Article(id=1319955035920913380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954930014732947, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250380, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250380, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=1771862400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-24, acceptedDate=1772208000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-28, onlineDate=1792631404142, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631404142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631404142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631404142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954930014732947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='250315', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631378892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631378892, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250380, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955036088685541, articleId=1319955035920913380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Analytical modeling and optimization of the support structure for submillimeter wave telescope reflector panels, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Submillimeter wave telescopes require reflector panel surface accuracy at the micrometer level. This precision is essential for diffraction-limited performance at wavelengths near 350 μm. Panel support structures must resolve a fundamental engineering conflict. They need high static stiffness to resist gravity-induced deformation under varying elevation angles. At the same time, they require controlled flexibility to accommodate differential thermal expansion without generating stress concentrations or warping. Traditional design approaches rely heavily on iterative finite element analysis. These methods treat the structure as a numerical black box. They offer little insight into the physical origins of parasitic displacements and rotations. Their computational cost grows rapidly with model complexity. Design cycles become prohibitively slow for large-scale systems. This work addressed these limitations by developing a physics-informed analytical framework. The goal was efficient multi-objective optimization of support geometry. The framework needed to balance static rigidity and thermal adaptability in a transparent, interpretable manner.

Methods

An analytical flexibility matrix model was constructed using screw theory. The model targeted the four-point symmetric support configuration commonly used in large submillimeter telescopes. Each support leg consisted of a circular-section flexible rod. These rods acted as compliant elements with well-defined mechanical behavior. Closed-form displacement-force relationships were derived for individual rods. The same formulation extended to the integrated panel-support system. These expressions enabled direct calculation of panel-level rigid-body motions and elastic deformations from applied loads. No numerical solvers were required during evaluation. All analytical flexibility coefficients underwent rigorous validation. High-fidelity finite element models served as benchmarks. Absolute relative errors across all coefficients remained below 1.5%. A global sensitivity analysis examined entries in the flexibility and stiffness matrices. It identified specific off-diagonal terms most responsible for parasitic translations and rotations. These terms directly contributed to surface RMS error. They became the core objective functions in a multi-objective optimization problem. Design variables included the length and radius of both inner and outer support rods. These parameters control directional compliance without altering topology. The NSGA-II evolutionary algorithm generated a Pareto front of optimal solutions. The entire optimization loop operated exclusively on the analytical model. No finite element simulations were called during the process. This eliminated the primary bottleneck in conventional workflows. Preliminary experimental validation tested a full-scale aluminum panel prototype. A coordinate measuring machine recorded three-dimensional surface coordinates. Complementary photogrammetry provided dense point-cloud data. Tests covered five telescope elevation angles to simulate gravity vector changes. Thermal cycling spanned –40 °C to +40 °C in 10 °C steps. Surface repeatability and thermal drift were quantified under realistic operating conditions.

Results and Discussions

The optimized support geometry achieved synergistic static and thermal performance. Under gravity loading at zenith, axial (Z-direction) RMS surface error decreased from 7.6 μm to 7.0 μm. This 8% reduction confirmed enhanced resistance to panel sag. It also reflected effective suppression of parasitic rotation about transverse axes—key contributors to low-order surface aberrations. Circumferential (Y-direction) error remained stable at 1.4 μm across all orientations. This consistency verified preserved torsional rigidity around the optical axis. Radial (X-direction) error increased modestly from 4.9 μm to 6.0 μm. This change was not a failure but a strategic trade-off. Increased radial compliance allowed the panel to expand freely during heating. The benefit became evident under thermal load. A uniform 20 °C temperature rise reduced RMS surface error from 8.8 μm to 3.7 μm—a 58% improvement. The result demonstrated successful management of thermally induced deformation. Flexibility was deliberately distributed to align with expected thermal expansion modes. Computational efficiency improved by two orders of magnitude. The analytical optimization completed in minutes. Conventional finite element-based iteration required hours for comparable resolution. Total computing time dropped to 0.33% of the baseline—a 99.67% reduction. Experimental measurements showed surface errors stabilized between 12 μm and 13 μm. Errors varied by less than 1 μm across all five orientations. Thermal hysteresis was negligible after three cycles. Measured values matched analytical predictions within combined uncertainties. These uncertainties included initial manufacturing tolerances (±5 μm) and instrument resolution (±2 μm). The agreement validated the model’s predictive capability in real-world conditions. The controlled increase in X-direction compliance exemplifies a paradigm shift. Instead of maximizing global stiffness, the design redistributes directional compliance. This enables true multi-physics co-optimization. Parasitic motions are not eliminated—they are guided along benign paths. The approach recognizes that deformation is inevitable; the goal is to make it predictable and non-degrading to optical performance.

Conclusions

The screw theory-based analytical flexibility matrix model provides a transparent, interpretable foundation for high-precision support design. It establishes direct, causal links between geometric parameters and parasitic motions. This overcomes the opacity of simulation-driven black-box methods. The resulting optimization framework successfully reconciles competing demands for static rigidity and thermal compliance. It delivers measurable performance gains under both gravitational and thermal disturbances. Computational cost drops by over 99% without sacrificing accuracy. The methodology offers a robust, scalable solution for submillimeter-wave telescope reflector panels. Its principles apply broadly to other demanding opto-mechanical systems. Examples include space telescopes, cryogenic spectrometers, and adaptive secondary mirrors. Any application requiring micron-level stability under multi-physics loads can adopt this approach. The model’s analytical nature enables rapid design exploration, sensitivity studies, and real-time compensation strategies. Future work will extend the framework to asymmetric support layouts and non-circular rod cross-sections. Integration into full-reflector co-design pipelines is underway. Coupling with active alignment systems could enable closed-loop thermal compensation. This work establishes a new design philosophy: precision through intelligent flexibility, not brute-force stiffness.

, authors=Gaobang Zhang1, 2, Xingming Lu3, Lijia Feng3, Peng Wei3, Zheng Lou1, 2, Yuan Qian1, 2, authorsList=Gaobang Zhang, Xingming Lu, Lijia Feng, Peng Wei, Zheng Lou, Yuan Qian, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan Qian, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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面向亚毫米波望远镜主反射面面板支撑结构,本文建立了基于旋量理论的柔度矩阵解析模型,推导出圆截面柔性支撑单元及面板支撑系统的位移–力关系。通过有限元计算对解析柔度系数进行对比,误差均小于1.5%。在此基础上,建立兼顾静力学刚度与热力学稳定性的多目标优化模型,以抑制寄生位移和转角为目标,采用NSGA-II算法优化支撑杆几何参数。优化结果显示,重力工况下关键方向(Z向)面形误差RMS由7.6 μm优化至7.0 μm,整体刚度保持良好;20 ℃温升工况下面形误差RMS由8.8 μm降至3.7 μm,热变形抑制效果突出;计算效率较传统有限元迭代方法提升约300倍,实现了静力学刚度与热力学稳定性的高效协同设计。

, authors=张高榜1, 2, 卢兴明3, 冯立甲3, 韦鹏3, 娄铮1, 2, 钱元1, 2, *, *, authorsList=张高榜, 卢兴明, 冯立甲, 韦鹏, 娄铮, 钱元, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱元, authorNote=

作者贡献

张高榜:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;卢兴明,冯立甲,韦鹏:实验设计、开展;娄铮,钱元:指导论文选题、论文修改。

张高榜(2001-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜关键技术。E-mail:

钱元(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜结构与热控系统的关键技术以及先进复合材料在天文望远镜中的应用。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
钱元,
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钱元(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜结构与热控系统的关键技术以及先进复合材料在天文望远镜中的应用。E-mail:

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(a) Gravity along Z-axis; (b) Gravity along Y-axis, figureFileSmall=cz/lvhOeUPZ6N3k+x2nFFA==, figureFileBig=pyYA8v8oaNvbEj5QZ8LEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955085581472052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=CN, label=图6, caption=面板测试过程。(a)重力沿Z;(b)重力沿Y, figureFileSmall=cz/lvhOeUPZ6N3k+x2nFFA==, figureFileBig=pyYA8v8oaNvbEj5QZ8LEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955085661163829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Initial parameters of the support structure

