DxyjCsetA==, figureFileBig=hQmVmVpYvLMMGgcIQ5wOSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823252914442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图8, caption=喷墨打印辅助的ZnO纳米结构选择性水热生长。(a) 在喷墨打印的ZnO种子层上直接水热生长ZnO纳米线的工艺示意图[127];通过喷墨打印复合水热法生长的(b) 网状和(c) 圆形ZnO纳米线SEM图像;(d) 网状ZnO纳米线的放大横截面视图;(e) 圆形ZnO纳米线的放大俯视图;(f) 圆形ZnO纳米线中心的俯视图[127];(g) 在咖啡环效应下生长的ZnO纳米棒的SEM图像;(h) 消除咖啡环效应后生长的ZnO纳米棒的SEM图像[128];当衬底温度在(i) 25 ℃、(j) 40 ℃、(k) 50 ℃和(l) 60 ℃时在喷墨打印的种子层上水热生长ZnO纳米线阵列的SEM图像[129], figureFileSmall=gD1bBXCRbu/t5DxyjCsetA==, figureFileBig=hQmVmVpYvLMMGgcIQ5wOSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823336800523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Preparation of ZnO nanostructures via LIHG and functional applications. (a) Digital selective laser technique for nanomaterials[132]; (b) Laser induced hydrothermal growth (LIHG) of ZnO nanowires; (c) Top view SEM image of ZnO nanowires synthesized by LIHG; (d) Tilted view SEM image of ZnO nanowires[114]; (e) Schematic illustration of the LIHG process for synthesizing hetero-metal oxide nanowire arrays on a flexible PI substrate; (f) COMSOL simulation of the normalized temperature field distribution on a PI substrate; (g) Temperature distribution at the PI substrate–precursor interface; (h) SEM images of TiO2 and ZnO nanowires synthesized on a flexible PI substrate via LIHG[134]; (i) Photograph of the in situ synthesis monitoring setup; (j) Schematic illustration of ZnO synthesis via LIHG; (k) Time resolved optical and post processed contour images of ZnO captured during growth[116]; (l) SEM image of a flexible micro photodetector based on a p-CuO nanowire/n-ZnO nanowire heterojunction; (m) J–V curve of the flexible micro photodetector[135]; (n) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of ZnO@Cu mesh nanowire films; (o) SEM image of ZnO@Cu mesh nanowire films; (p) Oil–water separation efficiency of ZnO@Cu mesh after exposure to air for 10, 20, and 30 days[136], figureFileSmall=uZTBj9ZZPKqIboSUEZS2Rg==, figureFileBig=Bir+JVoVp074tlshF+YxkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823420686604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图9, caption=LIHG制备ZnO纳米结构及功能应用。(a) 纳米材料的数字选择性激光生长方法[132];(b)激光诱导水热生长ZnO纳米线的示意图;(c) 利用LIHG法生长的ZnO纳米线顶视SEM图;(d) ZnO纳米线的倾斜SEM图[114];(e) 在柔性PI基板上生长异质金属氧化物纳米线阵列的LIHG过程的示意图;(f) PI基板上标准化温度场分布的COMSOL模拟;(g) PI基板-前驱体界面的温度分布显示;(h) 通过LIHG在柔性PI基板上生长的TiO2纳米线和ZnO纳米线的SEM图像[134];(i) 原位生长监测装置的摄影图像;(j) ZnO通过LIHG生长的示意图;(k) 相应时间捕获的ZnO光学图像和后处理轮廓图像[116];(l) 基于p-CuO纳米线/n-ZnO纳米线异质结的柔性微光电探测器的SEM图像;(m) 柔性微光电探测器的J-V曲线[135];(n) ZnO@铜网状纳米线膜制备示意图;(o) ZnO@铜网状纳米线膜的SEM图;(p) 暴露于空气中10天、20天和30天的ZnO@铜网的油水分离效率[136], figureFileSmall=uZTBj9ZZPKqIboSUEZS2Rg==, figureFileBig=Bir+JVoVp074tlshF+YxkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823504572685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Structural and morphological characterizations of hydrothermally grown ZnO-based materials. (a) Schematic crystal structures of ZnO with different types of doping[137]; (b) Schematic illustration of the synthesis route of TiO2@ZnO nanorods; (c) SEM image of TiO2@ZnO nanorod core–shell structures[163]; (d) HRTEM image of ZnO/oxygen doped g-C3N4 samples[166]; (e) TEM image of ZnO/SnO2@NiCo2O4 [167]; (f) SEM image of ZnO/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites[170]; (g) TEM image of GO/ZnO nanocomposites [172]; (h) Cross sectional SEM image of Co doped ZnO/MAPbI3 composite structures[174], figureFileSmall=HknEktaJA/fBz02Q/KlmaA==, figureFileBig=+MYlNxboGYl+gqey86cLhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823575875854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图10, caption=水热法生长的ZnO基材料的结构与形貌表征。(a) 不同掺杂类型的ZnO晶体结构的几何形状[137];(b) TiO2@ZnO纳米棒生长路线的示意图;(c) TiO2@ZnO纳米棒核壳SEM图像[163];(d) ZnO/氧掺杂g-C3N4样品的HRTEM图像[166];(e) ZnO/SnO2@NiCo2O4的TEM图像[167];(f) ZnO/Ti3C2TX纳米复合材料的SEM图像[170];(g) GO/ZnO纳米复合材料的TEM图像[172];(h) Co掺杂ZnO/MAPbI3复合结构的垂直横截面[174], figureFileSmall=HknEktaJA/fBz02Q/KlmaA==, figureFileBig=+MYlNxboGYl+gqey86cLhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823655567631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructure photodetectors and photoresponse properties. (a) UV photodetector based on a single ZnO nanorod synthesized hydrothermally, scale bar: 5 μm[175]; (b) I–V characteristics of a single ZnO nanorod photodetector[175]; (c) Conductivity response of a single ZnO nanorod photodetector[175]; (d) I–V curves of ZnO@NiO nanorod array UV sensors with and without UV illumination; (e) Photocurrent response of the device under various illumination intensities at a bias of 1 V; (f) Time resolved photocurrent response of the device under light on/off states[178]; (g) Schematic and photograph of a carbon dot modified ZnO/graphite Schottky diode; (h) I–V characteristics of the carbon dot modified ZnO/graphite Schottky diode in the dark state; (i) Transient response of the Schottky diode under different reverse bias voltages; (j) On/off current ratio of a flexible UV detector under different bending cycles. Inset: corresponding transient responses under the same bending conditions[179]; (k) Schematic illustration of a perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dot (PQD)/ZnO nanowire structure for UV and green light detection; (l) Photoresponse of the PQD/ZnO nanowires under varying relative humidity conditions with UV and green light illumination[180], figureFileSmall=1M8lPLs/hHZ4scQJCA8E0g==, figureFileBig=h9lPdYX6QU8xgya9KvWzIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823739453712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图11, caption=水热ZnO纳米结构光电探测器及光响应性能。(a) 水热法生长的单根纳米棒形成的紫外光探测器,比例尺为5 μm[175];(b) 单根ZnO纳米棒光探测器的I-V特性[175];(c) 单根ZnO纳米棒光探测器的电导率响应特性[175];(d) 含/不含紫外光照射的ZnO@NiO纳米阵列紫外光传感器I–V曲线;(e) 1 V偏压下,器件于一系列照射强度下的紫外光响应电流;(f) 器件在“开”与“关”状态下的时间分辨光响应电流曲线[178];(g) 碳点修饰的ZnO/石墨肖特基二极管示意图及照片;(h) 暗态下碳点修饰的ZnO/石墨肖特基二极管的I-V曲线图;(i) 肖特基二极管在不同反向偏压条件下的瞬态响应;(j) 柔性紫外线探测器在不同弯曲循环下的开/关电流比,插图显示了相同弯曲循环下的对应瞬态响应[179];(k) 用于紫外光和绿光探测的钙钛矿CsPbBr3量子点(PQD)/ZnO纳米线的结构示意图;(l) 紫外光与绿光照射下的PQD/ZnO纳米线的相对湿度响应[180], figureFileSmall=1M8lPLs/hHZ4scQJCA8E0g==, figureFileBig=h9lPdYX6QU8xgya9KvWzIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823865282833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Applications of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructures in LEDs and flexible devices. (a) XRD patterns of ZnO nanorods grown on FTO substrates via hydrothermal synthesis, chemical bath deposition, and electrodeposition; (b) Conductivity rise and decay time spectra of ZnO nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal, chemical bath, and electrochemical deposition methods[182]; (c) Cross sectional SEM image of ZnO nanorod arrays after deposition of a PMMA insulating layer and a top ITO electrode layer; (d) Top view SEM image of ZnO nanorod arrays; (e) Enlarged view of the light emitting region; (f) I–V characteristics used to evaluate device operational stability and rectification performance; insets show the schematic of the fabricated device and the I–V curve in the 0–5 V range; (g) Electroluminescence (EL) spectra under different driving currents; (h) EL characteristics of the device measured in the voltage range of 0–30 V, with the corresponding EL intensity variation in the 0–5 V range shown below; (i) Optical images of blue, green, and red EL emission from gas annealed LED devices[184]; (j) Optical image of a fabricated LED array device under a bent state; (k) I–V curve of the flexible device measured under ambient conditions; (l) PL spectra of ZnO nanowires grown at room temperature on flexible GaN substrates before and after synthesis; inset shows the corresponding optical measurement setup; (m) Response and recovery time of 180 ms under periodic pressure loading; (n) Optical image of a p-GaN/n-ZnO LED array illuminated under a 10 V bias; (o) Five typical nanowire LEDs and their linear profile diagrams of light emission intensity, with a spatial resolution of ~2.6 μm; (p) EL spectra of the LED array at different bias voltages (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 V) at room temperature; (q) Mechanical stability of the flexible LED based pressure sensor over 4000 bending–release cycles[185], figureFileSmall=lCeF1gwhZjaRvUGg+Yi1vg==, figureFileBig=hSTz5SZ1agHSxGqUfSsZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954823949168914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图12, caption=水热ZnO纳米结构在LED与柔性器件中的应用。(a) 使用水热法、化学浴沉积和电沉积在FTO基板上形成的ZnO纳米棒的XRD图;(b) 通过水热法、化学浴沉积和电化学沉积方法形成的ZnO纳米棒的电导率上升和衰减时间光谱[182];(c) 沉积PMMA绝缘层与顶部ITO电极层后的ZnO纳米棒阵列截面SEM图像;(d) ZnO纳米棒阵列顶视SEM图像;(e) 发光区域的放大视图;(f) 用于评估器件工作稳定性与整流性能的I-V特性曲线。插图展示制备的完整器件示意图和0~5 V电压范围内的I-V曲线;(g) 不同电流下的EL光谱;(h) 器件在0~30 V电压范围内的电致发光特性曲线。下方展示0~5 V电压下的EL强度变化曲线;(i) 基于气体退火LED器件的蓝色、绿色和红色电致发光图像[184];(j) 制备的LED阵列器件弯曲状态的光学图像;(k) 自然条件下测得的柔性器件I-V曲线;(l) 在柔性GaN衬底上室温生长ZnO纳米线前后的PL光谱。插图为对应光学测量系统;(m) 施加周期性压力时,设备的响应和恢复时间为180毫秒;(n) 施加10 V偏压时点亮的p-GaN/n-ZnO LED阵列光学图像;(o) 五个典型纳米线LED及其发光强度线性剖面图,空间分辨率约2.6 μm;(p) 室温下LED阵列在5、6、7、8、9及10 V不同偏压下的电致发光光谱;(q) 基于柔性LED的压力传感器在4000次弯曲释放循环中的机械稳定性[185], figureFileSmall=lCeF1gwhZjaRvUGg+Yi1vg==, figureFileBig=hSTz5SZ1agHSxGqUfSsZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954824045637907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=ZnO nanorod/photonic crystal composite structures and photocatalytic performance. (a) Schematic flowchart of the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods on an anti-opalescent ZnO photonic crystal substrate; (b) SEM image of the composite structure; (c) Photodegradation curves of methyl blue solution under UV and visible light irradiation on the composite structure[188], figureFileSmall=DE+gF4H4njfW9wuWNkvZ6g==, figureFileBig=OUzf+h6YRNnChVowTKhNeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954824121135380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图13, caption=ZnO纳米棒/光子晶体复合结构及光催化性能。