Article(id=1319954961069355452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260103, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260103, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1777305600000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-28, revisedDate=1781712000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-18, acceptedDate=1782057600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-22, onlineDate=1792631386295, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631386295, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631386295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631386295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260103, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954961245516221, articleId=1319954961069355452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Femtosecond laser fabrication of PB phase collimated beam splitters, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Single-layer PB phase metasurfaces, while compact and broadband, face inherent limitations in complex wavefront shaping and arbitrary polarization control. Specifically, they cannot achieve beam translation, which requires spatially separated elements, nor can they independently manipulate the diagonal terms of the Jones matrix, limiting their ability to modulate linear polarization. Multilayer cascaded devices address these issues but often introduce fabrication complexities such as interlayer Fresnel reflections, reduced refractive index contrast, or demanding alignment processes. This study aims to overcome these limitations by leveraging the true three-dimensional direct writing capability of femtosecond laser processing to fabricate a compact, cascaded PB phase beam splitter within a single fused silica substrate. The objective is to realize a device that simultaneously achieves beam splitting, wavefront collimation, and linear-to-linear polarization conversion, all while maintaining high efficiency and robustness for high-power applications.

Methods

The proposed device is a three-stage cascaded structure integrated monolithically in fused silica. It consists of two identical PB phase polarization gratings and a quarter-wave plate (QWP). The first PG acts as a beam splitter, diffracting the orthogonal circular polarization components of an incident linear polarization into ±1 orders. The second PG, placed at a distance, acts as a collimator, redirecting these divergent beams back to their original propagation direction. The final QWP converts the circularly polarized outputs back to linear polarization.

A rigorous vector diffraction analysis was first conducted to theoretically evaluate the impact of fabrication errors—specifically, non-uniform retardance and nonlinear azimuthal angle variations—on the diffraction efficiency and polarization state of the ±1, 0, and higher orders. This analysis established strict requirements for the linearity of the azimuthal angle and the uniformity of the retardance across the grating to achieve ideal 50:50 beam splitting with high polarization purity.

To meet these stringent requirements, a dynamic pulse line density compensation strategy was developed to address the polarization-dependent fabrication characteristics inherent in femtosecond laser writing. This method compensates for variations in birefringence strength induced by different laser polarization states during scanning, which arise from spatio-temporal asymmetries like pulse front tilt and angular dispersion introduced by the focusing objective. Instead of modifying the laser’s spatio-temporal profile, this approach dynamically adjusts the pulse line density for each scanning line based on its polarization orientation. This allows for uniform birefringence retardance across the entire device, regardless of the slow-axis orientation, while maintaining low propagation loss. The three-layer structure was fabricated in Corning 7980 fused silica using a 1030 nm femtosecond laser and a low numerical aperture objective. The final device was characterized at a 510 nm operating wavelength.

Results and Discussions

The theoretical analysis confirmed that deviations from ideal conditions—a uniform π retardance and a strictly linear azimuthal angle variation across the grating period—lead to severe performance degradation. Such errors cause energy coupling between the ±1 and 0 orders, introduce higher-order diffractions, and degrade the polarization ellipticity of the output beams. The analysis quantitatively showed that azimuthal angle nonlinearity is a primary source of efficiency loss, while non-uniform retardance causes unbalanced energy distribution between the two output beams.

The experimental investigation of the fabrication process revealed a significant polarization-dependent writing effect. Birefringent structures written with laser polarization at 90° (slow axis horizontal) exhibited a lower modification threshold, resulting in wider, longer, and higher-retardance structures compared to those written with 0° polarization. This "aggressive" growth of structures in the preferred polarization direction distorted the designed linear azimuthal angle variation, effectively pulling the orientation of neighboring structures towards the preferred angle. This phenomenon was found to be objective-dependent, with different objectives (5×, 20×, 40×) showing reversed trends, confirming the role of the optical system’s spatio-temporal aberrations.

The dynamic pulse line density compensation was highly effective in mitigating this polarization-dependent non-uniformity. Compared to a non-compensated grating, the compensated grating showed a reduction in normalized retardance deviation from 30%–40% to just 12%. This significantly improved the linearity of the azimuthal angle profile. The fabricated polarization grating, when tested alone, demonstrated remarkable input polarization robustness. For any linear input polarization, the power splitting ratio between the ±1 orders remained above 90.69%, with the device operating at its design state (90° linear input) achieving a 97.01% splitting ratio and a total diffraction efficiency of 94.8%, far exceeding the ~81% of conventional binary optics.

The complete three-stage collimated beam splitter exhibited excellent performance. The output beams showed a measured separation angle of 0.16 mrad, closely matching the theoretical design, indicating successful collimation. The final output beams were linear with a high splitting ratio of 94.01% and a polarization angle difference of only 3.3°. The device also demonstrated outstanding power handling capability, maintaining a stable ~83% efficiency under 3.6 W of continuous 510 nm laser irradiation over 2400 seconds, with a calculated power tolerance exceeding 52.67 W/cm2.

Conclusions

This work successfully demonstrates a new paradigm for fabricating multifunctional PB phase devices by leveraging the true three-dimensional capability of femtosecond laser direct writing. A cascaded PB phase collimated beam splitter was integrated into a single fused silica substrate, overcoming the wavefront shaping and polarization modulation limitations of single-layer devices. The critical challenge of polarization-dependent writing non-uniformity was effectively addressed by a novel dynamic pulse line density compensation method, which is more practical than complex optical path compensation. This approach enabled precise control over the retardance and azimuthal angle distributions, yielding a high-performance device with a splitting ratio of 94.01%, an inter-beam angle of 0.16 mrad, a polarization angle difference of 3.3°, and high-power tolerance. This work paves a robust and scalable way for creating compact, high-performance, and damage-resistant integrated photonic elements for applications such as high-power laser parallel processing, atomic electric field sensing, and advanced beam manipulation systems.

, authors=Yuexiao Yan, Renhao Xing, Zezheng Li, authorsList=Yuexiao Yan, Renhao Xing, Zezheng Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zezheng Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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单层的几何相位器件在光束复杂波前的整形与偏振态的任意操控上存在局限性,限制了其在复杂应用场景中的工作效果。本文利用飞秒激光直写技术成功制备了几何相位准直分束器,提出在一块熔融石英基底上分两端写入由两级几何相位偏振光栅与一级波片的级联器件构型,理论分析了偏振光栅双折射延迟量与方位角排布对各衍射级次效率和偏振的影响,并在后续的加工中使用动态脉冲线密度工艺补偿了各个偏振直写双折射结构的延迟量差异,显著抑制了偏振光栅加工误差对分束比的影响,实现了510 nm工作波长线偏振输入到线偏振输出的准直光束二等分。器件同时实现光束的波前横向平移与几何相位器件的线偏振出射,且在设计输入偏振下具有94.01%的分束比,3.3°的偏振方向夹角与0.16 mrad的光束间夹角,同时具备耐物理损伤和高功率耐受特性,在激光并行加工、原子电场探测等领域具有良好应用前景。

, authors=闫跃潇, 邢仁豪, 李泽政*, *, authorsList=闫跃潇, 邢仁豪, 李泽政, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李泽政, authorNote=

作者贡献

闫跃潇、邢仁豪:研究资料的收集、分析,实验的设计与完成,论文写作;李泽政:指导论文选题、论文修改。

闫跃潇 (1997-),男,博士研究生,主要从事飞秒激光微纳光学器件加工研究。E-mail:

邢仁豪 (1999-),男,博士研究生,主要从事飞秒激光造型加工与集成射频传感研究。E-mail:

李泽政 (1997-),男,清华大学精密仪器系博士后,主要从事玻璃基光子芯片与功能器件的飞秒激光直写加工技术研究。E-mail:

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李泽政,
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Fast and large-angle optical beam deflection based on liquid crystal polarization grating[J]. Chin J Liq Cryst Disp, 2022, 37 (11): 1411−1419., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319954988114227863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954988126810776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, companyId=1319954988114227863, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954988135199385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, companyId=1319954988114227863, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学精密仪器系,北京 100080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319954995663975091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principle of PB phase polarization grating. (a) PB phase introduced by polarization variation; (b) Diffraction orders of PB phase polarization grating, figureFileSmall=VRhlhHqkdnsuzojDM890Gg==, figureFileBig=1cg+qYDVpGg340ZoC1UK4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954995781415605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图1, caption=几何相位偏振光栅原理。 (a)由偏振变化引入的几何相位; (b)几何相位偏振光栅的衍射级次, figureFileSmall=VRhlhHqkdnsuzojDM890Gg==, figureFileBig=1cg+qYDVpGg340ZoC1UK4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996217623223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=PB phase collimated beam splitter, figureFileSmall=tjFGySeYgx/JAcMZPlecBA==, figureFileBig=GBsfY8tw3YSszEiHAsDdBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996305703608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图2, caption=几何相位准直分束器, figureFileSmall=tjFGySeYgx/JAcMZPlecBA==, figureFileBig=GBsfY8tw3YSszEiHAsDdBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996490252985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of retardance and azimuth error on the diffraction efficiency and polarization of a grating under linearly polarized input. (a) Effect of retardance error on diffraction efficiency; (b) Effect of azimuth error on diffraction efficiency; (c) Effect of mixed error on diffraction efficiency; (d) Effect of mixed error on output polarization ellipticity, figureFileSmall=Be5TFFRBEpyxs1rOmO5mBg==, figureFileBig=YDbdLXddnNdfWG2eepLayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996595110586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图3, caption=偏振光栅延迟量与方位角误差对线偏振输入的光栅衍射效率与偏振影响。 (a)延迟量误差对衍射效率的影响; (b)方位角误差对衍射效率的影响; (c)混合误差对衍射效率的影响; (d)混合误差对偏振椭圆度的影响, figureFileSmall=Be5TFFRBEpyxs1rOmO5mBg==, figureFileBig=YDbdLXddnNdfWG2eepLayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996708356795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of the PB phase elements processing and characterization system. (a) Femtosecond laser direct writing processing system; (b) Birefringence microscope and birefringence images, figureFileSmall=7Ce6vR/oPwKLW5qt892nMg==, figureFileBig=f/cihbdJgd/G8ZCu+6sl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996813214396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图4, caption=几何相位器件加工与表征系统示意图。 (a)飞秒激光直写加工系统; (b)双折射显微镜与双折射成像照片, figureFileSmall=7Ce6vR/oPwKLW5qt892nMg==, figureFileBig=f/cihbdJgd/G8ZCu+6sl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996897100477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Characterization of birefringent structures fabricated by 1030 nm laser processing. (a) Birefringence imaging; (b) Transmission optical microscopy imaging, figureFileSmall=75BxYqyAmJ2j4VR07PkfHA==, figureFileBig=CW9R4F7BQOZgDHKMeQYzTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954996955820734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图5, caption=飞秒激光加工双折射结构表征。 (a)双折射成像; (b)透射光学显微镜成像, figureFileSmall=75BxYqyAmJ2j4VR07PkfHA==, figureFileBig=CW9R4F7BQOZgDHKMeQYzTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954997027123903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Multilayer low-loss birefringent grating structure, figureFileSmall=444LHSGLWnrbcEtusERPUw==, figureFileBig=X/whWtUZcsrIdb6o8P0vrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954997090038465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图6, caption=多层堆叠的低损耗双折射光栅结构, figureFileSmall=444LHSGLWnrbcEtusERPUw==, figureFileBig=X/whWtUZcsrIdb6o8P0vrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954997333308098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Polarization-dependent fabrication characteristics of birefringent structures. (a) Normalized retardance histogram; (b) Arrangement of azimuth and retardance within a single period; (c) Relationship between azimuth angle variation rate and retardance within a single period; (d) Birefringence characterization of different polarization scanning lines; (e) Cross-sectional structure of different polarization scanning lines, figureFileSmall=rtLV7N+KBzpZTwTni3ghQA==, figureFileBig=bNvByUi4kjhvLP75f7/s1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954997387834051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图7, caption=双折射结构的偏振依赖加工特性。 (a)归一化延迟量直方图; (b)单个周期内方位角与延迟量排布; (c)单周期内方位角变化率与延迟量关系; (d)不同偏振扫描线双折射表征; (e)不同偏振扫描线结构剖面, figureFileSmall=rtLV7N+KBzpZTwTni3ghQA==, figureFileBig=bNvByUi4kjhvLP75f7/s1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954997492691652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Differences in birefringent scanning lines fabricated with different objective lenses. (a) 5× objective; (b) 20× objective; (c) 40× objective, figureFileSmall=BNf//nyVdfDYhEQQAuSG6A==, figureFileBig=H8KjklvVQcAE0qgY+6VYpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999208161990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同物镜加工双折射扫描线差异。 (a) 5×物镜; (b) 20×物镜; (c) 40×物镜, figureFileSmall=BNf//nyVdfDYhEQQAuSG6A==, figureFileBig=H8KjklvVQcAE0qgY+6VYpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999296242375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of compensation effects of pulse energy and pulse line density. (a) Pulse energy compensation; (b) Pulse line density compensation, figureFileSmall=iVu5br95dYi/JEowXdRfvg==, figureFileBig=nsJgqgYoUDS4X7VFQN9Nuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999367545544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图9, caption=脉冲能量与脉冲线密度补偿效果对照。 (a)脉冲能量补偿; (b)脉冲线密度补偿, figureFileSmall=iVu5br95dYi/JEowXdRfvg==, figureFileBig=nsJgqgYoUDS4X7VFQN9Nuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999443043017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Birefringence characteristics of gratings fabricated with dynamic pulse line density. (a) Birefringence grayscale image; (b) Birefringence pseudocolor image; (c) Arrangement of normalized retardance and azimuth angle within a single period; (d) Normalized retardance histogram, figureFileSmall=CN3NfzhjydS+I1SR3mVoQQ==, figureFileBig=6usB0XLVnIKljkENyLQmeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999522734794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图10, caption=动态参数加工的光栅双折射特性。 (a)双折射灰度图;(b)双折射伪彩色图;(c)单周期内归一化延迟量与方位角排布;(d)归一化延迟量直方图, figureFileSmall=CN3NfzhjydS+I1SR3mVoQQ==, figureFileBig=6usB0XLVnIKljkENyLQmeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999606620875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Fabrication process of PB phase collimated beam splitters by femtosecond laser direct writing. (a) Fabrication of the polarization grating for the beam-splitting stage; (b) Fabrication of the polarization grating for the collimation stage; (c) Fabrication of the quarter-wave plate, figureFileSmall=i2o/nEqsROfzRli00u+f7w==, figureFileBig=HrUIsw4kazmc1WMdp43N6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999686312652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图11, caption=几何相位准直分束器的飞秒激光直写加工流程。 (a)分束级偏振光栅加工; (b)准直级偏振光栅加工; (c)四分之一波片加工, figureFileSmall=i2o/nEqsROfzRli00u+f7w==, figureFileBig=HrUIsw4kazmc1WMdp43N6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999766004429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Output characteristics of PB phase polarization gratings under different polarization inputs. (a) Elliptically polarized input; (b) Linearly polarized input, figureFileSmall=tETijro95P0ILzayeze5SQ==, figureFileBig=H3fORUBx9bdDJy93rnKcXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999824724686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图12, caption=几何相位偏振光栅的不同偏振输入的输出特性。 (a)椭圆偏振输入;(b)线偏振输入, figureFileSmall=tETijro95P0ILzayeze5SQ==, figureFileBig=H3fORUBx9bdDJy93rnKcXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999887639247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Diffraction field of a PB phase collimated beam splitter, figureFileSmall=BzEz3prdQ0TWei5hi4owVQ==, figureFileBig=rX9XA07MbqewFiOULfg5hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954999967331024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954961069355452, language=CN, label=图13, caption=几何相位衍射准直分束器的衍射光场, 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飞秒激光直写几何相位准直分束器
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闫跃潇 , 邢仁豪 , 李泽政 *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(7): 260103-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (7) : 260103 -1
飞秒激光直写几何相位准直分束器
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闫跃潇 , 邢仁豪 , 李泽政*, *
作者信息
  • 清华大学精密仪器系,北京 100080
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