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Density ρ/(g/cm3)Elastic modulus E/GPaCTE α/(10−6/°C)Poisson's ratio $ \upsilon $Length l/mCross-sectional radius r/mm
7.8210110.30.155
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支撑结构初始参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density ρ/(g/cm3)Elastic modulus E/GPaCTE α/(10−6/°C)Poisson's ratio $ \upsilon $Length l/mCross-sectional radius r/mm
7.8210110.30.155
), ArticleFig(id=1319955085820547383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Structural parameters of circular cross-section beam

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X/Y-axis moment of inertiaZ-axis torsional constantShear coefficient
$ {I}_{x}={I}_{y}=\dfrac{\text{π}{r}^{4}}{4} $ $ J\mathrm{_p}=\dfrac{\text{π}r^4}{2} $ $ \dfrac{6\left(1+\nu \right)}{7+6\nu } $
), ArticleFig(id=1319955085904433464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

圆截面梁结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X/Y-axis moment of inertiaZ-axis torsional constantShear coefficient
$ {I}_{x}={I}_{y}=\dfrac{\text{π}{r}^{4}}{4} $ $ J\mathrm{_p}=\dfrac{\text{π}r^4}{2} $ $ \dfrac{6\left(1+\nu \right)}{7+6\nu } $
), ArticleFig(id=1319955085984125241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Flexibility coefficient expression of circular cross-section beam

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Flexibility coefficientCircular beamFlexibility coefficientCircular beam
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{x}}} $ $ \dfrac{4l}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{F}_{x}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{4}{l}^{3}}{3E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}}+\dfrac{{K}l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{M}_{{y}}}} $ $ \dfrac{4{l}}{E{\text{π}}r^4} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{F}_{y}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{4}{l}^{3}}{3E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}}+\dfrac{{K}l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $ $ \dfrac{2l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{{{\textit{z}}}}}{-}{{F}_{{{\textit{z}}}}}} $ $ \dfrac{l}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{y}}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{2}{l}^{2}}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{F}_{{x}}}} $ $ -\dfrac{\text{2}{l}^{2}}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086118342970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

圆截面梁柔度系数表达式

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Flexibility coefficientCircular beamFlexibility coefficientCircular beam
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{x}}} $ $ \dfrac{4l}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{F}_{x}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{4}{l}^{3}}{3E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}}+\dfrac{{K}l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{M}_{{y}}}} $ $ \dfrac{4{l}}{E{\text{π}}r^4} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{F}_{y}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{4}{l}^{3}}{3E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}}+\dfrac{{K}l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $ $ \dfrac{2l}{G{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\delta }_{{{\textit{z}}}}}{-}{{F}_{{{\textit{z}}}}}} $ $ \dfrac{l}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{2}} $
$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{y}}}} $ $ \dfrac{\text{2}{l}^{2}}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $ $ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{F}_{{x}}}} $ $ -\dfrac{\text{2}{l}^{2}}{E{\text{π}}{r}^{4}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086248366395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Support point and centroid coordinates

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Coordinate/m
p1(−7.5309, 0.0653, 2.4137)
p2(−7.4750, 0.9183, 2.4137)
p3(−6.3610, 0.7716, 1.6972)
p4(−6.4073, 0.0653, 1.6972)
mc(−6.9130, 0.4531, 2.1209)
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086357418300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

支撑点及质心坐标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Coordinate/m
p1(−7.5309, 0.0653, 2.4137)
p2(−7.4750, 0.9183, 2.4137)
p3(−6.3610, 0.7716, 1.6972)
p4(−6.4073, 0.0653, 1.6972)
mc(−6.9130, 0.4531, 2.1209)
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086449692989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Analytic results versus FEA simulation

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Flexibility coefficientFEAARAEP/%Flexibility coefficientFEAARAEP/%
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{x}}} $e-8 N−1·m−11.47671.47660.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{F}_{x}}} $e-7 N−1·m5.04915.05030.02
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{M}_{{y}}}} $e-9 N−1·m−15.13735.13670.01 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{F}_{y}}} $e-7 N−1·m5.05195.05310.02
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-7 N−1·m−18.44628.42020.31 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{\textit{z}}}{-}{{F}_{\textit{z}}}} $e-9 N−1·m2.27412.27410.00
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-11 N−1·m1−1.2007−1.21771.42 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-12 N−1·m7.31717.26240.75
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{y}}{-}{{F}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-11 N−14.79534.79550.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{F}_{y}}} $e-9 N−1−7.8828−7.85920.30
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{y}}}} $e-9 N−1−2.1652−2.16510.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{F}_{{x}}}} $e-10 N−17.544367.53920.07
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086529384766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

有限元分析与数值结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Flexibility coefficientFEAARAEP/%Flexibility coefficientFEAARAEP/%
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{x}}} $e-8 N−1·m−11.47671.47660.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{F}_{x}}} $e-7 N−1·m5.04915.05030.02
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{M}_{{y}}}} $e-9 N−1·m−15.13735.13670.01 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{F}_{y}}} $e-7 N−1·m5.05195.05310.02
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-7 N−1·m−18.44628.42020.31 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{\textit{z}}}{-}{{F}_{\textit{z}}}} $e-9 N−1·m2.27412.27410.00
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-11 N−1·m1−1.2007−1.21771.42 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\delta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-12 N−1·m7.31717.26240.75
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{y}}{-}{{F}_{{\textit{z}}}}} $e-11 N−14.79534.79550.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}{-}{{F}_{y}}} $e-9 N−1−7.8828−7.85920.30
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{{y}}}} $e-9 N−1−2.1652−2.16510.00 $ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{F}_{{x}}}} $e-10 N−17.544367.53920.07
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086613270847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of results between two optimization schemes

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Schemesr1/mmr2/mml1/mml2/mmRun time
Isight4.014.52149.85151.903 h 5 min
MATLAB4.14.5147.7152.436 s
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两种优化方案结果对比

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Schemesr1/mmr2/mml1/mml2/mmRun time
Isight4.014.52149.85151.903 h 5 min
MATLAB4.14.5147.7152.436 s
), ArticleFig(id=1319955086793625921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955035920913380, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of performance indicators before and after optimization

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SchemesRMSGx/μmRMSGy/μmRMSGz/μmRMST/μm
Before4.91.47.68.8
After6.01.47.03.7
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优化前后面板性能指标对比

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SchemesRMSGx/μmRMSGy/μmRMSGz/μmRMST/μm
Before4.91.47.68.8
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亚毫米波望远镜反射面面板支撑结构的解析建模与优化
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张高榜 1, 2 , 卢兴明 3 , 冯立甲 3 , 韦鹏 3 , 娄铮 1, 2 , 钱元 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 科研论文 2026,53(6): 250380-1
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光电工程 |科研论文 2026 , 53 (6) : 250380 -1
亚毫米波望远镜反射面面板支撑结构的解析建模与优化
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钱元(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜结构与热控系统的关键技术以及先进复合材料在天文望远镜中的应用。E-mail:

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钱元(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜结构与热控系统的关键技术以及先进复合材料在天文望远镜中的应用。E-mail:

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张高榜1, 2 , 卢兴明3, 冯立甲3, 韦鹏3, 娄铮1, 2, 钱元1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院紫金山天文台,江苏 南京 210034
  • 2中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院,江苏 南京 210034
  • 3中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所,河北 石家庄 050081
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

张高榜:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;卢兴明,冯立甲,韦鹏:实验设计、开展;娄铮,钱元:指导论文选题、论文修改。

张高榜(2001-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜关键技术。E-mail:

钱元(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为亚毫米波望远镜结构与热控系统的关键技术以及先进复合材料在天文望远镜中的应用。E-mail:

