Article(id=1279511641096175746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1279511628118986881, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250303, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250303, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=1768320000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineDate=1782988947413, onlineDateStr=2026-07-02, pubDate=1776960000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782988947413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782988947413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782988947413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279511628118986881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='250244', pageEnd='250340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776960000000', pubDateStr='2026-04-24', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782988944320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782988944320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250303, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279511649598029955, articleId=1279511641096175746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Recognizing cat-eye system based on spectral segmentation and MIC feature selection, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To address the limited spectral dimensionality of single-wavelength active detection and the redundancy of multi-band data in hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL), this paper proposes a recognition method for cat-eye systems based on spectral segmentation and maximum information coefficient (MIC) feature selection.

Methods

The experiment is divided into two groups. The first group uses a Hikvision DS-2CD2325E-I day-night hemispheric network camera, and the second uses a Tianzhiyan K811 dashcam as the cat-eye system. Experimental data are collected in an indoor corridor. The target distances to the HSL system range from 2.98 to 15.02 meters, and measurements are repeated at irregular intervals at progressively increasing distances. HSL first captures spectral-spatial point cloud data of cat-eye systems and interference targets. Then, the echo intensity curves are divided into three spectral regions, and representative wavelengths are selected from each based on their characteristics. These selected wavelengths serve as inputs to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. To enhance classification accuracy and robustness, a feature selection framework based on maximum information coefficient (MIC) is applied, which combines a bootstrap strategy for assessing selection frequency with a redundancy-penalized greedy search to identify key wavelengths. The selected wavelengths are further tested, and the results are compared with those obtained using principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) methods.

Results and Discussions

The results show that the wavelength in the fluctuation zone achieved the highest peak classification accuracy in the single-wavelength selection experiment. However, due to the saturation truncation effect of the echo signal, the quantized intensity values of some bands in this region are abnormal, thereby causing the classification accuracy to drop to its lowest level and exhibit severe fluctuations. Despite the near-infrared region exhibiting the highest average accuracy across bands, the actual peak response wavelength of the cat-eye system falls outside this zone. This indicates that the spectral characteristics of this region cannot adequately explain the underlying physical mechanism of the cat-eye effect. Despite having the lowest average accuracy, the visible light region demonstrates the smallest fluctuation range. The results indicate that relying on a single wavelength is difficult to fully characterize the spectral characteristics of cat-eye systems. In the optimization of MIC-based wavelength screening results, the high correlation between wavelengths within the same partition may stem from the small energy difference between waveforms emitted at adjacent characteristic wavelengths. Consequently, the echoes recorded across these channels show high similarity. The constraint of screening based on only a single sample leads to higher echo intensities from the cat-eye system at similar wavelengths, which further increases the spectral similarity of bands within the region. Therefore, each region ultimately retains only one representative wavelength. At the same time, selecting different feature bands for classification, the data shows that cross regional wavelength selection can better reflect the spectral differences between targets, further verifying the rationality of classification based on spectral features. In addition, different feature bands are used for classification. The results indicate that this method can more effectively capture spectral differences between targets, further verifying the theoretical basis of partitioning based on spectral features. The wavelength combination selected from all bands exhibits the poorest classification performance. This is primarily attributed to the absence of partition constraints, which can lead to the selected bands being concentrated in spectrally similar regions. Consequently, these bands exhibit high correlation and provide limited discriminative power, thereby adversely affecting classification accuracy. Therefore, the partitioning strategy avoids spectral redundancy by extracting wavelengths from different regions. In the end, this method only requires 3 wavelengths to achieve effective recognition of cat-eye systems, and the average classification accuracy with SVM reaches 0.858. To verify the applicability of the proposed method in different environments, comparative experiments were conducted in three different scenarios. In dark and low-light scenes, the influence of external light is weak. The signal-to-noise ratio of HSL laser echo signals is higher, and the extraction of spectral features is more stable. Therefore, the method performs best, with an average accuracy of 0.84 and an average F1 value of 0.85. In experimental scenarios with external light interference, the method proposed in this paper can still achieve good target classification, with an average accuracy of 0.77 and an average F1 value of 0.80. Compared with normal lighting scenarios (average accuracy of 0.81 and average F1 value of 0.84), it has decreased by 4.94% and 4.76%, respectively.

Conclusions

The cat-eye system recognition method proposed in this study addresses the problem of poor classification performance in traditional MIC feature selection, which is easily affected by band correlation and sampling instability, by introducing stability screening and redundancy constraints. It achieves robust extraction and combination optimization of key wavelengths, thereby more effectively mining the differential information between hyperspectral bands and improving classification performance. The band selection method in this article outperforms the other four types of feature selection methods in terms of average accuracy and F1 value, and also demonstrates better stability at the lowest accuracy, providing new ideas and solutions for quickly and efficiently identifying high reflection targets.

, authors=Hui Shao1, 2, Jiyu Zhu1, 2, Hui Dai2, 3, Long Sun1, 2, *, Cheng Wang1, 2, authorsList=Hui Shao, Jiyu Zhu, Hui Dai, Long Sun, Cheng Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279511738676658389, articleId=1279511641096175746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=利用光谱分割与MIC特征选择识别猫眼系统, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对单波长主动探测光谱维度有限,而高光谱激光雷达 (Hyperspectral LiDAR, HSL)多波段数据冗余的问题,提出一种基于光谱分割与最大信息系数 (Maximum Information Coefficient, MIC)特征选择的猫眼系统识别方法。利用HSL获取猫眼系统及多类干扰目标的点云数据,分析回波强度分布曲线特征,结合光谱特性将波段分割成三个区域。提取不同分区中的某一特征波长,采用支持向量机 (Support Vector Machine, SVM)进行分类测试。为提升分类精度与稳定性,引入MIC特征选择的同时,加入自助抽样 (Bootstrap)统计选中波长频率,并结合冗余惩罚的贪心策略优化波长筛选方法,对筛选出的关键波长进行组合分类测试,同时与主成分分析 (Principal Component Analysis, PCA)、线性判别分析 (Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)、随机森林 (Random Forest, RF)以及多层感知机 (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP)方法进行对比。实验结果表明,本方法仅需3个波长即可实现猫眼系统的有效识别,平均分类准确率达0.858,在高识别准确率的基础上,维持分类稳定性。在有外界光干扰的情况下,本方法仍能够很好地完成目标分类。

