Article(id=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260019, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260019, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768752000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-19, revisedDate=1773763200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-18, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1792631349967, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631349967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631349967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631349967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260019, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954808933565220, articleId=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Seawater temperature, salinity, and depth sensing using tapered photonic crystal fiber and cascaded hollow-core Fabry-Perot cavities, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Although conventional electronic sensing technologies are mature, current marine environmental monitoring that primarily relies on them still faces limitations, such as poor interference immunity and high system complexity. While fiber optic sensing technology offers advantages like immunity to electromagnetic interference and structural flexibility, existing research has largely focused on single-parameter detection or wavelength-interrogation methods, leaving challenges such as cross-sensitivity in the simultaneous decoupling measurement of multiple parameters unresolved. This study aims to construct an all-fiber multi-parameter sensing probe that achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection and effective decoupling of temperature, salinity, and pressure, thereby providing a reliable and easily integrable fiber optic sensing solution for in-situ marine environmental monitoring.

Methods

This study adopts a systematic experimental approach, which primarily consists of two parts: sensor fabrication and performance testing. The sensor fabrication procedure is outlined as follows. First, a photonic crystal fiber is spliced with a single-mode fiber using a fusion splicer, and a tapered region is formed through a tapering process to construct a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Subsequently, a hollow-core fiber is spliced to an SMF, cleaved approximately 80 μm from the splice point, and a polymer film is formed using UV-curable adhesive to fabricate a Fabry–Pérot interferometric cavity. Finally, a fiber Bragg grating is connected in series with the above structures via single-mode fiber to form the complete composite sensor. Performance testing was conducted on a dedicated optical platform. A broadband light source with a wavelength range of 1250–1650 nm and an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution of 0.04 nm were employed. For salinity testing, a series of NaCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mol/L were prepared, and the solutions were injected via a syringe into a glass capillary tube containing the packaged sensor to complete the measurements. Pressure testing was performed by adjusting the immersion depth of the sensor in a 1.6 m water column to achieve continuous pressure variation within the range of 2.94–8.82 kPa. Temperature testing involved placing the sensor in a water environment on a temperature-controlled stage, with heating and cooling tests carried out in the range of 29–39 ℃ with a step size of 1 ℃. Based on the test results, a sensitivity matrix was constructed to enable synchronous decoupling measurement of temperature, salinity, and pressure.

Results and Discussions

The influence of salinity, pressure, and temperature on the spectral characteristics of the composite fiber sensor is summarized as follows. For salinity sensing, the intensities of the interference dips Dip1 and Dip2 in the transmission spectrum increase linearly with rising salinity, with Dip1 exhibiting a sensitivity of −25.1557 dB/(mol/L), while the FBG reflection peak remains stable, confirming its temperature-sensing independence. Under pressure variation, the depths of the interference dips decrease regularly with increasing pressure. The pressure sensitivities of Dip1 and Dip2 are 2.2878 dB/kPa and 1.456 dB/KPa, respectively, and the FBG reflection peak shows negligible response to pressure change, indicating good pressure-temperature decoupling capability. Temperature experiments reveal a stable response of the FBG reflection peak with a sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃, whereas the interference dips exhibit piecewise-linear temperature dependence. Based on the above experimental results, a sensitivity matrix was established, which successfully enables simultaneous decoupling measurement of salinity and pressure. The average measurement errors for salinity and pressure are no more than 0.029 mol/L and 0.28 kPa, respectively, demonstrating reliable multi-parameter sensing performance of the sensor for marine environmental monitoring.

Conclusions

This paper proposed and experimentally validated an MZI sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature, liquid salinity, and pressure. By tapering a PCF used for salinity sensing and splicing it with an FBG for temperature compensation on one side and a polymer-film FPI for pressure sensing on the other, a complete MZI sensor capable of multi-parameter measurement was constructed. The transmission of input light through the fiber sensor was analyzed theoretically in detail, and its performance was demonstrated through comparative experimental validations. The results show that the fabricated sensor exhibits linear spectral responses to variations in liquid salinity and pressure, with salinity and pressure sensitivities reaching −25.1557 dB/(mol/L) and 2.2878 dB/kPa, respectively, while temperature compensation via the FBG achieves a temperature sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃. By constructing a sensing matrix based on the salinity–pressure sensitivities of two selected interference dips and the FBG reflection peak, simultaneous measurement of the three parameters is enabled.

Although this sensor demonstrates excellent sensing performance in laboratory conditions, systematic research on environmental stability and long-term reliability is still required for practical marine applications. Subsequent work will be conducted at three levels: 1) material level: conduct long-term seawater immersion and accelerated aging tests on polymer films to evaluate their service life; simultaneously explore inorganic film alternatives (e.g., Al2O3, SiO2) to fundamentally enhance the chemical stability of the sensing unit. 2) Encapsulation level: design a multi-layer encapsulation structure comprising “flexible buffer-rigid protection-anti-fouling coating” with a focus on micro-area coating protection for vulnerable areas like tapered PCFs. Conduct high hydrostatic pressure cycling tests and seal integrity verification. 3) System validation layer: construct a multi-parameter coupled environmental simulation chamber to conduct long-term drift and cross-sensitivity re-evaluation tests. Plan real-sea deployment trials to validate the sensor's long-term reliability under typical oceanic conditions. In summary, this sensor demonstrates strong potential in structural design, sensing performance, and decoupling capability. Future work will follow a three-pronged research approach integrating materials, packaging, and systems to progressively advance it from laboratory prototyping to practical in-situ ocean monitoring applications. This will provide a novel all-fiber optic sensing solution for high-precision, interference-resistant, long-term continuous observation of ocean temperature, salinity, and depth.