(a) 以ZnO反蛋白石为光子晶体基底水热生长ZnO纳米棒的复合结构流程图;(b) 复合结构SEM图;(c) 在紫外光和可见光照射下复合结构对甲基蓝溶液的光降解曲线[188], figureFileSmall=DE+gF4H4njfW9wuWNkvZ6g==, figureFileBig=OUzf+h6YRNnChVowTKhNeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954825790468373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Luminescence and random laser properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO-based nanostructures. (a) PL spectrum, (b) XEL spectrum, and (c) fluorescence decay curve of UV excitation (λex = 325 nm, λem = 380 nm) for ZnO:Ga nanorod arrays synthesized via the hydrothermal method[189]; (d) SEM image of ZnO:Ga nanorod arrays treated with hydrogen plasma; (e) Fluorescence spectrum of the surfactant free sample, (f) sodium citrate containing sample, and (g) PEI containing sample measured at different temperatures, with the NBE region magnified by a factor of 0.1; (h) Schematic of deep levels and their corresponding radiative transitions[190]; (i) Laser emission from ZnO on Ti surfaces; (j) Laser emission from ZnO on Al surfaces; (k) Integral intensity versus spectral width for ZnO on Ti surfaces; (l) Integral intensity versus spectral width for ZnO on Al surfaces[191], figureFileSmall=wkHx6rfjWiRyE9BdHOpokg==, figureFileBig=J7P3HUFtgy4QKwvXZIk8Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954825907908886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=图14, caption=水热ZnO纳米结构的发光及随机激光性能。水热法制备ZnO:Ga纳米棒阵列的(a) PL光谱、(b) XEL光谱和(c) 紫外光发射的荧光衰减曲线(λex=325 nm,λem=380 nm)[189];(d) 氢等离子体处理的ZnO:Ga纳米棒阵列的SEM图;不同温度下测得的(e) 无表面活性剂样品、(f) 含柠檬酸钠样品和(g) 含PEI样品的荧光光谱,NBE区域均放大0.1倍;(h) 深能级及其对应辐射跃迁的示意图[190];(i) Ti表面ZnO的激光发射;(j) Al表面ZnO的激光发射;(k) Ti表面ZnO的积分强度与光谱宽度;(l) Al表面ZnO的积分强度与光谱宽度[191], figureFileSmall=wkHx6rfjWiRyE9BdHOpokg==, figureFileBig=J7P3HUFtgy4QKwvXZIk8Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954826004377879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of hydrothermal synthesis conditions of the precursor type, reaction time, reaction temperature and the morphology of ZnO-based nanostructures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrecursorTime/hTemp./(℃)MorphologyRef.
ZnCl2+ NH4OH (pH=7/9/11/13)3150ZnO nanorods ZnO nanodisks ZnO nanoflowers[90]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (pH=8/12)8/16/24180ZnO self-assembled spheres[91]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (0.1:0.05/0.1:0.1/0.1:0.15/0.1:0.2)5160ZnO nanoflowers[92]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)490ZnO nanorods[93]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)290ZnO nanocubes ZnO nanorods[94]
ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 (pH=11.5)3~26140ZnO nanowires[95]
Zn(CH3COO)2/ZnCl2/Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (pH=8)4110Dumbbell-like ZnO ZnO nanoparticles ellipsoidal ZnO[96]
Zn(CH3COO)2/ZnCl2/Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:1)3100ZnO nanorods[97]
Zn(CH3COO)2/Zn(NO3)2+HMTA (1:1)295ZnO nanorods flake-like ZnO[98]
ZnSO4/Zn(NO3)2 + CO(NH2) 2 (pH=5)24220ZnO nanoplates[99]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2~1090ZnO nanorods[100]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + HMTA (1:1)5~40 min90ZnO nanorods[101]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2–890ZnO nanowires[102]
ZnCl2 + NaOH (pH=7)1/5/10/15/20100ZnO nanoparticles ZnO nanofibers[103]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:1)3~2490ZnO nanowires sea-urchin-like ZnO[104]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + KOH (1:2)3/6/9/12120ZnO nanorods[105]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2/3/4/5/680ZnO nanowires[106]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:2)4100~180ZnO nanoflowers[107]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + NaOH (pH=7.5)25100~200ZnO nanorods ZnO nanoflowers flake-like ZnO[108]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)490~130ZnO nanorods[109]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)360~120ZnO nanorods[110]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)1095 ℃ + 750 ℃ annealingZnO nanorods[112]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + NH4OH (pH=9)48160℃ + 600 ℃ annealingZnO nanoparticles ZnO nanorods[113]
), ArticleFig(id=1319954826205704472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954809231356054, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ZnO纳米结构的前驱体类型、反应时间和反应温度及形态的水热合成条件总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrecursorTime/hTemp./(℃)MorphologyRef.
ZnCl2+ NH4OH (pH=7/9/11/13)3150ZnO nanorods ZnO nanodisks ZnO nanoflowers[90]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (pH=8/12)8/16/24180ZnO self-assembled spheres[91]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (0.1:0.05/0.1:0.1/0.1:0.15/0.1:0.2)5160ZnO nanoflowers[92]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)490ZnO nanorods[93]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)290ZnO nanocubes ZnO nanorods[94]
ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 (pH=11.5)3~26140ZnO nanowires[95]
Zn(CH3COO)2/ZnCl2/Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (pH=8)4110Dumbbell-like ZnO ZnO nanoparticles ellipsoidal ZnO[96]
Zn(CH3COO)2/ZnCl2/Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:1)3100ZnO nanorods[97]
Zn(CH3COO)2/Zn(NO3)2+HMTA (1:1)295ZnO nanorods flake-like ZnO[98]
ZnSO4/Zn(NO3)2 + CO(NH2) 2 (pH=5)24220ZnO nanoplates[99]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2~1090ZnO nanorods[100]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + HMTA (1:1)5~40 min90ZnO nanorods[101]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2–890ZnO nanowires[102]
ZnCl2 + NaOH (pH=7)1/5/10/15/20100ZnO nanoparticles ZnO nanofibers[103]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:1)3~2490ZnO nanowires sea-urchin-like ZnO[104]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + KOH (1:2)3/6/9/12120ZnO nanorods[105]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)2/3/4/5/680ZnO nanowires[106]
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH (1:2)4100~180ZnO nanoflowers[107]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + NaOH (pH=7.5)25100~200ZnO nanorods ZnO nanoflowers flake-like ZnO[108]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)490~130ZnO nanorods[109]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)360~120ZnO nanorods[110]
Zn(NO3)2 + HMTA (1:1)1095 ℃ + 750 ℃ annealingZnO nanorods[112]
Zn(CH3COO)2 + NH4OH (pH=9)48160℃ + 600 ℃ annealingZnO nanoparticles ZnO nanorods[113]
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水热ZnO纳米结构的微纳光子特性及应用研究进展
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臧彤 1, 2 , 李政委 1, 2 , 张中威 1, 2 , 陈磊 1, 2 , 吕国栋 1, 2 , 亓东锋 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 综述 2026,53(7): 260006-1
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水热ZnO纳米结构的微纳光子特性及应用研究进展
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亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

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亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

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臧彤1, 2 , 李政委1, 2, 张中威1, 2, 陈磊1, 2, 吕国栋1, 2, 亓东锋1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学机械工程学院激光高端制造研究中心,山东 淄博 255000
  • 2山东省高性能精密制造与复合加工重点实验室,山东 淄博 255000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

臧彤:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;李政委、张中威:研究资料的收集与图片整理;陈磊、吕国栋:研究资料的收集;亓东锋:指导论文选题、论文修改。

臧彤(1999-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为激光微纳加工、光电器件。E-mail:

亓东锋(1987-),男,博士,山东理工大学教授,山东省泰山青年学者。长期从事激光微纳加工、超快激光-物质相互作用瞬态作用机制等领域的研究工作;以第一作者和通讯作者在Nanoscale,Opt Lett, Opt Express, Appl Phys Lett等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。E-mail:

Research progress of micro-nano photonic properties and applications of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures
Tong Zang1, 2 , Zhengwei Li1, 2, Zhongwei Zhang1, 2, Lei Chen1, 2, Guodong Lv1, 2, Dongfeng Qi1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
  • 2Shandong Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing and Hybrid Machining, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260006
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水热合成以其低温、可控性强和基底兼容性好等特点,已经成为制备ZnO纳米结构的重要方法。本文以ZnO纳米结构的“生长-结构-应用” 为主线,系统梳理了水热合成中前驱体溶液、反应温度、反应时间和种子层等关键参数对ZnO形貌和取向调控的作用机制。对微接触印刷、喷墨打印与激光诱导水热生长法等区域选择性生长策略的可行性与适用性进行了比较。在此基础上,进一步探讨了ZnO纳米结构在微纳光子器件中的代表性应用,包括紫外探测器、发光二极管、光子晶体和微激光器等。重点分析了异质结设计、掺杂调控以及复合材料引入对器件性能的具体影响。通过器件响应特性与材料结构生长条件之间的对应关系,为ZnO纳米材料在微纳光子学领域的规模化集成与性能优化提供技术参考。

ZnO  /  纳米结构  /  水热合成  /  复合材料  /  微纳光子应用

Significance ZnO, as a representative wide-bandgap semiconductor, possesses high exciton binding energy, excellent optoelectronic properties, diverse controllable morphologies, and outstanding material compatibility. These characteristics make it highly attractive for micro-nano photonic applications such as ultraviolet photodetectors, light emitting diodes, photonic crystals, and microlasers. Compared with conventional high temperature routes such as chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis offers distinct advantages including low reaction temperature, process simplicity, low cost, environmental friendliness, and compatibility with flexible substrates and complex surfaces. These merits make it one of the most representative methods for fabricating ZnO micro-nanostructures. As photonic devices continue to evolve toward flexibility, miniaturization, array integration, and on-chip implementation, the development of low temperature, controllable, and scalable strategies for the high-quality growth and patterned construction of ZnO nanostructures has become an important research topic. Therefore, a systematic review of the growth behavior, morphology regulation mechanisms, and application progress of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanostructures is of great significance for promoting the transition of ZnO materials from fundamental research to engineering applications in high performance micro-nano photonic devices. Precursor solution chemistry, reaction temperature, reaction time, and seed layer characteristics strongly affect nucleation behavior, crystallographic orientation, and morphology evolution, which in turn determine the optoelectronic properties and application performance of ZnO-based systems. In this context, establishing clear relationships among hydrothermal conditions, structural features, and device performance is essential for the rational design of next generation ZnO-based photonic materials and devices.