闫跃潇、邢仁豪:研究资料的收集、分析,实验的设计与完成,论文写作;李泽政:指导论文选题、论文修改。

闫跃潇 (1997-),男,博士研究生,主要从事飞秒激光微纳光学器件加工研究。E-mail:

邢仁豪 (1999-),男,博士研究生,主要从事飞秒激光造型加工与集成射频传感研究。E-mail:

李泽政 (1997-),男,清华大学精密仪器系博士后,主要从事玻璃基光子芯片与功能器件的飞秒激光直写加工技术研究。E-mail:

Femtosecond laser fabrication of PB phase collimated beam splitters
Yuexiao Yan , Renhao Xing , Zezheng Li
Affiliations
  • Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260103
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单层的几何相位器件在光束复杂波前的整形与偏振态的任意操控上存在局限性,限制了其在复杂应用场景中的工作效果。本文利用飞秒激光直写技术成功制备了几何相位准直分束器,提出在一块熔融石英基底上分两端写入由两级几何相位偏振光栅与一级波片的级联器件构型,理论分析了偏振光栅双折射延迟量与方位角排布对各衍射级次效率和偏振的影响,并在后续的加工中使用动态脉冲线密度工艺补偿了各个偏振直写双折射结构的延迟量差异,显著抑制了偏振光栅加工误差对分束比的影响,实现了510 nm工作波长线偏振输入到线偏振输出的准直光束二等分。器件同时实现光束的波前横向平移与几何相位器件的线偏振出射,且在设计输入偏振下具有94.01%的分束比,3.3°的偏振方向夹角与0.16 mrad的光束间夹角,同时具备耐物理损伤和高功率耐受特性,在激光并行加工、原子电场探测等领域具有良好应用前景。

飞秒激光直写  /  几何相位  /  分束器  /  动态参数补偿
Objective

Single-layer PB phase metasurfaces, while compact and broadband, face inherent limitations in complex wavefront shaping and arbitrary polarization control. Specifically, they cannot achieve beam translation, which requires spatially separated elements, nor can they independently manipulate the diagonal terms of the Jones matrix, limiting their ability to modulate linear polarization. Multilayer cascaded devices address these issues but often introduce fabrication complexities such as interlayer Fresnel reflections, reduced refractive index contrast, or demanding alignment processes. This study aims to overcome these limitations by leveraging the true three-dimensional direct writing capability of femtosecond laser processing to fabricate a compact, cascaded PB phase beam splitter within a single fused silica substrate. The objective is to realize a device that simultaneously achieves beam splitting, wavefront collimation, and linear-to-linear polarization conversion, all while maintaining high efficiency and robustness for high-power applications.

Methods

The proposed device is a three-stage cascaded structure integrated monolithically in fused silica. It consists of two identical PB phase polarization gratings and a quarter-wave plate (QWP). The first PG acts as a beam splitter, diffracting the orthogonal circular polarization components of an incident linear polarization into ±1 orders. The second PG, placed at a distance, acts as a collimator, redirecting these divergent beams back to their original propagation direction. The final QWP converts the circularly polarized outputs back to linear polarization.

A rigorous vector diffraction analysis was first conducted to theoretically evaluate the impact of fabrication errors—specifically, non-uniform retardance and nonlinear azimuthal angle variations—on the diffraction efficiency and polarization state of the ±1, 0, and higher orders. This analysis established strict requirements for the linearity of the azimuthal angle and the uniformity of the retardance across the grating to achieve ideal 50:50 beam splitting with high polarization purity.

To meet these stringent requirements, a dynamic pulse line density compensation strategy was developed to address the polarization-dependent fabrication characteristics inherent in femtosecond laser writing. This method compensates for variations in birefringence strength induced by different laser polarization states during scanning, which arise from spatio-temporal asymmetries like pulse front tilt and angular dispersion introduced by the focusing objective. Instead of modifying the laser’s spatio-temporal profile, this approach dynamically adjusts the pulse line density for each scanning line based on its polarization orientation. This allows for uniform birefringence retardance across the entire device, regardless of the slow-axis orientation, while maintaining low propagation loss. The three-layer structure was fabricated in Corning 7980 fused silica using a 1030 nm femtosecond laser and a low numerical aperture objective. The final device was characterized at a 510 nm operating wavelength.

Results and Discussions

The theoretical analysis confirmed that deviations from ideal conditions—a uniform π retardance and a strictly linear azimuthal angle variation across the grating period—lead to severe performance degradation. Such errors cause energy coupling between the ±1 and 0 orders, introduce higher-order diffractions, and degrade the polarization ellipticity of the output beams. The analysis quantitatively showed that azimuthal angle nonlinearity is a primary source of efficiency loss, while non-uniform retardance causes unbalanced energy distribution between the two output beams.

The experimental investigation of the fabrication process revealed a significant polarization-dependent writing effect. Birefringent structures written with laser polarization at 90° (slow axis horizontal) exhibited a lower modification threshold, resulting in wider, longer, and higher-retardance structures compared to those written with 0° polarization. This "aggressive" growth of structures in the preferred polarization direction distorted the designed linear azimuthal angle variation, effectively pulling the orientation of neighboring structures towards the preferred angle. This phenomenon was found to be objective-dependent, with different objectives (5×, 20×, 40×) showing reversed trends, confirming the role of the optical system’s spatio-temporal aberrations.

The dynamic pulse line density compensation was highly effective in mitigating this polarization-dependent non-uniformity. Compared to a non-compensated grating, the compensated grating showed a reduction in normalized retardance deviation from 30%–40% to just 12%. This significantly improved the linearity of the azimuthal angle profile. The fabricated polarization grating, when tested alone, demonstrated remarkable input polarization robustness. For any linear input polarization, the power splitting ratio between the ±1 orders remained above 90.69%, with the device operating at its design state (90° linear input) achieving a 97.01% splitting ratio and a total diffraction efficiency of 94.8%, far exceeding the ~81% of conventional binary optics.