Analytical modeling and optimization of the support structure for submillimeter wave telescope reflector panels
Gaobang Zhang1, 2 , Xingming Lu3, Lijia Feng3, Peng Wei3, Zheng Lou1, 2, Yuan Qian1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210034, China
  • 2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210034, China
  • 3The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250380
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面向亚毫米波望远镜主反射面面板支撑结构,本文建立了基于旋量理论的柔度矩阵解析模型,推导出圆截面柔性支撑单元及面板支撑系统的位移–力关系。通过有限元计算对解析柔度系数进行对比,误差均小于1.5%。在此基础上,建立兼顾静力学刚度与热力学稳定性的多目标优化模型,以抑制寄生位移和转角为目标,采用NSGA-II算法优化支撑杆几何参数。优化结果显示,重力工况下关键方向(Z向)面形误差RMS由7.6 μm优化至7.0 μm,整体刚度保持良好;20 ℃温升工况下面形误差RMS由8.8 μm降至3.7 μm,热变形抑制效果突出;计算效率较传统有限元迭代方法提升约300倍,实现了静力学刚度与热力学稳定性的高效协同设计。

亚毫米波望远镜  /  面板支撑  /  柔度矩阵  /  多目标优化
Objective

Submillimeter wave telescopes require reflector panel surface accuracy at the micrometer level. This precision is essential for diffraction-limited performance at wavelengths near 350 μm. Panel support structures must resolve a fundamental engineering conflict. They need high static stiffness to resist gravity-induced deformation under varying elevation angles. At the same time, they require controlled flexibility to accommodate differential thermal expansion without generating stress concentrations or warping. Traditional design approaches rely heavily on iterative finite element analysis. These methods treat the structure as a numerical black box. They offer little insight into the physical origins of parasitic displacements and rotations. Their computational cost grows rapidly with model complexity. Design cycles become prohibitively slow for large-scale systems. This work addressed these limitations by developing a physics-informed analytical framework. The goal was efficient multi-objective optimization of support geometry. The framework needed to balance static rigidity and thermal adaptability in a transparent, interpretable manner.

Methods

An analytical flexibility matrix model was constructed using screw theory. The model targeted the four-point symmetric support configuration commonly used in large submillimeter telescopes. Each support leg consisted of a circular-section flexible rod. These rods acted as compliant elements with well-defined mechanical behavior. Closed-form displacement-force relationships were derived for individual rods. The same formulation extended to the integrated panel-support system. These expressions enabled direct calculation of panel-level rigid-body motions and elastic deformations from applied loads. No numerical solvers were required during evaluation. All analytical flexibility coefficients underwent rigorous validation. High-fidelity finite element models served as benchmarks. Absolute relative errors across all coefficients remained below 1.5%. A global sensitivity analysis examined entries in the flexibility and stiffness matrices. It identified specific off-diagonal terms most responsible for parasitic translations and rotations. These terms directly contributed to surface RMS error. They became the core objective functions in a multi-objective optimization problem. Design variables included the length and radius of both inner and outer support rods. These parameters control directional compliance without altering topology. The NSGA-II evolutionary algorithm generated a Pareto front of optimal solutions. The entire optimization loop operated exclusively on the analytical model. No finite element simulations were called during the process. This eliminated the primary bottleneck in conventional workflows. Preliminary experimental validation tested a full-scale aluminum panel prototype. A coordinate measuring machine recorded three-dimensional surface coordinates. Complementary photogrammetry provided dense point-cloud data. Tests covered five telescope elevation angles to simulate gravity vector changes. Thermal cycling spanned –40 °C to +40 °C in 10 °C steps. Surface repeatability and thermal drift were quantified under realistic operating conditions.

Results and Discussions

The optimized support geometry achieved synergistic static and thermal performance. Under gravity loading at zenith, axial (Z-direction) RMS surface error decreased from 7.6 μm to 7.0 μm. This 8% reduction confirmed enhanced resistance to panel sag. It also reflected effective suppression of parasitic rotation about transverse axes—key contributors to low-order surface aberrations. Circumferential (Y-direction) error remained stable at 1.4 μm across all orientations. This consistency verified preserved torsional rigidity around the optical axis. Radial (X-direction) error increased modestly from 4.9 μm to 6.0 μm. This change was not a failure but a strategic trade-off. Increased radial compliance allowed the panel to expand freely during heating. The benefit became evident under thermal load. A uniform 20 °C temperature rise reduced RMS surface error from 8.8 μm to 3.7 μm—a 58% improvement. The result demonstrated successful management of thermally induced deformation. Flexibility was deliberately distributed to align with expected thermal expansion modes. Computational efficiency improved by two orders of magnitude. The analytical optimization completed in minutes. Conventional finite element-based iteration required hours for comparable resolution. Total computing time dropped to 0.33% of the baseline—a 99.67% reduction. Experimental measurements showed surface errors stabilized between 12 μm and 13 μm. Errors varied by less than 1 μm across all five orientations. Thermal hysteresis was negligible after three cycles. Measured values matched analytical predictions within combined uncertainties. These uncertainties included initial manufacturing tolerances (±5 μm) and instrument resolution (±2 μm). The agreement validated the model’s predictive capability in real-world conditions. The controlled increase in X-direction compliance exemplifies a paradigm shift. Instead of maximizing global stiffness, the design redistributes directional compliance. This enables true multi-physics co-optimization. Parasitic motions are not eliminated—they are guided along benign paths. The approach recognizes that deformation is inevitable; the goal is to make it predictable and non-degrading to optical performance.

Conclusions

The screw theory-based analytical flexibility matrix model provides a transparent, interpretable foundation for high-precision support design. It establishes direct, causal links between geometric parameters and parasitic motions. This overcomes the opacity of simulation-driven black-box methods. The resulting optimization framework successfully reconciles competing demands for static rigidity and thermal compliance. It delivers measurable performance gains under both gravitational and thermal disturbances. Computational cost drops by over 99% without sacrificing accuracy. The methodology offers a robust, scalable solution for submillimeter-wave telescope reflector panels. Its principles apply broadly to other demanding opto-mechanical systems. Examples include space telescopes, cryogenic spectrometers, and adaptive secondary mirrors. Any application requiring micron-level stability under multi-physics loads can adopt this approach. The model’s analytical nature enables rapid design exploration, sensitivity studies, and real-time compensation strategies. Future work will extend the framework to asymmetric support layouts and non-circular rod cross-sections. Integration into full-reflector co-design pipelines is underway. Coupling with active alignment systems could enable closed-loop thermal compensation. This work establishes a new design philosophy: precision through intelligent flexibility, not brute-force stiffness.

