Article(id=1319955188304171070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955013183586630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250368, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250368, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764086400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-26, revisedDate=1766937600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-29, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1792631440472, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631440472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631440472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631440472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955013183586630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='250216', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631398721, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631398721, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250368, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955188518080575, articleId=1319955188304171070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Parallel detection confocal microscopy for surface metrology, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective High-precision component manufacturing imposes increasingly stringent requirements on surface defect inspection and three-dimensional (3D) topography measurement, particularly in advanced manufacturing fields such as semiconductor fabrication and precision micro–nano engineering. Laser confocal microscopy, owing to its excellent lateral resolution, strong optical sectioning capability, and robustness to environmental disturbances, has become an important tool for high-accuracy surface metrology. Nevertheless, conventional confocal microscopy systems are fundamentally constrained by their serial point-scanning imaging mode, which leads to limited imaging efficiency and restricts their applicability in high-throughput and real-time industrial inspection scenarios. To overcome these limitations, this study aims to develop a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy, achieving a balanced optimization of imaging speed, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Methods To address the throughput limitations of conventional point-scanning confocal systems, this study introduces a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture that enables simultaneous acquisition of multiple confocal signals, significantly improving data acquisition efficiency. The system employs a 405 nm laser as the illumination source and integrates a resonant-galvanometer scanning module to enable high-speed two-dimensional raster scanning. In the detection path, a fiber array comprising one central fiber and six peripherally arranged fibers couples the return beam into seven independent photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), facilitating parallel signal acquisition.
Based on this parallel detection framework, two complementary operational strategies are developed. First, a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm is implemented to fuse images acquired from multiple detectors. By integrating information from the central and peripheral detection channels, this approach effectively alleviates the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution encountered in traditional single-detector confocal systems, enabling high imaging quality to be maintained without sacrificing throughput. Second, by fully exploiting the spatial arrangement characteristics of the detector array, a dedicated fast scanning mode is developed. This scanning strategy allows multiple spatially offset detection channels to contribute to a single image frame, thereby enhancing temporal sampling efficiency.
To ensure stable and reliable system performance, several critical calibration and correction techniques are implemented. A multi-PMT gain calibration method is developed using a uniform illumination source to compensate for response variations among parallel detection channels, ensuring signal consistency and accuracy during multi-channel image fusion. For scanning distortion correction, a hardware-independent algorithm based on piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial (PCHIP) is proposed to address the nonlinear scanning distortion introduced by the resonant galvanometer. This method interpolates discrete distortion data obtained from standard grid imaging, maintaining high smoothness while exhibiting strong adaptability to complex and spatially varying distortion patterns. Additionally, to mitigate axial systematic errors and improve the reliability of 3D reconstruction, a software-based engineering axial calibration and compensation method is established. This approach uses a high-flatness reference mirror to acquire the system's inherent axial error distribution, which is then applied as a real-time correction factor for subsequent measurements.
Results and Discussions Experimental evaluations validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and methods. In terms of imaging speed, the dedicated fast scanning mode achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate compared with conventional confocal scanning approaches, while preserving spatial resolution and contrast. The pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm enables the parallel detection framework to achieve a superior balance between SNR and resolution, outperforming conventional single-channel confocal imaging under identical gain settings.
For scanning distortion correction, quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed PCHIP-based algorithm achieves a correction standard deviation of 4.151%, representing a 59.403% improvement in geometric correction accuracy compared with commonly used global quadratic fitting and local segmental fitting approaches. This significant enhancement confirms the method's superior adaptability to complex distortion profiles and its effectiveness in high-speed scanning scenarios.
In terms of axial measurement precision, the system retains the excellent optical sectioning capability of confocal microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieves an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm when measuring a 1.8 μm standard height step using a 100×, 0.95 NA objective. The software-based axial calibration and compensation method effectively mitigates systematic errors, enhancing the consistency and robustness of 3D reconstruction results without increasing system complexity or requiring additional hardware.
The practical applicability of the system is further validated through two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of representative industrial samples, including semiconductor lithography structures and silicon-based wafer specimens. These experiments confirm that the system delivers excellent performance in both critical dimension detection and surface topography characterization, demonstrating its suitability for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced manufacturing environments.