The complete three-stage collimated beam splitter exhibited excellent performance. The output beams showed a measured separation angle of 0.16 mrad, closely matching the theoretical design, indicating successful collimation. The final output beams were linear with a high splitting ratio of 94.01% and a polarization angle difference of only 3.3°. The device also demonstrated outstanding power handling capability, maintaining a stable ~83% efficiency under 3.6 W of continuous 510 nm laser irradiation over 2400 seconds, with a calculated power tolerance exceeding 52.67 W/cm2.

Conclusions

This work successfully demonstrates a new paradigm for fabricating multifunctional PB phase devices by leveraging the true three-dimensional capability of femtosecond laser direct writing. A cascaded PB phase collimated beam splitter was integrated into a single fused silica substrate, overcoming the wavefront shaping and polarization modulation limitations of single-layer devices. The critical challenge of polarization-dependent writing non-uniformity was effectively addressed by a novel dynamic pulse line density compensation method, which is more practical than complex optical path compensation. This approach enabled precise control over the retardance and azimuthal angle distributions, yielding a high-performance device with a splitting ratio of 94.01%, an inter-beam angle of 0.16 mrad, a polarization angle difference of 3.3°, and high-power tolerance. This work paves a robust and scalable way for creating compact, high-performance, and damage-resistant integrated photonic elements for applications such as high-power laser parallel processing, atomic electric field sensing, and advanced beam manipulation systems.

