Article(id=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319954930014732947, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250377, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250377, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764777600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-04, revisedDate=1777132800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-26, acceptedDate=1777478400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineDate=1792631432663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631432663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631432663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631432663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319954930014732947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='250315', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631378892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631378892, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250377, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955155756364661, articleId=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=A marine multi-element remote sensing detection system based on laser Brillouin spectroscopy, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective The three-dimensional structure of oceanographic parameter profiles, particularly temperature and salinity, has persistently posed a significant challenge in remote sensing detection. While traditional ocean color satellites and microwave radiometers can achieve sea surface temperature measurements with accuracies better than 0.5 K and salinity measurements with monthly averages of 0.1 psu, these techniques are fundamentally limited to two-dimensional planar observations. In situ measurements from ships and buoys, though capable of vertical profiling, yield discrete, asynchronous, and non-global data that cannot satisfy the requirements of ocean science, environmental monitoring, marine economy, and national defense. Conventional oceanographic lidar systems, which rely solely on echo intensity detection, are unable to simultaneously measure multiple parameters like temperature and salinity. To address this critical gap, this paper proposes a novel remote sensing system for multi-parameter oceanographic detection based on Brillouin laser spectroscopy.
Methods The proposed system leverages the laser non-elastic scattering effect, specifically spontaneous Brillouin scattering, which occurs when photons interact with thermal acoustic phonons in seawater. The Brillouin frequency shift and linewidth are functions of seawater temperature and salinity, as they depend on physical properties including sound velocity, refractive index, density, and viscosity coefficients. A two-parameter inversion model is established by solving coupled equations that relate Brillouin shift and linewidth to temperature and salinity. Through regression fitting of numerical data generated across temperature ranges of 0–30 °C and salinity ranges of 0–35 ‰, empirical formulas are derived to directly calculate temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin parameters.
The detection system comprises a transmitter system, a receiver system, and an integrated control and data processing system. A frequency-stabilized narrow-linewidth laser employing injection seeding and iodine molecular frequency stabilization technology serves as the light source, with a center frequency stability of 6 MHz, wavelength output at 532.29 nm, single pulse energy of 1 mJ, and pulse width of 7.6 ns. The core spectroscopic detection module consists of a high-precision Fizeau interferometer coupled with a highly sensitive 16-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) array. The Fizeau interferometer is designed with a plate spacing of 6 mm to achieve a free spectral range of 25 GHz, a mirror reflectivity of 0.873 to yield an instrumental function linewidth of 1.079 GHz, and a plate angle of 6.65 μrad with a clear aperture of 40 mm. When the laser beam passes through the Fizeau interferometer, the Rayleigh and two Brillouin components form three distinct transmission peaks at different positions on the PMT array. The multi-channel signals are processed through baseline correction, abnormal signal rejection, noise suppression, and cumulative averaging. A nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm is then employed to reconstruct the discrete Brillouin spectrum, extracting the frequency shift and linewidth from the measured data.
Results and Discussions Simulation analyses reveal that to achieve temperature retrieval accuracy ≤1 K and salinity accuracy ≤2 psu for typical seawater conditions (temperature 10-25 °C, salinity 30-35 psu), the measurement uncertainty of both Brillouin shift and linewidth must be controlled within 20 MHz. This requirement drives the stringent design specifications of the system components. The PMT channel number selection is optimized based on simulation results showing that 8 or more channels satisfy the detection requirements, with 16 channels selected for the actual system implementation.
Laboratory experiments were conducted in a controlled water tank environment using two separate tanks to simulate layered water body slices, with independently controllable temperature and salinity conditions. Tank 1 was maintained at 23.1 °C and 33.8 psu, while Tank 2 was maintained at 23.4 °C and 34.8 psu. The laser pulses sequentially passed through both tanks, and the backscattered signals were received and processed. After data accumulation of 8000 pulses, the system achieved temperature measurement accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, with maximum errors of 0.72 °C and 1.52 psu respectively over five repeated measurements. The relationship between accumulation counts and measurement accuracy was investigated, showing that accuracy improves with increasing accumulation counts and converges to the system's optimal performance at approximately 8000 accumulations.