Progress In recent years, research on hydrothermal ZnO micro-nanostructures has expanded from the growth of single morphologies to multiparameter synergistic regulation, region selective growth, and the construction of composite and heterostructured systems. First, in terms of basic growth control, existing studies demonstrate that precursor species and concentration jointly determine the morphology and crystallinity of ZnO by regulating the Zn2+/OH− complexation equilibrium, nucleation kinetics, and preferential crystal growth. By tuning the hydrothermal system, a variety of ZnO architectures, including nanorods, nanowires, nanosheets, nanoflowers, self-assembled spheres, and sea-urchin-like structures, can be obtained in a controllable manner. Second, reaction time and temperature have been identified as key parameters governing c axis growth, array ordering, aspect ratio, and crystal defect evolution. Appropriate extension of reaction time generally favors the increase in nanostructure length and improvement in orientation, whereas temperature variation further influences ion diffusion, interfacial reaction rates, and morphology transformation. Third, the presence and quality of seed layers play a decisive role in crystallographic orientation, nucleation density, and array uniformity, thereby enabling the fabrication of highly aligned ZnO arrays under low temperature conditions. Meanwhile, remarkable advances have been achieved in region selective growth technologies. Through strategies such as microcontact printing, inkjet printing, and laser induced hydrothermal growth, researchers have realized patterned ZnO growth in designated regions on both rigid and flexible substrates. Among these methods, laser induced hydrothermal growth is especially promising because it enables rapid, digital, and oriented epitaxial growth in localized regions without requiring complex masks or high vacuum processing, and is therefore regarded as an important emerging strategy for on-chip integration and flexible device fabrication. Furthermore, by combining ZnO with other functional materials to construct composites or heterojunctions, continuous improvements have been achieved through heterojunction engineering, doping control, and composite incorporation, which effectively regulate interfacial charge transfer, defect states, carrier transport, and photoresponse behavior. As a result, hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanostructures have been widely applied in ultraviolet photodetectors, light emitting diodes, photonic crystals, and microlasers, exhibiting strong application response characteristics, integration capability, and considerable application potential. These studies collectively indicate that hydrothermal synthesis is no longer limited to morphology control alone, but is increasingly serving as a practical platform for coupling material growth with device oriented functional optimization.

Conclusions and Prospects Overall, hydrothermal synthesis provides a low temperature, simple, economical, and scalable route for the controllable fabrication of ZnO micro-nanostructures and their application in micro-nano photonic devices. Existing studies have demonstrated that by coordinating precursor solution chemistry, kinetic processes, seed layer design, and region selective growth strategies, it is possible to achieve morphology tailoring, oriented growth, and functional integration of ZnO nanostructures to a considerable extent, thereby meeting the structural and performance requirements of diverse optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, several critical challenges still need to be addressed. First, the coupled mechanisms of nucleation, growth, defect formation, and interface evolution in complex hydrothermal systems remain insufficiently understood. Second, region selective growth still requires further improvement in terms of spatial resolution, uniformity, reproducibility, and large area manufacturing stability. Third, in heterostructured systems, the effects of interface states, surface hydroxyl groups, and intrinsic defects on carrier separation, device stability, and long-term service performance still require more systematic experimental and theoretical investigation. Future studies should therefore focus on the development of high precision region selective growth techniques, the strengthening of in situ characterization and multiscale theoretical analysis, the deeper integration of hydrothermal synthesis with micro-nanofabrication technologies, and the acceleration of practical applications of ZnO and related composite nanostructures in high performance, low power, flexible, and wearable micro-nano photonic devices. By synthesizing the reported correlations between application response characteristics and the corresponding material configurations and growth conditions, this study is expected to provide stronger practical guidance for the scalable integration and performance optimization of ZnO nanomaterials in micro-nano photonics.

