Article(id=1319955184025977398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955119433695302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250222, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250222, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=1763654400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineDate=1792631439452, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631439452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631439452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631439452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955119433695302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='250166', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631424052, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631424052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250222, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955184218915383, articleId=1319955184025977398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Research on large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer scanning, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Achieving both a large field of view and high resolution remains a persistent and critical bottleneck in the field of optical imaging. Conventional imaging systems are constrained by a fundamental trade-off: expanding the field of view typically leads to a noticeable reduction in spatial resolution or requires the adoption of optical components that are bulkier, heavier, and more complex in structure, which limits their applicability in scenarios requiring portability or miniaturization. Existing solutions aimed at addressing this dilemma, such as those relying on mechanical translation stages, oscillating mirrors, or multi-lens arrays, suffer from inherent limitations. Mechanical translation stages are restricted by mechanical inertia, resulting in scanning frequencies as low as 10 Hz that severely hinder imaging efficiency; oscillating mirrors are prone to mirror surface deformation due to centrifugal forces at high speeds, with their maximum scanning frequency capped at around 100 Hz; while multi-lens array systems significantly increase overall system complexity, require highly efficient processing algorithms, and rely excessively on precise calibration procedures, with an equivalent scanning frequency of merely 50 Hz. To overcome these challenges, this thesis conducts in-depth research on large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer fast scanning. The primary objective is to fully leverage the high-speed scanning advantage of galvanometers (capable of kHz-level scanning frequencies, far exceeding traditional mechanical systems) to construct an efficient and reliable image acquisition system with an overlap compensation mechanism. Simultaneously, the traditional Harris algorithm, a classic corner detection method in computer vision, is improved to enhance its performance in feature extraction and matching for stitching tasks. Ultimately, this research develops a practical method for acquiring overlapping sub-images and seamlessly stitching them into a single high-resolution panoramic image, thereby resolving the trade-off between field of view and resolution.

Methods

The research methodology is based on two core aspects: the construction of a scanning imaging system with an overlap compensation mechanism and the introduction of key improvements to the traditional Harris corner detection algorithm. The scanning imaging system was constructed using a high-precision galvanometer and a GigE industrial camera, enabling the rapid acquisition of a grid of sub-images. On the algorithmic front, the thesis proposes two main modifications. First, a priori non-extremely large value suppression shape is adopted. This method determines the optimal suppression shape (square, circle, or ellipse) by calculating gradient directions from downsampled images, allowing the algorithm to adapt to different image textures. Second, a center region shielding adaptive non-extremely large value suppression method based on the overlap rate is proposed. This technique detects the horizontal and vertical overlap ratios between images and strategically applies suppression only within the overlapping regions, effectively reducing interference from non-overlapping areas. These improvements enhance the accuracy of corner point screening and the computational efficiency of the algorithm. The overall stitching process follows a designed "group-of-four" iterative strategy and employs homography estimation and weighted linear blending for seamless image fusion.

Results and Discussions

The effectiveness of the proposed method was rigorously verified through simulation and experimental studies. Simulation verification involved partitioning ten high-resolution 9000 pixel×12000 pixel source images into sub-arrays with preset overlap rates of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. The results demonstrated that, compared with the traditional adaptive non-extremely large value suppression algorithm, the proposed method achieved notably faster computational speed. It also generally yielded a higher number of valid corner matches and a higher correct matching rate, with the advantage being particularly pronounced at lower overlap rates. Computational efficiency was improved by more than 60% under the different overlapping rates tested. The stitched image exhibited high quality, with PSNR values exceeding 40 dB and SSIM values close to 1, indicating excellent fidelity and minimal distortion. For experimental validation, a 6×11 array of 2592 pixel×1944 pixel images was first captured using the constructed galvanometer scanning system. Applying the improved algorithm to this dataset successfully generated a seamless panoramic image with a final resolution of 9553 pixel×19149 pixel. Compared to the traditional method, the complete stitching process achieved a 39.69% improvement in computational efficiency and a 10.31% increase in the feature matching correct rate, which directly contributed to significantly enhanced visual consistency in the final large-field-of-view composite. These results substantiate that the integration of high-speed galvanometer scanning with the enhanced Harris algorithm effectively addresses key limitations such as the low scanning speed of conventional mechanical systems and the computational inefficiency of traditional global feature detection, establishing a practical and effective approach for high-resolution imaging over a large field of view.