Conclusions This paper successfully demonstrates a Brillouin spectroscopy-based remote sensing system capable of simultaneous temperature and salinity profiling in seawater. The system combines a frequency-stabilized laser, a custom-designed Fizeau interferometer with optimized parameters, and a multi-channel PMT array for high-resolution spectral detection. The two-parameter inversion model effectively derives temperature and salinity from measured Brillouin shift and linewidth. Laboratory validation confirms that the system achieves temperature accuracy of 0.37 °C and salinity accuracy of 0.79 psu, exceeding the design targets of 1 K and 2 psu respectively. These results establish the feasibility of using Brillouin lidar for remote sensing of oceanographic vertical profiles, providing a promising new approach to address the long-standing challenge of three-dimensional ocean parameter measurement. Future work will focus on field deployment and validation under real oceanic conditions.
, authors=Qian Sun
1, 2, Song Yang
1, 2, Kun Liang
3, Jinghao Zhang
1, 2, Mingyuan Ren
1, 2, Tong Li
1, 2, Ruizhe Zhang
1, 2, Zhenmin Shen
1, 2, Xiaomin Ye
4, Yongchao Zheng
1, 2, authorsList=Qian Sun, Song Yang, Kun Liang, Jinghao Zhang, Mingyuan Ren, Tong Li, Ruizhe Zhang, Zhenmin Shen, Xiaomin Ye, Yongchao Zheng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955191617663132, articleId=1319955155546649460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=一种基于激光布里渊光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统, columnId=1279511637858160772, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=科研论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
海洋要素剖面立体结构一直是海洋遥感探测的难点,激光雷达具有强穿水、高垂向分辨等技术特点,而海洋激光雷达基于单一回波能量探测无法实现温度、盐度等要素同步测量。针对这一现实需求,文章提出了一种布里渊激光光谱的海洋多要素遥感探测系统。该系统基于激光非弹性散射效应,通过高精度鉴频Fizeau干涉仪与高灵敏探测器PMT阵列为核心光谱探测模块,获得离散的布里渊光谱,通过双参数反演模型求解得到频移和线宽,从而反演海洋温度和盐度参数,经过仿真分析结合实验室测试,系统的测温精度达到1 K,盐度精度达到2 psu。
, authors=孙倩
1, 2, *, *, 杨颂
1, 2, 梁琨
3, 张景豪
1, 2, 任明源
1, 2, 李同
1, 2, 张睿哲
1, 2, 沈振民
1, 2, 叶小敏
4, 郑永超
1, 2, authorsList=孙倩, 杨颂, 梁琨, 张景豪, 任明源, 李同, 张睿哲, 沈振民, 叶小敏, 郑永超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙倩, authorNote=
作者贡献
孙倩:论文编写和方案设计; 杨颂:反演模型分析;梁琨:光谱反演算法;张景豪:电子学分析;任明源:理论分析;李同:光学设计;张睿哲:实验研究;沈振民:温度反演算法;叶小敏:应用分析;郑永超:方案总体指导。
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1Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
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1Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
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1北京空间机电研究所,北京 100094
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1Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
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1Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
2Core Professional Laboratory of Laser Information Perception Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955193505099977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, authorId=1319955193354105029, language=CN, stringName=任明源, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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23(1): 446., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955191890292893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955191907070110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, companyId=1319955191890292893, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955192137756837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, companyId=1319955192116785315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Scattering spectrum of laser in water, figureFileSmall=BjOf4vPE/sT3sa0OV/dhtw==, figureFileBig=aIq75R10lHlxPZe6J9HL5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197464522992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