ZnO  /  nanostructures  /  hydrothermal synthesis  /  composite materials  /  micro-nano photonic applications
臧彤, 李政委, 张中威, 陈磊, 吕国栋, 亓东锋. 水热ZnO纳米结构的微纳光子特性及应用研究进展. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260006 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260006
Tong Zang, Zhengwei Li, Zhongwei Zhang, Lei Chen, Guodong Lv, Dongfeng Qi. Research progress of micro-nano photonic properties and applications of hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260006 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260006
随着信息技术的迅猛发展和数字化转型的加速推进,半导体产业作为现代科技体系的核心支柱,正深刻塑造全球科技与经济格局。半导体技术不仅驱动信息产业的迭代升级,也是人工智能、5G通信、量子计算与新能源等前沿领域不可或缺的底层硬件支撑。近年来,制造工艺尺度由微米级演进至纳米级,器件的性能、集成度与可靠性显著提升,从而为高性能计算、物联网与智能制造奠定了基础。在材料体系方面,半导体已由第一代(Si、Ge)与第二代(GaAs、InP)发展到以GaN、ZnO为代表的第三代宽禁带半导体,其宽带隙、高击穿电场与良好热稳定性,使其在高频、高温及大功率场景下展现出巨大潜力[1-2]。
在第三代半导体家族中,ZnO作为Ⅱ–Ⅵ族直接带隙材料,具有约3.37 eV的禁带宽度与约60 meV的激子束缚能[3]。相较于多数直接带隙半导体中有限的激子束缚能,ZnO的高激子束缚能使其在室温即可表现出强激子发光,为低阈值紫外发射与高效率光源提供物理基础[4-6]。同时,ZnO拥有多样化的纳米结构和低温溶液法可控制备的工艺优势,既适用于在硬质衬底上构筑高品质微纳光子结构,也利于柔性、可穿戴与大面积应用的器件集成[7-9]。凭借这些特性,ZnO纳米结构不仅展现出卓越的光学性能、高电化学稳定性与优异压电特性,还具备良好的生物相容性和低成本优势,因此在紫外激光器、发光二极管、光电探测器、光催化和储能等领域持续受到关注,并在多个方面展现出与传统III–V材料的互补潜力[10-14]。
从晶体学与物性出发,ZnO 在常温常压下通常以六方纤锌矿结构稳定存在[15],该结构由缺乏中心对称性的Zn2+和O2−离子沿c轴交替堆叠形成,呈现明显的极性特征,包含极性(0001) Zn端面与($ 000 \overline{1} $) O端面以及非极性($00 \overline{1}0 $)等不同晶面[16],如图1(a)所示。这一固有的各向异性为定向生长、形貌调控与界面工程提供了天然驱动力,也是形成如图1(b-j)所示的纳米线、纳米片、纳米花、纳米环、纳米枝等多级结构的根本原因[17-25]。理论上,高纯本征ZnO的载流子浓度可低至~1016 cm−3,表现出高电阻特性[26];而在实际材料与纳米结构中,由于氧空位、锌间隙等本征缺陷及非本征杂质的影响,ZnO往往呈现稳定的n型导电[27]。这种导电特性不仅为构筑肖特基结、异质结及表面等离激元耦合提供了多样化途径,也奠定了缺陷态与表面态在载流子复合、俘获与输运中的重要基础。
近十年来,关于水热合成ZnO材料的研究关注度持续上升。以ScienceDirect为数据源,2015–2025年间以主题词“ZnO”和“Hydrothermal”检索的相关成果总体呈稳定增长,表明该方向正处于持续而系统的推进阶段。研究内容主要集中于材料科学、化学与化学工程领域。在文献类型上,研究性文章占67.3%,评论性文章占20.5%,如图2所示。
在材料科学研究中,发展绿色、高效且经济可行的材料制备方法已经成为当前学科发展的重要方向。通过对材料微观结构的可控调节,不仅能够提升其本征物理化学性能,也为多功能器件的设计与应用提供了坚实基础。近年来,ZnO纳米结构因其优异的光电性能与形貌多样性而受到广泛关注,其应用需求也推动了多种生长方法的发展。针对ZnO微纳结构的合成,目前常见的策略包括化学气相沉积[28-30]、物理气相沉积[31-32]、溶胶-凝胶法[33-35]、喷雾热解[36-38]、电化学沉积[39-41]及模板辅助生长[42-44]等,这些方法在成核机制、生长动力学与形貌调控精度方面各具优势,但在制备温度、设备复杂度、成本投入、基底兼容性及形貌可重复性等方面往往存在不同程度的约束。
相较于上述气相和固相路线,水热合成在很大程度上规避了固相体系中常见的高温高能耗、晶粒团聚及形貌难控等问题,因此在工艺稳定性与产物可控性上更具优势[45-46]。该方法通常以高温高压水相为反应环境,反应动力学活化门槛低、传质条件优越,因而能够在较短反应时间内获得高纯度产物,并实现对纳米结构尺寸与形貌的精准调控[47]。凭借这一特性,水热法不仅可生长单晶或多晶结构,还能获得有序阵列、异质结及掺杂结构等多层次复合体系,满足从基础研究到器件应用的多层次需求[48]。
本文旨在全面介绍水热合成ZnO纳米结构的最新研究进展及其微纳光子应用,为研究人员和行业领域有效利用纳米技术提供重要参考。
水热法制备是一种通过在封闭不锈钢高压釜中利用水溶液在一定温度与压力条件下实现晶体生长的湿化学路线[49-52]。其核心优势在于适应的反应环境与受控成核动力学,能够在相对低温下获得结晶度良好的氧化物纳米结构。如图3所示,水热法主要包含两个典型步骤:通过将种子溶液涂覆于基底并高温(约350 ℃)烧结,形成具有择优取向特征的种子层。种子层通过降低成核的热力学势垒,为后续纳米结构的生长提供晶核与定向外延模板[53]。随后,将带有种子层的基板浸入反应前驱体溶液中,在设定的温度(通常低于200 ℃)与反应时间条件下保持生长,由此获得稳定且可调控的纳米结构。
在水热法合成ZnO纳米结构过程中,反应体系通常由含锌源 (如Zn(NO3)2、ZnCl2)与碱性试剂(如NaOH、KOH、六亚甲基四胺(HMTA))的水溶液构成,其中锌源提供Zn2+,而碱性试剂作为氧源在逐步分解生成OH−的过程中实现缓释碱环境,可有效调控Zn(OH)42−转变为ZnO的成核与生长速率[22, 54-57]。研究表明,在加热条件下,溶液中分子的热运动显著增强,从而加速离子的传输与反应动力学,促进ZnO晶体的形成与长大。另一方面,加入高分子引导剂(如聚乙烯亚胺(PEI))有助于选择性吸附于侧向晶面,抑制横向生长、促进轴向外延,从而显著提高纳米结构的长径比并改善晶体完整性[58-59]。以最常见硝酸锌与HMTA为反应前驱体体系为例,其反应过程可概括为:
$ \qquad {\mathrm{HMTA}} 水解:\left(\mathrm{CH}_2\right)_6 {\mathrm{N}}_4+6 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{{\quad}} 6 \mathrm{HCHO}+4 \mathrm{NH}_3, $
$\qquad 氨的进一步反应: \mathrm{NH}_3+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{{\quad}}\mathrm{NH}_4{ }^++\mathrm{OH}^-, $
$ \qquad {\text{锌离子的络合与沉淀:}} \mathrm{Zn}^{2+} + 4 \mathrm{OH}^- \xrightarrow{{\quad}} \left[\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{OH})_4\right]^{2-} , $
$ \qquad {\mathrm{ZnO}} 的生成:\left[\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{OH})_4\right]^{2-} \xrightarrow{{\quad}} \mathrm{ZnO}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+2 \mathrm{OH}^- .$