Conclusions

This research successfully develops a large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer scanning. By constructing a rapid scanning system and improving the Harris algorithm through a priori suppression shape and overlap-rate-based center shielding adaptive non-extremely large value suppression, the study provides an effective solution to the classic trade-off between field of view and resolution. The technology demonstrates substantial improvements in processing speed and stitching accuracy, enabling the generation of ultra-high-resolution panoramic images. The results offer a new technical paradigm for applications ranging from astronomical observation and satellite remote sensing to pathology slice scanning and endoscopic imaging. Future work may involve integrating deep learning techniques to further optimize the algorithm's adaptability and efficiency in complex scenarios.

, authors=Tingyou Yang1, 2, 3, Yang Li2, 3, Naiting Gu4, Jinlong Tang1, Zao Yi1, authorsList=Tingyou Yang, Yang Li, Naiting Gu, Jinlong Tang, Zao Yi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Naiting Gu, Jinlong Tang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955192326505070, articleId=1319955184025977398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于振镜扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大视场与高分辨难以兼得是光学成像领域的技术瓶颈。本论文开展了基于振镜快速扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究,充分发挥振镜结构快速扫描的优势,构建了具有重叠补偿机制的扫描成像系统,提出采用先验非极大值抑制形状,以及基于重叠率的中心区域屏蔽式自适应非极大值抑制方法,对传统Harris算法进行了改进,显著提升了角点筛选准确性和计算效率。仿真及实验结果表明:本论文提出的改进方法能够实现9553 pixel×19149 pixel的超高分辨率快速成像,计算效率较传统方法提升39.69%,特征匹配正确率较传统方法提升10.31%,使全景图像的视觉一致性得到显著改善。该研究成果不仅为天文观测、卫星遥感等宏观尺度成像提供了新的技术范式,更在病理切片扫描、内窥镜成像等微观医学领域展现出重要应用价值。

, authors=阳廷友1, 2, 3, 李杨2, 3, 顾乃庭4, *, *, 唐金龙1, *, *, 易早1, authorsList=阳廷友, 李杨, 顾乃庭, 唐金龙, 易早, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=顾乃庭, 唐金龙, authorNote=

作者贡献

阳廷友:文献调研、数据收集、论文写作;李杨:模拟仿真及实验指导;顾乃庭,唐金龙,易早:指导论文选题、论文修改。

阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

唐金龙(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向主要有光电半导体材料及其器件、光电材料与结构模拟,半导体表面与界面、缺陷结构与性能以及光电成像相关算法等。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
顾乃庭,
唐金龙,
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阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

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阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

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顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

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顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

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唐金龙(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向主要有光电半导体材料及其器件、光电材料与结构模拟,半导体表面与界面、缺陷结构与性能以及光电成像相关算法等。E-mail:

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唐金龙(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向主要有光电半导体材料及其器件、光电材料与结构模拟,半导体表面与界面、缺陷结构与性能以及光电成像相关算法等。E-mail:

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Overlap rate test results (unit: %)

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Overlap rateHorizontalVertical
3029.90029.835
4039.62239.815
5049.76949.846
6059.76159.928
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重叠率检测结果(单位:%)

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Overlap rateHorizontalVertical
3029.90029.835
4039.62239.815
5049.76949.846
6059.76159.928
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Average time per stitch for different overlap rates

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Overlap rate/%Our algorithms/sTradutional algorithms/sEfficiency improvement/%
3015.0341.9864.19
4011.7730.2361.05
5011.9930.3660.50
6012.7240.8268.84
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不同重叠率下每次拼接平均时间

