Article(id=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.260019, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.260019, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768752000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-19, revisedDate=1773763200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-18, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1792631349967, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631349967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631349967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631349967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954807939515170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='250354', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631349786, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720386185, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328253928222957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954807939515170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260019, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319954808933565220, articleId=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Seawater temperature, salinity, and depth sensing using tapered photonic crystal fiber and cascaded hollow-core Fabry-Perot cavities, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Although conventional electronic sensing technologies are mature, current marine environmental monitoring that primarily relies on them still faces limitations, such as poor interference immunity and high system complexity. While fiber optic sensing technology offers advantages like immunity to electromagnetic interference and structural flexibility, existing research has largely focused on single-parameter detection or wavelength-interrogation methods, leaving challenges such as cross-sensitivity in the simultaneous decoupling measurement of multiple parameters unresolved. This study aims to construct an all-fiber multi-parameter sensing probe that achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection and effective decoupling of temperature, salinity, and pressure, thereby providing a reliable and easily integrable fiber optic sensing solution for in-situ marine environmental monitoring.
Methods This study adopts a systematic experimental approach, which primarily consists of two parts: sensor fabrication and performance testing. The sensor fabrication procedure is outlined as follows. First, a photonic crystal fiber is spliced with a single-mode fiber using a fusion splicer, and a tapered region is formed through a tapering process to construct a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Subsequently, a hollow-core fiber is spliced to an SMF, cleaved approximately 80 μm from the splice point, and a polymer film is formed using UV-curable adhesive to fabricate a Fabry–Pérot interferometric cavity. Finally, a fiber Bragg grating is connected in series with the above structures via single-mode fiber to form the complete composite sensor. Performance testing was conducted on a dedicated optical platform. A broadband light source with a wavelength range of 1250–1650 nm and an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution of 0.04 nm were employed. For salinity testing, a series of NaCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mol/L were prepared, and the solutions were injected via a syringe into a glass capillary tube containing the packaged sensor to complete the measurements. Pressure testing was performed by adjusting the immersion depth of the sensor in a 1.6 m water column to achieve continuous pressure variation within the range of 2.94–8.82 kPa. Temperature testing involved placing the sensor in a water environment on a temperature-controlled stage, with heating and cooling tests carried out in the range of 29–39 ℃ with a step size of 1 ℃. Based on the test results, a sensitivity matrix was constructed to enable synchronous decoupling measurement of temperature, salinity, and pressure.
Results and Discussions The influence of salinity, pressure, and temperature on the spectral characteristics of the composite fiber sensor is summarized as follows. For salinity sensing, the intensities of the interference dips Dip1 and Dip2 in the transmission spectrum increase linearly with rising salinity, with Dip1 exhibiting a sensitivity of −25.1557 dB/(mol/L), while the FBG reflection peak remains stable, confirming its temperature-sensing independence. Under pressure variation, the depths of the interference dips decrease regularly with increasing pressure. The pressure sensitivities of Dip1 and Dip2 are 2.2878 dB/kPa and 1.456 dB/KPa, respectively, and the FBG reflection peak shows negligible response to pressure change, indicating good pressure-temperature decoupling capability. Temperature experiments reveal a stable response of the FBG reflection peak with a sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃, whereas the interference dips exhibit piecewise-linear temperature dependence. Based on the above experimental results, a sensitivity matrix was established, which successfully enables simultaneous decoupling measurement of salinity and pressure. The average measurement errors for salinity and pressure are no more than 0.029 mol/L and 0.28 kPa, respectively, demonstrating reliable multi-parameter sensing performance of the sensor for marine environmental monitoring.
Conclusions This paper proposed and experimentally validated an MZI sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature, liquid salinity, and pressure. By tapering a PCF used for salinity sensing and splicing it with an FBG for temperature compensation on one side and a polymer-film FPI for pressure sensing on the other, a complete MZI sensor capable of multi-parameter measurement was constructed. The transmission of input light through the fiber sensor was analyzed theoretically in detail, and its performance was demonstrated through comparative experimental validations. The results show that the fabricated sensor exhibits linear spectral responses to variations in liquid salinity and pressure, with salinity and pressure sensitivities reaching −25.1557 dB/(mol/L) and 2.2878 dB/kPa, respectively, while temperature compensation via the FBG achieves a temperature sensitivity of −0.0465 dB/℃. By constructing a sensing matrix based on the salinity–pressure sensitivities of two selected interference dips and the FBG reflection peak, simultaneous measurement of the three parameters is enabled.