激光在水中的散射光谱图, figureFileSmall=BjOf4vPE/sT3sa0OV/dhtw==, figureFileBig=aIq75R10lHlxPZe6J9HL5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197661655281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Effect of frequency shift and linewidth on temperature variation, figureFileSmall=j1tPQHCTwAU5s8AD9Cc6AQ==, figureFileBig=BFnXCud8EJTRlb/oQRt/Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197728764146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
频移和线宽对温度变化的影响, figureFileSmall=j1tPQHCTwAU5s8AD9Cc6AQ==, figureFileBig=BFnXCud8EJTRlb/oQRt/Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197804261619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Effect of frequency shift and linewidth on salinity variation, figureFileSmall=PeQaYOnrFPEnvIvmdGvxBg==, figureFileBig=CK1TU4hkPCUKmNqsjSPGfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197867176180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
频移和线宽对盐度变化的影响, figureFileSmall=PeQaYOnrFPEnvIvmdGvxBg==, figureFileBig=CK1TU4hkPCUKmNqsjSPGfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955197959450869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Schematic of a marine multi-element remote sensing detection system, figureFileSmall=TxGBLGI9cE5YYA0yrCSupA==, figureFileBig=N2iI+QOP8SHaqNhpE6QyCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955198043336950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
海洋多要素遥感探测系统组成示意图, figureFileSmall=TxGBLGI9cE5YYA0yrCSupA==, figureFileBig=N2iI+QOP8SHaqNhpE6QyCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955198131417335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Normalized comparison of spectrum on different types of PMT array, figureFileSmall=VVZITWB3lhxcUM10Wyw4PA==, figureFileBig=MxEBYE1wl+jXKqM989yXrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955198206914808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同有效通道情况下PMT探测器上获得的曲线, figureFileSmall=VVZITWB3lhxcUM10Wyw4PA==, figureFileBig=MxEBYE1wl+jXKqM989yXrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955199867859193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Inversion accuracy as a function of PMT channel number, figureFileSmall=cnuBF6IqdBR1iP2DPzMdGw==, figureFileBig=d4FYDSw8T9Fr/dr66FYHeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955199939162362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
温盐测量精度与PMT通道数的关系, figureFileSmall=cnuBF6IqdBR1iP2DPzMdGw==, figureFileBig=d4FYDSw8T9Fr/dr66FYHeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200027242747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Raw multi-channel echo profile (single shot), figureFileSmall=Wh4jonlRyb9gziitzn90iQ==, figureFileBig=K8uDaphXoxO0O4Z3wcliLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200165654780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
原始采集回波信号, figureFileSmall=Wh4jonlRyb9gziitzn90iQ==, figureFileBig=K8uDaphXoxO0O4Z3wcliLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200278900989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Signal comparison before and after baseline correction, figureFileSmall=ZtpWrojF2UtO2oUWydC5zQ==, figureFileBig=GucGy9NKHsi/u7UCiJUYhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200362787070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
基线校正结果, figureFileSmall=ZtpWrojF2UtO2oUWydC5zQ==, figureFileBig=GucGy9NKHsi/u7UCiJUYhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200425701631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Effect of signal averaging after algorithmic filtering, figureFileSmall=TnkT7ZS87vN9thcVBKve3A==, figureFileBig=e9oDfOfiGsv5VwC4AjGqhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200492810496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
算法筛选后数据求和平均结果, figureFileSmall=TnkT7ZS87vN9thcVBKve3A==, figureFileBig=e9oDfOfiGsv5VwC4AjGqhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200564113665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Signal profile after denoising and correction, figureFileSmall=edND/ZCHodprZer5iv5KdQ==, figureFileBig=GKCdWUnTICwlUhB6ZhOLTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200627028226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