femtosecond laser direct writing  /  PB phase  /  beam splitter  /  dynamic parameter compensation
闫跃潇, 邢仁豪, 李泽政. 飞秒激光直写几何相位准直分束器. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260103 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260103
Yuexiao Yan, Renhao Xing, Zezheng Li. Femtosecond laser fabrication of PB phase collimated beam splitters[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (7) : 260103 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.260103
基于几何相位 (pancharatnam-berry相位,PB相位)的超构表面器件因为具备一定程度的宽带消色差特性,且结构紧凑超薄,易于集成到微型光学系统中,在传感[1-4]、成像[5-7]、光通讯[8]和光场调制[9-10]方面展现出独特优势。但随着应用的不断深入,单层几何相位器件越来越难以满足多变的使用情形。首先,单层器件无法实现复杂波前整形,如光束的横向偏移,这需要在空间上具有一定距离的两个器件进行波前的整形操作[11];其次,因为产生几何相位的各向异性结构单元在本质上可以被视为波片,具有2×2幺正对称的琼斯矩阵[12],矩阵的对角项无法通过解耦合来实现复振幅和偏振的任意调控,体现在结果上为单层几何相位器件无法实现对线偏振光(linearly polarized light, LP)实施相位调制,或是实现圆检偏器等,这都需要琼斯矩阵四个元素的解耦合。双面或双层级联的超构表面器件便应运而生,Bao等[13]通过双层超表面展示了全参数琼斯矩阵的完整观测与调控,实现了琼斯矩阵四个元素的独立调控与完整参数空间的覆盖,这种琼斯矩阵的全参数调控可以进一步实现任意线偏振入射下的精确波前整形[14]、全息成像[15]等应用,或是实现可调谐相位梯度的偏振分束[16]。但现有的多层超表面大多采用半导体工艺制备,加工方式多为集成在同一基底的两面,或是将第一层器件掩埋在包覆层中形成双层级联,这将引入一定的层间菲涅尔反射,或降低加工结构的折射率衬度,影响器件性能。2025年,Capasso等[17]利用双层光刻胶的分步刻蚀与填充,并结合同步释放技术,成功制备了自由悬浮的双层几何相位超表面。尽管该方法有效规避了前述缺陷,却依赖于复杂的高精度套刻流程。
采用飞秒激光直写技术可以有效解决上述问题。飞秒激光在熔融石英等透明介质材料内诱导形成的Type II和Type X改性具有类似负单轴晶体的双折射特性,该结构最早在1999年在熔融石英中发现[18],并在2003年被明确地在二氧化硅玻璃中观测到[19],可用于构建几何相位器件的各向异性基本单元。低透射损耗的Type X结构的发现给予了飞秒激光直写加工高性能相位器件的能力[20]。尽管已有矢量偏振转换器、几何相位透镜和衍射光学元件被报道[21-23],但目前的研究大多局限于单层器件。借由飞秒激光的无掩模真三维直写加工优势[24-26],通过焦点的空间移动即可在材料内部构筑三维、多层的几何相位结构,实现精准波前整形与任意偏振变换,为实现多功能、高自由度及片上集成的光子复振幅与偏振操作提供解决方案[27],目前已有工作[28]在石英玻璃中实现高达100层几何相位结构的直写加工用于数据的永久存储,证明了多层具有不同相位排布器件直写加工的可行性。
综上所述,针对单层几何相位器件的功能局限性,本工作利用飞秒激光直写技术实现了基于级联几何相位偏振光栅的准直分束器。该器件的三层结构被紧凑集成在单一熔融石英基底内。本文从理论上分析了偏振光栅加工误差对各衍射级次效率及偏振态的影响;在器件制备过程中,通过引入动态脉冲线密度补偿技术,消除了各偏振下直写双折射结构的延迟量差异,从而抑制了偏振光栅加工误差对分束比的影响。最终,器件在510 nm工作波长下,实现了线偏振输入到线偏振输出的准直等比分束。
几何相位是光子偏振态的非绝热演化中附带的相位,其相位延迟仅与光的偏振态在偏振态空间的变化路径有关[29-30]。通过琼斯矩阵进行理论计算,可更直观地揭示这种由偏振态变化引起的相位延迟。如图1(a)所示,当一束左旋圆偏振光(left circularly polarized light, LCP)入射一片延迟量为$ {\varGamma } $,慢轴方位角为$ \theta $的波片,出射光的琼斯矢量可以记作:
$ \begin{split} \boldsymbol{E}_{\text {out }1}=&\left[ \begin{array}{cc}\cos \dfrac{\varGamma}{2}+\mathrm{i} \sin \dfrac{\varGamma}{2} \cos 2 \theta & \mathrm{i} \sin \dfrac{\varGamma}{2} \sin 2 \theta \\\mathrm{i} \sin \dfrac{\varGamma}{2} \sin 2 \theta & \cos \dfrac{\varGamma}{2}-\mathrm{i} \sin \dfrac{\varGamma}{2} \cos 2 \theta\end{array}\right]\\ &\cdot \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[ \begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array} \right] =\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cos \dfrac{\varGamma}{2}\left[ \begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array} \right]+\mathrm{i} \sin \dfrac{\varGamma}{2} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} 2 \theta}\left[ \begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array} \right]\;.\end{split} $
将出射光的琼斯矢量在圆偏振正交基下展开可知,出射光的右旋圆偏振(right circularly polarized light, RCP)分量前携带$ {\text{e}}^{\text{i2}\theta } $的相位项,即发生$ 2\theta $的相位延迟。同理,当右旋圆偏振入射相同波片时,其出射光左旋圆偏振分量将会携带$ {\text{e}}^{-\text{i2}\theta } $的相位项。可见,双折射结构引入的几何相位仅叠加于与入射态正交的圆偏振分量上,其相位延迟量仅取决于偏振态变化的最终状态 (即慢轴方位角$ \theta $);且针对左旋圆偏和右旋圆偏的入射光,同一结构引入的几何相位符号相反。宏观上,这种几何相位差表现为出射光变为椭圆偏振光。特别地,当波片延迟量为半波长时 ($ {\varGamma }={\text{π}} $),入射光将完全转化为正交旋向的圆偏振光并携带相应的几何相位。值得注意的是,当引入的几何相位延迟为0和$ 2\text{π} $ (即慢轴方位角$ \theta $相差$ {\text{π}} $时),结构在物理特性上是等效的。通过在二维平面内逐像素设计双折射结构的慢轴与延迟量特性,即可实现对入射光波前的几何相位调制,这为准直分束器的设计奠定了底层物理基础。
几何相位准直分束器由两级周期相同的几何相位偏振光栅与一级波片构成。若将一列延迟量为$ {\varGamma } $的波片沿x方向展开排布,并且慢轴方位角$ \theta $满足:
$ \theta \left (x\right)=\frac{\text{π}x}{{\varLambda }} \;,$
其中,$ {\varLambda } $为慢轴方位角变化的周期,将构成一块几何相位偏振光栅,如图1(b)所示。左旋圆偏振光入射时,出射的右旋圆偏振分量会被叠加斜坡相位,等效于经过一块楔形棱镜,与出射的左旋圆偏振光传播方向分离。对于右旋圆偏振入射的情况同理,但出射的左旋圆偏振分量方向将相反。本文定义传播方向不改变的透射光为0级光,出射的右旋和左旋圆偏振分量对应的衍射级次分别为−1级和+1级,则0级与±1级的分离角度$ \alpha $可以表示为
$ \alpha=\arcsin \left (\frac{\lambda}{\varLambda}\right)\;, $
其中,$ \lambda $为入射光波长。由于任意偏振的输入均可在圆偏振正交基下被拆分,光栅将有且仅有−1,0,+1三个衍射级次。并且线偏振入射时,无论入射光束的偏振方向和光束指向如何,±1级光强将严格相等,这赋予几何相位偏振光栅良好的输入鲁棒性。当整个偏振光栅上的双折射结构快慢轴相位差$ {\varGamma } $趋于$ {\text{π}} $,即入射波长的半波片时,0级强度趋于零,光栅仅存在±1级,衍射效率接近100%。
图2展示了几何相位准直分束器的完整结构,由两级延迟量为$ {\text{π}} $的偏振光栅与一级$ \lambda /4 $波片组成。第一级偏振光栅为分束级,其延迟量$ {\varGamma }={\text{π}} $,将右旋和左旋圆偏振分量分别衍射至−1级和+1级。第二级偏振光栅为准直级,周期与第一级相同,并平行地设置于第一级光栅后距离为d的位置。第一级光栅的−1级右旋圆偏振光到达第二级偏振光栅时,将被转换为左旋圆偏振光,并附带上指向光栅+1级的斜坡相位,对于第一级光栅的+1级左旋圆偏振光同理,两个衍射级次被第二级光栅完成准直。第三级结构为工作波长下的$ \lambda /4 $波片,其慢轴方位角 (或快轴方位角)与入射线偏振方向成±45°夹角,将前两级光栅输出的光束转换为与输入一致的线偏振。由此便可实现线偏振入射至线偏振出射的准直二分束,即光束的横向偏移,其分束间距D可被表示为
$ D=2\tan\alpha\times d \;.$
在理想条件下,几何相位准直分束器可展现出上述的高衍射效率与光束二等分特性,但由于加工中通常存在的双折射结构方位角与延迟量误差,器件衍射特性相较理想值会发生偏移。使用圆偏振全息曝光加工液晶偏振光栅时,写入激光在不同方位角下的椭圆度不一致将会导致光栅存在高阶衍射级次等缺陷[31],因此在进行飞秒激光直写加工之前,将完整分析加工误差对衍射特性的影响以指导后续加工。几何相位准直分束器的核心部件偏振光栅可以被视为是一个延迟量和方位角为沿x轴排布的波片,其在位置x处的琼斯矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{{\mathrm{c}}}} $可以被写为以下形式:
$ \begin{split} \boldsymbol{T}_{{{\mathrm{c}}}}=& \boldsymbol{M} \boldsymbol{J} \boldsymbol{M}^{-{1}}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\cos \theta (x) & -\sin \theta (x) \\\sin \theta (x) & \cos \theta (x)\end{array}\right]\\& \cdot \left[\begin{array}{cc}t_x & 0 \\0 & t_y \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \phi (x)}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}\cos \theta (x) & -\sin \theta (x) \\\sin \theta (x) & \cos \theta (x)\end{array}\right]^{-1} \end{split} \;,$