Although this sensor demonstrates excellent sensing performance in laboratory conditions, systematic research on environmental stability and long-term reliability is still required for practical marine applications. Subsequent work will be conducted at three levels: 1) material level: conduct long-term seawater immersion and accelerated aging tests on polymer films to evaluate their service life; simultaneously explore inorganic film alternatives (e.g., Al2O3, SiO2) to fundamentally enhance the chemical stability of the sensing unit. 2) Encapsulation level: design a multi-layer encapsulation structure comprising “flexible buffer-rigid protection-anti-fouling coating” with a focus on micro-area coating protection for vulnerable areas like tapered PCFs. Conduct high hydrostatic pressure cycling tests and seal integrity verification. 3) System validation layer: construct a multi-parameter coupled environmental simulation chamber to conduct long-term drift and cross-sensitivity re-evaluation tests. Plan real-sea deployment trials to validate the sensor's long-term reliability under typical oceanic conditions. In summary, this sensor demonstrates strong potential in structural design, sensing performance, and decoupling capability. Future work will follow a three-pronged research approach integrating materials, packaging, and systems to progressively advance it from laboratory prototyping to practical in-situ ocean monitoring applications. This will provide a novel all-fiber optic sensing solution for high-precision, interference-resistant, long-term continuous observation of ocean temperature, salinity, and depth.
, authors=Jingbo Chai
1, Zijie Dai
1, Fanghao Ji
1, Mingyang Chen
1, Ying Liang
1, 2, authorsList=Jingbo Chai, Zijie Dai, Fanghao Ji, Mingyang Chen, Ying Liang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319954814394549063, articleId=1319954808698684195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于拉锥光子晶体光纤与级联空芯FP腔的海水温盐深传感研究, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
本文提出并实验验证了一种基于聚合物薄膜法布里-珀罗干涉 (FPI)与马赫-曾德尔干涉 (MZI)的复合光纤传感器,可用于实现温度、水溶液盐度与压力的高灵敏度测量。该传感器结构采用一段拉锥后的光子晶体光纤 (PCF),在其两端分别串联用于温度补偿的光纤布拉格光栅 (FBG)与用于压力测量的聚合物薄膜 FPI,并通过单模光纤 (SMF)连接构成完整的传感系统。实验结果表明,所设计的传感器能够对温度、盐度和压力 (深度)实现同步测量,其灵敏度分别为−0.0465 dB/℃、−25.1557 dB/ (mol/L)与2.2878 dB/kPa,具有结构紧凑、灵敏度高、可重复等优势,在海洋环境监测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。
, authors=柴敬博
1, 戴子杰
1, 纪方豪
1, 陈明阳
1, 梁莹
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作者贡献
柴敬博:文献调研、实验、论文写作;戴子杰:论文修改,数据分析;纪方豪:数据处理;陈明阳:论文修改;梁莹:实验设计、数据分析、经费资助。
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1江苏大学机械工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319954814751064907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814772036428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814751064907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319954814784619341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, companyId=1319954814751064907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2江苏大学教育部现代农业装备与技术重点实验室,江苏 镇江 212013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319954818639184754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. (a) Optical characterization system for the fiber-optic sensor; (b-d) Correspond to the dedicated test configurations for salinity, temperature, and pressure measurements, figureFileSmall=QMfGxzypIinkv5L+xjg3Ig==, figureFileBig=PiqntiH4W0X4np1KK8qssQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818710487923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
实验装置的示意图。 (a)光纤传感器的传感测试装置; (b-d)分别为盐度、温度、压力的测试装置, figureFileSmall=QMfGxzypIinkv5L+xjg3Ig==, figureFileBig=PiqntiH4W0X4np1KK8qssQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818920203124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic of the fabrication process. (a) MZI sensor based on the polymer film FPI; (b) Polymer film FPI sensor, figureFileSmall=mnf9WlWA0PUH3l199MYfpQ==, figureFileBig=wm2Bjsu6rQenKnQZVuY3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954818974729077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
制作工艺示意图。(a) 基于聚合物薄膜FPI的MZI传感器制备流程示意图; (b) 聚合物薄膜FPI传感器制备流程示意图, figureFileSmall=mnf9WlWA0PUH3l199MYfpQ==, figureFileBig=wm2Bjsu6rQenKnQZVuY3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819050226550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Graph of salinity test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different salinity levels; Variation and linear fitting under varying salinity for: (b) Interferometric Dip 1; (c) Interferometric Dip 2; (d) Reflective Dip 3, figureFileSmall=B1UeBljf0SQxLKHPy7tfIw==, figureFileBig=psNTGjhTM3YtgHHP5iAlDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819113141111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