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Overlap rate/%Our algorithms/sTradutional algorithms/sEfficiency improvement/%
3015.0341.9864.19
4011.7730.2361.05
5011.9930.3660.50
6012.7240.8268.84
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基于振镜扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究
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阳廷友 1, 2, 3 , 李杨 2, 3 , 顾乃庭 4, *, * , 唐金龙 1, *, * , 易早 1
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(3): 250222-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (3) : 250222 -1
基于振镜扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究
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阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

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阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

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顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

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顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

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唐金龙(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向主要有光电半导体材料及其器件、光电材料与结构模拟,半导体表面与界面、缺陷结构与性能以及光电成像相关算法等。E-mail:

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阳廷友1, 2, 3 , 李杨2, 3, 顾乃庭4, *, * , 唐金龙1, *, * , 易早1
作者信息
  • 1西南科技大学数理学院,四川 绵阳 621010
  • 2中国科学院光电技术研究所,四川 成都 610209
  • 3中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4国防科技大学前沿交叉学科学院,湖南 长沙 410073
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

阳廷友:文献调研、数据收集、论文写作;李杨:模拟仿真及实验指导;顾乃庭,唐金龙,易早:指导论文选题、论文修改。

阳廷友(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事振镜快速扫描拼接成像的研究工作。E-mail:

顾乃庭(1984-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要从事光电成像及探测技术研究和系统研制,具体包括光电望远镜、自适应光学以及偏振成像等。E-mail:

唐金龙(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向主要有光电半导体材料及其器件、光电材料与结构模拟,半导体表面与界面、缺陷结构与性能以及光电成像相关算法等。E-mail:

Research on large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer scanning
Tingyou Yang1, 2, 3 , Yang Li2, 3, Naiting Gu4 , Jinlong Tang1 , Zao Yi1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
  • 2Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250222
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大视场与高分辨难以兼得是光学成像领域的技术瓶颈。本论文开展了基于振镜快速扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究,充分发挥振镜结构快速扫描的优势,构建了具有重叠补偿机制的扫描成像系统,提出采用先验非极大值抑制形状,以及基于重叠率的中心区域屏蔽式自适应非极大值抑制方法,对传统Harris算法进行了改进,显著提升了角点筛选准确性和计算效率。仿真及实验结果表明:本论文提出的改进方法能够实现9553 pixel×19149 pixel的超高分辨率快速成像,计算效率较传统方法提升39.69%,特征匹配正确率较传统方法提升10.31%,使全景图像的视觉一致性得到显著改善。该研究成果不仅为天文观测、卫星遥感等宏观尺度成像提供了新的技术范式,更在病理切片扫描、内窥镜成像等微观医学领域展现出重要应用价值。

大视场  /  图像拼接  /  振镜  /  Harris算法
Objective

Achieving both a large field of view and high resolution remains a persistent and critical bottleneck in the field of optical imaging. Conventional imaging systems are constrained by a fundamental trade-off: expanding the field of view typically leads to a noticeable reduction in spatial resolution or requires the adoption of optical components that are bulkier, heavier, and more complex in structure, which limits their applicability in scenarios requiring portability or miniaturization. Existing solutions aimed at addressing this dilemma, such as those relying on mechanical translation stages, oscillating mirrors, or multi-lens arrays, suffer from inherent limitations. Mechanical translation stages are restricted by mechanical inertia, resulting in scanning frequencies as low as 10 Hz that severely hinder imaging efficiency; oscillating mirrors are prone to mirror surface deformation due to centrifugal forces at high speeds, with their maximum scanning frequency capped at around 100 Hz; while multi-lens array systems significantly increase overall system complexity, require highly efficient processing algorithms, and rely excessively on precise calibration procedures, with an equivalent scanning frequency of merely 50 Hz. To overcome these challenges, this thesis conducts in-depth research on large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer fast scanning. The primary objective is to fully leverage the high-speed scanning advantage of galvanometers (capable of kHz-level scanning frequencies, far exceeding traditional mechanical systems) to construct an efficient and reliable image acquisition system with an overlap compensation mechanism. Simultaneously, the traditional Harris algorithm, a classic corner detection method in computer vision, is improved to enhance its performance in feature extraction and matching for stitching tasks. Ultimately, this research develops a practical method for acquiring overlapping sub-images and seamlessly stitching them into a single high-resolution panoramic image, thereby resolving the trade-off between field of view and resolution.