其中,$ \boldsymbol{J} $为延迟为$ \phi \left (x\right) $的波片的琼斯矩阵,$ {t}_{x} $,$ {t}_{y} $分别为沿x,y轴的透过率,$ \boldsymbol{M} $为波片在x位置的旋转矩阵,$ \theta (x) $代表波片的慢轴方位角。当有可被表示为$ {\boldsymbol{E}}_{{{\mathrm{in}}}} $的入射光入射时,偏振光栅第m级的偏振特性由透射场的矢量傅里叶系数决定[32-33]:
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{{m}}=\frac{1}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \boldsymbol{T}_{{{\mathrm{c}}}} \boldsymbol{E}_{\rm{i n}} \mathrm{e}^{-\tfrac{\mathrm{i} 2 {\text{π}} m x}{\varLambda}} \mathrm{d} x \;,$
其中有:
$ \boldsymbol{E}_{\text {in }}=\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\;. $
将式 (7)代入式 (6)中,并令$ m=0,-1,+1\cdots $即可得到各衍射级次的琼斯矢量,其中0级透射分量可以被表示为
$ \begin{split} \boldsymbol{T}_{{0}}=& \frac{t_x}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \frac{1}{2} \sin [2 \theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_y \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_x\end{array}\right]\\&+\frac{t_y}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda}-\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^{{{\mathrm{i}}} \phi (x)} \sin [2 \theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_y \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_x\end{array}\right] \\& +\frac{t_x}{\varLambda}\left[\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \cos ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\\displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \sin ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\\&+\frac{t_y}{\varLambda}\left[\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \mathrm{e}^{{{\mathrm{i}}} \phi (x)} \sin ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\\displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \mathrm{e}^{{{\mathrm{i}}} \phi (x)} \cos ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\end{split}\;. $
$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{0} $的结构中同时含有偏振与$ {\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm{in}} $相同的分量$ {\left[{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{x},{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{y}\right]}^{{\rm{T}}} $与和$ {\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm{in}} $沿45°镜像对称的分量$ {\left[{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{y},{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{x}\right]}^{{\rm{T}}} $,当且仅当$ \theta \left (x\right) $在一个周期内0~$ {\text{π}} $线性变化,且$ \phi (x) $为常数时,即:
$ \theta (x)=\frac{{\text{π}} x}{\varLambda} \wedge \phi (x)=\mathrm{const}\;.$
成立时有:
$ \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \frac{1}{2} \sin [2 \theta (x)] \mathrm{d} x=\displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda}-\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^{{{\mathrm{i}}} \phi (x)} \sin (2 \theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x=0 \;,$
$ \boldsymbol{T}_0=\frac{1}{2}\left (t_x+\mathrm{e}^{{{\mathrm{i}}} \phi} t_y\right)\left[\begin{array}{l}E_x \\E_y\end{array}\right] \;.$
此时0级光中不含与入射光对称的分量${\left[{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{y},{{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{x}\right]}^{{\rm{T}}}$,仅包含与入射光偏振一致的分量。当式 (9)中的延迟量与方位角条件无法同时满足时,$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{0} $中将同时含有两个偏振方向的分量,出射光的偏振方位角与偏振椭圆度保真程度将大幅下降。
同理可以写出+1级衍射光的琼斯矢量:
$ \begin{split}\boldsymbol{T}_{+{1}}=& \frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\mathrm{i} \cos A-\sin A) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\ &+\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos A-\mathrm{i} \sin A) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\& +\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\mathrm{i} \cos B+\sin B) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\ &+\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\cos B+\mathrm{i} \sin B) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\& +\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\mathrm{i} \cos C+\sin C) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\ &+\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos C-\mathrm{i} \sin C) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\& +\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\mathrm{i} \cos D-\sin D) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\ &+\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\cos D+\mathrm{i} \sin D) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\& +\frac{t_y}{2 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos E-\mathrm{i} \sin E) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\end{split}\;, $
其中A~E为积分因子,且有:
$ A=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}-2 \theta (x) \;,$
$ B=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}-2 \theta (x)-\phi (x) \;,$
$ C=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}+2 \theta (x)\;, $
$ D=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}+2 \theta (x)-\phi (x) \;,$
$ E=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}-\phi (x)\;. $
由式 (12)可得知,偏振光栅的+1级分量同时包含有左旋圆偏振、右旋圆偏振和线偏振分量,当且仅当式 (9)中的延迟量与方位角条件同时满足时,含有C,D,E的积分项因为积分中存在$ \text{π}x/{\varLambda } $的整数倍而积分为0,而含有A,B的积分项则不为0,+1级光中只包含右旋圆偏振分量,且其积分为常数,即右旋圆偏振分量的功率与输入线偏振方向无关。同理可以写出−1级衍射光的琼斯矢量:
$ \begin{split}\boldsymbol{T}_{-{1}}=& \frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\mathrm{i} \cos F-\sin F) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\&+\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos F+\mathrm{i} \sin F) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\&+\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\mathrm{i} \cos G+\sin G) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\&+ \frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\cos G-\mathrm{i} \sin G) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\&+\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\mathrm{i} \cos H+\sin H) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\&+\frac{t_x {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos H+\mathrm{i} \sin H) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\&+\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_y}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\mathrm{i} \cos M-\sin M) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right]\\&+\frac{t_y {\boldsymbol{E}}_x}{4 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (-\cos M-\mathrm{i} \sin M) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{c}1 \\-\mathrm{i}\end{array}\right] \\&+\frac{t_y}{2 \varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} (\cos N+\mathrm{i} \sin N) \mathrm{d} x\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\end{split} \;,$
其中:F~N为积分因子,且有:
$ F=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}-2 \theta (x)\;, $
$ G=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}-2 \theta (x)+\phi (x) \;,$
$ H=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}+2 \theta (x) \;,$
$ M=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}+2 \theta (x)+\phi (x) \;,$
$ N=\frac{2 {\text{π}} x}{\varLambda}+\phi (x) \;.$
由式 (18)可得偏振光栅的−1级分量同时包含有左旋圆偏振、右旋圆偏振和线偏振分量,当且仅当式 (9)中的延迟量与方位角条件同时满足时,含有H,M,N的积分项为0,而含有F,G的积分不为0,故−1级光中只包含左旋圆偏振分量。而偏振光栅第m级的衍射效率可以用以下公式求出:
$ \eta_m=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{T}_{{m}}\right|^2}{\left|\boldsymbol{E}_{\rm{i n}}\right|^2}\;, $
其中,$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{m}} $为第m级透射场的矢量傅里叶系数。0级衍射效率可以表示为
$ \eta_0=\frac{\left|K \cdot \left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_y \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_x\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{l}L \cdot {\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\P \cdot {\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\right|^2}{\left|\left[\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol{E}}_x \\{\boldsymbol{E}}_y\end{array}\right]\right|^2} \;,$
其中有:
$ K=\frac{t_x}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \frac{1}{2} \sin (2 \theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x+\frac{t_y}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda}-\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \phi (x)} \sin (2 \theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x \;,$
$ L=\frac{t_x}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \cos ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x+\frac{t_y}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \phi (x)} \sin ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x\;, $
$ P=\frac{t_x}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \sin ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x+\frac{t_y}{\varLambda} \displaystyle{\int}_0^{\varLambda} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \phi (x)} \cos ^2(\theta (x)) \mathrm{d} x \;.$
当且仅当式 (9)的延迟量与方位角条件同时满足时,包含$ \theta \left (x\right) $一次方项的积分为0,此时有:
$ K=0\;, $
$ L=\mathrm{\mathit{P}}\; , $
$ \eta_0=\frac{1}{4}\left (t_x^2+t_y^2+2 \cos \phi t_x t_y\right)\;. $
此时光栅的0级衍射效率为常数,与入射光的偏振态无关,仅与整个几何相位光栅的平均双折射延迟量$ \phi $与实振幅透过系数$ {t}_{x} $,$ {t}_{y} $相关,对于无各向异性吸收的材料有$ {t}_{x} $=$ {t}_{y} $,故当$ \phi =\text{π} $时有$ {\eta }_{0}=0 $。±1级的衍射效率因组成$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{m}} $的多项式较复杂而难以求得解析表达式,这里用数值计算展现延迟量与方位角排布误差对±1级衍射效率与输出偏振的综合影响。
图3(a-c)分别展示了延迟量为$ {\text{π}} $的偏振光栅存在幅值为$ 0.1\text{π} $的正弦延迟量误差、方位角误差与混合误差时,不同角度线偏振光输入下−1,0,+1三个衍射级次的衍射效率。理想状况下,三个主要级次的衍射效率将恒定为50%,0%和50%,偏振椭圆度分别为−45°、0°和45°,且不随输入偏振方向变化。但当偏振光栅的延迟量在整个平面上不为常数时,如图3(a)所示,三个级次将出现明显能量耦合,±1级衍射效率存在明显的负相关关系,曲线相较90° (即偏振方向垂直于光栅方向)保持对称。光栅的方位角排布存在误差的各级次衍射效率如图3(b)所示,各主要级次的衍射效率仍在不同角度线偏振输入下保持稳定,但相较理想工作点存在偏移。值得注意的是,此时三个主要衍射级次的衍射效率加和小于100%,因为部分能量流向2阶及以上的高阶级次。但仅存在延迟量误差时该情况不会发生,方位角排布的非线性是造成光栅衍射效率降低的主要原因。方位角与延迟量同时存在误差的情况如图3(c,d)所示,光栅衍射效率降低,并随入射偏振角度变化,±1级衍射级的能量耦合仍然存在,但失去相对90°的对称性。各级次偏振椭圆度相较理想值的偏差同样印证了衍射级间能量耦合的存在。故在加工时保证光栅平面内的延迟量均匀和方位角线性,是实现光束准直二等分的关键。
几何相位器件的加工与表征系统示意如图4所示,飞秒激光加工系统采用的光源为PHAROS PH1-10,中心波长为1030 nm,最大平均输出功率10 W,最大单脉冲能量0.2 mJ,脉宽可调谐范围290 fs~10 ps,脉冲重复频率≤1 MHz,输出偏振为线偏振,光束质量$ {M}^{2} $<1.2。样品的双折射特性测试采用双折射显微镜,其系统原理示意图与双折射表征如图4(b)所示。双折射显微镜可进行快速、非接触式的双折射特性的二维测试,表征结果如图4(b)所示的灰度图和伪彩色图。灰度图使用16 bit灰度图像编码样品双折射延迟量的大小,灰度较高的区域代表较高的延迟量。伪彩色图则包含更丰富的信息,使用明度代表双折射延迟量,用颜色代表双折射慢轴方位角,各个方位角结构的颜色标注于左上角的颜色转轮中,玫红色代表水平方向,天青色代表竖直方向。
在Corning 7980熔融石英中使用重复频率200 kHz,脉宽为400 fs的1030 nm飞秒激光,通过5× NA=0.14的低数值孔径物镜进行低损耗双折射结构的加工。在平均功率183.4~250.5 mW (脉冲能量0.917~1.25 μJ),脉冲线密度2500~5000 pulse/mm参数区间进行正交参数对照加工实验,加工结构的双折射成像与透射成像如图5所示。