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朱吉雨 (1998-),男,江苏南京人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为激光雷达信号处理。E-mail:

孙龙 (1987-),男,山东高密人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为雷达与电子对抗方向。E-mail:

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孙龙 (1987-),男,山东高密人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为雷达与电子对抗方向。E-mail:

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(a) Cat-eye system; (b) Retroreflective target; (c) Mirror reflection target; (d) Diffuse reflection target, figureFileSmall=bUIYooHjTKuKFLUvqXdykg==, figureFileBig=3FjiUpG1lVfWY2VDRtEjeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951110718440270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同测试距离的目标回波强度曲线图。 (a)猫眼系统; (b)逆反射目标; (c) 镜面反射目标; (d) 漫反射目标, figureFileSmall=bUIYooHjTKuKFLUvqXdykg==, figureFileBig=3FjiUpG1lVfWY2VDRtEjeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951110798132047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Peak intensity distribution of the cat-eye system, figureFileSmall=1G3MqvEbq5TLBXnNmTSo2g==, figureFileBig=spLawTf8hryh4T2fs4anUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951110882018128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=图5, caption=猫眼系统回波峰值分布曲线图, figureFileSmall=1G3MqvEbq5TLBXnNmTSo2g==, figureFileBig=spLawTf8hryh4T2fs4anUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951110949126993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Method block diagram, figureFileSmall=IrU1ofdDvPPRmSaK0X8dtA==, figureFileBig=aASfi2ehem8ZboTYONjDag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111020430162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=图6, caption=方法框图, figureFileSmall=IrU1ofdDvPPRmSaK0X8dtA==, figureFileBig=aASfi2ehem8ZboTYONjDag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111083344723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spectral segmentation map of the cat-eye system at 4.52 m, figureFileSmall=9Sj5X27nE0Z9VGMWkfhaqA==, figureFileBig=WqgUr/mYBwbC6EOmyJ0PRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111154647892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=图7, caption=猫眼系统光谱分割图 (4.52 m), figureFileSmall=9Sj5X27nE0Z9VGMWkfhaqA==, figureFileBig=WqgUr/mYBwbC6EOmyJ0PRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111230145365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of sliding window method, figureFileSmall=Ltcok+wKOaOzdChjXbaOcA==, figureFileBig=2rnHM06NzqVWSz+rQfdeKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111318225750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=图8, caption=滑动窗口法示意图, figureFileSmall=Ltcok+wKOaOzdChjXbaOcA==, figureFileBig=2rnHM06NzqVWSz+rQfdeKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280951111410500439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test distance from target to system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Num.Distance/mIncrement/m
12.98
23.540.56
34.000.46
44.520.52
55.100.58
65.600.50
75.990.39
86.460.47
97.020.56
107.500.48
118.040.54
128.450.41
139.110.66
149.600.49
1510.130.53
1610.490.36
1711.000.51
1811.580.58
1912.030.45
2012.530.50
2113.100.57
2213.470.37
2314.050.58
2414.540.49
2515.020.48
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111519552344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标到系统的测试距离

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Num.Distance/mIncrement/m
12.98
23.540.56
34.000.46
44.520.52
55.100.58
65.600.50
75.990.39
86.460.47
97.020.56
107.500.48
118.040.54
128.450.41
139.110.66
149.600.49
1510.130.53
1610.490.36
1711.000.51
1811.580.58
1912.030.45
2012.530.50
2113.100.57
2213.470.37
2314.050.58
2414.540.49
2515.020.48
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111607632729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Wavelengths segmentation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wave zone /nm
Flat zone/nm
Visible light zoneNear infrared zone
565-645550-560650-1050
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111699907418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

波段分割结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wave zone /nm
Flat zone/nm
Visible light zoneNear infrared zone
565-645550-560650-1050
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111796376411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Single wavelength classification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracy
Wave zone6450.6670.8330.691
5950.4170.8330.688
6000.3330.8330.682
Visible light zone5600.4170.6670.578
5550.4170.7500.574
5500.5000.6670.569
Near infrared zone7050.6670.8330.712
6900.6670.8330.710
6950.6670.8330.709
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111884456796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单波长分类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracy
Wave zone6450.6670.8330.691
5950.4170.8330.688
6000.3330.8330.682
Visible light zone5600.4170.6670.578
5550.4170.7500.574
5500.5000.6670.569
Near infrared zone7050.6670.8330.712
6900.6670.8330.710
6950.6670.8330.709
), ArticleFig(id=1280951111964148573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Calculation results of MIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmMIC
Wave zone5750.512
5700.486
6350.474
Near infrared zone7100.444
6950.4064
7550.402
Visible light zone5500.448
5600.417
5550.408
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112094171998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

MIC计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmMIC
Wave zone5750.512
5700.486
6350.474
Near infrared zone7100.444
6950.4064
7550.402
Visible light zone5500.448
5600.417
5550.408
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112190640991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Analysis results of the final selected wavelengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmStabilityScore
Wave zone5700.330.947
Visible light zone5600.850.983
Near infrared zone7100.250.993
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112266138464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