盐度测试数据图。(a) 传感器在不同盐度测量的传输响应图谱;在不同盐度下的变化情况以及线性拟合:(b)干涉峰Dip1;(c)干涉峰Dip2;(d)反射峰Dip3, figureFileSmall=B1UeBljf0SQxLKHPy7tfIw==, figureFileBig=psNTGjhTM3YtgHHP5iAlDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819192832888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Graph of pressure test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different pressure levels; Variation and linear fitting under varying pressure for: (b) Interferometric Dip 1; (c) Interferometric Dip 2; (d) Reflective Dip 3, figureFileSmall=ZbFsqhQNhm+cPA0bPy4rLg==, figureFileBig=/tFT2MW9m/K/NwMlmSCL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819280913273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
压力测试数据图。(a) 传感器在不同压力测量的传输响应图谱;在不同压力下的变化情况以及线性拟合:(b)干涉峰Dip1;(c)干涉峰Dip2;(d)反射峰Dip3, figureFileSmall=ZbFsqhQNhm+cPA0bPy4rLg==, figureFileBig=/tFT2MW9m/K/NwMlmSCL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819352216442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Graph of tempurature test data. (a) Transmission response spectra of the sensor under different temperatures and the variation of interference dip 3; (b) Temperature response and linear fitting of Dip 3; (c) Linear fitting of Dip 1; (d) Linear fitting of Dip 2, figureFileSmall=nXdKjyHW3QsVml9YuYtTog==, figureFileBig=btrLo48qWNIEt8dcC8zDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819423519611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
温度测试数据图。(a)传感器在不同温度测量的传输响应图谱及干涉峰Dip3的变化情况;(b) Dip3的温度变化响应以及线性拟合;(c) Dip1的线性拟合;(d) Dip2的线性拟合, figureFileSmall=nXdKjyHW3QsVml9YuYtTog==, figureFileBig=btrLo48qWNIEt8dcC8zDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819503211388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Transmission response spectra of Dip 1 and Dip 2 under different salinity-pressure combinations. (a) Spectral response at salinity of 0.5 mol/L and pressure of 2.94 kPa; (b) Spectral response at salinity of 2.0 mol/L and pressure of 4.90 kPa, figureFileSmall=yfzzREvIXFCPzAcvSHtOtQ==, figureFileBig=T4UFVDrVwqt/A7Hrm2cytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819578708861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同盐度和压力搭配下Dip1和Dip2的传输响应图谱。(a)盐度0.5 mol/L、压力2.94 kPa条件下的光谱响应;(b)盐度2.0 mol/L、压力4.90 kPa条件下的光谱响应, figureFileSmall=yfzzREvIXFCPzAcvSHtOtQ==, figureFileBig=T4UFVDrVwqt/A7Hrm2cytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954819650012030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Comparison between measured and actual values for salinity and pressure across five test sets, figureFileSmall=5SwiYszMMP3+aNyyntIuMw==, figureFileBig=4eRAutz+T0fWxQa6og2sYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954821340316543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
五组盐度和压力的测试与实际值的对比, figureFileSmall=5SwiYszMMP3+aNyyntIuMw==, figureFileBig=4eRAutz+T0fWxQa6og2sYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319954821445174144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of key parameters between the proposed sensor and other representative designs
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Refs. | Sensing scheme | Sen. (temperature) | Sen. (salinity) | Sen. (pressure) |
|---|
| [24] | Integrated hybrid MZI | 4.401 nm/℃ | 0.784 nm/‰ | N.A. |
| [25] | Double D-shaped FBG | N.A. | 47.37 nm/RIU | N.A. |
| [10] | Two FBGs and diaphragm-based EFPI | 10 pm/℃ | 141 pm/(mol/L) | 520 nm/MPa |
| [15] | SPR based on dual-hole SMF | 2.82 nm/℃ | 0.33 nm/‰ | N.A. |
| [26] | A polymer-coated tapered optical fiber | −2.283 nm/℃ | N.A. | 3.301 nm/MPa |
| Ours | FBG-compensated hybrid FPI/MZI | −0.0465 dB/℃ | −25.1557 dB/(mol/L) | 2.2878 dB/kPa |
), ArticleFig(id=1319954821550031745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319954808698684195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
本研究所设计光纤传感器与其他设计方案的各参数对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Refs. | Sensing scheme | Sen. (temperature) | Sen. (salinity) | Sen. (pressure) |
|---|
| [24] | Integrated hybrid MZI | 4.401 nm/℃ | 0.784 nm/‰ | N.A. |
| [25] | Double D-shaped FBG | N.A. | 47.37 nm/RIU | N.A. |
| [10] | Two FBGs and diaphragm-based EFPI | 10 pm/℃ | 141 pm/(mol/L) | 520 nm/MPa |
| [15] | SPR based on dual-hole SMF | 2.82 nm/℃ | 0.33 nm/‰ | N.A. |
| [26] | A polymer-coated tapered optical fiber | −2.283 nm/℃ | N.A. | 3.301 nm/MPa |
| Ours | FBG-compensated hybrid FPI/MZI | −0.0465 dB/℃ | −25.1557 dB/(mol/L) | 2.2878 dB/kPa |
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