submillimeter wave telescope  /  panel support  /  flexibility matrix  /  multi-objective optimization
张高榜, 卢兴明, 冯立甲, 韦鹏, 娄铮, 钱元. 亚毫米波望远镜反射面面板支撑结构的解析建模与优化. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (6) : 250380 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250380
Gaobang Zhang, Xingming Lu, Lijia Feng, Peng Wei, Zheng Lou, Yuan Qian. Analytical modeling and optimization of the support structure for submillimeter wave telescope reflector panels[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (6) : 250380 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250380
毫米/亚毫米波望远镜工作于短波长(0.1~10 mm)频段,主反射面面形精度与稳定性是决定其观测性能的关键因素之一。理想反射面形状是实现电磁波能量高效聚焦的基础,而面形误差会引起波前相位失配与能量散射,导致天线效率和增益明显下降,进而降低望远镜的信号收集能力与观测灵敏度。为满足高频段观测需求,当前亚毫米波望远镜的等效面形精度 (root-mean-square, RMS)通常需达到波长的 1/20 甚至更高,这对望远镜结构设计提出了远超厘米波望远镜的严苛要求。
大口径反射面通常采用分块面板拼接,并通过主动或被动支撑结构抑制重力、温度梯度及风载荷等环境因素引起的面形退化[1-3]。在分块反射面系统中,面板支撑结构是连接面板与背架的关键子系统,承担载荷传递、安装调校与位姿保持等功能。ALMA、JCMT、LMT 等国外大型毫米/亚毫米波望远镜的工程经验表明[4-7],支撑结构设计需要在刚度稳定性(抵抗风载和振动、保证姿态)与柔度适应性(释放温差及装配误差引起的应力)之间实现平衡。然而,具体尺寸和参数多依赖经验选型和有限元仿真反复迭代,缺乏通用解析模型和系统的参数优化方法。目前,寄生运动机理与支撑参数对面形精度的影响仍不够清楚[8-9]。
与国外相比,国内大口径亚毫米波望远镜建设起步较晚。雪山牧场15 m亚毫米波望远镜是我国首台自主研发的亚毫米波天文观测设备,其主反射面结构和工作频段均显著区别于既有厘米波望远镜[10]。现有设计经验难以直接迁移,尤其是在高频段下,面板-支撑-背架子系统的任何微小寄生运动都可能放大为不可忽略的面形误差,因此有必要开展面板支撑结构的针对性研究。
已有研究主要围绕反射面整体和背架结构展开,涵盖保型背架设计、促动器布置与控制、材料和温控技术、结构拓扑优化等方面[11-16],在大口径反射面结构设计层面形成了多层次方法。相较之下,“面板-支撑-背架”局部子系统的可解析建模和误差机理量化研究较少,面板支撑柔度设计多停留在经验和数值试算层面。缺少能够直接描述支撑结构位移-力关系的解析模型,也缺乏面向多工况的参数优化框架,一定程度上制约了面板支撑设计的效率和可推广性。
面板支撑结构需同时兼顾静态刚度与热稳定性,本质上属于多场耦合约束下的结构寻优问题。受限于安装空间、支撑有效性及促动器集成等工程要求,此类结构多采用四点或五点杆系支撑构型,因此其设计核心在于通过对支撑杆径、壁厚及空间位置等尺寸参数的精细寻优,以实现性能的最优匹配。目前,尺寸优化方法在各类望远镜设计中已得到广泛应用。
在算法层面,研究者多采用启发式寻优策略(如遗传算法[17]、粒子群优化算法[18]、蚁群算法[19]等)来处理复杂的非线性多目标约束问题;在应用层面,针对大型射电天线,通过优化背架的截面特性和空间坐标,可有效控制重力载荷下的反射面沉降并提升结构基频[16];在空间及地基光学望远镜设计中,尺寸优化不仅被用于调节支撑系统的柔度分布以补偿环境温变引起的面形畸变[20],还广泛应用于镜体及镜筒结构的轻量化设计[21-22]。现有优化方法虽有效降低了面形误差,但难以从机理上定量识别并抑制导致面形恶化的关键耦合因素,且依赖有限元仿真迭代,计算效率较低。因此,面对支撑结构需兼顾高刚度以抵抗重力变形与适度柔度以释放热应力的设计矛盾,将解析建模与参数优化相结合,实现高效迭代寻优,成为提升设计效率与优化效果的关键。
针对上述问题,本文以亚毫米波望远镜主反射面中典型的四点支撑面板为研究对象,对面板支撑系统开展解析建模与参数优化研究。首先,以旋量理论为基础构建面板支撑系统解析柔度矩阵,明确面板多方向位移-力关系,并结合有限元计算验证模型适用性。在此基础上,聚焦寄生运动抑制核心目标,定义寄生平移与转角量化指标,分析重力、温升典型工况下支撑参数对面形精度的影响并识别敏感参数。结合望远镜实际工作需求,建立多工况多目标优化模型,以支撑杆几何尺寸为设计变量,采用多目标遗传算法求解,通过与有限元-优化软件耦合流程对比,验证了优化参数的一致性与计算效率优势。基于上述工作,本文旨在为亚毫米波望远镜面板支撑结构提供一套机理清晰、效率较高的参数设计与优化方法,并为后续更大口径、更高频段望远镜的相关结构设计提供参考。
亚毫米波望远镜主反射面通常由大量分块面板拼接而成,其支撑结构的设计是保证全口径面形精度的关键。在众多面板中,最外环面板因其结构尺度效应而成为面形控制的难点:其物理尺寸显著大于内环面板,在工况载荷下变形响应最为显著;同时,支撑结构受力状态复杂,其寄生转角对面形RMS的影响具有全局代表性。因此,本文以筹建中的15 m级亚毫米波望远镜外环面板为研究对象,旨在聚焦高精度反射面支撑设计的核心矛盾。本文面板采用铝合金材料,特征尺寸量级为1.5 m,面板及支撑结构有限元模型如图1所示。
面板支撑采用四点支撑方案,将反射面面板沿支撑点设置在四个节点上,每个节点设置支撑结构并与背架上节点相连。对于支撑结构设计,既需要足够的刚度以限制变形,又需要适当的柔度以释放热应力,这就需要对柔度矩阵进行精确设计和控制。本文中支撑结构简化为圆截面杆单元,采用碳钢材料,所有支撑杆均沿支撑点法向固定,初始参数如表1所示。采用柔度矩阵理论对支撑结构设计进行推导,为支撑结构设计提供理论依据。
对于柔性单元的分析,不论柔性结构多复杂,都可以将柔性单元一端固定,通过另外一个自由端的弹性特性来表征,自由端在受到载荷作用下产生小变形,根据旋量理论,定义运动旋量$ \boldsymbol{T}=\left(\boldsymbol{\theta };\boldsymbol{\delta }\right)={\left({\theta }_{x},{\theta }_{y},{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}};{\delta }_{x},{\delta }_{y},{\delta }_{{\textit{z}}}\right)}^{\rm{T}} $和力旋量$ \boldsymbol{W}=\left(\boldsymbol{M};\boldsymbol{F}\right)={\left({M}_{x},{M}_{y},{M}_{{\textit{z}}};{F}_{x},{F}_{y},{F}_{{\textit{z}}}\right)}^{\rm{T}} $,其中,M是力矩,F是力。基于线弹性理论和小变形假设,柔性单元自由端各方向因受力变形产生微小变形,利用运动旋量和力旋量可表示为
$ \boldsymbol{T}=\boldsymbol{C}\cdot \boldsymbol{W},\;\boldsymbol{W}=\boldsymbol{K}\cdot \boldsymbol{T},\;\boldsymbol{C}={\boldsymbol{K}}^{{-1}}\;, $
$ \left[\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{x}\\{\theta }_{y}\\{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}\\{\delta }_{x}\\{\delta }_{y}\\{\delta }_{{\textit{z}}}\end{array}\right]=\\ \left[\begin{matrix}{C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}-{{M}_{x}}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}-{{F}_{y}}} & 0\\0 & {C}_{{{\theta }_{\textit{y}}}-{{M}_{{y}}}} & 0 & {C}_{{{\theta }_{y}}-{{F}_{x}}} & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & {C}_{{{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}}-{{M}_{{\textit{z}}}}} & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & {C}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{M}_{{y}}}} & 0 & {C}_{{{\delta }_{x}}-{{F}_{x}}} & 0 & 0\\{C}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{M}_{x}}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {C}_{{{\delta }_{y}}-{{F}_{y}}} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & {C}_{{{\delta }_{{\textit{z}}}}-{{F}_{{\textit{z}}}}}\end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{M}_{x}\\{M}_{y}\\{M}_{{\textit{z}}}\\{F}_{x}\\{F}_{y}\\{F}_{{\textit{z}}}\end{array}\right]\;, $