最终筛选波长分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelength/nmStabilityScore
Wave zone5700.330.947
Visible light zone5600.850.983
Near infrared zone7100.250.993
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112354218849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Combined wavelengths classification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelengths combination/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
Wave570, 575, 6350.5000.8330.6780.758
Visible light550, 555, 5600.3330.6670.5640.683
Near infrared695, 710, 7550.6670.9170.7490.801
Full band570, 575, 6300.3330.8330.5930.575
Three560, 570, 7100.7790.9170.8580.895
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112438104930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

组合波长分类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZoneWavelengths combination/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
Wave570, 575, 6350.5000.8330.6780.758
Visible light550, 555, 5600.3330.6670.5640.683
Near infrared695, 710, 7550.6670.9170.7490.801
Full band570, 575, 6300.3330.8330.5930.575
Three560, 570, 7100.7790.9170.8580.895
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112526185315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Method comparison results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodsCharacteristic wavelengths/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
Traditional MIC550, 575, 7100.5830.9170.7630.804
PCA645, 870, 10400.6670.8330.7320.780
LDA655, 785, 9800.6670.8330.7360.790
RF585, 620, 6300.4170.9170.7330.715
MLP610, 620, 6250.3330.8330.5710.537
Proposed560, 570, 7100.7790.9170.8580.895
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112605877092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

方法对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodsCharacteristic wavelengths/nmMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
Traditional MIC550, 575, 7100.5830.9170.7630.804
PCA645, 870, 10400.6670.8330.7320.780
LDA655, 785, 9800.6670.8330.7360.790
RF585, 620, 6300.4170.9170.7330.715
MLP610, 620, 6250.3330.8330.5710.537
Proposed560, 570, 7100.7790.9170.8580.895
), ArticleFig(id=1280951112668791653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Classification results of scene experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ScenesMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
No light scene0.780.910.840.85
Lighting scene0.760.910.810.84
Lighting scene with light interference0.700.860.770.80
), ArticleFig(id=1280951114380067686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1279511641096175746, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

场景实验分类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ScenesMinimum accuracyMaximum accuracyAverage accuracyAverage F1 value
No light scene0.780.910.840.85
Lighting scene0.760.910.810.84
Lighting scene with light interference0.700.860.770.80
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利用光谱分割与MIC特征选择识别猫眼系统
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邵慧 1, 2 , 朱吉雨 1, 2 , 戴慧 2, 3 , 孙龙 1, 2, * , 王程 1, 2
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(4): 250303
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (4) : 250303
利用光谱分割与MIC特征选择识别猫眼系统
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邵慧1, 2 , 朱吉雨1, 2 , 戴慧2, 3, 孙龙1, 2, * , 王程1, 2
作者信息
  • 1安徽建筑大学电子与信息工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2安徽省古建筑智能感知与高维建模国际联合研究中心,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 3安徽建筑大学建筑与规划学院,安徽 合肥 230061
通讯作者:
作者简介:

邵慧 (1979-),女,安徽长丰人,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事激光雷达方面的研究。E-mail:

朱吉雨 (1998-),男,江苏南京人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为激光雷达信号处理。E-mail:

孙龙 (1987-),男,山东高密人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为雷达与电子对抗方向。E-mail:

Recognizing cat-eye system based on spectral segmentation and MIC feature selection
Hui Shao1, 2 , Jiyu Zhu1, 2 , Hui Dai2, 3, Long Sun1, 2, * , Cheng Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
  • 2Anhui International Joint Research Center for Ancient Architecture Intellisencing and Multi-Dimensional Modeling, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
  • 3School of Architecture and Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
出版时间: 2026-04-24 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250303
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针对单波长主动探测光谱维度有限,而高光谱激光雷达 (Hyperspectral LiDAR, HSL)多波段数据冗余的问题,提出一种基于光谱分割与最大信息系数 (Maximum Information Coefficient, MIC)特征选择的猫眼系统识别方法。利用HSL获取猫眼系统及多类干扰目标的点云数据,分析回波强度分布曲线特征,结合光谱特性将波段分割成三个区域。提取不同分区中的某一特征波长,采用支持向量机 (Support Vector Machine, SVM)进行分类测试。为提升分类精度与稳定性,引入MIC特征选择的同时,加入自助抽样 (Bootstrap)统计选中波长频率,并结合冗余惩罚的贪心策略优化波长筛选方法,对筛选出的关键波长进行组合分类测试,同时与主成分分析 (Principal Component Analysis, PCA)、线性判别分析 (Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)、随机森林 (Random Forest, RF)以及多层感知机 (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP)方法进行对比。实验结果表明,本方法仅需3个波长即可实现猫眼系统的有效识别,平均分类准确率达0.858,在高识别准确率的基础上,维持分类稳定性。在有外界光干扰的情况下,本方法仍能够很好地完成目标分类。

高光谱激光雷达  /  猫眼系统  /  回波强度  /  支持向量机  /  最大信息系数
Objective

To address the limited spectral dimensionality of single-wavelength active detection and the redundancy of multi-band data in hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL), this paper proposes a recognition method for cat-eye systems based on spectral segmentation and maximum information coefficient (MIC) feature selection.

Methods

The experiment is divided into two groups. The first group uses a Hikvision DS-2CD2325E-I day-night hemispheric network camera, and the second uses a Tianzhiyan K811 dashcam as the cat-eye system. Experimental data are collected in an indoor corridor. The target distances to the HSL system range from 2.98 to 15.02 meters, and measurements are repeated at irregular intervals at progressively increasing distances. HSL first captures spectral-spatial point cloud data of cat-eye systems and interference targets. Then, the echo intensity curves are divided into three spectral regions, and representative wavelengths are selected from each based on their characteristics. These selected wavelengths serve as inputs to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. To enhance classification accuracy and robustness, a feature selection framework based on maximum information coefficient (MIC) is applied, which combines a bootstrap strategy for assessing selection frequency with a redundancy-penalized greedy search to identify key wavelengths. The selected wavelengths are further tested, and the results are compared with those obtained using principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) methods.