, authors=Jingbo Chai1, Zijie Dai1, Fanghao Ji1, Mingyang Chen1, Ying Liang1, 2, authorsList=Jingbo Chai, Zijie Dai, Fanghao Ji, Mingyang Chen, Ying Liang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319954814394549063, articleId=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于拉锥光子晶体光纤与级联空芯FP腔的海水温盐深传感研究, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文提出并实验验证了一种基于聚合物薄膜法布里-珀罗干涉 (FPI)与马赫-曾德尔干涉 (MZI)的复合光纤传感器,可用于实现温度、水溶液盐度与压力的高灵敏度测量。该传感器结构采用一段拉锥后的光子晶体光纤 (PCF),在其两端分别串联用于温度补偿的光纤布拉格光栅 (FBG)与用于压力测量的聚合物薄膜 FPI,并通过单模光纤 (SMF)连接构成完整的传感系统。实验结果表明,所设计的传感器能够对温度、盐度和压力 (深度)实现同步测量,其灵敏度分别为−0.0465 dB/℃、−25.1557 dB/ (mol/L)与2.2878 dB/kPa,具有结构紧凑、灵敏度高、可重复等优势,在海洋环境监测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

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作者贡献

柴敬博:文献调研、实验、论文写作;戴子杰:论文修改,数据分析;纪方豪:数据处理;陈明阳:论文修改;梁莹:实验设计、数据分析、经费资助。

柴敬博 (2001-),男,硕士,从事光纤传感、微结构光纤研究。E-mail:

梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

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梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

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梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