其中$ \boldsymbol{C},\boldsymbol{K} $分别表示柔性单元在自由端参考点坐标系下的6阶柔度矩阵和刚度矩阵,Z方向定义为由固定端指向自由端。矩阵系数下标表示位移载荷的相关性,下标$ {\delta }_{i}{-}{F}_{j} $表示轴向载荷与位移的关系,下标$ {\theta }_{i}{-}{M}_{j} $表示转矩与回转角度的关系,下标$ {\theta }_{i}{-}{F}_{j} $表示轴向载荷与回转角度的关系,下标$ {\delta }_{i}{-}{M}_{j} $表示转矩与位移的关系($ i,j=x,y,{\textit{z}} $)。由于柔度矩阵为对称矩阵,系数$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{x}}{-}{{F}_{y}}} $与$ {C}_{{{\delta }_{{y}}}{-}{{M}_{{x}}}} $在数值上相等,$ {C}_{{{\theta }_{{y}}}{-}{{F}_{{x}}}} $与$ {C}_{{{\delta }_{{x}}}{-}{{M}_{{y}}}} $在数值上相等。另外,如果按转动和移动分解,可将6×6阶柔度矩阵分解3×3阶移动矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{tt}} $、转动矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{rr}} $和移动转动耦合矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{rt}} $或$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{tr}} $。
根据卡式第二定理与材料力学应变能定理得到[23]:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {T}_{i}=\dfrac{\partial {U}_{i}}{\partial {W}_{i}}\\{U}_{{\mathrm{a}}}=\displaystyle{\int}_{\text{0}}^{l}\dfrac{F_{{\textit{z}}}^{2}}{2{E}A\left({\textit{z}}\right)}\text{d}{\textit{z}}\text{,}\quad {U}_{{\mathrm{t}}}=\displaystyle{\int}_{ 0}^{l}\dfrac{M_{{\textit{z}}}^{2}}{2{G}{J}_{{\rm{p}}}\left({\textit{z}}\right)}\text{d}{\textit{z}}\\{U}_{{\mathrm{b}}y} =\displaystyle{\int}_{ 0}^{l}\dfrac{{({{M}_{x}} - {{F}_{y}}{\textit{z}})}^{2}}{2{E}Ix({\textit{z}})}\text{d}{\textit{z}},\quad {U}_{{\mathrm{b}}x}=\displaystyle{\int}_{ 0}^{l}\dfrac{{({{M}_{y}}+{{F}_{x}}{\textit{z}})}^{2}}{2{E}Ix({\textit{z}})}\text{d}{\textit{z}}\\{U}_{{\mathrm{s}}}=\displaystyle{\int}_{ 0}^{l}\dfrac{{K}F_{x}^{2}}{2{G}A\left({\textit{z}}\right)}\text{d}{\textit{z}}+\displaystyle{\int}_{ 0}^{l}\dfrac{{K}F_{y}^{2}}{2{G}A\left({\textit{z}}\right)}\text{d}{\textit{z}}\end{array}\right.\;, $
其中:总应变能U包含沿z轴的拉伸应变能$ {U}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $,绕x轴和绕y轴的弯曲应变能$ {U}_{{\mathrm{b}}x},{U}_{{\mathrm{b}}y} $,绕z轴的扭转应变能$ {U}_{{\mathrm{t}}} $,以及考虑剪切效应的影响$ {U}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $。E和G分别是材料的弹性模量和剪切模量,$ A({\textit{z}}) $是截面面积,$ {I}_{x}({\textit{z}}),{I}_{y}({\textit{z}}) $分别是沿x和y轴的弯曲惯性矩(moment of inertia),$ {J}_{{\rm{p}}}\left({\textit{z}}\right) $为绕z轴的扭转常数(torsional constant),K为剪切系数(shear coefficient),对于圆截面梁(circular cross-section beam),具体数值见表2。
应变能对各个方向的力和力矩求偏导得到自由端坐标系下圆截面单元柔度矩阵各系数表达式见表3。
于是支撑点局部坐标系下,各支撑点局部单元柔度矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}} $(i=1,2,3,4)为
$ {\begin{split} {\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}=&{10}^{{-5}}\\ &\times \left[\begin{matrix}145.513 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -10.913 & 0\\0 & 145.513 & 0 & 10.913 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & \text{66.2}3\text{3} & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 10.913 & 0 & 1.093 & 0 & 0\\-10.913 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1.0\text{20} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.001\end{matrix}\right] \end{split}. }$
柔性支撑结构通常由多个基本柔性单元通过串联及并联组装而成,为了建立复杂系统的整体柔度矩阵,需要将各局部坐标系下的柔度矩阵转化到统一的参考坐标系下,引入伴随变换矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{d} $:
$ \boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{d}\left(x,y,{\textit{z}},\varphi ,\theta ,\psi \right)=\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{R} & \mathbf{0}\\\boldsymbol{D}\boldsymbol{R} & \boldsymbol{R}\end{matrix}\right]\;, $
其中:旋转矩阵$ \boldsymbol{R} $表示原坐标系在新坐标系中的方向,$ \boldsymbol{D} $为平移向量$ \boldsymbol{t}=(x,y,{\textit{z}}) $的反对称矩阵,表示原坐标系原点在新坐标系中的位置:
$ \boldsymbol{D}=\left[\begin{matrix}0 & -{\textit{z}} & y\\-y & 0 & -x\\{\textit{z}} & x & 0\end{matrix}\right]\;. $
在相同坐标系下,柔性结构的串并联行为基于力学叠加原理:对于串联机构,末端柔度为各个柔性单元在同一坐标系下的柔度之和;而对于并联机构,末端刚度为各个支链在同一坐标系下的刚度之和
$ \begin{cases} \text{Series:}\;\boldsymbol{C}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{{i}}\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{{i}}\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}^{\rm{T}}\\\text{Parallel:}\;\boldsymbol{K}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{{i}}{\left(\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}{}^{\rm{T}}\right)}^{{-1}}{\boldsymbol{K}}_{{i}}\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}^{{-1}}\end{cases} \;.$
面板总坐标系原点设置在面板质心处,Z向定义为质心处面板法向方向,X向定义为该点面板沿径向切线方向,Y 向则为该点面板沿周向切线方向;对于各角点支撑点局部坐标系,XYZ 分别定义为该点面板的周向切线、径向切线和法线方向,如图2所示。由于扇形面板作为二次曲面,其各支撑点的局部坐标系与面板总坐标系并不对齐,导致伴随变换矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}} $较为复杂。本文提出基于世界坐标系的伴随矩阵计算方法:两坐标系间的旋转矩阵中,每一列对应目标坐标系三个坐标轴的单位向量参考坐标系下的坐标分量;基于该定义,若已知各支撑点坐标为$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{{i}}=\left({x}_{i},{y}_{i},{\textit{z}}_{i}\right) $,则该点局部坐标系到世界坐标系w的旋转矩阵为$ \boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{w}}=\left[\boldsymbol{u}_{\boldsymbol{x}}^{\rm{T}}\mathbf{,}\boldsymbol{u}_{\boldsymbol{y}}^{\rm{T}}\mathbf{,}\boldsymbol{u}_{\boldsymbol{z}}^{\rm{T}}\right] $,且对于任意旋转曲面$ {\textit{z}}=f(x,y) $,易得