Results and Discussions

The results show that the wavelength in the fluctuation zone achieved the highest peak classification accuracy in the single-wavelength selection experiment. However, due to the saturation truncation effect of the echo signal, the quantized intensity values of some bands in this region are abnormal, thereby causing the classification accuracy to drop to its lowest level and exhibit severe fluctuations. Despite the near-infrared region exhibiting the highest average accuracy across bands, the actual peak response wavelength of the cat-eye system falls outside this zone. This indicates that the spectral characteristics of this region cannot adequately explain the underlying physical mechanism of the cat-eye effect. Despite having the lowest average accuracy, the visible light region demonstrates the smallest fluctuation range. The results indicate that relying on a single wavelength is difficult to fully characterize the spectral characteristics of cat-eye systems. In the optimization of MIC-based wavelength screening results, the high correlation between wavelengths within the same partition may stem from the small energy difference between waveforms emitted at adjacent characteristic wavelengths. Consequently, the echoes recorded across these channels show high similarity. The constraint of screening based on only a single sample leads to higher echo intensities from the cat-eye system at similar wavelengths, which further increases the spectral similarity of bands within the region. Therefore, each region ultimately retains only one representative wavelength. At the same time, selecting different feature bands for classification, the data shows that cross regional wavelength selection can better reflect the spectral differences between targets, further verifying the rationality of classification based on spectral features. In addition, different feature bands are used for classification. The results indicate that this method can more effectively capture spectral differences between targets, further verifying the theoretical basis of partitioning based on spectral features. The wavelength combination selected from all bands exhibits the poorest classification performance. This is primarily attributed to the absence of partition constraints, which can lead to the selected bands being concentrated in spectrally similar regions. Consequently, these bands exhibit high correlation and provide limited discriminative power, thereby adversely affecting classification accuracy. Therefore, the partitioning strategy avoids spectral redundancy by extracting wavelengths from different regions. In the end, this method only requires 3 wavelengths to achieve effective recognition of cat-eye systems, and the average classification accuracy with SVM reaches 0.858. To verify the applicability of the proposed method in different environments, comparative experiments were conducted in three different scenarios. In dark and low-light scenes, the influence of external light is weak. The signal-to-noise ratio of HSL laser echo signals is higher, and the extraction of spectral features is more stable. Therefore, the method performs best, with an average accuracy of 0.84 and an average F1 value of 0.85. In experimental scenarios with external light interference, the method proposed in this paper can still achieve good target classification, with an average accuracy of 0.77 and an average F1 value of 0.80. Compared with normal lighting scenarios (average accuracy of 0.81 and average F1 value of 0.84), it has decreased by 4.94% and 4.76%, respectively.

Conclusions

The cat-eye system recognition method proposed in this study addresses the problem of poor classification performance in traditional MIC feature selection, which is easily affected by band correlation and sampling instability, by introducing stability screening and redundancy constraints. It achieves robust extraction and combination optimization of key wavelengths, thereby more effectively mining the differential information between hyperspectral bands and improving classification performance. The band selection method in this article outperforms the other four types of feature selection methods in terms of average accuracy and F1 value, and also demonstrates better stability at the lowest accuracy, providing new ideas and solutions for quickly and efficiently identifying high reflection targets.