Conclusions This study successfully develops a high-performance optical surface metrology system based on parallel-detection confocal microscopy. By introducing a multi-detector parallel imaging architecture combined with a pixel-displacement rearrangement algorithm, the system effectively overcomes the inherent trade-off between SNR and spatial resolution that limits conventional confocal systems. The dedicated fast scanning mode, enabled by the spatial arrangement of the detector array, achieves up to a 3.5-fold improvement in imaging frame rate, delivering superior performance in imaging speed, resolution, and SNR. The complementary techniques developed—multi-PMT gain calibration, PCHIP-based scanning distortion correction (achieving 59.403% accuracy improvement), and software-based axial field compensation—provide a comprehensive solution for ensuring data fidelity, geometric accuracy, and measurement precision. With an axial measurement standard deviation of 4 nm on a 1.8 μm standard sample and demonstrated efficacy on semiconductor lithography and silicon-based wafer specimens, the system meets the demanding requirements for high-resolution, high-efficiency, and high-stability surface characterization in semiconductor manufacturing and precision engineering. Overall, this work provides an efficient, high-precision, and scalable optical surface metrology solution, offering significant potential for in-line inspection and quality control in advanced industrial manufacturing environments while establishing a feasible system architecture for developing advanced optical metrology instruments.
, authors=Jianyu Li, Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorsList=Jianyu Li, Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yueshu Xu, Cuifang Kuang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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高精度元件制造对表面缺陷检测与三维形貌测量提出了极高要求。激光共聚焦显微镜虽为此提供了有效的技术路径,但其串行点扫描模式导致成像效率低下,难以满足工业在线检测需求。为此,本研究研制了一套基于并行探测共聚焦原理的高性能光学表面量检测系统。该系统通过多探测器并行成像与像素位移重组算法,成功突破了传统共聚焦在信噪比与分辨率之间的固有权衡限制;基于探测器阵列的空间排布特性,开发了快速扫描模式,实现了成像帧率的3.5倍提升。针对系统关键环节,本研究提出了多PMT增益标定方法以保障通道一致性,开发了一种无硬件依赖的PCHIP扫描畸变校正算法,几何校正精度较常用方法提升59.403%。并建立了三维轴向标定方法以补偿系统轴向误差。实验表明,本系统对1.8 μm标准高度块的量测轴向标准差为4 nm,在半导体光刻及硅基流片样品等元件的二维与三维量检测中表现出优良性能,为工业界提供了一种高效、高精度的表面量检测解决方案。
, authors=李建宇, 徐月暑
*, *, 匡翠方
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作者贡献
李建宇:负责论文整体方案的构思与原创性设计,完成光路系统的搭建、调整与实验测试,编写并实现相关软件和算法,进行数据分析,并撰写论文初稿;徐月暑:参与论文的修改;匡翠方:指导论文选题与研究方向,并对论文进行修改和审阅。
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23(10): 2971−2979., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955197510668415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955197519057024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, companyId=1319955197510668415, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955197527445633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, companyId=1319955197510668415, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江大学光电科学与工程学院,极端光学技术与仪器全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319955200643813529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Parallel petection confocal (PDC) framework. (a) Optical path diagram of the PDC system; (b) Layout of the fiber optic detection array; (c) Scanning strategy diagram, figureFileSmall=/e0WqgW1QlGLbQUw9FgTlA==, figureFileBig=4Q5xNYypOd6bvy9ZtJRJRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200719311002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
并行探测共聚焦框架(PDC)。(a) PDC系统光路图;(b)光纤探测阵列排布图;(c)扫描策略图, figureFileSmall=/e0WqgW1QlGLbQUw9FgTlA==, figureFileBig=4Q5xNYypOd6bvy9ZtJRJRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200920637595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Fast-scanning mode of the parallel detection confocal (PDC) system. (a) Architecture of the fast-scanning mode (top layer: T, bottom layer: B); (b) Various information fusion methods for the top and bottom layers, figureFileSmall=4f5e+nLC3JlfgWIH5+LGjA==, figureFileBig=DUOnDAeNFY3FsgbH2PCRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955200970969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
并行探测共聚焦快扫模式。(a)快扫模式架构(上层:T,下层:B);(b)各种上下层信息融合方式, figureFileSmall=4f5e+nLC3JlfgWIH5+LGjA==, figureFileBig=DUOnDAeNFY3FsgbH2PCRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201033883805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Gain calibration of the multi-channel PMT array in the PDC system. (a) Schematic diagram before and after gain calibration; (b) Gain calibration curves for each channel of the system, figureFileSmall=J6XwmZLOu50NZ89OKUGQgQ==, figureFileBig=MJdln+m9SOjs/DoUhqiMjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201117769886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