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\boldsymbol{u}}_{\textit{z}}=\boldsymbol{n}=\left(-\dfrac{\partial {\textit{z}}}{\partial x},-\dfrac{\partial {\textit{z}}}{\partial y},1\right),\quad \text{Normal vector}\\{\boldsymbol{u}}_{{x}}={\boldsymbol{v}}_{{\rho }}=\left(\dfrac{x}{\rho },\dfrac{y}{\rho }, {f}^{\prime}\left(\rho \right)\right),\quad \text{Radial tangential vector}\\{\boldsymbol{u}}_{{y}} = {\boldsymbol{v}}_{{\theta }} = \left(-y,x,0\right),\quad\text{Circumferential tangential vector}\end{array}\right. \;,$
其中$ \rho =\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}} $。因此,支撑点局部坐标系$ {{O}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}i}} $到面板总坐标系$ {{O}}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $的旋转矩阵可表示为$ \boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{m}}\mathbf{=}{\left(\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm{m}}^{\rm{w}}\right)}^{\rm{T}}\cdot \boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{w}} $,而支撑点到面板中心的平移向量,在面板总坐标系下可描述为$ {\boldsymbol{t}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}\mathbf{=}{\left(\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm{m}}^{\rm{w}}\right)}^{\rm{T}}\cdot ({\boldsymbol{P}}_{{i}}{-{{\boldsymbol{m}}_{\mathrm{c}}}}) $,于是,面板支撑的总柔度矩阵可通过如下方程表示
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{m}}=\boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{m}}^{{-1}}={\left(\sum\limits_{{i}}\left(\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}\boldsymbol{A}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}{}^{\rm{T}}\right)\right)}^{-1}\;,$
$ {{\boldsymbol{ A}}}{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{i}}=\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{m}} & \mathbf{0}\\{\boldsymbol{D}}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}\cdot \boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{m}} & \boldsymbol{R}_{{{\mathrm{p}}}{i}}^{\rm{m}}\end{matrix}\right]\;.$
根据面板模型直接给出第五环面板各支撑点坐标,如表4所示,其中世界坐标系以双曲面顶点为原点,光轴方向为Z轴。此外,四角点支撑有如下特征:面板外侧两支撑点相对于中心点对称,内侧角点同理;内外两侧相邻支撑点连线沿径向排布;支撑点实际设置在加强筋四角点处。
计算可得四点支撑结构的总柔度矩阵$ \boldsymbol{\boldsymbol{C}}\mathrm{_m} $见式(11)。
${ \begin{split} &{\boldsymbol{C}}_{{{\mathrm{m}}}}={10}^{-8}\\&\times \left[\begin{matrix}1.47\text{7} & 0 & -0.001 & 0 & -0.21\text{7} & 0\\0 & 0.51\text{4} & \text{0} & 0.075 & 0 & 0.00\text{5}\\-0.001 & \text{0} & 84.20\text{2} & 0 & {-0}.\text{786} & 0\\0 & 0.075 & 0 & 50.50\text{3} & 0 & 0.00\text{1}\\-0.21\text{7} & 0 & {-0}.\text{786} & 0 & 50.53\text{1} & 0\\0 & 0.00\text{5} & 0 & 0.00\text{1} & \text{0} & 0.227\end{matrix}\right]\end{split}\;.} $
需要说明的是,本文模型建立在小变形和线弹性假设基础上。对于亚毫米波望远镜,为保证面形精度,其支撑结构的受力变形量级通常控制在毫米量级,远小于构件特征尺寸,因此线性模型在常规观测工况下具有极高精度。但在极端大风工况下,强随机载荷可能导致结构进入几何非线性区域;而在极低温(如高原冬季极端气温)环境下,材料的弹性模量会发生温漂,且金属材料可能表现出低温脆性。在这些极端工况下,解析模型的精度会受到材料非线性和物性参数变化的影响,需结合实验修正系数进行标定。
为验证理论模型的准确性,采用 Abaqus 开展有限元仿真:在面板质心处分别施加沿 X、Y、Z 方向的单位力及绕各轴的单位力矩(6 组载荷),提取质心在对应载荷方向的变形量,据此计算各柔度系数并构建有限元柔度矩阵,对比解析推导结果和有限元结果之间的绝对误差百分比(absolute error percentage,AEP),结果见表5,其中FEA(finite element analysis)是有限元结果,AR是本文推导的柔度矩阵的数值结果。
对比数据显示,各柔度系数的相对误差均小于1.5%,核心系数误差接近0,说明所建立的解析模型能够较好表征支撑结构的力学响应特性。由此可见,基于柔度矩阵的解析建模在当前参数范围内具有较高精度和可用性,为后续面向寄生运动抑制的解析分析和尺寸参数优化提供了可靠基础。
在工程实现中,连接间隙、装配误差与预紧力离散性可能对支撑结构的等效柔度与面形响应产生影响。一方面,连接间隙会导致支撑系统在小载荷下表现出非线性刚度特征,从而削弱支撑结构的整体指向稳定性;另一方面,装配误差(几何偏心、孔位偏差、杆长偏差等)则会改变柔度矩阵的对称性,导致实际观测到的位移耦合项与理论值产生偏差。上述因素可能导致:同一组结构参数在理想模型下得到的最优解,在实际装配状态中出现性能退化或最优性偏移的情况。
在获得经有限元验证的面板支撑柔度矩阵之后,本节利用该解析模型,从温度和重力两个典型工况出发,定量分析支撑结构的寄生运动特性。寄生运动是柔性机构的主要缺点之一:由于支撑结构柔度矩阵包含非对角耦合项,导致支撑受载时平动与转动相互耦合,进而使面板支撑产生寄生运动。寄生运动会引起面板局部姿态变化与约束反力重分配,降低反射面支撑精度,因此在反射面支撑结构设计与优化中需要尽可能抑制寄生运动。基于柔度矩阵的耦合特征,本文分别研究温度与重力作用下面板支撑的寄生运动规律,并进一步讨论相应的抑制思路。
具体来讲,寄生运动可分为寄生位移和寄生转角。当支撑结构沿特定方向受载时,除该方向的主位移外,还会在非受载方向产生耦合位移与转角响应。以面板总柔度矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\mathrm{m}} $为例,当面板受到轴向力$ {F}_{{\textit{z}}} $时,不仅会产生沿该方向的位移$ \delta_{\text{z}}=\boldsymbol{C}_{66}\cdot F_{\text{z}} $,还会导致寄生位移$ \delta_x=\boldsymbol{C}_{46}\cdot F_{\text{z}} $和寄生转角$ \theta_y=\boldsymbol{C}_{26}\cdot F_{\text{z}} $。其中Cij代表C矩阵中第i行第j列的元素,下同。寄生转角直接对应面板的局部倾斜与翘曲,其质心处的微小转动$ {\theta }_{x},{\theta }_{y} $会被放大为边缘处的法向位移差,并以梯度形式表现为局部面形残差;寄生位移则会形成整体偏移或局部差异,最终在面形 RMS 指标中体现为残差项。因此,通过优化柔度矩阵中的耦合系数来抑制寄生运动,其本质是消除面形误差中的低阶系统性项,从而提升反射面面形保持能力。
为了简化表达,将柔度矩阵C及刚度矩阵K写为如下形式:
$\boldsymbol{C}=\left[\begin{matrix}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{rr}} & {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{rt}}\\{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{tr}} & {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{tt}}\end{matrix}\right], $