hyperspectral LiDAR  /  cat-eye system  /  echo intensity  /  support vector machine  /  maximum information coefficient.
邵慧, 朱吉雨, 戴慧, 孙龙, 王程. 利用光谱分割与MIC特征选择识别猫眼系统. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (4) : 250303 - . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250303
Hui Shao, Jiyu Zhu, Hui Dai, Long Sun, Cheng Wang. Recognizing cat-eye system based on spectral segmentation and MIC feature selection[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (4) : 250303 - . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250303
光束照射光电成像系统 (含光学镜组与光电传感器)会产生猫眼效应,具备此效应的系统称为猫眼系统。猫眼效应是指光电设备因特殊的表面材质和内部结构,使入射光束在内部经聚焦、反射后,沿入射路径返回光源,其回波强度较普通漫反射目标高出2到3个数量级[1-3]
早期研究主要利用相机采集猫眼系统图像,通过分析图像中呈现的高亮类圆光斑及其反映的定向反射特性完成识别[4]。同兰娟等[5]定义了偏心距,并以偏心距、圆形性作为特征参数,结合抗干扰算法识别图像中的目标。李丽等[6]通过相位配准消除车灯影响,结合直方图阈值分割与多帧差分抑制噪声,融合目标的形状与纹理特征,并基于模糊综合评判实现目标识别。杨岳青等[7]通过灰度差图像降低背景干扰,结合先验信息限定识别区域,并利用主被动图像的局部灰度差异定位目标,该方法在近距离识别效果良好。陈文龙等[8]将深度学习与传统图像处理技术相融合,使用孪生网络进行特征提取与联合识别。该方法能有效抑制背景干扰并排除高反射率的虚假目标,实现多目标的快速识别。孙思宇等[9]根据轮廓匹配与面积筛选识别目标,并利用最小外接圆进行定位。Wang等[10]设计二阶导数滤波器提取差分图像特征,并采取形态学处理增强目标与背景的对比度。基于检测算法完成多特征融合,生成目标−显著性图,设定自适应阈值结合猫眼效应完成目标识别。Li等[11]采用线性投影抑制动态干扰,结合压缩感知对多帧图像进行稀疏重建,仅需少量图像帧即可实现猫眼目标的识别。Li等[12]将视觉注意机制引入到图像识别任务,并采用并行处理快速识别目标。上述研究使用的图像采集系统多为被动成像模式,其核心传感器为三通道 RGB设计,这类系统的光谱响应存在局限,仅能捕捉可见光范围内某一特定区间的信息,难以获取近红外等其他波段的目标信息。同时受环境光强弱的直接影响,在低照度或强干扰背景下,系统成像质量显著降低,导致识别精度下降。为弥补被动成像的性能不足,研究者引入激光主动探测技术[13]
激光探测技术主动发射激光并接收目标反射信号,具备更强的抗干扰能力[14-17]。赵延仲等[17-18]采用0.53 μm激光对100 mm卡塞格伦红外系统和36 mm可见光摄像系统开展对比测试,采集并分析猫眼效应反射光斑与其他反射光斑的特性,揭示了猫眼效应定向反射特点及其对系统参数的敏感性。杨成宏[19]利用4 μm脉冲激光主动探测红外探测器,探讨了激光主动探测技术检测猫眼系统的可行性。然而,单波长探测系统采用固定波长,存在光谱信息获取不足的局限性[20]
高光谱激光雷达 (HSL)作为一种新兴主动探测技术[21-25],能够同时获取多波段光谱信息,已在环境监测、农业遥感、智能交通、地质勘查和文物保护等多个领域得到广泛应用[26-31],为识别猫眼目标提供了一种新的技术。HSL能够提供多通道光谱信息,但直接利用全波段数据进行分析,不仅计算繁重,不同波长的光谱信息冗余还会影响识别准确率,因此需从中遴选特征波长用于目标识别。当前高光谱数据的特征波长选择多依赖数据驱动的算法来筛选,这类方法虽能从统计层面寻找到区分度较强的波长,但普遍忽略了与目标光谱特性的结合,无法将不同波段因目标材质、结构差异呈现的固有响应规律,即与光谱自身的信号分布特性相结合,用于目标分类。
本研究利用高光谱激光雷达在不同距离和光照条件下,采集猫眼系统以及干扰目标的数据,开展目标分类的研究,主要工作如下:
1) 完成猫眼系统和干扰目标不同波段的回波强度分布特征分析。
2) 提出一种波段分割方法,根据不同光谱特性划分全波段为三个区域,结合改进的最大信息系数 (MIC)特征选择策略,通过统计稳定性和冗余约束筛选关键波长,用于猫眼系统以及干扰目标分类。
3) 在不同光照条件下进行采集实验,验证本文方法的适用性。
实验使用的HSL系统[32-33]主要包括发射模块、接收模块和扫描控制模块三部分,其中发射模块由超连续谱激光器和声光可调谐滤波器 (AOTF)组成。系统采用超连续谱激光器 (450~2400 nm)作为主动发射光源,通过光纤将激光耦合至AOTF,实现在不同时刻发射不同波长的激光信号。系统的工作光谱范围为550~1050 nm,光谱分辨率为5 nm。接收模块主要由卡塞格伦型望远镜、雪崩光电二极管和高速数据采集卡组成,雪崩光电二极管收集不同波长的发射信号和回波信号,将光信号转换为电信号并放大[34],高速采集卡以5 GHz的采样率对发射和回波信号进行采样以记录全波形。扫描控制模块主体由二维转台组成,负责调节发射激光的空间定位、角度来完成预设的扫描任务。系统对全波形信号进行了8 bit量化,量化间隔3.9 mV,将信号强度值转化为0~255的范围,本文中回波强度均采用接收机记录的辐射响应 (相对强度数值)表示,并围绕目标量化后的回波强度展开分析。