PDC多通道PMT阵列增益标定。(a)增益标定前后示意图;(b)本系统各通道PMT增益标定曲线, figureFileSmall=J6XwmZLOu50NZ89OKUGQgQ==, figureFileBig=MJdln+m9SOjs/DoUhqiMjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201180684447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Scanning distortion correction. (a) Principle of scanning distortion; (b) Correction results using the PCHIP algorithm (before and after); (c) Comparison of scanning distortion correction algorithms, figureFileSmall=JzKlkFIBOsl7gKTxehliBg==, figureFileBig=HtMcOji63m8LwZmL28rhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201247793312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
扫描畸变校正。(a)扫描畸变产生原理;(b) PCHIP算法校正前后效果;(c)扫描畸变算法效果对比, figureFileSmall=JzKlkFIBOsl7gKTxehliBg==, figureFileBig=HtMcOji63m8LwZmL28rhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201331679393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
3D topography restoration and field curvature correction. (a) Measurement of the system's field curvature using a planar mirror; (b) Pseudocolor height maps of the sample before and after correction; (c) 3D plots of the sample before and after correction, figureFileSmall=YVoKyK4XTG9XFemtGl78nQ==, figureFileBig=lgG136xt9pzV2Z1P/lg48A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201411371170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
三维形貌恢复与轴向标定方法。(a)平面反射镜标定系统场曲;(b)样品校正前后高度伪彩图;(c)样品校正前后三维图, figureFileSmall=YVoKyK4XTG9XFemtGl78nQ==, figureFileBig=lgG136xt9pzV2Z1P/lg48A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201474285731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Imaging performance of the PDC mode. (a) Comparison of imaging results among wide-field microscopy, confocal (single-channel), and PDC (7-channel fusion), with the confocal and PDC systems set at the same gain; (b) Frame rate curves under different imaging modes, figureFileSmall=WsyNwEqJpCKGQS5oOE5/qQ==, figureFileBig=y6IUzXKdX9DHABdCud5PIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201549783204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
PDC模式成像效果。(a)宽场显微、共聚焦(单通道)以及PDC (七通道融合)成像效果对比(共聚焦与PDC增益相同);(b)几种成像模式下帧率曲线, figureFileSmall=WsyNwEqJpCKGQS5oOE5/qQ==, figureFileBig=y6IUzXKdX9DHABdCud5PIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201625280677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Measurement results of an 1.8 μm standard height block under different magnification objectives. (a) Pseudocolor plot of the measurement; (b) Data distribution curve of the measurement results, figureFileSmall=DvUQ+dET9kN1u2oaeeK8xg==, figureFileBig=FOwYI/kJKGsPYWJE6ofEhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201704972454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同倍率物镜下1.8 μm标准高度块量测结果。(a)量测伪彩结果图;(b)量测结果数据分布曲线, figureFileSmall=DvUQ+dET9kN1u2oaeeK8xg==, figureFileBig=FOwYI/kJKGsPYWJE6ofEhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201776275623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Pseudocolor plots of the restored 3D topography for lithography and silicon-run samples. (a) Lithography sample (top: Zhejiang University logo; bottom: stepped structure ensemble); (b) Silicon-run sample (Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), optical waveguide device, and delay line 1 & 2), figureFileSmall=/2FBOVEKfBQ19x8ZLX/EwA==, figureFileBig=i/lkey1xISKg2bRBaE8Teg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955201868550312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955188304171070, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
光刻及硅基流片样品三维形貌恢复伪彩结果图。(a)光刻样品(上:浙江大学校徽;下:台阶集合群);(b)硅基流片样品(马赫曾德尔干涉器件、光波导器件及延迟线1、2), figureFileSmall=/2FBOVEKfBQ19x8ZLX/EwA==, figureFileBig=i/lkey1xISKg2bRBaE8Teg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1278641367198941188, delFlag=0, nameCn=光电工程, nameEn=Opto-Electronic Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-501X, eissn=2097-4019, cn=51-1346/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=4Vimkd+qXLWNxtdpr9mFNw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Opto-Electronic Engineering, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1782781457950, updatedTime=1784021784694, 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