就ZnO而言,低温水热/湿化学体系的早期探索可追溯至1990年Vergés等[60]的研究,其利用 Zn2+/ HMTA溶液在温和条件下(< 80 ℃)成功获得ZnO晶体,并首次直观地呈现了单分散棱柱体氧化锌晶体从初始形成到成熟的完整过程,如图3(b)所示。实验解释,HMTA通过缓慢释放OH−形成[Zn(OH)4]2−,随后脱水转化为ZnO,这也为后续“控释羟基离子与定向生长”机理模型的建立奠定重要基础。在此基础上,2001年,Vayssieres 等[61]引入固体基底,实现原位定向生长,先在导电玻璃以及石英等基底上形成氧化锌纳米种子层,随后将其浸入Zn2+/HMTA水溶液并在约90 ℃条件下反应,获得一维高度取向的ZnO纳米棒阵列,如图3(c)所示。该工作明确展示了种子层性质决定ZnO纳米结构外延生长的可控流程路线,揭示种子层表面取向与外延方向之间的相关性,为后续水热法实现阵列化、结构可控与基底兼容提供了方法基础。随后,Greene等[62]在2003年首次将该路线拓展到晶圆尺度,其利用种子层预处理,Zn2+/HMTA在90 ℃水热体系,实现了在4英寸(1 inch=2.54 cm)硅晶圆上制备大面积、高密度ZnO纳米线阵列,此外,还首次实现了ZnO纳米线阵列在柔性PDMS基底上的生长,如图3(d-f)所示。该方法证明了可控、低温、低成本的工艺潜力,突破了基底受限、难以大面积制备的传统问题,凸显了水热法在规模化制备方面的潜力。
目前,水热技术已被广泛证明有利于在不同基板上实现ZnO纳米结构的可控生长。例如玻璃[63-65]、硅[66-70]、金属基板[71-72]等刚性基板,以及聚酰亚胺[73-77]、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯[78-80]、聚碳酸酯[43, 81]、聚二甲基硅氧烷[82-83]、Kapton[84-85]、纤维[86-88]等柔性基板上生长ZnO纳米结构。在目前已知的水热合成研究中,ZnO纳米结构的形成机制依旧值得深入探讨,其生长行为受到多因素的耦合作用。为了获得形貌、取向、纵横比及表面密度均可控的纳米结构,需要对相关参数进行优化[89]。对于影响水热制备ZnO纳米结构的相关参数将在下一小节进行详细探讨。
ZnO纳米结构的性能与其形态和形状有关。因此,有效控制它们的形状、尺寸和表面结构是至关重要的。而其中关键参数包括溶液pH、前驱体成分与浓度、种子层特性、反应温度及反应时间等。本节对这些生长参数对纳米结构形态的影响进行了系统总结。
在水热法合成ZnO纳米结构中,前驱体成分、浓度及溶液pH对成核与生长动力学、形貌调控与结晶缺陷具有决定性作用。大量研究表明,不同的溶液条件会导致ZnO形貌的显著差异:例如,通过调节溶液的pH值,可以从纺锤状纳米棒到六方盘状、球状结构,再到多孔纳米棒和纳米花,实现ZnO形貌的系列变化,且晶粒尺寸随pH升高而减小[90],纳米结构的比表面积显著提高[91],如图4(a)所示。类似地,控制Zn2+与OH–的摩尔比能够精细调节中间体Zn(OH)42–的生成,当OH–过少时主要形成超薄纳米片组成的花状结构,OH–充足时则生成完整花状结构,过量OH–还会使纳米片出现多孔化[92]。前驱体总体浓度也存在临界值:浓度较低时,ZnO纳米棒直径随浓度增加而增大、排列由无序转向垂直有序,当超过某一临界浓度后,纳米棒开始团聚且轴向生长受抑制,材料缺陷也随之增加[93],如图4(b, c)所示。同样的,Yilmaz等[94]对不同浓度前驱体下形成的ZnO形貌进行研究,0.05 mol/L浓度下,由于体系中Zn2+与OH–浓度较低,成核后晶体沿多方向均衡生长,形成纳米立方体;0.1 mol/L浓度下,Zn2+浓度升高使OH–快速达到饱和,Zn(OH)42−中间体浓度增加,晶体沿c轴优先生长,转变为纳米棒,随着浓度的提高,同样出现纳米棒团聚现象。另有研究结果显示,不同阴离子的锌源对ZnO纳米结构的形貌和缺陷也有影响,但总体来看Cl–、CH3COO–、NO3–等阴离子均可支持纳米线的生长[95],只有在OH–供应不足时产物为微米级晶体,而当OH–浓度提高到一定范围(约2.673 mol/L以上)时便可生成高长径比的ZnO纳米线阵列[96],且随着OH–浓度升高,纳米线长度增加、直径减小,是因为高浓度OH−会抑制ZnO侧向生长,促进c轴取向[97],如图4(d)所示。值得一提的是,不同锌盐可能诱导不同类型的晶格缺陷,以醋酸锌为前驱体易产生以锌空位为主的缺陷,产物为片状堆叠结构;而以硝酸锌为前驱体的ZnO富含间隙氧缺陷,产物以棒状为主[98]。La等[99]的研究进一步表明锌源配合不同氧源也会影响形貌和缺陷,例如尿素作氧源时,利用硝酸锌前驱体生成多孔珊瑚状纳米片,而硫酸锌前驱体则生成超薄纳米片,如图4(e)所示。综上,前驱体成分与浓度通过影响Zn2+/OH−络合平衡以及成核速率与晶体取向共同决定ZnO纳米结构的形貌与结晶质量。
在水热合成过程中,水热反应时间是影响ZnO纳米结构的另一个关键参数,反应时间显著决定ZnO成核与生长动力学,短时间主要表现为成核与短棒萌生,随着时间延长,ZnO晶体沿c轴持续生长、阵列密度提升;但过长时间会导致生长速率下降,甚至引发晶体团聚。大量实验结果表明,延长反应时间总体上会增加ZnO纳米结构的长度和有序度,但对直径的影响因反应条件而异。Li等[100]系统评估了在90 ℃下水热时间为2~10 h时对ZnO纳米棒生长行为的影响。结果表明,随着时间延长至10 h,ZnO纳米棒显著增长并趋于高度取向和孔隙化,如图5(a)所示,提高了比表面积和光催化活性。Fang等[101]采用微波辅助水热10~40 min发现:延长水热时间至40 min时,会使ZnO纳米棒由稀疏短棒逐渐变为垂直致密阵列,且(002)晶面择优取向增强,如图5(b)所示。Muchuweni等[102]以GAZO薄膜为种子层,发现2~8 h内反应时间越长,ZnO纳米线越长且密度越高,排列更加垂直有序,晶体质量显著提高。Majid等[103]对1~20 h生长的ZnO纳米纤维研究发现:1~5 h产物主要是团聚颗粒,10 h后逐渐出现一定的一维形貌,20 h形成典型纳米纤维,并表现出(002)取向择优增强趋势,如图5(d)所示。Yoo等[52]发现随着反应时间延长,ZnO纳米线逐步由无序短棒结构演变为高密度、垂直取向的规整阵列。最佳生长时间为150~180 min,获得均匀分布、高比表面积结构,如图5(c)所示。而仍有部分研究(Hamdi等[104]和Kumar等[105])指出反应时间主要影响ZnO一维纳米结构的长度,但对直径无显著改变,在120 ℃下水热3~9 h内纳米棒长度随时间从约77 nm增长到249 nm,而直径始终保持在20 nm量级,超过一定时间后纳米结构长度趋于饱和且出现团聚。与此相对,Dloo等[106] 报道了不同结果,当反应时间由2 h延长至6 h时,ZnO纳米线长度由625 nm增至1089 nm的同时,直径也由51 nm增至122 nm,两者呈同步增长趋势;同时,纳米线密度随时间延长而降低,如图5(e)所示。他们将这种现象归结于反应体系中OH−的浓度变化,生长初期,HMTA分解生成OH−速率较高,大量OH−优先吸附于纳米线非极性侧面,抑制径向生长,仅暴露(002)晶面供Zn2+沿轴向扩散,最终形成直径小、长径比高的规则纳米线;随时间延长,HMTA分解趋于平缓,OH−浓度降低,OH−对非极性侧面的覆盖作用减弱,Zn2+同时参与径向与轴向生长,纳米线直径与长度均增加,如图5(f)所示。因此,对反应时间的调控本质上是限定Zn(OH)42−的供给,平衡成核与生长,其与反应温度、前驱体成分与浓度共同决定ZnO的生长动力学。
在水热法合成ZnO纳米结构过程中,不同反应温度会导致前驱体溶液中的化学反应不同,选择适当的温度进行水热合成也会控制OH– 离子浓度,进而控制纳米结构的形态、分布和含量。大量研究表明,反应温度的变化能够有效调节ZnO的轴向与径向生长速率,从而主导其从一维纳米棒、纳米线到二维纳米片、三维花状或簇状结构的转变。例如,Sahu等[107]发现当温度从100 ℃升至180 ℃时,ZnO纳米花的花瓣数明显增多、排列由松散转为紧密,整体形貌完整性显著提高,如图6(a)所示。Ejsmont等[108]进一步验证了类似规律,反应温度从110 ℃升至160 ℃时,ZnO由规则纳米棒状转为花状簇集,继续升温至180 ℃后,变为堆叠的纳米片簇,显示出温度对形貌变化的诱导作用。与此同时,在中低温体系中,温度对ZnO晶体取向同样关键。Fudzi等[109]报道在90~130 ℃范围内,120 ℃生长的ZnO纳米棒垂直度和致密度最佳,而130 ℃以上溶液稳定性变差,导致纳米棒变粗、结构疏松。Dloo等[106]在更宽的60~140 ℃区间观察到温度升高促进了纳米线阵列长度和直径的同步增加,如图6(b)所示。Rasheedi等[110]通过拟合活化能表明,在60~120 ℃内ZnO纳米棒的长度主要受表面反应控制,而直径则受限于溶液扩散动力学,两者均呈温度依赖性增长,但主导机制不同。值得注意的是,在相对较低的反应温度情况下使用络合剂等辅助手段能有效实现晶体取向控制。例如Lah等[111]采用柠檬酸盐辅助在70~90 ℃下制备出均匀的ZnO纳米颗粒阵列,Yoo等[52]利用Ag种子在≤130 ℃下生长出垂直取向的ZnO纳米线阵列,两者均在柔性衬底应用中取得了良好的形貌可控性和尺寸可调性。而在后续热处理方面,适度退火可进一步改善ZnO的结晶度与界面质量。例如,Zhao等[112]指出750 ℃短时退火可显著改善纳米棒的结晶度与致密性,而过高温度则引起结构退化、棒体团聚,如图6(c)所示。Das等[113]同样发现,经过600 ℃退火处理可促使纳米颗粒融生长棒状结构,但仍需控制温度窗口以防止晶粒过度粗化。由此可见,水热反应温度与后续退火温度共同决定ZnO纳米结构的最终形貌与完整性。而在目前逐渐兴起的激光诱导水热生长(laser-induced hydrothermal growth, LIHG)法中,利用激光作为局部热源,可在特定区域内实现ZnO的定点水热反应与外延生长。常用的激光照射方式包括顶部聚焦和背部聚焦两种,如图6(d)所示。Yeo等[114]认为,采取背部聚焦方式时,会获得质量更高的ZnO纳米结构,如图6(e)所示,这是因为背部聚焦时,激光能量能高效到达吸收层且无散射和遮挡现象,其次这种方式可以稳定地维持局部温度。经过对LIHG方法的不断改进,Liu等[115]证明顶部聚焦同样可成功生长出ZnO纳米颗粒和纳米线。通过调节入射激光功率和光斑直径,也可改变局部温度分布,从而引起ZnO纳米结构形貌的变化:光斑直径越小,其中心能量密度越高,ZnO生长速率越快[116-117],如图6(f)所示。综上,反应温度通过影响 Zn(OH)42−形成与扩散、成核和溶解平衡及晶面吸附行为,决定了ZnO纳米结构的长径比、晶体取向与缺陷特征。此外,合理的退火处理与LIHG等局部温控策略在提升晶体质量与实现图案化生长方面显示出独特优势。