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Opt Express, 2022, 30 (6): 9714−9726., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319954814637818696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814650401609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814637818696, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814662984522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814637818696, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江苏大学机械工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319954814751064907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814772036428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814751064907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814784619341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814751064907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏大学教育部现代农业装备与技术重点实验室,江苏 镇江 212013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319954818639184754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. (a) Optical characterization system for the fiber-optic sensor; (b-d) Correspond to the dedicated test configurations for salinity, temperature, and pressure measurements, figureFileSmall=QMfGxzypIinkv5L+xjg3Ig==, figureFileBig=PiqntiH4W0X4np1KK8qssQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818710487923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验装置的示意图。 (a)光纤传感器的传感测试装置; (b-d)分别为盐度、温度、压力的测试装置, figureFileSmall=QMfGxzypIinkv5L+xjg3Ig==, figureFileBig=PiqntiH4W0X4np1KK8qssQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818920203124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the fabrication process. (a) MZI sensor based on the polymer film FPI; (b) Polymer film FPI sensor, figureFileSmall=mnf9WlWA0PUH3l199MYfpQ==, figureFileBig=wm2Bjsu6rQenKnQZVuY3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818974729077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图2, caption=制作工艺示意图。(a) 基于聚合物薄膜FPI的MZI传感器制备流程示意图; (b) 聚合物薄膜FPI传感器制备流程示意图, figureFileSmall=mnf9WlWA0PUH3l199MYfpQ==, figureFileBig=wm2Bjsu6rQenKnQZVuY3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819050226550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Graph of salinity test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different salinity levels; Variation and linear fitting under varying salinity for: (b) Interferometric Dip 1; (c) Interferometric Dip 2; (d) Reflective Dip 3, figureFileSmall=B1UeBljf0SQxLKHPy7tfIw==, figureFileBig=psNTGjhTM3YtgHHP5iAlDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819113141111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图3, caption=盐度测试数据图。(a) 传感器在不同盐度测量的传输响应图谱;在不同盐度下的变化情况以及线性拟合:(b)干涉峰Dip1;(c)干涉峰Dip2;(d)反射峰Dip3, figureFileSmall=B1UeBljf0SQxLKHPy7tfIw==, figureFileBig=psNTGjhTM3YtgHHP5iAlDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819192832888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Graph of pressure test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different pressure levels; Variation and linear fitting under varying pressure for: (b) Interferometric Dip 1; (c) Interferometric Dip 2; (d) Reflective Dip 3, figureFileSmall=ZbFsqhQNhm+cPA0bPy4rLg==, figureFileBig=/tFT2MW9m/K/NwMlmSCL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819280913273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图4, caption=压力测试数据图。(a) 传感器在不同压力测量的传输响应图谱;在不同压力下的变化情况以及线性拟合:(b)干涉峰Dip1;(c)干涉峰Dip2;(d)反射峰Dip3, figureFileSmall=ZbFsqhQNhm+cPA0bPy4rLg==, figureFileBig=/tFT2MW9m/K/NwMlmSCL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819352216442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Graph of tempurature test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different temperatures and the variation of interference dip 3; (b) Temperature response and linear fitting of Dip 3; (c) Linear fitting of Dip 1; (d) Linear fitting of Dip 2, figureFileSmall=nXdKjyHW3QsVml9YuYtTog==, figureFileBig=btrLo48qWNIEt8dcC8zDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819423519611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图5, caption=温度测试数据图。(a)传感器在不同温度测量的传输响应图谱及干涉峰Dip3的变化情况;(b) Dip3的温度变化响应以及线性拟合;(c) Dip1的线性拟合;(d) Dip2的线性拟合, figureFileSmall=nXdKjyHW3QsVml9YuYtTog==, figureFileBig=btrLo48qWNIEt8dcC8zDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819503211388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Transmission response spectra of Dip 1 and Dip 2 under different salinity-pressure combinations. (a) Spectral response at salinity of 0.5 mol/L and pressure of 2.94 kPa; (b) Spectral response at salinity of 2.0 mol/L and pressure of 4.90 kPa, figureFileSmall=yfzzREvIXFCPzAcvSHtOtQ==, figureFileBig=T4UFVDrVwqt/A7Hrm2cytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819578708861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同盐度和压力搭配下Dip1和Dip2的传输响应图谱。(a)盐度0.5 mol/L、压力2.94 kPa条件下的光谱响应;(b)盐度2.0 mol/L、压力4.90 kPa条件下的光谱响应, figureFileSmall=yfzzREvIXFCPzAcvSHtOtQ==, figureFileBig=T4UFVDrVwqt/A7Hrm2cytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819650012030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison between measured and actual values for salinity and pressure across five test sets, figureFileSmall=5SwiYszMMP3+aNyyntIuMw==, figureFileBig=4eRAutz+T0fWxQa6og2sYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954821340316543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图7, caption=五组盐度和压力的测试与实际值的对比, figureFileSmall=5SwiYszMMP3+aNyyntIuMw==, figureFileBig=4eRAutz+T0fWxQa6og2sYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954821445174144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of key parameters between the proposed sensor and other representative designs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Refs.Sensing schemeSen. (temperature)Sen. (salinity)Sen. (pressure)
[24]Integrated hybrid MZI4.401 nm/℃0.784 nm/‰N.A.
[25]Double D-shaped FBGN.A.47.37 nm/RIUN.A.
[10]Two FBGs and diaphragm-based EFPI10 pm/℃141 pm/(mol/L)520 nm/MPa
[15]SPR based on dual-hole SMF2.82 nm/℃0.33 nm/‰N.A.
[26]A polymer-coated tapered optical fiber−2.283 nm/℃N.A.3.301 nm/MPa
OursFBG-compensated hybrid FPI/MZI−0.0465 dB/℃−25.1557 dB/(mol/L)2.2878 dB/kPa
), ArticleFig(id=1319954821550031745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所设计光纤传感器与其他设计方案的各参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Refs.Sensing schemeSen. (temperature)Sen. (salinity)Sen. (pressure)
[24]Integrated hybrid MZI4.401 nm/℃0.784 nm/‰N.A.
[25]Double D-shaped FBGN.A.47.37 nm/RIUN.A.
[10]Two FBGs and diaphragm-based EFPI10 pm/℃141 pm/(mol/L)520 nm/MPa
[15]SPR based on dual-hole SMF2.82 nm/℃0.33 nm/‰N.A.
[26]A polymer-coated tapered optical fiber−2.283 nm/℃N.A.3.301 nm/MPa
OursFBG-compensated hybrid FPI/MZI−0.0465 dB/℃−25.1557 dB/(mol/L)2.2878 dB/kPa
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基于拉锥光子晶体光纤与级联空芯FP腔的海水温盐深传感研究
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柴敬博 1 , 戴子杰 1 , 纪方豪 1 , 陈明阳 1 , 梁莹 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(7): 260019-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (7) : 260019 -1
基于拉锥光子晶体光纤与级联空芯FP腔的海水温盐深传感研究
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梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

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梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

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柴敬博1 , 戴子杰1, 纪方豪1, 陈明阳1, 梁莹1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学机械工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2江苏大学教育部现代农业装备与技术重点实验室,江苏 镇江 212013
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

柴敬博:文献调研、实验、论文写作;戴子杰:论文修改,数据分析;纪方豪:数据处理;陈明阳:论文修改;梁莹:实验设计、数据分析、经费资助。

柴敬博 (2001-),男,硕士,从事光纤传感、微结构光纤研究。E-mail:

梁莹 (1994-),女,博士,讲师,主要从事微结构光纤传感机理及器件、光学轨道角动量传感等研究方向,主持省部级课题2项,重点实验室开放课题2项,产学研项目1项。E-mail:

Seawater temperature, salinity, and depth sensing using tapered photonic crystal fiber and cascaded hollow-core Fabry-Perot cavities
Jingbo Chai1 , Zijie Dai1, Fanghao Ji1, Mingyang Chen1, Ying Liang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260019
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本文提出并实验验证了一种基于聚合物薄膜法布里-珀罗干涉 (FPI)与马赫-曾德尔干涉 (MZI)的复合光纤传感器,可用于实现温度、水溶液盐度与压力的高灵敏度测量。该传感器结构采用一段拉锥后的光子晶体光纤 (PCF),在其两端分别串联用于温度补偿的光纤布拉格光栅 (FBG)与用于压力测量的聚合物薄膜 FPI,并通过单模光纤 (SMF)连接构成完整的传感系统。实验结果表明,所设计的传感器能够对温度、盐度和压力 (深度)实现同步测量,其灵敏度分别为−0.0465 dB/℃、−25.1557 dB/ (mol/L)与2.2878 dB/kPa,具有结构紧凑、灵敏度高、可重复等优势,在海洋环境监测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