Methods

The research methodology is based on two core aspects: the construction of a scanning imaging system with an overlap compensation mechanism and the introduction of key improvements to the traditional Harris corner detection algorithm. The scanning imaging system was constructed using a high-precision galvanometer and a GigE industrial camera, enabling the rapid acquisition of a grid of sub-images. On the algorithmic front, the thesis proposes two main modifications. First, a priori non-extremely large value suppression shape is adopted. This method determines the optimal suppression shape (square, circle, or ellipse) by calculating gradient directions from downsampled images, allowing the algorithm to adapt to different image textures. Second, a center region shielding adaptive non-extremely large value suppression method based on the overlap rate is proposed. This technique detects the horizontal and vertical overlap ratios between images and strategically applies suppression only within the overlapping regions, effectively reducing interference from non-overlapping areas. These improvements enhance the accuracy of corner point screening and the computational efficiency of the algorithm. The overall stitching process follows a designed "group-of-four" iterative strategy and employs homography estimation and weighted linear blending for seamless image fusion.

Results and Discussions

The effectiveness of the proposed method was rigorously verified through simulation and experimental studies. Simulation verification involved partitioning ten high-resolution 9000 pixel×12000 pixel source images into sub-arrays with preset overlap rates of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. The results demonstrated that, compared with the traditional adaptive non-extremely large value suppression algorithm, the proposed method achieved notably faster computational speed. It also generally yielded a higher number of valid corner matches and a higher correct matching rate, with the advantage being particularly pronounced at lower overlap rates. Computational efficiency was improved by more than 60% under the different overlapping rates tested. The stitched image exhibited high quality, with PSNR values exceeding 40 dB and SSIM values close to 1, indicating excellent fidelity and minimal distortion. For experimental validation, a 6×11 array of 2592 pixel×1944 pixel images was first captured using the constructed galvanometer scanning system. Applying the improved algorithm to this dataset successfully generated a seamless panoramic image with a final resolution of 9553 pixel×19149 pixel. Compared to the traditional method, the complete stitching process achieved a 39.69% improvement in computational efficiency and a 10.31% increase in the feature matching correct rate, which directly contributed to significantly enhanced visual consistency in the final large-field-of-view composite. These results substantiate that the integration of high-speed galvanometer scanning with the enhanced Harris algorithm effectively addresses key limitations such as the low scanning speed of conventional mechanical systems and the computational inefficiency of traditional global feature detection, establishing a practical and effective approach for high-resolution imaging over a large field of view.

Conclusions

This research successfully develops a large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer scanning. By constructing a rapid scanning system and improving the Harris algorithm through a priori suppression shape and overlap-rate-based center shielding adaptive non-extremely large value suppression, the study provides an effective solution to the classic trade-off between field of view and resolution. The technology demonstrates substantial improvements in processing speed and stitching accuracy, enabling the generation of ultra-high-resolution panoramic images. The results offer a new technical paradigm for applications ranging from astronomical observation and satellite remote sensing to pathology slice scanning and endoscopic imaging. Future work may involve integrating deep learning techniques to further optimize the algorithm's adaptability and efficiency in complex scenarios.