去噪校正后的回波廓线, figureFileSmall=edND/ZCHodprZer5iv5KdQ==, figureFileBig=GKCdWUnTICwlUhB6ZhOLTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200698331395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Illustration of target signal slicing, figureFileSmall=BJ2+2GkWdLLCqEvcaifxjQ==, figureFileBig=r9V1O4mWuBos8p7akEITHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200778023172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
目标信号切片区域示意图, figureFileSmall=BJ2+2GkWdLLCqEvcaifxjQ==, figureFileBig=r9V1O4mWuBos8p7akEITHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200849326341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Retrieved spectra from two water tanks, figureFileSmall=o9O27QZlceT+VmbN2g90yg==, figureFileBig=mtgbyw5plWRKfOHljc4Nuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200924823814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
目标信号切片结果, figureFileSmall=o9O27QZlceT+VmbN2g90yg==, figureFileBig=mtgbyw5plWRKfOHljc4Nuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201004515591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Spectral reconstruction results from spectral slices in two tanks. (a) Water tank 1; (b) Water tank 2, figureFileSmall=RQgkeN8ismfzo+9WFUe/sQ==, figureFileBig=fSXROXEoOMhigIYqk7mFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201067430152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
两水槽切片光谱重构结果。(a)水槽1;(b)水槽2, figureFileSmall=RQgkeN8ismfzo+9WFUe/sQ==, figureFileBig=fSXROXEoOMhigIYqk7mFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201138733321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Effect of temperature and salinity inversion on the integration counts. (a) Temperature inversion vs. integration counts; (b) Salinity inversion vs. integration counts, figureFileSmall=QD3egM6QTaLYzv3U+OooeQ==, figureFileBig=9Q8kR5yaoHJorkrmndaGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201205842186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
不同积分次数对光谱反演结果的影响。(a)积分次数对温度反演精度影响;(b)积分次数对盐度反演精度影响, figureFileSmall=QD3egM6QTaLYzv3U+OooeQ==, figureFileBig=9Q8kR5yaoHJorkrmndaGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201310699787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Brillouin frequency shift as a function of temperature and salinity
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| T/℃ | S/‰ |
|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
|---|
| 0 | 7.0397 | 7.0784 | 7.1171 | 7.1559 | 7.1949 | 7.2339 | 7.2729 | 7.3121 |
| 5 | 7.1582 | 7.1953 | 7.2325 | 7.2697 | 7.3070 | 7.3444 | 7.3819 | 7.4195 |
| 10 | 7.2632 | 7.2988 | 7.3345 | 7.3703 | 7.4061 | 7.4421 | 7.4781 | 7.5141 |
| 15 | 7.3554 | 7.3897 | 7.4241 | 7.4585 | 7.4930 | 7.5276 | 7.5623 | 7.5970 |
| 20 | 7.4357 | 7.4688 | 7.5020 | 7.5352 | 7.5685 | 7.6019 | 7.6354 | 7.6689 |
| 25 | 7.5049 | 7.5369 | 7.5690 | 7.6012 | 7.6335 | 7.6658 | 7.6982 | 7.7306 |
| 30 | 7.5638 | 7.5949 | 7.6261 | 7.6574 | 7.6887 | 7.7201 | 7.7515 | 7.7831 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201386197260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
以温度T和盐度S为变量的布里渊频移$ v_{\mathrm{B}}(T,S) $
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| T/℃ | S/‰ |
|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
|---|
| 0 | 7.0397 | 7.0784 | 7.1171 | 7.1559 | 7.1949 | 7.2339 | 7.2729 | 7.3121 |
| 5 | 7.1582 | 7.1953 | 7.2325 | 7.2697 | 7.3070 | 7.3444 | 7.3819 | 7.4195 |
| 10 | 7.2632 | 7.2988 | 7.3345 | 7.3703 | 7.4061 | 7.4421 | 7.4781 | 7.5141 |
| 15 | 7.3554 | 7.3897 | 7.4241 | 7.4585 | 7.4930 | 7.5276 | 7.5623 | 7.5970 |
| 20 | 7.4357 | 7.4688 | 7.5020 | 7.5352 | 7.5685 | 7.6019 | 7.6354 | 7.6689 |