马赫-曾德尔干涉  /  法布里-珀罗干涉  /  多参量传感  /  光纤传感器
Objective

Although conventional electronic sensing technologies are mature, current marine environmental monitoring that primarily relies on them still faces limitations, such as poor interference immunity and high system complexity. While fiber optic sensing technology offers advantages like immunity to electromagnetic interference and structural flexibility, existing research has largely focused on single-parameter detection or wavelength-interrogation methods, leaving challenges such as cross-sensitivity in the simultaneous decoupling measurement of multiple parameters unresolved. This study aims to construct an all-fiber multi-parameter sensing probe that achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection and effective decoupling of temperature, salinity, and pressure, thereby providing a reliable and easily integrable fiber optic sensing solution for in-situ marine environmental monitoring.

Methods

This study adopts a systematic experimental approach, which primarily consists of two parts: sensor fabrication and performance testing. The sensor fabrication procedure is outlined as follows. First, a photonic crystal fiber is spliced with a single-mode fiber using a fusion splicer, and a tapered region is formed through a tapering process to construct a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Subsequently, a hollow-core fiber is spliced to an SMF, cleaved approximately 80 μm from the splice point, and a polymer film is formed using UV-curable adhesive to fabricate a Fabry–Pérot interferometric cavity. Finally, a fiber Bragg grating is connected in series with the above structures via single-mode fiber to form the complete composite sensor. Performance testing was conducted on a dedicated optical platform. A broadband light source with a wavelength range of 1250–1650 nm and an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution of 0.04 nm were employed. For salinity testing, a series of NaCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mol/L were prepared, and the solutions were injected via a syringe into a glass capillary tube containing the packaged sensor to complete the measurements. Pressure testing was performed by adjusting the immersion depth of the sensor in a 1.6 m water column to achieve continuous pressure variation within the range of 2.94–8.82 kPa. Temperature testing involved placing the sensor in a water environment on a temperature-controlled stage, with heating and cooling tests carried out in the range of 29–39 ℃ with a step size of 1 ℃. Based on the test results, a sensitivity matrix was constructed to enable synchronous decoupling measurement of temperature, salinity, and pressure.

Results and Discussions

The influence of salinity, pressure, and temperature on the spectral characteristics of the composite fiber sensor is summarized as follows. For salinity sensing, the intensities of the interference dips Dip1 and Dip2 in the transmission spectrum increase linearly with rising salinity, with Dip1 exhibiting a sensitivity of −25.1557 dB/(mol/L), while the FBG reflection peak remains stable, confirming its temperature-sensing independence. Under pressure variation, the depths of the interference dips decrease regularly with increasing pressure. The pressure sensitivities of Dip1 and Dip2 are 2.2878 dB/kPa and 1.456 dB/KPa, respectively, and the FBG reflection peak shows negligible response to pressure change, indicating good pressure-temperature decoupling capability. Temperature experiments reveal a stable response of the FBG reflection peak with a sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃, whereas the interference dips exhibit piecewise-linear temperature dependence. Based on the above experimental results, a sensitivity matrix was established, which successfully enables simultaneous decoupling measurement of salinity and pressure. The average measurement errors for salinity and pressure are no more than 0.029 mol/L and 0.28 kPa, respectively, demonstrating reliable multi-parameter sensing performance of the sensor for marine environmental monitoring.

Conclusions

This paper proposed and experimentally validated an MZI sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature, liquid salinity, and pressure. By tapering a PCF used for salinity sensing and splicing it with an FBG for temperature compensation on one side and a polymer-film FPI for pressure sensing on the other, a complete MZI sensor capable of multi-parameter measurement was constructed. The transmission of input light through the fiber sensor was analyzed theoretically in detail, and its performance was demonstrated through comparative experimental validations. The results show that the fabricated sensor exhibits linear spectral responses to variations in liquid salinity and pressure, with salinity and pressure sensitivities reaching −25.1557 dB/(mol/L) and 2.2878 dB/kPa, respectively, while temperature compensation via the FBG achieves a temperature sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃. By constructing a sensing matrix based on the salinity–pressure sensitivities of two selected interference dips and the FBG reflection peak, simultaneous measurement of the three parameters is enabled.

Although this sensor demonstrates excellent sensing performance in laboratory conditions, systematic research on environmental stability and long-term reliability is still required for practical marine applications. Subsequent work will be conducted at three levels: 1) material level: conduct long-term seawater immersion and accelerated aging tests on polymer films to evaluate their service life; simultaneously explore inorganic film alternatives (e.g., Al2O3, SiO2) to fundamentally enhance the chemical stability of the sensing unit. 2) Encapsulation level: design a multi-layer encapsulation structure comprising “flexible buffer-rigid protection-anti-fouling coating” with a focus on micro-area coating protection for vulnerable areas like tapered PCFs. Conduct high hydrostatic pressure cycling tests and seal integrity verification. 3) System validation layer: construct a multi-parameter coupled environmental simulation chamber to conduct long-term drift and cross-sensitivity re-evaluation tests. Plan real-sea deployment trials to validate the sensor's long-term reliability under typical oceanic conditions. In summary, this sensor demonstrates strong potential in structural design, sensing performance, and decoupling capability. Future work will follow a three-pronged research approach integrating materials, packaging, and systems to progressively advance it from laboratory prototyping to practical in-situ ocean monitoring applications. This will provide a novel all-fiber optic sensing solution for high-precision, interference-resistant, long-term continuous observation of ocean temperature, salinity, and depth.