large field of view  /  image stitching  /  galvanometer  /  Harris algorithm
阳廷友, 李杨, 顾乃庭, 唐金龙, 易早. 基于振镜扫描的大视场拼接成像技术研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250222 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250222
Tingyou Yang, Yang Li, Naiting Gu, Jinlong Tang, Zao Yi. Research on large field of view stitching imaging technology based on galvanometer scanning[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250222 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250222
现代科学研究和实际应用对成像探测技术的需求越来越高[1],众多领域对大视场成像有着极为迫切的需求。在天文观测领域中,大气湍流影响成像质量,大视场成像助力高分辨太阳观测与巡天研究[2];在现代光学测量领域中,激光三角测距系统借助大视场清晰捕捉目标细节[3];在生物医学领域中,大视场成像助力全面观察病变组织,用于眼科检查[4-5]、外科手术及肿瘤早期诊断[6];在工业检测领域中,大视场成像兼顾检测范围与精度,提升微小缺陷的识别能力[7]。
然而传统成像技术受限于光学系统的物理特性,视场与分辨率之间存在天然的权衡关系:扩大视场通常需要降低分辨率或增加光学系统的体积与复杂度[8],难以同时满足大视场和高分辨率的要求,限制了其在这些领域中的发展。
为实现大视场成像,许多学者进行了相关研究。例如,张祥等采用机械移动台驱动单镜头圆锥旋转,通过控制相机旋转模拟4相机阵列,将1.02°小视场扩展至1.93°大视场,解决远距离目标捕获难题[9];杨萌等通过建立扫描指令数学模型,采用摆扫镜将小面阵相机视场扩展至大场景地面成像,解决了远距相机视场角小的问题[10];李文杰等采用多镜头结合非均匀采样仿生模型和多图像融合算法,将视场角扩展至单个子相机的9倍,实现无色差大视场高分辨成像[11]。然而,传统采用机械移动台、摆扫镜或多镜头的方案,在大视场成像方面存在诸多缺陷。机械移动台受机械惯性限制,扫描频率最高仅10 Hz[12];摆扫镜由于离心力会导致镜面变形,扫描频率最高达100 Hz[13],多镜头扫描则增大了系统复杂度,需要高效处理算法,且精度方面过度依赖标定[14],等效频率为50 Hz[15]。
针对上述问题,本研究利用振镜高效扫描成像优势(kHz量级)[16],改进Harris算法以克服传统图像拼接不足,实现大视场高质量拼接。改进包括:1)提出先验抑制形状,将传统固定方形非极大值抑制改为依图像梯度确定形状,适配纹理变化;2)提出中心区域屏蔽非极大值抑制,划定非重叠区域减少干扰,提升角点有效性与计算效率。
基于振镜扫描的大视场成像系统由振镜扫描系统、相机及计算机构成。通过精准控制振镜角度,对视场内图像逐行扫描,扫描时振镜偏转与相机采集实时协同:振镜每完成一次角度跳转,相机即按预设时序与振镜同步采集,直至全视场图像采集完毕,过程如图1所示。完成图像采集后,相机将图像传输至计算机,计算机按设计算法对图像阵列进行拼接。大视场图像拼接流程如图2所示。
Harris算法最初由Harris和Stephens于1988年提出,通过改进Moravec算法而获得[17]。该算法通过在图像上移动局部窗口,并计算窗口内像素的灰度值变化来判断窗口所在区域是否存在角点。以图像中某点(x, y)为中心,在x方向移动u,在y方向移动v,该点的灰度值为I (x, y),产生的灰度变化为
$ E(u, v)=\sum_{x, y} \omega(x, y)[I(x+u, y+v)-I(x, y)]^2 \;, $
式中:$ \omega (x,y)={{\mathrm{e}}}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2{\sigma }^{2}} $为二维高斯平滑函数,σ为高斯标准差。对I(x+u, y+v)进行泰勒展开,可得