在水热合成ZnO纳米结构过程中,种子层作为初始成核模板,对晶体成核密度、外延取向及后续纳米结构的晶体质量具有决定性作用。Asib等[51]通过引入TiO2种子层代替传统ZnO种子层,利用其多孔表面与异质界面提供了更多成核位点,从而显著提升ZnO纳米棒阵列的致密性与有序性,证实了异质种子层在外延调控上的有效性。随后,Rajamanickam等[118]系统研究了ZnO种子层浓度对生长行为的影响,发现0.01 mol/L浓度可在控制粒径的同时提升成核密度,从而获得高纵横比、致密排列的ZnO纳米棒。进一步地,Eom等[53]发现在柔性基底上,当种子液与前驱体浓度比为4:1时可促进纳米棒垂直生长且均匀排列。Muhammad等[119]也强调了种子层晶体质量的重要性,高结晶质量的种子层可显著增强ZnO沿(002)晶面的择优取向,增加纳米棒的长径比并改善晶体完整性,这些结果均表明晶格匹配程度和种子层缺陷密度对外延生长控制至关重要。
表1总结了影响ZnO纳米结构形态的不同合成条件,包括前驱体类型、反应时间和反应温度。
总体而言,前驱体化学、种子层特性以及反应温度和时间等热动力学条件之间存在显著耦合,决定了ZnO在水热体系中的成核密度、择优取向与各向异性生长速率,从而形成多尺度形貌演化行为。通过对上述关键参数的协调调控,可在大多数基底上获得从零维纳米颗粒,到一维垂直取向的纳米棒/纳米线阵列,再到二维纳米片结构等多种形态的ZnO纳米结构,为微纳光子器件制备提供形貌与界面基础。
尽管传统水热法可通过调控溶液化学、种子层性质与生长热/动力学实现ZnO纳米结构的形貌可控,但其生长过程通常以均相反应为主,缺乏空间限制,难以在衬底上实现结构的区域选择性调控,这在片上集成与器件微型化方面存在明显瓶颈,要实现片上集成功能,往往需要区域选择性生长与可编程图案化加工相结合,以实现位置与尺度的双重可控调制[120]。近年来,研究者将局域加工策略与水热生长过程耦合,在衬底表面成功实现空间选择性生长。目前,基于水热体系获得ZnO的选择性生长主要有微接触印刷、喷墨打印、激光诱导水热生长三种方式,这些方法不仅能够在特定区域诱导ZnO的原位成核与定向外延,实现图案化与微区功能化,还进一步提升了大面积统一性、位置精度及结构多样性。本节将对上述策略进行系统总结与比较。
微接触印刷是一种简便且可扩展的图案化生长方法,已成功用于在多种表面上实现ZnO的局部选择性沉积。该技术通常以弹性体(如聚二甲基硅氧烷,PDMS)作为印章,通过表面化学修饰或浸润含前驱体及种子颗粒的溶液,将ZnO种子层以图案化方式转移至目标基底;印刷区域可提供局域择优成核位点,从而在后续水热反应中诱导ZnO纳米结构的定向外延与空间可控生长,实现阵列化、图案化生长[121-123],如图7(a)所示。Kang等[123]采用微接触印刷技术将ZnO纳米颗粒种子层转印至基底表面,并在95 ℃条件下进行低温水热生长。通过调节印刷时间(10~100 s)、压力(0.03~0.2 psi)以及水热反应时间(5~12 h),获得长度约2~5 μm、直径约130~200 nm的ZnO纳米线阵列。值得注意的是,该方法对基底兼容性较高,可在 Si、SiO2、玻璃、Au 涂层、PET、PI等多种衬底上实现生长,显示出良好的工艺通用性,如图7(b-f)所示。Mukherjee等[124]通过一步水热法制备含ZnO的二元(ZnO-rGO)与三元(ZnO-Ag-rGO)纳米复合材料,并利用微接触印刷技术在固体载体上构筑其微米级图案,为复合体系的空间可控沉积提供了可行路径。Hsu等[125]以微接触印刷结合溶液生长法在多种衬底(Si、Cu、Al 涂层)上沉积ZnO种子层,随后经水热法实现纳米线外延,所得纳米线长度可随反应时间(5~30 h)在 2.6~12 μm范围内可控。其中,PDMS 印章经简单清洗后可重复使用超过10次,进一步提升了工艺的可持续性与成本优势,如图7(g)所示。而Deng等[126]将微接触印刷与低温水热法结合,通过微接触印刷在基底上制备图案化ZnO种子层,再经80 ℃水热法成功生长ZnO纳米阵列形式,如图7(h)所示,展示了微接触印刷技术在低温、低成本条件下进行区域化生长的潜力。
喷墨打印技术则利用计算机控制的喷头,将含有Zn前驱体或ZnO种子颗粒的液滴精准沉积于基底的指定位置,液滴经干燥和固化后形成区域化的成核区域,随后在水热体系中诱导ZnO纳米结构的选择性生长,如图8(a)所示。Ko等[127]制备直径约5~10 nm 的ZnO纳米颗粒墨水,并将其打印于柔性聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)衬底形成任意图案的种子层,随后于95 ℃退火20 min以提高附着稳定性。经水热处理(25 mmol/L Zn(NO3)2、25 mmol/L HMTA、5~7 mmol/L PEI,92 ℃反应 2.5 h)后,获得中心垂直生长、边缘呈径向外展特征的ZnO纳米线阵列,其长度约10~12 μm、直径约100~150 nm。进一步通过多次浸渍前驱体溶液可调控线性生长:经二次生长后,纳米线长度由约12 μm 增至 20 μm、直径由约150 nm增至250 nm,这表明多阶段生长可实现结构尺寸的有效放大,如图8(b-f)所示。Sun等[128]以乙酸锌二水合物为前驱体配置墨水,并通过喷墨打印方式在ITO衬底形成种子层,经 400 ℃退火后于水热体系中(50 mmol/L乙酸锌+HMTA,90 ℃,2 h)生长ZnO纳米棒阵列,所得纳米棒呈垂直取向、结构均匀致密,平均长度约3~4 μm、直径约200~300 nm,如图8(g-h)所示。Tsangarides等[129]使用10 mmol/L乙酸锌二水合物/1-丙醇溶液作为墨水,在Si/SiO2衬底上打印种子层后于65 ℃轻度退火,并在水热体系(25 mmol/L乙酸锌、HMTA,90 ℃反应2 h)中生长ZnO纳米线。研究表明,衬底温度对纳米结构形貌具有主导调控作用:室温下墨滴蒸发速率较低,导致溶质迁移至边缘区域,形成边缘富集、中心贫化的图案;而在60 ℃条件下,墨滴快速蒸发并诱导内向马兰戈尼流,使纳米线的直径分布趋于一致、密度显著提高,如图8(i-l)所示。
激光诱导水热生长是一种基于激光辐照所产生的光热效应,在特定区域内实现局域化反应与晶体外延的新策略,如图9(a)所示。该方法无需额外复杂工艺步骤,且与常规选择性水热生长方法相比,能够获得更长且取向性更优的ZnO纳米结构。其工艺条件温和,具备低成本、低温、常压及环境友好等优势,可在简化实验条件的同时实现对纳米结构的高效、可控生长[130-133]。2013年,Yeo等[114]首次系统提出了LIHG,实现了ZnO纳米线的快速、单步的数字化生长。利用Nd:YAG激光作为局域加热源,在无需光刻掩模或真空条件的情况下,直接在三维微纳结构和柔性基底上实现了纳米线的图案化生长。实验结果表明,通过激光的局部扫描,可以获得长径比高、取向性良好的ZnO纳米线,其长度显著超过传统高压反应釜水热生长所得。同时,他们将ZnO纳米线阵列用于紫外传感器,展现了LIHG在简化工艺、降低成本和提升器件性能方面的巨大优势,如图9(b-d)所示。随后,该团队[134]进一步改进LIHG方法,通过设计激光吸收层(采用Au/Ti金属薄膜)精确控制局部温度场,结合热传导仿真,实现了比激光光斑尺寸更小的ZnO纳米线阵列选择性生长。该方法不仅突破了光学聚焦的衍射极限,并首次在柔性聚合物基底上实现了ZnO与TiO2等异质氧化物纳米线的可控共生长,如图9(e-h)所示。In等[116]通过原位光学表征深入研究了LIHG过程中纳米线的生长动力学。相较于传统水热法,激光加热能在数分钟内诱导纳米线的高速生长,最高生长速率可达60 μm/h。其机制在于激光产生的局域高温有效抑制了溶液中副反应和前驱体快速消耗,从而维持持续成核和生长过程。此外,还通过调节激光功率实现对纳米线长度的可控性,证明了该方法在效率和可控性上的优势,如图9(i-k)所示。Mun等[135]将LIHG技术应用于柔性光电探测器的构建。通过LIHG实现ZnO与CuO的协同水热生长,制备出p-CuO/n-ZnO纳米线异质结,如图9(l-m)所示。该异质结表现出显著增强的光电流响应,其光电性能明显优于纯ZnO纳米结构和同质结器件。表明激光诱导的协同生长能够在柔性基底上精准制备异质纳米线并确保良好的界面结合与稳定的器件性能,展示出从实验室走向实际应用的潜力。Xing等[136]则利用LIHG在铜网表面原位生长ZnO纳米线,制备出用于油/水分离的功能膜,该复合膜展现出优异的水下超疏油性和光催化降解性能,如图9(n-p)所示。综上,通过协调控制激光局部加热场与溶液化学反应,LIHG 成功将 ZnO水热生长由整体反应转变为局部定点外延,这不仅显著提升了生长速率、长径比和取向控制,还在柔性电子、异质纳米结构集成、功能薄膜制备等领域展现了广阔的应用前景。
相较于单一相的ZnO纳米结构,通过在水热体系中引入掺杂元素、构建核壳界面或与二维、三维功能材料形成异质复合,可在晶格、能带与界面尺度上实现对载流子输运、缺陷态分布及光吸收过程的多重调控。基于此制备的ZnO衍生结构与复合材料体系已成为提升其光电转换与传感性能的关键策略。本节将从掺杂元素调控、核壳结构生长及异质复合三方面系统讨论其水热制备方法、结构特征及功能提升机理。
在水热法制备ZnO纳米结构的研究中,掺杂元素的引入不仅能调控其电子、光学及电化学性能,还会影响纳米结构的形貌演变,图10(a)展示了几种代表性掺杂剂条件下ZnO晶体结构的几何构型[137]。在ZnO纳米结构的掺杂体系中,III族元素(如钇(Y)[138]、硼(B)[139]、铝(Al)[140]和镓(Ga)[141])被广泛认为是最为有效的n型掺杂剂。同时,也有学者报道了利用铁(Fe)[142]、镁(Mg)[143]、硫(S)[144],以及卤素元素(如氟(F)[145]、氯(Cl)[146])实现n型导电的尝试。然而,相较而言,p型ZnO的掺杂依然存在不稳定性及可重复性差的问题。造成这个问题的根本原因在于ZnO体系具有显著的自补偿效应,当引入受主掺杂以提升空穴浓度时,体系往往会同时生成或激活施主型本征缺陷(如氧空位、锌间隙等)以及氢相关施主,从而抵消受主掺杂带来的空穴,使空穴浓度难以稳定增加[147]。与此同时,多数受主掺杂元素在ZnO中还存在固溶度有限、受主能级深以及易形成复合缺陷等问题,导致掺入的受主浓度难以有效转化为可迁移的自由空穴[148]。此外,部分受主掺杂元素在ZnO中容易发生扩散或聚集,这也将导致载流子类型与浓度随时间或环境发生变化[149]。因此,ZnO体系中p型掺杂的稳定性与可重复性仍是亟待解决的关键问题。