Mach-Zehnder interference  /  Fabry-Pérot interference  /  multi-parameter sensing  /  fiber optic sensor
柴敬博, 戴子杰, 纪方豪, 陈明阳, 梁莹. 基于拉锥光子晶体光纤与级联空芯FP腔的海水温盐深传感研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260019 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260019
Jingbo Chai, Zijie Dai, Fanghao Ji, Mingyang Chen, Ying Liang. Seawater temperature, salinity, and depth sensing using tapered photonic crystal fiber and cascaded hollow-core Fabry-Perot cavities[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260019 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260019
海水作为维持全球生态平衡与气候系统的关键介质[1],对其温度、盐度、深度 (压力)等基本参数的探测是海洋环境监测的基础。海水温盐深剖面仪作为实现上述参数同步、原位测量的核心设备[2-4],目前主要依赖于电导率、铂电阻及应变式压力传感器的电子学测量方案[5-7]。该技术尽管较为成熟,但仍受限于制造成本高、易受电磁干扰、空间分辨率不足等问题。近年来,光纤传感技术因具有抗电磁干扰能力强、适于远距离传输、结构紧凑且支持分布式测量等显著优势[8-9],已成为海洋传感领域备受关注的研究方向。
灵活多样的光纤结构设计为海洋传感提供了丰富的技术路径。目前,典型的光纤传感结构主要包括光纤布拉格光栅 (fiber bragg grating, FBG)[10]、法布里-珀罗干涉仪 (Fabry-Perot interferometer, FPI)[11]、马赫-曾德尔干涉仪 (Mach-Zehnder interferometer, MZI)[12]结构等[13-15]。通过单一或复合 (级联/并联)的传感构型,光纤传感技术在海洋温度、盐度及深度探测方面,正逐步实现从单一参数测量向多参数同步监测的重要发展。例如,Ji等人采用相移光纤光栅作为传感探头,通过对比收集的扫描波长与参考波长的共振差异,获得了灵敏度为16.22 pm/℃的温度实时测量系统[16]。Li等人将空芯光纤 (hollow-core fiber, HCF)刻蚀为C型光纤分别形成温度腔和盐度腔,结合游标效应,实现海水盐度和温度的高灵敏度测量,灵敏度分别为−2.69 nm/‰和−4.54 nm/℃[17]。Zhang等人将双锥光纤表面沉积银/金双金属薄膜的盐度传感通道与沉积了金膜和聚二甲基硅氧烷 (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)的无芯光纤 (no-core fiber,NCF)构成的温度传感通道级联,实现了盐度灵敏度为0.73 nm/‰和温度灵敏度为−2.43 nm/℃的双参量光纤传感器[18]。光子晶体光纤 (Photonics crystal fiber, PCF)通过其周期性排列的微结构空气孔,将光场高度约束于低折射率纤芯区域,这一独特设计赋予了其远超传统光纤的场强增强与模式调控能力,从而在传感应用中实现了显著的灵敏度提升。基于此,Liu等人提出了一种基于高双折射非对称全圆孔光子晶体光纤的迈克尔逊干涉传感器,通过监测双偏振态干涉光谱,实现了海水温度与盐度的高灵敏度同步测量,该传感器的温度灵敏度为−0.8987 nm/℃,盐度灵敏度为5.1472 nm/‰[19]。Wu等人提出了一种集成了表面等离子体共振与MZI原理的单孔双芯悬浮光纤传感器,实现了海水盐度 (灵敏度0.5186 nm/‰)与温度 (灵敏度0.1263 nm/℃)的高稳定性同步监测,有效解决了双参数测量中的串扰问题[20]。当前研究主要集中在波长解调型传感器,而强度解调型传感器因能显著降低解调系统复杂度[21],具有重要发展潜力,亟待进一步探索。
本文提出了一种基于聚合物薄膜FPI和MZI的复合结构强度解调型光纤传感器,用于同步测量海水温度、盐度和压力 (深度)。在设计中,聚合物薄膜FPI作为压力传感单元,对海水静压具有高响应度;通过拉锥PCF构成的MZI,实现对盐度变化的高灵敏度探测;同时,串联的FBG用于实时温度补偿,有效解决了交叉敏感问题。该传感器具有结构紧凑、体积小、结构稳定等特点,实验测得其在温度、盐度、压力参数上的灵敏度分别为−0.0465 dB/℃、−25.1557 dB/(mol/L)与2.2878 dB/kPa。所设计的传感器制作方便,灵敏度高,在海洋环境原位监测领域展现出良好的应用前景。