$ I(x+u, y+v) \approx I(x, y)+I_x u+I_y v\;, $
式中:Ix和Iy分别是I (x, y)在x方向和y方向的偏导。代入式(1)可得
$ E(u, v)=\sum_{x, y} \omega(x, y)\left[I_x u+I_y v\right]^2=[u, v] \boldsymbol{M}\left[\begin{array}{l}u \\v\end{array}\right]\;, $
式中:M为实正定矩阵。
通过计算矩阵M,可得到角点响应函数:R=det(M)-α(tr(M))2,其中det(M)为矩阵M的行列式,tr(M)为矩阵M的迹,α一般取0.04~0.06 (本文取0.04),当像素点的R值大于设定的阈值,并且在局部窗口内是最大值时,该像素点被判定为角点。
按照算法预设流程对图像阵列进行拼接。首先进行先验抑制形状,对于每幅局部图像,按不同比例进行下采样处理[18],将16个梯度方向归并为水平H、垂直V、对角D及其他O四类梯度比例。设定方形判定阈值t =0.5,通过以下逻辑判别局部区域特征:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}|\boldsymbol{H}-\boldsymbol{V}| \lt t \\ |\boldsymbol{H}-\boldsymbol{V}| \lt 2t\wedge|\boldsymbol{H}-\boldsymbol{D}| \lt 2t\wedge|\boldsymbol{V}-\boldsymbol{D}| \lt 2t\wedge\boldsymbol{O} \lt t \\ |\boldsymbol{H}-\boldsymbol{V}| \gt t\end{array}\right.. $
完成形状筛选后,检测图像阵列重复率,由于振镜扫描图像阵列水平与垂直间隔均有微弧度量级的相同精度,通过特征点匹配第一横排前两张图像获取水平重叠率,匹配第一列前两张图像获取垂直重叠率,为中心区域屏蔽抑制提供依据。图像拼接时,将所有子图像按2×2分组(每4张一组),其中横向图像A/B、C/D之间具有一定重叠率,如图3中蓝色部分所示。利用Harris算法在重叠区域检测特征角点并匹配,通过两次横向拼接将四张图像拼接成两张图像E/F,拼接图像E/F之间在垂直方向具有一定重叠率,如图3中绿色部分所示。继续进行一次纵向拼接完成组内拼接,如图3所示。其中横向拼接采用“角点检测-抑制筛选-坐标映射”的常规拼接流程并保留角点信息,纵向拼接直接复用横向拼接得到的角点数据以减少运算量。对所有小组完成初次拼接后,按相同4张一组策略迭代分组拼接,直至通过最后一次2×2分组或单次横向拼接形成完整大视场图像。
针对传统全图自适应非极大值抑制角点检测方法[19]角点分布与拼接需求匹配不足的问题,本文提出中心区域屏蔽式检测方法。与传统全域检测不同,该方法基于重叠率划分非重叠与重叠区域,如图4所示,屏蔽非重叠区域角点检测运算,使角点聚集于重叠区域。通过筛选中心无重叠区域,对检测角点按先验抑制形状进行自适应非极大值抑制筛选,优化了角点分布与拼接匹配度。
即对于每个像素点(i, j)计算抑制半径r,使得在以该点为中心的指定形状区域内不存在强度大于C(i, j)的像素点。对所有角点按强度进行排序,基于排序结果动态调整各角点的非极大值抑制半径;最终使用调整后的半径执行非极大值抑制,仅保留区域内相对强度最高的角点。
①方形抑制
$ R(i, j, r)=\{(x, y) \mid \max (|x-i|,|y-j|) \leqslant r\}\;. $
②圆形抑制
$ R(i, j, r)=\left\{(x, y) \mid(x-i)^2+(y-j)^2 \leqslant r^2\right\}\;. $
③椭圆形抑制
$ R(i, j, r)=\left\{(x, y) \left\lvert\, \frac{(x-i)^2}{r^2}+\frac{(y-j)^2}{(r / 1.5)^2} \leqslant 1\right.\right\}\;. $
经过先验抑制形状筛选、检测图像阵列重叠率以及非极大值抑制后,后续经过描述符匹配、异常点剔除、几何变换估计以及坐标映射完成图像拼接。