| 25 | 7.5049 | 7.5369 | 7.5690 | 7.6012 | 7.6335 | 7.6658 | 7.6982 | 7.7306 |
| 30 | 7.5638 | 7.5949 | 7.6261 | 7.6574 | 7.6887 | 7.7201 | 7.7515 | 7.7831 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201453306125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Brillouin linewidth as a function of temperature and salinity
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| T/℃ | S/‰ |
|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
|---|
| 0 | 1.7623 | 1.7699 | 1.7775 | 1.7852 | 1.7928 | 1.8004 | 1.8080 | 1.8155 |
| 5 | 1.2370 | 1.2445 | 1.2520 | 1.2594 | 1.2669 | 1.2743 | 1.2817 | 1.2891 |
| 10 | 0.9091 | 0.9158 | 0.9224 | 0.9290 | 0.9356 | 0.9422 | 0.9488 | 0.9553 |
| 15 | 0.7085 | 0.7142 | 0.7199 | 0.7256 | 0.7312 | 0.7368 | 0.7424 | 0.7480 |
| 20 | 0.5881 | 0.5930 | 0.5978 | 0.6027 | 0.6075 | 0.6123 | 0.6171 | 0.6218 |
| 25 | 0.5158 | 0.5200 | 0.5243 | 0.5285 | 0.5328 | 0.5370 | 0.5412 | 0.5453 |
| 30 | 0.4681 | 0.4720 | 0.4760 | 0.4799 | 0.4838 | 0.4877 | 0.4916 | 0.4955 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201528803598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
以温度T和盐度S为变量的布里渊线宽$ {{\varGamma }}_{\rm{B}}(T,S) $
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| T/℃ | S/‰ |
|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
|---|
| 0 | 1.7623 | 1.7699 | 1.7775 | 1.7852 | 1.7928 | 1.8004 | 1.8080 | 1.8155 |
| 5 | 1.2370 | 1.2445 | 1.2520 | 1.2594 | 1.2669 | 1.2743 | 1.2817 | 1.2891 |
| 10 | 0.9091 | 0.9158 | 0.9224 | 0.9290 | 0.9356 | 0.9422 | 0.9488 | 0.9553 |
| 15 | 0.7085 | 0.7142 | 0.7199 | 0.7256 | 0.7312 | 0.7368 | 0.7424 | 0.7480 |
| 20 | 0.5881 | 0.5930 | 0.5978 | 0.6027 | 0.6075 | 0.6123 | 0.6171 | 0.6218 |
| 25 | 0.5158 | 0.5200 | 0.5243 | 0.5285 | 0.5328 | 0.5370 | 0.5412 | 0.5453 |
| 30 | 0.4681 | 0.4720 | 0.4760 | 0.4799 | 0.4838 | 0.4877 | 0.4916 | 0.4955 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201595912463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Value of t1~t10 in Eq.(5)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| t1 = 120.197 | t2 = −43.2765 |
|---|
| t3 = 21.2612 | t4 = 3.41143 |
| t5 = −61.4753 | t6 = 13.7452 |
| t7 = −5.34905× 10−3 | t8 = 3.73461 |
| t9 = 6.24268 | t10 = −1.5917 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201654632720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
式 (5)中参数$ {t}_{1} $
~ $ {t}_{10} $
的值
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| t1 = 120.197 | t2 = −43.2765 |
|---|
| t3 = 21.2612 | t4 = 3.41143 |
| t5 = −61.4753 | t6 = 13.7452 |
| t7 = −5.34905× 10−3 | t8 = 3.73461 |
| t9 = 6.24268 | t10 = −1.5917 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201742713105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Value of s1~s11 in Eq.(6)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $ |
|---|
| s1 = 7.1812× 105 | s2 = −2.7105 × 107 |
| s3 = 4.0964 × 108 | s4 = −3.0961 × 109 |
| s5 = 1.1696 × 1010 | s6 = −1.7665× 1010 |
| s7 = 42.9405 | s8 = −4.776 |
| s9 = 9.8176 | s10 = −11.431 |
| s11 = 1.4448 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201805627666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
式 (6)中参数$ {s}_{1} $
~ $ {s}_{11} $
的值
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {s}_{1} $ ~ $ {s}_{11} $ |
|---|
| s1 = 7.1812× 105 | s2 = −2.7105 × 107 |
| s3 = 4.0964 × 108 | s4 = −3.0961 × 109 |
| s5 = 1.1696 × 1010 | s6 = −1.7665× 1010 |
| s7 = 42.9405 | s8 = −4.776 |
| s9 = 9.8176 | s10 = −11.431 |
| s11 = 1.4448 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201897902355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Design requirement of Fizeau interferometer
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数名称 | 指标 |
|---|
| 平板间距 | 6 mm |
| 加工口径 | 40 mm |
| 平板夹角 | 6.65 μrad |
| 平板镜面反射率 | 优于0.86 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955201973399828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