$ \boldsymbol{K}=\left[\begin{matrix}{\boldsymbol{K}}_{\rm{rr}} & {\boldsymbol{K}}_{\rm{rt}}\\{\boldsymbol{K}}_{\rm{tr}} & {\boldsymbol{K}}_{\rm{tt}}\end{matrix}\right]\;. $
在均匀温度变化下,扇形面板的理想变形方向应尽可能贴合其自由热膨胀方向(即沿面板径向与周向),实际变形时需借助柔节的变形吸收面板热变形引发的热应力,故支撑点处支撑结构对面板的约束以法向约束为主,即限制面板在该点法向的位移;切线方向(周向与径向)则需支撑结构具备适宜柔度,以保障面板自由胀缩进而降低热应力,因此分析温度变化对面形精度的影响应考虑支撑点处的局部柔度矩阵,此时支撑点坐标系下的理想运动旋量为$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\rm{p}}{i}}={\left({\theta }_{x}=0,{\theta }_{y}=0,{\theta }_{{\textit{z}}}=0;{\delta }_{x},{\delta }_{y},{\delta }_{{\textit{z}}}=0\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $,于是可以根据式(1)解出该点处的力旋量:
$ {\boldsymbol{W}}_{{\rm{p}}{i}}={\boldsymbol{K}}_{{\rm{p}}{i}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\rm{p}}{i}}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{rt}}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}\cdot {\delta }\\\boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{rr}}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}\cdot {\delta }\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}{M}_{x}=K_{15}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}{\delta }_{x}\\{M}_{y}=K_{24}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}{\delta }_{y}\\{M}_{{\textit{z}}}=0\\{F}_{x}=K_{44}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}{\delta }_{x}\\{F}_{y}=K_{55}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}{\delta }_{y}\\{F}_{{\textit{z}}}=0\end{array}\right]\;. $
综上,为使单个支撑杆仅产生平移形变,除承受径向力与周向力外,还将存在用于抑制寄生转动的转矩$ M_x,\ \mathit{M}_y $,该转矩会导致面板面形精度下降,因此在后续优化设计中,应使$ K_{\text{15}},\;{K}_{\text{24}} $尽可能小以减小寄生转矩;针对平移形变需求,还需确保柔度矩阵满足“法向刚度$ {K}_{\text{66}} $最大、切线刚度$ {K}_{44}={K}_{55} $(支撑杆为圆截面,XY方向柔度/刚度系数相等)最小”的特性,即在可靠支撑反射镜的前提下,最大限度吸收由面板及支撑结构的热膨胀与装配误差引发的载荷。于是温度变化对支撑结构刚度矩阵的优化函数可设为
$ \begin{cases} \text{min(}\sum({K_{ij}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}})^{\text{2}})\\\text{max}(K_{\text{66}}^{{\rm{p}}{i}})\\\text{min}(K_{\text{55}}^{{\rm{p}}{i}})\end{cases}. $
当望远镜仰角变化时,重力方向相对面板总坐标系发生偏移,重力载荷可等效为方向可变的静载荷,面板理想变形应尽可能降低对反射面形精度的影响,具体需满足以下条件:整体平移,即面板在重力作用下呈刚体式整体平移,避免产生旋转或局部变形;无局部变形,即面板各点变形保持一致,不出现弯曲或扭曲,以保障面形精度;无整体倾覆,即面板不绕任意轴产生整体旋转,也就是所受合力矩为零,且支撑力之和与重力平衡。各支撑点处的理想变形应沿重力方向平移,因此分析仰角变化对面形精度的影响应考虑支撑结构总柔度矩阵,此时面板质心坐标系下的理想运动旋量为${\boldsymbol{T}}_{\rm{m}}={\left({\theta }=0;{\boldsymbol{\delta }}_{\rm{G}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}$,力旋量为${\boldsymbol{W}}_{\rm{m}}=-{\boldsymbol{W}}_{\rm{G}}$,其中$ {\boldsymbol{\delta }}_{\rm{G}} $为面板沿重力方向的平移向量,$ {\boldsymbol{W}}_{\rm{G}} $为重力在面板总坐标下的力旋量表达式,于是有:
$ {\boldsymbol{W}}_{\rm{m}}={\boldsymbol{K}}_{\rm{m}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_{\rm{m}}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{rt}}^{\rm{m}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{\delta }}_{\rm{G}}\\\boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{rr}}^{\rm{m}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{\delta }}_{\rm{G}}\end{array}\right]\;.$
同理,为使整个支撑结构仅产生平移形变,除承受重力支承反力外,还将存在一个用于抑制寄生转动的转矩$ \boldsymbol{K}_{\rm{rt}}^{\rm{m}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{\delta }}_{\rm{G}} $,后续优化中应尽可能最小化平移转动耦合项系数;同时由于面板非绝对刚体,实际工况下难以避免局部翘曲,导致单个支撑杆产生微小转动形变,故需确保其转动刚度尽可能最大;此外,为保证仰角变化时的支撑刚度,需提升关键方向刚度,保证望远镜在不同仰角下的姿态稳定性,避免重力引起的面形残差累积。在具体分析中,选取三种极端工况,即重力方向分别平行于面板总坐标系的X轴、Y轴及Z轴。据此,相对仰角变化下,支撑结构刚度矩阵的优化函数可设定为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\text{min }(\displaystyle{\sum}({\boldsymbol{K}}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}})^2), & i\ne j \\\text{max}({\boldsymbol{K}}_{ii}^{\mathrm{m}}), & i=4,5,6 \\\text{max}({\boldsymbol{K}}_{ii}^{\mathrm{m}}), & i\text{=1,2,3}\end{array}\right.\; . $
基于3.1节得到的寄生位移与寄生转角指标,可以将面形精度控制问题转化为支撑杆几何参数与柔度/刚度矩阵系数之间的多目标优化问题。结合面板支撑点的位置对称性(外侧两支撑点、内侧两支撑点分别关于面板中心点对称),确定四点支撑结构的优化参数为外环支撑杆的长度和半径$ ({l}_{1},{r}_{1}) $及内环支杆的长度和半径$ ({l}_{2},{r}_{2}) $。为有效指导后续参数优化并避免目标冗余,本节对各目标函数进行敏感性分析。
图3给出了当其他参数固定为标称值时,各目标函数对单个结构参数的归一化响应曲线。半径r和长度l对各目标函数均有显著影响,且存在明显权衡,综合来看,参数$ r,\ l $对目标函数的敏感性呈相反趋势:r增大有利于抑制寄生运动($ \left|C_{24}^{\mathrm{p}i}\right|\text{,}\ \left|K_{35}^{\mathrm{m}}\right| $)、提升刚度($ 1\text{/}K_{66}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{,}\ 1\text{/}K_{44}^{\mathrm{m}} $)并降低柔度($ 1\text{/}C_{55}^{\mathrm{p}i}\text{,}\ C_{66}^{\mathrm{p}i} $),而l增大则产生相反效果。