将9000 pixel×12000 pixel原始高分辨图像按1944 pixel×2592 pixel网格化分割,该分辨率的选择是为了与后续实验所用的像素分辨率保持像素总数一致(均为5038848 pixel),确保二者像素维度匹配,使仿真中子图像的数据规模、特征提取基数等关键条件与实验场景统一,为算法性能验证奠定一致的数据基础。为确保重叠区域,模拟30%、40%、50%、60%水平及垂直重叠率验证。原始图像如图5(a)所示,以30%重叠率为例,网格化分割图像时,末端区域剩余像素不足维持重叠率,直接切割会导致特征匹配失效。本研究采用自适应合并策略:水平/垂直方向末端分割时,若剩余像素不足,将其与前序子图像像素域合并,使末端子图像包含完整剩余区域,若水平与垂直方向剩余像素皆不足,则选择垂直方向末端与前序子图像像素域合并。此策略虽使末端子图像尺寸略异于标准尺寸,但能保留边缘信息,避免特征丢失,如图5(b)所示。
经过先验抑制形状,分别得到不同重叠率下各子图像的最佳抑制形状,统计显示最优抑制形状为方形。因圆形判定需多方向梯度均匀性苛刻,复杂场景较难满足;而椭圆形需单一方向梯度显著优势,自然场景中不规则形状难以形成足够突出的梯度差异,故椭圆判定较少。
通过特征匹配检测图像阵列重叠率,得到表1。
30%重叠率的6×6子图像阵列(36张)需进行30次横向拼接与15次纵向拼接,共计45次;40%重叠率的7×7阵列(49张)与50%重叠率的8×8阵列(64张)均需42次横向拼接和21次纵向拼接,各共计63次;60%重叠率的10×10阵列(100张)则需78次横向拼接与39次纵向拼接,共计117次。
以30%重叠率为例开展拼接验证,设置最大角点数1000,采用传统Harris自适应抑制[19]与本文中心屏蔽式抑制算法进行拼接,两种算法在首次拼接及末次拼接的两张子图角点分布如图6和图7所示,其中基础图作为坐标基准参考图像,拼接图为与基础图融合的待处理图像。
从角点分布图可以看出,传统算法全局角点相对均匀分布于整张图像,本文所提算法由于是基于重叠率的中心屏蔽式非极大值抑制,因此在图像中划分出重叠区域与非重叠区域,所筛选出的角点相对均匀分布于重叠区域。
通过KD树[20]与Knnsearch算法[21]完成描述符粗匹配,经随机抽样一致性 (random sample consensus, RANSAC)算法[22]剔除误匹配后获得精匹配,基于精匹配点对统计不同重叠率下的角点匹配数量如图8所示,拼接时间对比如图9所示。
对比结果表明,低重叠率时本文算法通过中心屏蔽抑制排除非重叠区域干扰,角点匹配数及正确率显著高于传统算法;随着重叠率增大,其优势逐渐减弱并与传统算法结果趋同。综合在不同重叠率下完成每次拼接所需时间,由于该研究采用 “4张一组迭代分组拼接”策略,随着拼接迭代推进,后期拼接图像为前期多轮拼接形成的大尺寸图像,相较于初始小尺寸子图像,这些大尺寸图像像素总量大幅增加,导致描述符匹配、几何变换计算等核心操作的数据处理量显著提升,因此最后几次拼接所需时间显著上升。相较于传统算法,本文算法平均拼接时间优势明显,如表2所示。
基于RANSAC算法精匹配结果,通过最小二乘法求解单应性矩阵[23]建立坐标变换关系,经矩阵变换拼接图四顶点确定几何覆盖范围。利用单应性逆变换计算基础图像素在拼接图中的对应位置,根据像素到两图边界的距离生成动态融合权重,对重叠区域像素按权重线性融合,消除拼接缝并保持亮度一致,最终生成无缝拼接图如图10所示。
主观视觉上结果图像与原始图像在形态特征及纹理细节方面未表现出显著差异。
客观上采用峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio, PSNR)及结构相似性指数(structure similarity index measure, SSIM)评估拼接质量[24]。由于单应性矩阵为通过RANSAC算法对随机抽样拟合的数据集进行计算所得,其结果存在一定误差。为确保客观性,选取10张不同的高分辨图像,每种重叠率条件下分别进行10次拼接,最终取结果图像各项指标的平均值,如图11所示。
结果显示,在不同重叠率下,本文方法相对传统方法的PSNR提升幅度无特殊规律:重叠率为30%时本文方法相对传统方法的PSNR提升14.24%,40%时0.66%,50%和60%时分别为6.78%和5.78%,因传统方法“特征匹配有效性”随重叠率变化。本文算法在各重叠率下平均PSNR值均超35 dB且高于传统算法,即30%重叠率下,传统方法全图检测混入大量无效角点,匹配误配率高(PSNR 33.45 dB),本文方法限定重叠区域检测,PSNR达38.21 dB,优势显著;40%重叠率时,传统方法有效角点充足、误配率低(PSNR 38.69 dB),与本文方法(38.95 dB)差距缩小;50%、60%重叠率,传统方法仍存在冗余干扰,PSNR未逼近本文方法,故本文方法较传统算法仍有部分提升。