实验样本主要包括两组,第一组实验样本如图1(a)所示:依次为海康威视DS-2CD2325E-I日夜型半球形通用网络摄像机 (①),反光标签 (②),铝片 (③)和纸箱 (④)。摄像机采用半球形外壳设计,外壳为白色塑料。摄像头区域的两个光学窗口从左至右为补光灯和主镜头,后者内部包含复杂光学元件,在激光雷达照射下产生猫眼效应,代表猫眼目标。白色反光标签表面材质特殊,其结构设计一般包含玻璃微珠或微棱镜阵列,具备逆反射特性。铝片表面光洁平整,作为典型的镜面反射目标。单瓦楞纸板由一层波浪形芯纸夹层和两层箱纸板粘合而成,外表具备一定粗糙度,符合漫反射特性。第二组实验中猫眼系统为天之眼K811型号行车记录仪 (图1(b)),其整体体积及主镜头尺寸均小于摄像机,相较于摄像机更加隐蔽。按照实验一方式将四类目标嵌入纸板中。
在室内长廊进行数据采集实验,纸箱放置在固定好的三脚架上,并在纸箱后方放置黑色织物以减少杂散光反射,采集时织物紧贴纸箱背面,其厚度可忽略不计。实验在上午进行,长廊内照明均匀,无阳光直射或强烈人工光源干扰。采集过程中无人流活动,目标与系统周围环境相对静止。HSL系统采用单点采集方式进行数据采集,得到101通道的回波数据 (550~1050 nm),提取对应波段的峰值作为回波强度值。实验前先调整激光发射角度与目标位置,确保激光垂直入射物体表面。使用工程卷尺测量激光发射口到目标平面距离作为测试距离。目标与HSL系统的距离设置在2.98~15.02 m,本文采用不定间隔逐步增大距离进行重复测量 (如表1),共采集25组数据。
为了验证本文方法在不同光照环境下的性能,在夜间进行了第二组样本的实验,分别在黑暗无光环境,正常开灯环境,以及正常开灯情况下增加外界光干扰的环境 (增加40%亮度的斜入射干扰光),如图2所示。干扰光由一台J92-5D2型投影仪 (光源类型:超高压汞灯/UHP Lamp)产生,其色温约6500 K,用于模拟太阳光照条件。考虑到行车记录仪镜头较小,为保证激光雷达能够有效照射到猫眼系统,共采集10组的测距数据 (表1编号1至10)。
原始高光谱数据受到多方面因素的影响而存在质量下降的问题,例如仪器噪声、环境干扰等,影响后续特征提取与分类的可靠性。若直接使用原始光谱数据,容易造成模型分类精度下降,因此采用局部多项式最小二乘 (Savitzky-Golay)滤波器校正原始数据。Savitzky-Golay滤波[35]在保留数据整体趋势和局部特征的同时,有效去除噪声[36-37]。将去噪数据进行标准化处理,计算所有测试距离第j个波长的回波强度均值$ {\mu }_{j} $和标准差$ {\sigma }_{j} $,对于某一波长的回波强度$ {{x}}_{{j}} $在距离${i} $下的标准化值${x}_{{j}}^{\text{norm}} $
$ {x}_{{j}}^{\text{norm}}=\dfrac{{{x}}_{{ij}}-{\mu }_{{j}}}{{\sigma }_{{j}}}\;, $
式中:${i} $为距离序号;$ {{x}}_{{ij}} $是第i组距离下目标在第j个波段上的回波强度。
图3展示了测试距离4 m时目标回波强度峰值曲线。可以看出,猫眼系统的回波信号主要分布在565~640 nm,而近红外波段信号强度微弱。逆反射目标在全光谱范围内的回波强度均较高,在580~595 nm波段和970~1050 nm波段峰值超出系统量化范围,如图3(a)所示。逆反射目标与猫眼系统均为高反射目标,但回波差异显著。相比之下,镜面反射、漫反射目标的回波强度峰值远低于高反射目标 (图3(b))。
图4展示了不同测试距离下 (编号4、10、16、22)目标回波强度分布,各目标回波强度分布在不同波段和距离下均呈现不同的变化趋势。猫眼系统的回波强度分布在可见光区出现单峰,幅值变化迅速且剧烈,峰值随距离增大而减弱 (图4(a))。逆反射目标低波段与高波段区间快速波动、中部部分渐趋平稳,距离越远这部分波段强度反而越高 (图4(b))。镜面反射目标的回波曲线在中部形成主峰,距离不同回波强度分布曲线差距较大 (图4(c))。漫反射目标回波曲线波动较大,强度随距离增大而衰减 (图4(d))。
图5展示了猫眼系统回波 (615 nm)峰值变化情况。可以看出,总体上回波峰值随距离增加而降低,但在近距离时部分回波强度超出探测范围,导致信号失真,造成个别距离下的回波峰值相同。
图6展示了本文方法框图,主要包括以下5个核心环节:1)原始光谱数据采集;2)数据预处理;3)特征波长选择;4)目标分类;5)分类结果评价。其中3)包含两个步骤:光谱分割与改进MIC特征选择策略。
根据猫眼系统回波强度分布特征,将波段分割成波动区和平坦区 (见图7)。波动区强度值大同时变化幅度剧烈,而平坦区信号普遍较微弱。
对第i距离全波段回波强度的标准差$ {\sigma }_{i} $
$ {\sigma }_{i}=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{m}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{m}\, ({x}_{ij}-\mu {)}^{2}} \;,$
式中:$ \mu $是第i距离下全波段回波强度的均值;m为总通道数,为101。
设定动态阈值$ Ti $,该阈值为标准差的均值:
$ {Ti}={\mu }_{\text{stdi}}\;, $
式中:$ {\mu }_{\text{stdi}} $是全波段标准差的均值。分析回波强度随波长的变化情况并计算出标准差均值,将该值作为动态阈值,借此直观反映猫眼系统对光谱特性的敏感程度。标准差高的波段对应回波强度快速变化的区域,能够体现目标的几何聚焦及材料反射差异,而标准差低的波段则变化平缓。以全波段标准差均值作为阈值,可自适应不同测距下的整体信号强度变化,使波动区和平坦区的划分更合理。
采用阈值法区分波动区(Wr)和平坦区(Fr),判别条件为:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\sigma_{ij}\geqslant Ti, & j\in\text{ Wr } \\ \sigma_{ij} \lt Ti, & j\in\text{ Fr }\end{array}\right.\; $
由于不同距离下选取的波段范围存在差异,会干扰数值分析结果。因此,本文使用滑动窗口法统一波段范围,设置一个包含5个波段的滑动窗口 (见图8),从550 nm起依次右移1个波段,计算每个窗口内回波强度的标准差均值,并按均值由高到低排序,选取前若干窗口构成波动区,再根据光的可见性将平坦区划分为可见光区和近红外区,得到三个区域,统称为分区。