图1(a)为提出的全光纤海水温盐深测试装置示意图,宽带光源 (broadband light source, BBS, TopPhotonics)输出波长范围覆盖1250 ~1650 nm光信号,经过50:50耦合器传输至传感探头,在与海水相互作用之后,携带温盐深信息的反射光谱信号传输至光谱分析仪 (optical spectrum analyzer, OSA, Yokogawa AQ6370D),波长采样率为0.04 nm。传感探头由FBG、拉锥PCF、级联空芯与聚合物薄膜组成的FP腔构成,其示意图和光纤截面图如虚线框插图所示,其中PCF截面几何参数A和B分别为48.3 μm和57.3 μm,纤芯直径 (C)为21.12 μm,空芯光纤的内径和外径分别为50 μm和125 μm。图1(b)展示了盐度测试的具体装置。为保持测试环境稳定,将光纤传感器进行三通封装在玻璃毛细管中。使用注射器将盐水由进液口注入玻璃毛细管中,待完成数据收集后注射去离子水将已测盐水从出液口排出,之后注入空气将去离子水完全排出保证后续盐度测量的准确性。图1(c)为温度测试的装置示意图,将传感器平稳地放置在温度控制台上,并注入去离子水,使传感器始终保持在水环境中。操作加热台逐步升温,待温度稳定后记录光谱完成温度测试。图1(d)为压力测试的装置示意图。实验采用一个高度为1.6 m的容器,通过调节传感探头在水中的深度来进行压强测试,水的深度值和压强p的关系可由公式p=ρ·g·h计算得出。
图2(a)展示了基于聚合物薄膜FPI的MZI传感器的制备流程。首先,将一段PCF与单模光纤 (signal-mode fiber, SMF)使用商用光纤熔接机 (Fitel S179)进行手动熔接,随后使用光纤切割刀 (Metase ME−2031)在距离熔接点300 μm处进行精准切割。接着,在切割端熔接一段单模光纤,将两端SMF固定于熔接机的光纤夹具中,确保PCF位于放电区域中心。通过移动两端的夹具平台使光纤处于适度绷紧状态后,进行放电拉锥,形成锥区结构。步骤 (iv)中的插图展示了PCF在拉锥前后的模场分布仿真结果。左图为未拉锥PCF的模场分布,可以清晰观察到基模被很好地限制在纤芯区域内传播。右图为拉锥后PCF的形态及其模场分布。仿真结果表明,尽管光纤直径在拉锥过程中均匀减小,其空气孔结构亦按比例缩小,但基模仍能稳定地被束缚于纤芯中,未出现明显的模场泄露或畸变,这为后续基于拉锥PCF构建干涉仪并实现高灵敏度传感提供了理论依据。图2(b)展示了聚合物薄膜FPI的制备流程:首先,将一段HCF与SMF进行熔接,之后在距该熔接点约80 μm处对HCF进行精确切割。将涂有紫外光固化胶的SMF与上述SMF-HCF组件分别固定于同高度的微调夹具上,使二者端面轻触后缓慢分开,在紫外固化胶的表面张力的作用下,空芯光纤的端面会形成一层薄薄的液态聚合物薄膜,接下来将带有聚合物薄膜的传感器垂直悬挂在光学调整架上并用紫外灯进行照射使其固化,最终形成用于压力传感的聚合物薄膜FPI。最后,通过SMF将光纤布拉格光栅 (FBG)与上述制备的聚合物薄膜FPI分别连接至拉锥PCF的两端,构成完整的复合传感器结构。
本研究采用的紫外光固化胶为疏水性聚合物材料,其交联密度高、吸水率低,在海水环境中表现出优异的化学稳定性与耐水性。根据文献[22]报道,类似结构的聚合物在模拟海水中浸泡6个月后,其力学性能和化学结构未发生显著变化。基于此,初步评估该聚合物薄膜在典型海洋监测环境中可稳定使用至少6个月以上,能够满足短期至中期的原位观测需求。
本文所提出的基于聚合物薄膜FPI的MZI传感器采用同轴熔接方式,将拉锥成型的PCF夹持在FBG与聚合物薄膜FPI之间,并通过SMF实现各模块的连接。光信号由输入光纤进入传感器后,首先经过FBG,除满足布拉格条件的特定波长λB被反射外,其余光信号继续向前传输。当环境温度变化时,FBG的热膨胀效应会引起其光栅周期改变,进而导致λB发生漂移,通过监测该偏移量即可实现高灵敏度的温度测量。随后,透射光进入拉锥PCF区域,其两个锥腰分别作为MZI的分束器与合束器:在第一锥腰处,部分光被耦合激发为高阶包层模,并沿PCF包层传输;在第二锥腰处,该包层模被重新耦合回SMF纤芯,与纤芯基模发生干涉。当外界环境折射率 (如盐度变化引起)改变时,包层模的有效折射率随之变化,导致干涉光谱发生相应漂移,从而实现对应物理量的传感。
根据MZI原理,光信号通过拉锥PCF后,在输出单模光纤中发生干涉,其干涉光谱的相位差Δφ可表示为
$ \Delta \varphi =2{\text{π}} \dfrac{L\Delta {n}_{{\mathrm{eff}}}}{\lambda }=2{\text{π}} \dfrac{L ({n}_{{\mathrm{core,eff}}}-{n}_{{\mathrm{cladding,eff}}})}{\lambda }\;, $