使用脉冲能量 1.06~1.21 μJ,脉冲线密度3500~4500 pulse/mm的1030 nm飞秒激光脉冲便可稳定诱导出单层延迟量 40 nm以上的低透射损耗双折射结构 (Type X改性),在透射成像的可视度较低。在脉冲能量1.10~1.25 μJ,脉冲线密度5000 pulse/mm的对照组中,开始出现高透射损耗结构特征,同时双折射延迟量急剧升高超出双折射显微镜的测试量程,在双折射伪彩色图像中呈现黑色 (为了更清晰地观察结构双折射特性的过渡变化,图5(a)的双折射测量量程被设定为100 nm)。单层双折射结构的延迟量并不足以达成偏振光栅在设计波长510 nm下的半波条件,即255 nm的延迟量。图6展示了1~7层堆叠的几何相位光栅结构的双折射与透射成像表征结果,每层结构间距为30 μm。在一个周期内扫描线被分为18个不同偏振等间距分布,形成方位角0~180°线性变化的双折射结构序列。多层堆叠加工可以在不显著增加透射损耗的前提下提高低损耗双折射结构的延迟量,图6中的双折射测试量程被设置为300 nm,7层堆叠的结构平均延迟量为247 nm,满足设计波长下的半波条件。
在图6的双折射结构透射图像中可以发现,即便整个平面上不同偏振的加工参数完全一致,天青色和蓝色所映射的区域透过率相较其他颜色区域的透过率略低且在双折射表征中明度较高,代表该区域的结构具有更高的透射损耗和延迟量。将整个区域所有像素统计为归一化双折射延迟量——慢轴方位角直方图可以进一步验证上述判断,如图7(a)所示。该现象与光栅平均延迟量无关,在延迟量仅为90 nm的双折射结构中同样会出现。光栅一个周期内的双折射特性分布如图7(b)所示,慢轴方位角在一个周期内并不呈线性变化,同时,慢轴方位角的一阶导数与该慢轴方位角对应的结构的双折射延迟量呈现明显负相关关系,如图7(c)所示,图中为凸显趋势,将方位角的一阶导数进行了100倍放缩。这意味着双折射强度越高的位置,其方位角变化率越慢,这些特定方位角下的结构在生长时表现出更强的空间竞争优势,导致周边结构的方位角向与之取向相同的方向发生偏转。在光栅的变偏振逐线直写加工中,部分结构的双折射延迟较高代表在这些激光偏振下直写加工的阈值更低,即在该偏振下更容易生成双折射结构。
对扫描线结构的直接观察可以同时印证该结论,由于光栅结构的扫描线间距仅为1 μm,不同偏振的加工线无法分辨,这里我们将扫描线间距扩展为10 μm,变偏振逐线扫描加工结果的双折射显微镜表征结果如图7(d)所示,将结构沿着图7(d)的虚线剖开,并用HF刻蚀30 s观察结构截面形貌,如图7(e)所示,所有扫描线除激光偏振外的加工参数完全一致。双折射表征中呈天青色 (即在HSV色度图像中的色相H= 0.5,代表的慢轴方位角为90°)的扫描线具有更高的双折射延迟量,其结构横向上更宽且纵向上更长,并且在图7(d)中展现出由低损耗结构向高损耗结构发展的迹象。双折射表征中红色 (即在HSV色度图像中的色相H=0/1,代表的慢轴方位角为0°)的扫描线结构较细且沿波矢量方向延伸更短,同时双折射延迟量较低。由低损耗双折射结构的参数化扫描加工实验中可得知,低损耗双折射结构往往需要脉冲数目累积才能生长为高损耗结构,天青色扫描线的部分高损耗特征证明了在该偏振下具有更低的改性阈值,使用更少的脉冲便实现双折射改性加工,该偏振方向可称为优势偏振。不同偏振扫描结构的差异能够解释图7(c)中的“侵略性”的来源,较宽的扫描线所处的激光偏振改性阈值较低,改性结构向周边挤压相邻偏振加工扫描线的空间,即便飞秒激光诱导的各向异性结构具有一定程度的可擦写特性,由于优势偏振的结构自身纵向长度更长,后续偏振加工的结构与优势偏振竞争仍处于劣势,只能形成更窄的“非理想结构”,宏观上看呈现为优势偏振附近加工结构的慢轴方位角被向优势偏振“吸引”。不同偏振直写加工的结构不均匀性不仅会直接影响延迟量排布$ \phi (x) $与方位角$ \theta (x) $,劣化光栅衍射特性,还会导致高损耗结构的形成影响光栅总体透过率,在光栅加工时需要予以规避。
飞秒激光在不同偏振加工的加工差异在当前研究中有多种解释。2012年Dai等[34]在熔融石英中的加工中观察到了不同偏振下结构长度的不同,并将其归因于脉冲前倾 (pulse front tilt, PFT)的影响。2013年Kazansky等[35]在熔融石英与硫化锗玻璃中观察到不同激光偏振加工双折射延迟量的差异,并将其定性地归因于扫描方向与脉冲前倾之间的夹角对结构造成的影响。该团队在后续2017年进一步地定量研究了这种不同偏振加工的不一致性,将PFT分为三种来源:脉冲时间啁啾 (spatial chirp, SC)、脉冲空间啁啾 (temporal chirp, TC)与物镜聚焦引起的角色散 (angular dispersion, AD),并使用光栅与回射棱镜独立地控制脉冲的时间啁啾与空间啁啾。消除了脉冲时空啁啾的加工仍然显示出不同偏振下加工结构延迟量约±11%的差异,故将这种特性定性地归因于物镜聚焦引起的角色散[36]。
飞秒激光加工中使用物镜聚焦光束是不可避免的,并且不同物镜势必引入不同的角色散,使得加工特性随加工系统而变化。图8展示了使用5× NA=0.14、20× NA=0.40、40× NA=0.60三种不同物镜,在近加工阈值情况下不同偏振加工扫描线的双折射表征,同一物镜不同偏振扫描线的加工参数除偏振方向外完全一致,不同物镜加工对照组的扫描速度与样品深度保持相同。因为不同物镜加工双折射的整体加工阈值与双折射强度均不同,故将双折射延迟量进行归一化。5×物镜下慢轴方位角90°的扫描线具有较大的延迟量,而20×物镜在慢轴方位角70°左右的扫描线出现延迟量极小值,且加工结构普遍呈现高损耗特征。更明显的趋势反转出现在40×物镜加工结果上,虽然40×物镜下低损耗的Type X结构难以出现,但其趋势几乎与5×物镜相反,180°附近的偏振成为优势偏振,在近阈值加工状态下,天青色扫描线的延迟量只有红色扫描线的23%。该结果同样说明物镜本身引入的角色散等时空不对称特性将影响线偏振写入双折射结构的均匀性。
这种不同偏振的加工不均匀性与加工系统对光束引入的时空不对称特性息息相关,想要完全消除其影响,实现具备普适性的均匀直写加工较为困难,为解决这种特性对光栅衍射特性的影响,提出基于脉冲线密度的动态参数补偿加工工艺。其核心思想是针对不同偏振下加工相同双折射强度所需要的脉冲数目不同,设置不同的加工参数补偿差异,该方法无需复杂装置补偿加工光路中的时空不对称特性,具有较强的可操作性。
对脉冲能量与脉冲线密度两种补偿方式之于双折射强度的补偿效果进行对照,结果如图9所示,对照测试均在0°线偏振下进行,用于测试的样品均加工单层以保证更高的双折射延迟量测试精度,实验被重复进行三次以确保数据准确性。激光脉冲能量从 1.1 μJ提升至1.7 μJ,双折射延迟量变化量为−1.2 nm,变化仅为−2.53%,补偿效果并不明显。当脉冲线密度从57 pulse/μm提升至133 pulse/μm,双折射延迟量变化量为+129.7 nm,变化率高达265%,并且在高脉冲线密度的情况下出现明显的高损耗特征。双折射延迟量对于脉冲数更加敏感,故选择脉冲线密度作为补偿方式。
使用脉冲线密度补偿后的光栅结果如图10所示,图10(a, b)展示了双折射灰度图与伪彩色图,光栅的平均延迟量为225 nm,双折射延迟量分布相较补偿前更加均匀,但灰度图中部分区域的颜色仍然较深,系补偿未完全抹平结构间差异所致。与无动态参数工艺加工的光栅进行对照的结果如图10(c)所示,这里将延迟量与方位角排布均做归一化处理。采用动态加工补偿后单周期$ \varLambda $内的双折射延迟量波动显著降低,且方位角排布线性程度略微改善,对动态参数加工的光栅不同慢轴方位角结构的平均延迟量进行统计,结果如图10(d)所示,最大归一化延迟量偏差为12%,相较补偿前约35%的延迟量偏差显著降低,动态参数补偿的加工展现出良好的适用性。
以脉冲线密度补偿加工工艺加工几何相位准直分束器的流程如图11所示,石英片端面被双面抛光以确保可以在端面正确地写入偏振光栅结构。
使用510 nm激光对单级几何相位偏振光栅进行输出特性测试,结果如图12所示。输入从左旋圆偏振渐变为右旋圆偏振,光栅的−1级强度减弱,+1级强度增强,符合器件设计预期,该偏振依赖的衍射特性使其不仅可以作为分束器件,还可以作为无惯量的快速光束偏转器件使用。不同线偏振入射时光栅的衍射特性如图12(b)所示,入射偏振旋转180°的衍射图样未发生明显变化,在任意输入线偏振下能保持90.69%以上的分束比 (即±1级衍射光中,弱光束与强光束的强度比值)。在设计工作状态,即入射光为90°线偏振光时,可实现分束比达97.01%的光束二等分。其对输入偏振角度的鲁棒性源于动态加工参数工艺对偏振光栅方位角与延迟量排布的有效均匀化补偿,抑制了各级次之间的能量流动,使得±1级的衍射光相对强度在不同线偏振下保持恒定。
几何相位偏振光栅在510 nm波长下保持了约95.7%的高透过率 (去除界面反射损耗),输入偏振变化过程中光栅总体衍射效率可保持在88%以上,在90°线偏振入射的设计工作状态下衍射效率高达94.8%,相较传统达曼光栅二分束约81%的衍射效率具有明显优势[37],−1级衍射级偏振椭圆度为+41.43°,接近理想右旋圆偏振光,+1级的偏振椭圆度为−40.91°,接近理想左旋圆偏振光。光栅0级未能完全消除的原因一方面是由于偏振光栅的平均延迟量并不精准地等于510 nm工作波长的一半,另一方面是动态脉冲线密度补偿还未完全消除非理想的延迟量与方位角的排布,造成部分能量流向0级,与不同偏振下的光栅总体衍射效率波动。但动态参数的加工工艺已经证明了其在优化器件性能,保证其衍射特性方面的价值。
完整准直分束器的衍射光场如图13所示。分束光栅与准直光栅设计周期均为20 μm,间距24 mm,在510 nm波长下理论分束间距为1.3 mm。使用光斑分析仪分别在级联器件后50 mm与300 mm处测试衍射光场,提取光束质心所计算的光束间距分别为1.342 mm与1.302 mm,光束夹角约为0.16 mrad,展现出良好的准直特性。准直与偏振校正后的光束分束比为94.01%,偏振方向夹角为3.3°,两光束偏振方向夹角未能完全一致的误差来源主要是几何相位波片延迟量的加工误差。值得一提的是,器件的线偏振准直二分束特性仅能在工作波长附近实现,当工作波长大幅偏移设计波长时,由于几何相位的特性,器件仍能保持准直二分束输出,但工作效率下降的同时无法维持线偏振输出。
对几何相位准直分束器输入3600 mW,光束直径 (1/e2) 1.2 mm的510 nm激光,使用功率计测试±1级光束功率,结果如图14所示。分束器在2400 s的长时间高功率输入始终能维持83%左右的工作效率,即两个主要衍射级次相对输入功率比值,功率曲线波动主要原因是激光器输出的时间漂移。经高斯修正后的分束器耐受功率可达52.67 W/cm,展现出优秀的高能量适应性。
本文针对单层几何相位器件无法进行复杂波前变换操作与无法对线偏振施加几何相位的局限,介绍了基于级联几何相位偏振光栅构成的准直分束器的构型与加工方法,器件同时实现光束的波前横向平移与几何相位器件的线偏振出射。分析了几何相位光栅的双折射延迟量和方位角排布误差对各主要衍射级次的衍射效率与偏振状态的影响,得出延迟量和方位角误差将造成光栅±1级间能量流动与偏振劣化的结论,并进一步提出了动态参数补偿的加工工艺,使用动态脉冲线密度补偿优势偏振下的加工结构差异,得到具有94.8%高衍射效率与分束比达97.01%的几何相位偏振光栅,相较液晶偏振光栅99%的衍射效率与98%的分束比[38-39]性能相近,衍射效率略低主要源于双折射结构的透射损耗,而分束比的差距主要来自延迟量与方位角的加工精准度,差距有望通过进一步工艺优化缩减。偏振光栅级联形成的衍射准直分束器件在510 nm波长下获得了分束比94.01%,偏振方向夹角为3.3°,光束间夹角0.16 mrad的准直二分束器件。本论文中采用的动态脉冲线密度补偿的加工工艺作为一种通用的补偿方法,可以广泛地应用于飞秒激光的直写加工中,降低激光偏振对加工结构的影响。得到的准直二分束器件可通过进一步的级联实现准直四分束、八分束等更大规模的准直光束阵列。同时该器件集成在一块熔融石英基底当中,工作对外界环境不敏感,具备耐物理损伤和耐高功率输入特性,相较液晶器件,在需要长时间高功率运行的应用环境中具有明显优势,如在激光多光束并行加工中作为高功率激光的分束器件,或在原子电场探测中对气室进行多路分光泵浦等场景中具有良好应用前景。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.260103
  • 接收时间:2026-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-28
  • 修回日期:2026-06-18
  • 录用日期:2026-06-22
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