首先模拟单波段主动探测技术,选取单一波长的光谱数据为输入,以 SVM 作为分类器对实验目标进行分类。SVM核心思想是利用核函数将原始特征映射到高维空间,构建最大化类别间隔的最优超平面,利用支持向量构建决策函数完成分类,本文选择径向基核的SVM分类器[38]。为减小随机划分样本带来的偶然性影响,每个分类实验重复500次。
最大信息系数[39]是一种基于互信息理论的非参数统计量,能够捕捉非线性关系的强度,不受变量分布形式限制,适用于高光谱数据的相关性挖掘,可揭示波长与类别标签之间的潜在关联。
MIC核心思想是通过网格划分函数空间,寻找最佳二维函数拟合划分方案,使得离散化后的互信息最大。定义如下:
$ {MIC} ({x},{y})=\underset{{{G}}_{{x}},{{G}}_{{y}}}{\max }\,\left\{\dfrac{{I} ({x},{y})}{{\log }_{2} (\mathrm{min} (|{{G}}_{{x}}|,|{{G}}_{{y}}|))}\right\} \;,$
式中:${x} $为单个波长的回波强度值;$ {y} $为对应猫眼系统与干扰目标的标签;$ {I} ({x},{y}) $为离散后的互信息值;$ G_x、G_y $分别为$ x、y $在二维网格上的划分数量,等号右侧分母表示对最小划分数的对数尺度归一化,保证$ \text{MIC} $的范围在[0,1]。MIC值越大,代表波长与分类目标之间的统计依赖性越强。
在常规MIC波段选择中,通常对每个波长计算一次 MIC,并按数值高低进行初步排序,取最高值作为该谱区的特征波长。为使所选波长在分类中更稳定并减少冗余,在常规 MIC 的基础上,对其扩增分析,过程可分为两个阶段。第一阶段为稳定性判定:对原始样本进行200次自助抽样,每次对所有波长重新计算MIC并取当次top-k (前k个)波长,统计每个波长在重复试验中进入top-k的频率,得到稳定性 (stability),剔除在单次样本上偶然表现优异的波长,筛选出候选波长。第二阶段对候选波长计算评分,衡量信息冗余,评分计算公式如下:
$ score=MIC\left(\mathit{\text{z}},y\right)-h\cdot\dfrac{1}{s}\displaystyle\sum_{ }^{ }_{s\in S}MIC\left(\mathit{\text{z}},s\right)\; , $
式中:z为候选波长;S为当前分区候选波长集合;s为集合中波长总个数;h为惩罚系数,折中取值为0.5;最终得分score用于评估对应分区候选波长的冗余程度。每个分区仅保留表现最好的单个波长作为该区的最终特征波长。
为评估 SVM 分类性能,选取三项指标展开分析,分别为最低/最高准确率 (minimum/maximum accuracy)、平均准确率 (average accuracy)与 F1值 (F1-score)。准确率用于反映模型在整体样本集上的判别能力,其数值越高,说明模型的整体分类精度越高。由于本研究采用迭代分类方式,在多轮次分类实验中,准确率会呈现动态波动,因此采用最低与最高分类准确率来追踪这一波动范围,以更全面地评估模型性能的稳定性与极限表现。平均准确率常用于多类别分类任务,通过对各类别准确率的平均,反映模型在不同类别上的识别均衡性;由于多次分类结果存在波动,该指标能够更客观地说明模型对猫眼系统与干扰目标的独立识别能力,具体公式见式 (7)。
$ AverageAccuracy=\dfrac{1}{C}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{k=1}^{C}\dfrac{T{P}_{k}+T{N}_{k}}{T{P}_{k}+T{N}_{k}+F{P}_{k}+F{N}_{k}} \;,$
式中:C表示分类实验的总次数;k表示第k次实验;TP指实际为正类且被正确预测为正类的样本数;TN指实际为负类且被正确预测为负类的样本数;FP指实际为负类却被错误预测为正类的样本数;FN指实际为正类却被错误预测为负类的样本数。
F1值综合了精确率 (precision)与召回率 (recall),分别见式 (8)和式 (9),用于平衡模型的识别精度与覆盖度,数值越高,表明模型在降低干扰目标误判及真实目标漏判风险上表现更优,适用于对正类目标识别要求较高的场景,见式 (10)。
$ Precision=\dfrac{TP}{TP+FP} \;,$
$ Recall=\dfrac{TP}{TP+FN} \;,$
$ F\mathit{1}=\dfrac{2\times Precision\times Recall}{Precision+Recall}\; , $
表2为全波段分割的结果,运用滑动窗口法计算窗口内回波强度标准差均值,并根据该均值进行排序,选择回波强度标准差均值高于0.1的前13个滑动窗口作为波动区,范围565~645 nm。平坦区包含两个子区域550~560 nm 和650~1050 nm。近红外区波长共81个波长;波动区和可见光区分别包含17个和3个波长。
表3为从各分区中选取单个波长的分类结果。可以看出,波动区内波长具有最高准确率,但因受回波信号饱和截断的影响,部分波段 (600~630 nm)量化强度数值异常且最低准确率波动剧烈,因此,后续分析排除这些异常波段。近红外区各波段的平均准确率整体最高,但猫眼系统的实际峰值波长未分布在该分区,光谱特征无法反映猫眼效应的物理机制。可见光区的平均准确率最低,但准确率波动范围最小。综上,单波长分类结果稳定性欠佳,分类精度有待提高,表明依赖单一波长难以充分表征猫眼系统的光谱特性。
表4为各分区中常规MIC值排名前三的波长。波动区内的MIC值整体最高,最高值在575  nm,高于0.5。可见光区与近红外区的最高MIC值均低于0.5。说明特征波段并非集中于某一特定区域,而是分布于多个分区。鉴于单波长分类准确率有限,需选取跨分区的波长组合用于分类,通过增加波长数量以提升分类性能。