目前的p型掺杂中,V族元素(氮(N)[150]、磷(P)[151]和锑(Sb)[152])由于能够取代氧位,从而引入受主能级,被视为具有前景的候选掺杂剂。此外,已有研究指出IB族元素(铜(Cu)[153]、银(Ag)[154]、金(Au)[155])及I族元素(锂(Li)[8]、钠(Na)[156]、钾(K)[157])也可通过取代Zn位点并形成+1价态来实现p型导电。而I族元素具有较浅的受主能级,更易实现对Zn原子的替代。近年来,稀土元素在ZnO掺杂领域的应用逐渐兴起,尤其在增强发光特性方面表现突出。相关研究已报道了将铈(Ce)[158]、镧(La)[159]、铕(Eu)[160]、镝(Dy)[161]、铒(Er)[162]等稀土离子引入ZnO纳米结构,以显著改善其光学性能。
通过构筑核壳结构,可以赋予ZnO纳米材料新的特性,因而成为许多应用中的理想结构设计。总体来看,核壳结构中“核结构–壳形貌–界面功能”呈现递进关系:当核骨架能够提供良好的表面活性位,壳层即可形成连续致密且表面粗糙度可调的覆盖,从而在多相界面实现电荷有效传输。典型地,如图10(b)所示,Hu等[163]通过两次水热过程在TiO2纳米棒核上生长ZnO壳,调整种子层浓度和沉积条件,得到更加均匀的ZnO壳层和更低的界面阻抗,如图10(c)所示。Nguyen等[164]通过氧化水热生长的ZnO/ZnTe核壳结构进一步证明:ZnO纳米棒的取向与间距不仅决定壳层的覆盖程度,还主导了后续器件的工作机理。Li等[165]以水热法制备出多孔ZnO核,再在碱性TAA(thioacetamide)介质中原位硫化生成ZnS壳;而Xing等[166]在水热过程中引入O-g-C3N4作为ZnO纳米颗粒的表面活性包覆体,本质上是以有机二维片替代传统壳结构,有效提升器件性能,如图10(d)所示。针对优化面向器件集成的分级结构的需求时,Kitchamsetti等[167]提出了三级核壳结构的设计,首先在碳布上水热生长ZnO纳米棒阵列作为核骨架,然后水热沉积SnO2壳层作为二级生长基底,最后负载NiCo2O4纳米片形成三层核/壳/壳结构,如图10(e)所示,研究表明:取向良好的ZnO阵列保证后续SnO2与NiCo2O4的均匀包覆与片层展开,从而获得高比表面积与快速离子、电子通道与循环稳定性。
随着对于水热生长ZnO纳米结构的研究开展,与MXene、石墨烯及钙钛矿等新型材料结合,已经实现了ZnO在结构稳定性与功能性能上的协同提升。首先,二维MXene片层具有优异的导电性和丰富的表面端基,当与ZnO结合时,MXene高达~20000 S/cm的电导率和表面丰富的官能团(–OH、–F、–O等)有利于ZnO的定向生长和晶界结合,并增强界面处的电荷转移以及提高ZnO中的氧空位浓度,使ZnO复合体系在表面化学活性和电子传输效率方面大幅提升。这使ZnO/MXene复合材料在气体吸附、表面催化和界面电荷分离等方面表现出更高的活性与稳定性[168-170],如图10(f)所示。石墨烯凭借极高的电子迁移率与比表面积,与ZnO纳米结构构建的一维、二维互补复合结构能够有效延伸电子传输通道, 减少光生电子与空穴对的复合,并为反应物分子提供大量吸附位点,从而展现出优异的光电性能。同时,石墨烯的柔性片层结构还能消除ZnO在生长过程中的结构应力,提高复合结构的整体稳定性[171-172],如图10(g)所示。 钙钛矿材料的晶格参数与ZnO具有较好的匹配关系,其极化作用与能带对齐效应为ZnO在其表面有序取向和能带调控提供了条件,不仅可以有效改善电荷分离与界面传输过程,还增强了ZnO在光电转换中的应用潜力[173-174],如图10(h)所示。
水热方法为制备ZnO衍生结构提供了温和可控的途径,使掺杂、核壳和异质复合等多层次调控策略能够高效实现。通过这些结构工程,不仅可调控材料的晶格与能带结构,有利于光生电荷的分离与传输,还表现出显著的界面协同效应,从而进一步拓展了ZnO在微纳光子领域的应用潜力。
近年来,随着水热法在ZnO纳米结构可控制备方面的持续成熟,其应用价值已逐渐从材料层面的形貌调控与缺陷工程拓展至光子学与器件层面的功能实现。ZnO作为直接宽带隙半导体,兼具高激子束缚能和优异的光学特性,在此背景下,其在紫外发光、光电传感及光子晶体等微纳光子器件中的应用得到迅速发展。
在众多微纳光子器件中,光电传感器是水热生长ZnO纳米结构最具代表性的应用领域之一。得益于ZnO的3.37 eV宽带隙与60 meV高激子束缚能,其在紫外波段表现出优异的光吸收与电荷分离能力。早在2008年,Lupan等[175]首次将玻璃衬底上通过水热法生长的ZnO纳米棒应用于紫外探测器领域,器件在370 nm紫外光、1 V偏压下响应度达到30 mA/W,且具备良好的响应时间与恢复性能,如图11(a-c)所示。Huang等[176]首次实现了ZnO在零偏置电压下的紫外探测,首先在n-Si (111)衬底上通过低温水热法生长ZnO纳米棒阵列,构建n-ZnO/n-Si异质结;随后经900 ℃氧气退火1小时,异质结转变为梯度型p-ZnO/n-Si结,不仅实现零偏压下紫外-可见光双波段响应,且反向偏压可增强紫外光响应、正向偏压可增强可见光响应,验证了内建电场对光生载流子分离传输的作用,为水热法ZnO光电探测器的自驱动研究奠定基础。随着器件结构与制备工艺的不断简化,Liu等[177]提出单步水热反应,在Ni叉指电极横向桥联间生长ZnO纳米棒,原位形成MSM-Schottky型紫外探测器。该器件具备盲可见光特性且中紫外区响应良好,其中Ni电极因更高的肖特基势垒,在光电流对比度与响应时间上表现更优;并通过后续表面包覆PMMA钝化表面态,进一步提升响应速度,为高性能紫外探测器的低成本、规模化制备提供了切实可行的方案。Guo等[178]则将研究重心转向三维异质结阵列的构建,通过在p-NiO纳米线骨架上水热法选择性生长ZnO纳米棒,成功制备出三维梳状p-NiO/n-ZnO异质结。借助p-n结内建场与能带对齐效应,实现光生电子-空穴的快速分离,同时有效抑制暗电流与表面复合,在400 mW/cm2、365 nm紫外光照下实现3.5 mA的高光响应电流,且响应电流可通过紫外功率密度精细调控,如图11(d-f)所示。在载流子分离效率与性能可控性上较此前平面或简单异质结结构有了显著提升。而随着自供电与稳定性需求的提升,Chen等[64]通过水热法在ITO/玻璃与Ti衬底上制备不同长度的ZnO纳米棒阵列,再经面对面组装形成混合结构探测器。利用ITO/ZnO肖特基结与大量交叉ZnO纳米棒同质结的内置电势,实现高效自供电,在3.06 μW/cm2紫外光照下响应度达2.45 mA/W、开关比6.6×105,且在4250 s循环测试达到≥93.5%的循环平衡度。在自供电稳定性与工艺简便性上实现突破。Sinha等[179]首次将水热法ZnO光电探测器的应用领域拓展至柔性、自供电领域。在石墨涂覆纸基上水热生长ZnO纳米棒,并引入碳点(carbon quantum dots,CDs)增强光吸收、钝化表面缺陷,制备出兼具自供电与柔性的Schottky型紫外探测器。该器件在零偏压下对330 nm紫外光响应度达9.57 mA/W、比探测率4.27×108 Jones,响应与恢复时间分别为2 s和3.2 s,更能在50次弯曲后保留90%以上性能,如图11(g-j)所示。Tang等[180]则在新材料复合与多功能集成上实现突破,以云母为柔性基底,先通过水热法制备ZnO纳米线,再与CsPbBr3钙钛矿量子点(perovskite quantum dots,PQDs)形成复合器件。该复合结构使暗电流较纯ZnO降低一个数量级,开关比达2443、响应度320 mA/W,且能实现蓝光和绿光响应;更重要的是,该器件兼具湿度传感特性,PQDs/ZnO在紫外光照射下响应随相对湿度升高而增强,如图11(k-l)所示,为ZnO基探测器的多场景应用开辟新方向。
ZnO 纳米线作为一种宽禁带半导体材料,具有较大的振子强度,从而表现出强烈的光-物质相互作用和显著的光电特性。近年来,基于ZnO纳米结构制备发光二极管的研究也得到了长足的发展,而围绕ZnO及其复合结构体系的材料绿色化、服役机理解析与像素级彩色图案化等问题仍被认为是该领域面临的共性挑战[181]。为探究不同制备方法生长的ZnO晶体质量与形貌对LED性能的影响,Bakry等[182]在FTO衬底上系统对比了水热法、化学浴沉积、电化学沉积三种低成本制备方式。其中水热法获得取向性更强的(002)织构与更致密的六方ZnO纳米棒,光电流(2.25 μA)、光敏度(8.01)显著优于其他两种方法,如图12(a, b)所示,为后续LED异质结提供更高质量的n型ZnO骨架。Yao等[183]进一步构建n-ZnO纳米线/p-Si异质结LED,针对ZnO与Si衬底的晶格失配问题,在p-Si与ZnO种子层间插入MgO绝缘层,再水热生长ZnO纳米线,MgO层的存在使纳米线直径从590 nm降至220 nm,器件电致发光 (electroluminescence, EL)呈近紫外至黄绿的宽带发射,光致发光(photoluminescence, PL)中缺陷可见光显著抑制;I–V表现整流特性,器件整流比提升近5倍。针对器件的日益增长的集成与均一性要求,Song等[184]提出对流搅拌的改良水热法并结合图形化种子层,制备高密度、亚微米单根可寻址的ZnO纳米棒阵列,相较传统水热法,改良制备的纳米棒高度与直径的标准差分别降低63.2%与67.3%。器件在稳定驱动条件下实现了 RGB 发光。通过在不同气氛下退火调控缺陷态,可获得红、绿、蓝三色电致发光,且在不同驱动电流下其EL光谱表现出良好的稳定性。此外,器件的I–V曲线呈现出典型的整流特性。验证了该改进水热工艺制备的ZnO纳米棒阵列在高分辨率全色显示及纳米光子器件中的应用潜力,如图12(c-i)所示。而随着可穿戴人机交互领域的兴起,ZnO构成的柔性LED正在成为新的研究热点。Peng等[185]设计并制备了一种由p-GaN/n-ZnO纳米线异质结构组成的柔性、稳定的基于LED的压力传感器阵列,该阵列具有2.6 µm的高空间分辨率(远优于人类皮肤50 µm的分辨率)、180 ms的快速响应时间及4000次弯曲循环后仍正常工作的良好稳定性,如图12(j-q)所示,且应变诱导极化电荷可以有效降低ZnO侧局部表面的势垒高度,通过压电光电效应促进电子和空穴的复合,从而提高发光强度。