除上述目标函数外,还发现部分目标函数的响应曲线高度重合,表明它们在物理上具有等价性或强相关性。具体而言:由于圆截面对称关系,柔度矩阵中的耦合项$ C_{24}^{{\rm{p}}{i}}=-C_{15}^{{\rm{p}}{i}} $;在刚度矩阵中,$ 1\text{/}K_{33}^{\rm{m}} $、$ 1\text{/}K_{44}^{\rm{m}} $和$ 1\text{/}K_{55}^{\rm{m}} $三者响应曲线重合,$ 1\text{/}K_{66}^{\rm{m}} $、$ 1\text{/}K_{22}^{\rm{m}} $和$ 1\text{/}K_{11}^{\rm{m}} $亦表现出相同特性;此外,$ 1\text{/}C_{55}^{{\rm{p}}{i}} $与刚度项$ K_{15}^{\rm{m}} $、$ K_{24}^{\rm{m}} $的敏感性也高度一致。上述等价关系揭示了目标函数间的内在关联。据此,可将初始的多目标体系进行有效精简与合并。最终,选取四个最具代表性且涵盖关键性能指标的目标函数作为优化依据,即最小化$ 1\text{/}C_{55}^{{\rm{p}}1} $、$ 1\text{/}C_{55}^{{\rm{p}}2} $、$ 1\text{/}K_{44}^{\rm{m}} $$ 、1\text{/}K_{22}^{\mathrm{m}} $。该简化策略不仅显著降低了优化问题的复杂度,也为后续建立高效、清晰的多目标优化模型奠定了基础。
基于3.2节确定的四个独立优化目标,本文采用 NSGA-II 算法构建多目标优化流程。通过 MATLAB 编写优化脚本,以实现寄生运动抑制与刚度分布的协同优化。由于目标函数之间的量级差异极大,我们将每个目标映射到[0, 1]区间,确保各目标在距离计算中具有同等权重。归一化后,理想点最近解策略能公平反映多目标间的权衡关系,避免量级偏差。优化数学模型如下:
$ \begin{cases} \text{Find}\; X=({r}_{1},{r}_{2},{l}_{1},{l}_{2}\text{)}\\\text{Objective: max}(C_{55}^{\rm{p}1},\;{ C}_{55}^{{{\mathrm{p}}2}},\;{K}_{44}^{\rm{m}},\;{K}_{22}^{\rm{m}})\\{\mathrm{s.t}}.\begin{cases} \text{3 mm}< {r}_{1} \lt \text{8 mm}\\\text{3 mm}< {r}_{2}< \text{ 8 mm}\\\text{0.1 m} \lt {l}_{1} \lt \text{0.2 m}\\\text{0.1 m} \lt {l}_{2} \lt \text{0.2 m}\end{cases} \end{cases}\;. $
为了与MATLAB参数优化对比,本文基于 Isight 集成优化软件搭建了柔性支撑参数优化框架,如图4所示,首先,在已有反射面模型基础上,通过 Abaqus/Python 对四根对称支撑杆进行参数化建模,以两组杆的半径与长度作为设计变量,并自动生成梁单元、截面与边界条件。随后建立三种重力工况(沿X、Y、Z 方向)和均匀温升20 ℃工况,脚本批量求解各工况下的结构响应。计算完成后,提取目标面板单元集所含节点位移,导入 MATLAB 中通过刚体配准与最小二乘拟合获得面形残差及各工况 RMS。最后,集成到 Isight 平台,由多目标遗传算法在给定变量范围约束下搜索支撑杆的最优尺寸组合,以实现多工况下反射面面形误差的综合最小化。多目标优化数学模型定义如下:
$ \begin{cases} \text{Find} \;X=({r}_{1},{r}_{2},{l}_{1},{l}_{2}\text{)}\\{\text{Objective}}: \min(RMS _{\text{T}}, \;{{RMS}}_{{\rm{G}}x}, \;{{RMS}}_{\text{G}y}, \;{{RMS}}_{\text{G}{\textit{z}}})\\{\mathrm{s.t}}.\begin{cases} \text{3 mm }< {r}_{1}< \text{8 mm}\\\text{3 mm}< {r}_{2} \lt \text{8 mm}\\\text{0.1 m} \lt {l}_{1} \lt \text{0.2 m}\\\text{0.1 m} \lt {l}_{2} \lt \text{0.2 m}\end{cases} \end{cases} .$
综上,本文通过MATLAB脚本实现了基于NSGA-II算法的多目标解析优化,并与Isight-ABAQUS仿真优化展开对比。表6所示结果表明,两种方法得到的最优支撑杆尺寸参数(长度、半径)高度吻合,对应的面形精度指标一致性良好,证明了解析柔度模型及优化脚本的可靠性。同时,MATLAB 解析优化将计算耗时从3 h 5 min缩减至约36 s,有效缓解了传统有限元迭代优化效率低的问题。
在得到解析优化给出的支撑杆尺寸组合后,有必要进一步考察其在完整反射面有限元模型中的面形精度表现。为此,第4节将围绕典型重力和温度工况,对优化前后的面形RMS指标进行对比分析,以验证优化方案的工程适用性。
为评估基于解析柔度矩阵的优化方法在典型工况下的适用性,本文采用与第3节 Isight 仿真流程一致的四种工况对优化前后的面板面形精度进行了对比分析,包括:重力沿面板总坐标系X、Y、Z方向作用的三种重力工况,以及均匀温升20 ℃的热工况。对每种工况,分别提取目标面板区域的节点位移,通过刚体配准与最小二乘拟合计算面形残差,并以RMS值作为面形精度评价指标。
图5给出了四种工况下优化前后面板面形误差的分布情况,表7列出了对应的RMS指标。有限元验证结果表明,优化方案实现了静力学与热力学性能的协同提升。在静力学性能方面:沿Z向重力工况下,面形误差RMSGZ由7.6 μm降至7.0 μm,降幅约7.9%,体现支撑结构轴向刚度优化效果;沿Y向重力工况RMSGY始终保持1.4 μm的稳定水平;沿X向重力工况RMSGX从4.9 μm略增至6.0 μm,虽有小幅变化,但仍处于设计允许的面形精度阈值内,且该变化是为了平衡多工况性能的合理权衡,通过微调支撑杆刚度分布,提升了核心方向的重力载荷抵抗能力,实现了重力与温升工况的综合最优。
在热力学性能方面,面形精度改善更为显著:表7中RMST由优化前的8.8 μm降低至3.7 μm,降幅超过55%。这说明基于柔度矩阵的多目标优化成功降低了温度载荷引起的寄生平移-转动耦合,使面板在热胀冷缩过程中的变形更加接近理想的均匀胀缩模式,从而有效减小了热应力导致的附加面形误差。
由于亚毫米波天文观测对台址环境要求严苛,理想站址通常位于高海拔地区,具有低湿度、高稳定大气等优势,但同时也面临剧烈的温度变化。在此类极端环境中,热载荷引起的面形畸变往往成为限制反射面精度的主导因素。因此,本研究在确保支撑结构整体刚度与静力学稳定性的前提下,将优化重点聚焦于提升温升工况下的面形保持能力。优化结果表明,所提出的解析优化方法在这一目标上取得了明显效果:一方面,在三种典型重力工况下并未引入显著的额外变形;另一方面,在最敏感的温度工况下实现了面形RMS的大幅降低,提升了热适应性,验证了第3节所提“以寄生运动抑制为目标的多工况尺寸优化”思路的有效性。该方法面向高原等大温差典型应用场景,具备良好的工程适用前景。
为增强模型工程适用性,已开展实际面板加载实验,实验场地及测试过程见图6,支撑结构细节已做模糊处理以保护技术机密。实验结合三坐标测量与摄影测量方法,在各个姿态及±40 ℃环境箱温升工况下进行面形测试。结果表明,面板在典型工况下面形误差稳定在12~13 μm范围内,在测量误差内无显著变化,说明支撑结构具有良好的热-力稳定性。该实测结果与解析模型预测趋势一致,初步验证了模型的工程适用性。目前实验仍在持续进行中,完整数据集将用于后续模型校准与精度提升。
本研究以亚毫米波望远镜主反射面中典型的四点支撑面板为研究对象,基于旋量理论和柔度矩阵理论推导了圆截面柔性支撑单元的解析柔度表达式,并通过坐标变换与单元组装得到面板支撑结构的全局柔度矩阵。与有限元计算结果的对比表明,各方向柔度系数在工程关注范围内误差较小,说明该解析模型能够较好刻画面板支撑结构的位移-力关系,可作为寄生运动分析和参数优化的基础工具。
在解析柔度矩阵的基础上,引入寄生平移与寄生转角指标,分析了支撑杆长度、截面尺寸等参数对典型重力工况和温度工况下面板位姿变化的影响。结果表明,法向刚度和切向柔度的合理配置是抑制温度变化引起寄生转动、改善面形精度的关键因素,而在某些方向上适度增加柔度并不会显著恶化重力工况下面形误差,为面板支撑几何参数的取值范围和调整方向提供了定量依据。
在此基础上,构建了包含重力和均匀温升等典型工况的多目标优化模型,以减小寄生位移和转角为目标函数,采用多目标遗传算法对支撑杆几何参数进行优化。优化结果与基于有限元-优化软件耦合流程获得的参数组合在面形精度改善趋势上具有良好一致性,同时计算时间显著缩短,有利于开展参数敏感性分析和多轮迭代设计。这表明,在面板支撑设计中引入解析柔度模型,可以在保持结果可靠性的前提下有效提高参数优化效率。
多工况有限元对比显示,优化方案实现了静力学刚度与热力学稳定性的协同优化。重力工况下,Z向刚度提升、Y向刚度稳定、X向微调均体现参数优化对刚度分布的主动调控;温升工况下面形误差RMS降幅超 55%,热适应性显著增强。该方法在严格保障结构静力学性能的前提下,有效提升热变形抑制能力,验证了多目标优化模型对反射面支撑结构综合性能的提升作用。结合亚毫米波天文观测台址的温度变化特点,可以认为优化后的支撑参数在兼顾重力刚度的同时,提高了结构对应对温度载荷的适应能力,对提升亚毫米波望远镜在实际工况下的面形稳定性具有工程意义。
需要指出的是,当前解析模型主要针对圆截面柔性支撑单元和特定几何布置形式,材料假定为各向同性线弹性体,尚未充分考虑材料非线性以及连接部位的装配误差和间隙效应;优化工况以均匀温升和典型仰角重力为主,对非均匀温度场、风载和动态载荷等复杂工况的适用性仍需进一步研究。后续工作可在扩展支撑单元形式和拓扑类型的基础上,将面板支撑模型与整口径反射面结构集成,开展系统级优化,并结合实验测量对寄生运动和面形误差进行验证,从而完善基于解析柔度模型的面板支撑设计与评估体系。

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2026年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250380
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 修回日期:2026-02-24
  • 录用日期:2026-02-28
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    1中国科学院紫金山天文台,江苏 南京 210034
    2中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院,江苏 南京 210034
    3中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所,河北 石家庄 050081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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