表5展示了最终筛选波长分析结果,包含稳健性与冗余性信息,为跨分区波长组合的分类优化提供依据。由于分区包含的波段数量不同,数量越大,单个波长被反复选中的概率越分散,从而导致稳定性被稀释。近红外区包含81个波段,其特征波长稳定性最低,仅为0.25;波动区包含17个波段,稳定性相对更高;而可见光区仅包含3个波段,波长稳定性最高。各分区最终选择波长的score较高,均大于0.94,表明同一分区内波长之间的信息高度相关。这种高相关性一方面可能源于发射波在相邻特性波长上的能量相差不大,使得通道记录到的回波呈现相关性大;另一方面,由于筛选限定于单一样本,猫眼系统在相近波长上的回波强度都较高,加剧了分区内波段的相似性。因此,最终每个分区仅保留一个代表性波长。
表6为选择不同特征波段进行分类的结果,其中选取波长方式包括以下三种,一是选取三个分区内MIC值最高的波长进行组合;二是选取单一分区中MIC值最高的三个波长;三是选择全波段中MIC值最高的三个波长。采用多分区波长组合的分类准确率最低为0.779,最高为0.917,平均准确率与F1值均优于任意单个分区,表明跨区选取波长更能体现目标间的光谱差异,进一步验证了基于光谱特性进行分区的合理性。而全波段选择的波长组合各项分类指标最差,主要是由于缺乏分区约束,选择的波段可能集中于光谱响应相近的区域,相关性高,影响分类结果。因此,分区策略通过从不同区间提取波长,既避免了冗余干扰,又提升分类准确率。
采用传统MIC、主成分分析 (PCA)、线性判别分析 (LDA)[40]、随机森林 (RF)[41]以及多层感知机 (MLP)[42]和本文改进方法进行波长选择,并将选择波长作为SVM分类器输入进行对比,如表7所列。本文方法在平均准确率和平均 F1 值方面均优于其他方法,且其最低准确率明显高于PCA和LDA,表明改进方法在提升整体分类精度的同时,也增强了分类结果的稳定性。传统MIC方法易受波段相关性和抽样不稳健性的影响,导致分类性能较差。PCA与LDA作为线性降维方法,未能充分保留光谱特征差异,表现亦不及本文方法。此外,RF和MLP选出的波长较相近,其分类性能偏低且稳定性较差。RF通过构建多棵决策树并依据分裂信息增益评估特征重要性,在高相关波段存在时容易将重要性分散到冗余特征上;MLP则利用非线性映射学习复杂的输入–输出关系,其置换重要性对相互相关的波段较为敏感[42],因此在有限样本条件下可能对部分非关键波段赋予较高权重。
研究中将光谱划分为波动区、可见光区与近红外区,并在各区间分别识别关键波长,以避免系统噪声与结构性特征混淆。可见光区所选波长反映了猫眼系统外层透镜在可见波段折射率色散和薄膜透射率快速变化带来的反射增强与几何聚焦效应[17]。Snyder[40]的经典近轴光线分析指出,不同波长下等效聚焦效率与返回能量会受到材料折射率和界面透过率参数的影响。由于猫眼结构是由透镜—空气间隙—反射面构成的多层介质系统,不同波长可能对应不同的腔内损耗、界面透射和反射行为,从而导致可见光区的能量差异[41]。波动区出现在探测器量子效率或光学滤波器截止附近,其回波幅值易受微小光路参数变动的影响而放大,因此单独分离有助于避免将系统性噪声误判为目标固有特征。近红外区会筛选出特征波长,更可能是由猫眼系统腔内多次反射路径、材料吸收及色散的累积效应所致,同时焦距、离焦量等几何结构参数对反射特性的影响,也与该特征波长的形成密切相关。近红外区特征波长的筛选,既源于猫眼系统腔内多次反射路径、材料吸收及色散的累积效应,也与系统焦距、离焦量等几何结构参数密切相关[18]。由此可见,三个区间识别到的关键波长是多种物理机制共同作用的结果,而非单一因素所致。
为验证本文方法在不同复杂环境下的适用性,在三种不同场景下进行了第二组实验,将选出的三个关键波长作为输入特征进行分类,分类结果如表8所列。在黑暗无光场景中,统计参数表现最佳,这是因为在黑暗无光条件下,几乎不存在外界背景光,HSL 激光回波信号的信噪比更高,特征波形受外部光照影响最小,因此能够更稳定地提取光谱特征。其次,在正常开灯场景中,平均准确率 (0.81)和平均 F1 值 (0.84)略低于无光场景,最大准确率仍保持在 0.91,但最低准确率相较黑暗无光场景略有降低。可见,普通照明对本文方法影响不大。最后,在外界光干扰的场景中,平均准确率 0.77,平均 F1 值0.80,相较于正常光照降低了4.94%和4.76%。可见,在有较强的外界光干扰的情况下,本文方法仍能够很好地完成目标分类。
本研究围绕多目标回波特征分析,提出了一种基于光谱分割与改进 MIC 特征选择的猫眼系统方法。并引入稳定性筛选与冗余约束,解决了传统 MIC 特征选择易受波段相关性与抽样不稳健性影响的问题,实现了关键波长的稳健提取与组合优化。在此基础上构建的 SVM 分类模型,不仅在平均准确率和 F1 值上均优于其他四类特征选择方法,而且在最低准确率上也展现出更好的稳定性。本文方法充分利用高光谱数据的局部特征差异,通过跨分区选取波长避免了特征冗余,提升了分类精度,为快速、高效识别高反射目标提供新的思路与解决方案。实验结果表明,本文提出的改进 MIC 特征选择策略能够更有效地挖掘高光谱波段间的差异性信息,进而显著提升分类性能。后续研究将针对复杂的光照和外界环境,进一步改进识别方法,提高猫眼目标探测的有效性与稳健性。

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2026年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250303
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
  • 录用日期:2026-01-14
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    1安徽建筑大学电子与信息工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2安徽省古建筑智能感知与高维建模国际联合研究中心,安徽 合肥 230601
    3安徽建筑大学建筑与规划学院,安徽 合肥 230061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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