式中:ncore,eff和ncladding, eff分别为通过PCF纤芯和包层传输的两束光的有效折射率;Δneff表示了ncore,eff和ncladding,eff之间的有效折射率之差;λ表示真空中的自由波长空间;L为PCF段的长度,相位主要受L和Δneff的变化影响,当PCF的所处环境的折射率发生变化,而包层模对外部折射率具有高度敏感性,包层模的倏逝场会与外部环境直接耦合,这样的变化会显著改变包层模的有效折射率,从而导致光谱的移动,因此拉锥PCF结构可以作为高灵敏度的盐度测量。最终,光束进入基于聚合物薄膜的法布里-珀罗 (F-P)干涉腔。该腔体由单模光纤端面与聚合物薄膜内外表面构成三个平行反射面,二者之间的空气隙形成FP干涉结构。当外界环境压力发生变化时,薄膜两侧因压力差而产生弹性形变,导致空气腔的腔长发生相应改变。这一腔长变化会调制干涉光谱的相位,表现为反射谱中干涉峰位的漂移或强度的变化。因此,通过高精度解调反射光谱的频移或强度变化,即可实现对环境压力的高灵敏度测量。最终反射的光与前面的结构发生干涉,在此情况下,前文所述基于双光束干涉的式 (1)已不再适用,此时输出光强应表示为更为普遍的多模干涉形式:
$ {I}_{0} (\lambda )={I}_{1}+{\sum}_{m}I_{2}^{m}+{\sum}_{m}2\sqrt{{I}_{1}I_{2}^{m}}\cos \left (\dfrac{2{\text{π}} }{\lambda }\Delta {d}^{m}+\theta _{0}^{m}\right)\;, $
式中:$ I_{2}^{m} $为第m阶高阶模式的光强;$ {2{\text{π}}}/{\lambda} $为真空中的波数; $ \Delta {d}^{m} $表示为高阶模与基模的光程之差;$ \theta_0^m $表示为第m阶模式的初始相位常数。
环境温度保持在26 ℃时,配制0.5~3.0 mol/L的NaCl溶液序列,通过注射器依次注入封装传感器的玻璃毛细管中,每完成一次浓度测试后,使用去离子水冲洗并干燥传感器,确保透射光谱恢复至初始状态后,再进行下一浓度测试。图3(a)展示了所制备的传感器在室温26 ℃和空气常压条件下不同浓度盐水的传输光谱,可以看出传输光谱干涉峰深度随盐度的增加逐渐加深。图3(a)中标注的三个峰 (Dip1、Dip2、Dip3),Dip1和Dip2在0.5~3.0 mol/L盐水中干涉峰变化及盐度灵敏度对应的数据分别为图3(b, c),其灵敏度分别为−25.1557 dB/(mol/L)和−3.8712 dB/(mol/L),线性度分别为0.91992和0.93549,展现出传感器较高的盐度灵敏度和良好的线性关系。其中Dip3为FBG的布拉格反射峰,其对应的反射峰变化及盐度灵敏度如图3(d)所示,可看出反射峰Dip3对浓度变化基本无响应。
接下来,研究了传感器结构在室温26 ℃的纯去离子水溶液中于2.94~8.82 kPa压强范围内的传输光谱响应特性。考虑到光纤在溶液中受到一定扰动可能会对传输光谱产生影响,实验过程中需要将盛水容器进行固定,通过调节传感器在1.6 m水柱中的浸没深度实现2.94~8.82 kPa压力范围的连续测量。每次调整深度后静置2分钟,待光谱稳定后记录数据。如图4(a)所示,随着压力的增加,干涉峰的深度逐渐减小,表明传感器对压力变化具有明确的响应。进一步分析了三个峰在2.94~8.82 kPa压强变化时其强度的变化情况。其中,图4(b, c)分别展示了Dip1和Dip2的光谱透射峰对压力增加的变化趋势,并给出了对应干涉峰深度与压力的线性拟合关系,可直观发现干涉峰深度随着压强增大逐渐减小。拟合结果表明,Dip1与Dip2的压力灵敏度分别为2.2878 dB/kPa和1.4561 dB/kPa。该结果验证了所设计的FPI结构对压力的高响应特性,而FBG则有效避免了压力-温度的交叉干扰。反射峰Dip3的响应结果如图4(d)所示,其结果表明FBG的布拉格反射峰随压强变化未出现明显规律性改变,对压力不敏感,避免了交叉干扰。
为探究温度对传感器特性的影响,在恒定压力条件下进行了温度响应测试。将传感器浸入去离子水并置于温控台,从29 ℃开始,以1 ℃为步长逐步升温至39 ℃,待每个温度点稳定后记录光谱。如图5(a)所示,记录了温度范围29 ℃至39 ℃引起的光谱偏移。插图中展示了布拉格反射峰Dip3 随温度的变化情况,其强度与温度呈现出良好的线性关系,由图5(b)可知对温度的灵敏度约为−0.0465 dB/℃,该结果验证了FBG作为独立温度传感单元的可行性与稳定性。图5(c, d)代表了干涉峰Dip1和Dip2在相同温度区内的响应结果。通过对实验测量的数据进行拟合,其结果呈现出分段式的线性关系,在29 ℃至35 ℃和36 ℃至39 ℃中,干涉峰Dip1的温度灵敏度分别表现为−10.3731 dB/℃和−5.6999 dB/℃,干涉峰Dip2的温度灵敏度分别表现为−10.0502 dB/℃和−8.1977 dB/℃。
在温度、盐度、压力三参数传感应用中,交叉敏感是必须分析与补偿的关键问题,基于实验数据可建立如下灵敏度矩阵[23]:
$ \left[\begin{array}{c}\Delta {A}_{1}\\\Delta {A}_{2}\\\Delta {A}_{3}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{matrix}{K}_{S1} & {K}_{p1} & {K}_{T1}\\{K}_{S2} & {K}_{p2} & {K}_{T2}\\{K}_{S3} & {K}_{p3} & {K}_{T3}\end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\Delta S\\\Delta p\\\Delta T\end{array}\right]\;, $