本研究构建振镜扫描与相机协同采集系统,需通过精准控角确保子图像按预设间隔与重叠率进行采集,若精度不足,会直接导致相邻子图像重叠区错位、有效特征点减少,进而升高匹配误配率,最终产生拼接缝、纹理断裂等问题,破坏全景图像视觉一致性,因此振镜采用大族思特微弧度精度光栅振镜,相机为明视威GigE工业相机(50 mm镜头),获取到6×11张2592×1944图像阵列如图12所示(由于该振镜采用近红外波段反射镜,在不同方向上对可见光反射率不同,因此在不同方向存在一定程度的色差),并通过本文所提振镜扫描Harris拼接算法进行大视场图像拼接。
经过重叠率检测,实验图像阵列垂直重叠率为39.545%、水平重叠率为26.029%,先验最佳抑制形状为方形,预设最大角点数量为10000。
按照设计算法进行后续图像拼接,共计拼接79次,其中包括54次横向拼接和25次纵向拼接,拼接过程中每次完成拼接的所需时间对比如图13所示。
第1~72次拼接中本文算法平均耗时55.22 s (传统算法87.17 s),效率提升36.65%;第73~79次平均耗时1804.47 s (传统算法3036.91 s),效率提升40.58%;整个拼接过程效率较传统算法提升39.69%。
拼接过程中传统Harris全图角点检测自适应抑制与本文重叠率中心屏蔽自适应抑制的角点匹配正确率对比如图14所示。
整个拼接过程中,传统算法与本文算法的特征匹配平均正确率分别为63.10%和73.41%,本文算法较传统算法提升10.31%。
最终成功得到分辨率为9553×19149的大视场图像,如图15所示。
实验结果表明,本文算法通过振镜扫描技术结合改进Harris算法,成功实现6×11重叠图像阵列的大视场拼接,形成分辨率9553×19149的高分辨率图像,进一步验证了所提方法在高分辨图像处理领域的有效性和实用性。计算效率方面,第1~72次拼接平均时间55.22 s,较传统算法 (87.17 s)提升36.65%;第73~79次平均1804.47 s,较传统算法 (3036.91 s)提升40.58%,整体效率提升39.69%。特征匹配准确性上,采用先验抑制形状与中心区域屏蔽式自适应非极大值抑制,避免全局非重叠区域干扰,特征匹配平均正确率达73.41%,较传统算法 (63.10%)提高10.31%,图像视觉一致性显著改善。
针对光学成像中大视场与高分辨难以兼顾的技术瓶颈,提出基于振镜扫描的大视场拼接成像技术。该技术通过振镜扫描快速获取图像阵列,改进Harris算法。采用先验抑制形状,依据图像梯度动态确定非极大值抑制形状以适配纹理特征;结合基于重叠率的中心区域屏蔽式抑制,划定重叠区域并屏蔽非重叠干扰,提升角点检测准确性与计算效率。多组仿真与外景实验表明,该技术能实现大视场拼接,且匹配正确率与计算效率显著提升。
针对本文算法,未来可引入深度学习方法自动学习图像特征、优化算法流程、结合特殊目标特性设计针对性方法等,以提升复杂场景适应性、降低计算复杂度、增强对特殊目标的处理能力,应对如光照变化、数据规模大、特殊目标场景等新挑战。

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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250222
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
  • 录用日期:2025-11-21
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    1西南科技大学数理学院,四川 绵阳 621010
    2中国科学院光电技术研究所,四川 成都 610209
    3中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4国防科技大学前沿交叉学科学院,湖南 长沙 410073

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