光子晶体的光学调控本质上源于周期性微纳结构对电磁波传播行为的调制作用,从而实现光子带隙与局域光场的精确设计[186],为波导、滤波等微纳光子功能提供结构基础。Karajz等[187]以460 nm聚苯乙烯(PS)纳米球通过垂直沉积制得蛋白石模板,包覆ZnO后经500 ℃退火去除模板获得ZnO反蛋白石光子晶体,再水热在其表面生长ZnO纳米棒,构建反蛋白石与纳米棒复合结构。UV-Vis反射光谱证实,纯反蛋白石光子晶体的光子带隙位于~520 nm,复合结构因水热ZnO缩小空气孔尺寸,光子带隙蓝移至~500 nm,并在420/540/775 nm出现慢光吸收增强,这可能是由于反蛋白石光子晶体表面起伏改变纳米棒成核与生长,进而实现禁带位置与光场分布的调谐。在此基础上,Karanja等[188]以300 nm的PS纳米球为原料,通过蒸发诱导受限区域组装法制备高度有序蛋白石模板,进一步提升光子晶体的周期性、均匀性;再分别沉积ZnO与TiO2层,经退火去除模板获得ZnO反蛋白石与TiO2反蛋白石两种光子晶体基底,再水热生长ZnO纳米棒,构建复合结构。光学方面,TiO2基底复合结构由于异质结效应,导致吸收边由417 nm红移至425 nm,ZnO基底复合结构由于Burstein–Moss效应,吸收边由447 nm蓝移至428 nm。通过在紫外和可见光照射下降解亚甲基蓝和4-硝基苯酚来评估样品的光催化性能,发现由于增大的表面积和电荷传输性能,ZnO复合结构的光催化活性最优,如图13所示。
由于宽禁带以及高激子束缚能,ZnO可在低阈值与高相干性条件下实现紫外或近紫外随机激光的片上集成。Li等[189]以水热法制备取向良好的ZnO:Ga纳米棒阵列,并引入低温氢等离子体后处理。在保证(002)织构与棒阵列形貌稳定的前提下,显著提升近紫外发射:PL中紫外发射转为尖锐的近380 nm主峰,可见发射被完全抑制,XEL显示紫外发射红移至390 nm,且发射衰减时间<1.0 ns。证明该器件可用于超快高分辨X射线成像,如图14(a-d)所示。为了进一步优化激光腔损耗,Kadinskaya等[190]以水热法系统调控表面活性剂,实现从纳米线到多棱柱的可控形貌,在性能方面,无表面活性剂时,PL在620 nm处出现强深能级发射(deep-level emission,DLE);柠檬酸钠通过负电柠檬酸根抑制c轴生长,缺陷类型转变为氧间隙与锌空位,DLE峰蓝移至520 nm;PEI通过氨基基团与Zn2+配位,抑制缺陷形成,完全消除DLE,只增强近带边(near band-edge emission,NBE)发射。这表明可以通过溶液化学与形貌工程选择性地削弱非辐射复合与可见缺陷,提高NBE强度与Q因子,实现对散射、折射与界面损耗,为微腔随机激光提供材料前提,如图14(e-h)所示。Abdulhameed等[191]在Au/Pt/Ti/Al不同金属基底水热生长ZnO纳米棒,在355 nm脉冲激光泵浦条件下,对其随机激光性能进行了比较,不同金属改变反射率与阵列致密度和直径分布,从而影响散射反馈与内腔损耗,例如:Al基底上纳米棒排列规整、密度高,但其随机激光阈值低至 24.21 mJ/cm2,光谱半高宽(FWHM)仅1.81 nm;Ti基底纳米棒直径最小、密度最低,激光阈值27.68 mJ/cm2,FWHM为2.18 nm,如图14(i-l)所示;Au、Pt基底因纳米棒存在裂纹或缺陷,未实现有效激光发射。该研究为生物传感用低阈值随机激光器的基底选择提供了实验依据。
综上已分别从紫外光电传感器、发光二极管、光子晶体与激光器等典型微纳光子器件出发,总结归纳了水热ZnO在不同器件中的性能表征。尽管器件形式与工作机理各不相同,但在大量报道中仍出现类似的性能问题,例如暗电流与噪声偏高、响应与恢复滞后、器件性能依赖后处理与测试环境以及可重复性差异等。目前研究普遍认为,上述问题可能与ZnO固有的本征缺陷及其表面化学态密切相关。因此,有必要进一步从缺陷及其表面化学态影响器件性能的角度对这些因素进行归纳,以为后续性能优化与结构设计提供更合理的调控思路。
在以水热法为代表的溶液法制备ZnO微纳结构过程中,该类工艺在低温、低成本与形貌可调方面具有显著优势。然而,需要指出的是:一方面,在非零温度及非理想化学生长条件下,ZnO往往不可避免地会形成一定量的本征缺陷与复合缺陷;同时,溶液相的快速成核与择优生长过程也可能引入位错、晶界等扩展缺陷[192]。另一方面,纳米尺度材料的高比表面积使表面未配位键、表面态与吸附态更为普遍,且水热环境更易导致表面羟基化以及氢相关物种的引入,从而在器件层面不可避免地产生与缺陷相关的能级与陷阱过程[193]。而缺陷态及其引起的能带、费米能级重构会显著影响界面电荷转移与光学过程[194]。
在ZnO纳米结构的众多本征缺陷中,空位缺陷(氧空位(VO)与锌空位(VZn))对器件性能的影响尤为关键。具体而言,VO往往与n型导电增强及陷阱态增加相关,在以水热 ZnO纳米棒阵列为有源层的光电导型紫外探测器中,随着生长条件的改变,器件暗电流与光电流常呈同步改变,这意味着载流子输运与界面过程被同时调制,而这正是因为VO的生长环境依赖性,其在不同生长条件具有可改变的陷阱调制能力,从而更容易出现响应和恢复迟滞或持久光电导等现象[182, 195]。这一点也与水热ZnO的缺陷发光行为一致,在水热 ZnO晶体中,VO往往对应明显的非辐射复合和陷阱通道,而在氧气气氛下退火,可以削弱缺陷相关发光并显著降低陷阱密度、延长激子寿命,说明通过调控VO密度可以有效改变复合与俘获过程[196]。相比之下,VZn更倾向呈现受主型深能级特征,其往往与非辐射复合增强以及NBE与DLE比例变化相关,在以水热 ZnO 构建的发光二极管与微纳激光器体系中,VZn的可控引入会显著影响内部非辐射损耗与缺陷态复合路径,进而达到调控发光效率、激光阈值及品质因子等性能参数的目的[182]。因此,对VO和VZn等本征缺陷的类型、密度及分布进行协同调控,是提升水热ZnO器件综合性能的核心路径之一。
除空位缺陷外,表面羟基(–OH)同样也是水热ZnO微纳结构中不可忽略的界面因素。由于水热反应通常以水为溶剂、且生长过程中常伴随OH−的溶解沉积以及晶面选择性生长,ZnO表面(尤其是极性晶面)更容易发生羟基化,并形成一定比例的–OH/吸附水相关表面态[197]。进一步地,–OH的存在会调制表面电荷状态与耗尽层宽度,从而影响光生载流子的分离、传输与复合。在水热ZnO纳米棒阵列的紫外传感研究中,样品在潮湿环境中长期暴露后,与–OH相关的傅立叶变换红外光谱特征吸收峰明显增强,同时器件暗电流与光电流降低、响应与恢复过程发生变化,其机理可归因于表面–OH与ZnO形成较强键合,在紫外照射下不易脱附,并可能同时参与电子、空穴的俘获过程,进而导致耗尽层加宽与有效载流子密度的下降,最终影响器件的光电响应与稳定性[198]。相应地,通过去除或抑制表面羟基的表面钝化处理,通常能够有效降低界面陷阱并提升器件稳定性[199]。此外,–OH与VO在ZnO表面并非相互独立,研究结果表明ZnO纳米棒表面–OH可迁移至邻近VO位点生成桥式Zn-H-Zn活性物种,这说明ZnO纳米结构所含有的羟基与空位缺陷可能共同参与界面陷阱调制与反应过程,从而影响器件的性能特征[193]。
本文系统总结了水热技术在纳米材料生长中的应用,尤其通过水热合成的ZnO纳米结构的形貌控制,凸显其在微纳光子学方向的应用价值。水热法具备条件温和、流程简洁、成本可控且与多基底兼容等优势,可在较短反应时间内获得高纯度与高结晶度的ZnO纳米结构。通过对前驱体成分与浓度、pH、反应温度、反应时间及种子层质量的协同优化,可在纳米颗粒、纳米线、纳米棒、纳米片与纳米花等结构之间实现形貌与取向的定向调节;进一步引入选择性生长策略,则在常压低温下实现了区域可编程生长,显著提升与柔性及复杂曲面基底的工艺兼容性。
在微纳光子应用方面,水热合成的ZnO纳米结构已在紫外光电探测器、发光二极管、光子晶体与微激光器中展现出优异的结构与性能适配性。研究结果表明,自驱动/零偏压异质结与MSM-Schottky等器件结构均验证了ZnO在紫外响应度、开关比和响应时间等指标上的可靠性能。得益于生长过程的选择性与取向可控性,水热法进一步奠定了ZnO在阵列化、柔性化和高集成度微纳光子系统中的应用潜力。
尽管水热合成ZnO纳米结构在微纳光子学领域中取得了巨大成功,但仍存在一些重大挑战。
1)水热法合成ZnO纳米结构的几何形貌和尺寸的精准控制仍然具有挑战。后续可围绕水热体系的关键参数,包括前驱体成分与浓度、pH、反应时间、反应温度和种子层等,构建参数形貌对器件性能的理论模型,结合正交试验与原位或瞬态表征,形成对不同纳米结构生长稳定性的定量控制准则。
2)在ZnO与MXene、石墨烯、钙钛矿等新型材料的复合体系中,界面缺陷谱与能带结构之间的关系尚不明确。亟需系统阐明不同复合体系中缺陷态、能带对齐与界面电荷输运之间的耦合规律,并建立材料类型与器件性能之间的直接映射关系,以指导异质结器件的设计与优化。
3)基于水热合成ZnO纳米结构的微纳光子器件在响应速度、灵敏度及长期稳定性方面仍存在不足。因此,深入理解并优化工艺参数对缺陷调控、能带工程及载流子动力学的影响,将成为提升器件性能、推动其在实际应用中大规模推广的关键。

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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260006
  • 接收时间:2026-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-08
  • 修回日期:2026-03-20
  • 录用日期:2026-03-20
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    1山东理工大学机械工程学院激光高端制造研究中心,山东 淄博 255000
    2山东省高性能精密制造与复合加工重点实验室,山东 淄博 255000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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