式中:ΔA1、ΔA2和ΔA3分别表示干涉峰Dip1、Dip2和Dip3的强度变化;ΔS、Δp和ΔT分别对应液体的盐度、压力和温度变化。由于 Dip3 (对应 FBG)对盐度与压力的响应可忽略,其对应灵敏度KS3和Kp3取值为0,因此 FBG 可视为独立的温度传感单元,其输出ΔA3直接由KT3ΔT决定。
在本传感器中,通过串联FBG与复合干涉仪,实现了温度、盐度和压力的同步感知。首先,从复合光谱中实时解调出三个特征干涉峰的强度变化 (ΔA1、ΔA2和ΔA3)。其次,通过预先实验标定建立灵敏度矩阵,该矩阵精确描述了各光学特征对温度、盐度、压力的线性响应关系。最后,通过求解实时解算出独立的温度、盐度与压力变化量,从而有效消除了温度对盐度与压力测量的交叉敏感。针对Dip1 和 Dip2 温度响应的非线性现象,可采用分段线性补偿策略,以保障全温区内的测量精度。为评估所制备传感器在溶液盐度与压力同步测量中的实际性能,在恒定温度下 (ΔT=0)进行了双参数解调实验。分别以盐度0.5 mol/L、压力2.94 kPa (对应光谱见图6(a))和盐度2.0 mol/L、压力4.90 kPa (对应光谱见图6(b))作为基准状态,在不同盐度-压力组合下采集了传感器的输出光谱,实验结果如图6所示。根据图6中Dip1和Dip2的特征响应,采用式 (3)所示的灵敏度矩阵进行解算,获得了相应的盐度与压力计算值。将该解算结果与实验设定值进行对比 (图7),可观察到两者具有良好的一致性,偏差较小。分析表明,在实验范围内,盐度的平均测量误差不超过0.029 mol/L,压力的平均测量误差不超过0.28 kPa。该结果验证了所提出的传感器在双参数同步解耦方面具有良好的准确性与可靠性。
表1详细展示了本文所提聚合物薄膜FPI与MZI的复合光纤传感器与其他相类似的光纤传感器之间的传感器结构、温度灵敏度、盐度灵敏度和压力灵敏度参数方面的性能比较,表格中Sen.表示灵敏度。与其他海洋光纤传感器相比,本研究可同时实现对温度、盐度和压强的三参数测量,且采用透射峰强度解调,相较于波长解调具有优势。
本文提出并实验验证了一种可同步测量液体温度、盐度与压力的MZI传感器。该传感器通过对用于盐度测量的PCF进行拉锥处理,并在其两侧分别熔接用于温度补偿的FBG和用于压力测量的聚合物薄膜FPI,从而构建出完整的复合传感结构。研究通过详细的理论分析阐述了光在传感器中的传输机理,并经过一系列实验对比验证,证实了该传感器具有良好的综合性能。实验结果表明:透射光谱强度对液体盐度与压力变化均呈现线性响应,灵敏度分别达到−25.1557 dB/(mol/L)与2.2878 dB/kPa,并通过级联FBG实现了灵敏度为 −0.0465 dB/℃的温度补偿。基于两个优选干涉峰与FBG反射峰所构建的传感矩阵,该传感器成功实现了对温度、盐度与压力的同步测量。
尽管本传感器在实验室环境下展现出优异的传感性能,但面向实际海洋环境应用,仍需在环境稳定性与长期可靠性方面开展系统性研究。后续工作将从以下三个层面展开:
1) 材料层面:开展聚合物薄膜的长期海水浸泡与加速老化实验,评估其使用寿命;同时探索无机薄膜 (如Al2O3、SiO2)替代方案,从根本上提升传感单元的化学稳定性。
2) 封装层面:设计“柔性缓冲-刚性防护-抗污涂层”多层封装结构,重点对拉锥PCF等脆弱区域进行微区涂覆保护,并开展高静水压循环测试与密封性验证。
3) 系统验证层面: 搭建多参数耦合环境模拟舱,开展长时漂移与交叉敏感复测;并规划实海况搭载试验,在典型海洋环境下验证传感器的长期可靠性。
综上所述,本传感器在结构设计、传感性能与解耦能力方面展现出良好潜力,后续将通过材料-封装-系统三位一体的研究路径,逐步推动其从实验室原型走向实际海洋原位监测应用,为海洋温盐深高精度、抗干扰、长期连续观测提供一种新型全光纤传感解决方案。

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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260019
  • 接收时间:2026-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-18
  • 录用日期:2026-03-20
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    1江苏大学机械工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
    2江苏大学教育部现代农业装备与技术重点实验室,江苏 镇江 212013

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