Fizeau干涉仪设计要求
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数名称 | 指标 |
|---|
| 平板间距 | 6 mm |
| 加工口径 | 40 mm |
| 平板夹角 | 6.65 μrad |
| 平板镜面反射率 | 优于0.86 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202040508693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Key parameters of the proof of concept setup
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统组成 | 参数名称 | 指标 |
|---|
| 发射系统 | 中心波长 | 532.29 nm |
| 单脉冲能量及脉宽 | 1 mJ@7.6 ns |
| 频率稳定性 | 6 MHz |
| 接收系统 | 接收光学口径 | 50 mm |
| Fizeau平板间距 | 6 mm |
| Fizeau口径 | 40 mm |
| Fizeau平板夹角 | 6.65 μrad |
| Fizeau平板镜面反射率 | 0.87 |
| PMT探测器通道数 | 16 |
| 综合控制及数据处理系统 | 波形采样率 | 500 MHz |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202136977686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
原理验证装置主要参数汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统组成 | 参数名称 | 指标 |
|---|
| 发射系统 | 中心波长 | 532.29 nm |
| 单脉冲能量及脉宽 | 1 mJ@7.6 ns |
| 频率稳定性 | 6 MHz |
| 接收系统 | 接收光学口径 | 50 mm |
| Fizeau平板间距 | 6 mm |
| Fizeau口径 | 40 mm |
| Fizeau平板夹角 | 6.65 μrad |
| Fizeau平板镜面反射率 | 0.87 |
| PMT探测器通道数 | 16 |
| 综合控制及数据处理系统 | 波形采样率 | 500 MHz |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202212475159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Test results of five measurements
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 水槽编号 | 频移/GHz | 线宽/GHz | 温度/℃ | 盐度/psu | 理论温度/℃ | 理论盐度/psu | 温度误差/K | 盐度误差/psu |
|---|
| 1 | 1 | 7.6964 | 0.5718 | 22.90 | 33.58 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
| 2 | 7.7082 | 0.5769 | 22.68 | 35.80 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.72 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1 | 7.6988 | 0.5688 | 23.58 | 34.32 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.48 | 0.52 |
| 2 | 7.6912 | 0.5705 | 23.02 | 34.12 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.38 | 0.68 |
| 3 | 1 | 7.7020 | 0.5793 | 22.49 | 35.21 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.61 | 1.41 |
| 2 | 7.7118 | 0.5602 | 23.76 | 34.33 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.36 | 0.47 |
| 4 | 1 | 7.6926 | 0.5690 | 23.04 | 32.74 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.06 | 1.06 |
| 2 | 7.7100 | 0.5599 | 23.77 | 34.04 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.37 | 0.76 |
| 5 | 1 | 7.6964 | 0.5763 | 22.63 | 34.10 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.47 | 0.30 |
| 2 | 7.7203 | 0.5671 | 23.38 | 36.32 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.02 | 1.52 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955202296361240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955155546649460, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
五次测量实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 水槽编号 | 频移/GHz | 线宽/GHz | 温度/℃ | 盐度/psu | 理论温度/℃ | 理论盐度/psu | 温度误差/K | 盐度误差/psu |
|---|
| 1 | 1 | 7.6964 | 0.5718 | 22.90 | 33.58 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
| 2 | 7.7082 | 0.5769 | 22.68 | 35.80 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.72 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1 | 7.6988 | 0.5688 | 23.58 | 34.32 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.48 | 0.52 |
| 2 | 7.6912 | 0.5705 | 23.02 | 34.12 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.38 | 0.68 |
| 3 | 1 | 7.7020 | 0.5793 | 22.49 | 35.21 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.61 | 1.41 |
| 2 | 7.7118 | 0.5602 | 23.76 | 34.33 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.36 | 0.47 |
| 4 | 1 | 7.6926 | 0.5690 | 23.04 | 32.74 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.06 | 1.06 |
| 2 | 7.7100 | 0.5599 | 23.77 | 34.04 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.37 | 0.76 |
| 5 | 1 | 7.6964 | 0.5763 | 22.63 | 34.10 | 23.1 | 33.8 | 0.47 | 0.30 |
| 2 | 7.7203 | 0.5671 | 23.38 | 36.32 | 23.4 | 34.8 | 0.02 | 1.52 |
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