Article(id=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955375944745964, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250214, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250214, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1760630400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-17, acceptedDate=1760889600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineDate=1792631548826, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631548826, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631548826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631548826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955375944745964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='250117', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631485210, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631485210, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250214, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955643058999721, articleId=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Highly sensitive carbon monoxide detection based on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Residential gas leaks, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions all contain carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless, and extremely poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon. Public safety, industrial production, and environmental quality are all seriously threatened by CO, which can cause acute poisoning or even death in humans at very low amounts. Therefore, it is crucial to create ultra-sensitive CO detection technology to protect human health, industrial operations, and environmental monitoring. Researchers have recently focused a lot of attention on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) because of its special benefits, which include low transmission loss, large core diameter, small optical stripe amplitude, compact structure, and the ability to enable long-distance continuous interaction between single-mode radiation and the target gas.These features give AR-HCF a lot of potential for use in gas sensing applications. In order to achieve high sensitivity, high stability, and compact trace CO detection, this study proposes an all-fiber gas detection system based on AR-HCF for CO monitoring employing fiber loop ring down spectroscopy.

Methods

In this work, an all-fiber CO detection system based on fiber ring cavity decay spectroscopy was built, using a continuous wave (CW) laser with a central wavelength of 1567 nm as the light source and AR-HCF as the gas chamber sensing element. The AR-HCF' transmission characteristics were first examined using the finite element approach, with an emphasis on its limiting loss at the operating wavelength of 1567 nm.The ideal length of the AR-HCF gas chamber was then determined by methodically examining the link between the sensitivity of the hollow-core gas chamber and the optical path length. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with varying gain values were incorporated into the fiber ring cavity to boost the effective number of laser cycles and offset the intrinsic cavity loss in order to further improve the detection sensitivity. In order to thoroughly assess the detection performance of the developed system, a number of performance tests were carried out, including stability testing through repeated measurements and concentration detection tests in the range of 0-0.02%.

Results and Discussions

The research using the finite element approach showed that the AR-HCF' limiting loss at 1567 nm was roughly 0.92 dB/km.A 1-meter-long AR-HCF was chosen as the gas chamber structure after research into the relationship between optical path length and sensitivity revealed that the detection sensitivity increased with the length of the optical path. This was done while taking system compactness and practical applicability into full consideration. The findings of the experiment showed that increasing the EDFA gain greatly increased the system's sensitivity: the system's sensitivity with a 2 dB gain ring cavity was 16.7 times greater than that of the system without EDFA. With a correlation value (R²) of 0.99989, concentration detection experiments verified a strong linear relationship between the decay time and CO concentration in the range of 0%-0.02%. The greatest average relative error was only 0.4%, according to stability tests with ten repeated measurements for various CO concentration gradients. In the end, the developed system demonstrated outstanding detection performance and reliability with a minimum detection limit of 3.0757×10−11, a sensitivity of 0.795 s, and a stability of 0.82%.

Conclusions

This work effectively creates an all-fiber CO detection system using fiber loop ring down spectroscopy in conjunction with AR-HCF. The system achieves ultra-high sensitivity and stability in trace CO detection by utilizing the superior performance of AR-HCF and the gain compensating effect of EDFA. The system offers a new and efficient technical method for trace gas detection thanks to its benefits of strong anti-interference ability, compact structure, high detection sensitivity, and dependable performance.It not only improves the technical methods of CO detection but also has great potential for use in areas including public health protection, environmental quality monitoring, and industrial safety early warning. In order to increase the detection limit and broaden the system's application scope to more trace gas detection scenarios, future research can concentrate on improving the fiber cavity construction and EDFA gain control.

, authors=Tian Lu1, 3, Zixiao Lv2, Wangwang Li1, 3, Tengfei Meng1, 3, Xiangwu Ding2, Xingyu Yan2, Bingchen Han1, 3, authorsList=Tian Lu, Zixiao Lv, Wangwang Li, Tengfei Meng, Xiangwu Ding, Xingyu Yan, Bingchen Han, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingchen Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955650587775451, articleId=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于反谐振空芯光纤的高灵敏一氧化碳检测, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现痕量气体的高灵敏度检测,本文提出了一种基于反谐振空芯光纤的全光纤气体检测系统,采用光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术对一氧化碳(CO)气体进行测量。通过VPI光学仿真软件和有限元方法搭建该系统的仿真模型,对不同体积浓度梯度的CO气体开展仿真实验。结果表明:通过引入掺铒光纤放大器补偿腔内损耗并进行增益调谐,系统灵敏度较未放大系统提高约16.7倍。针对0%~0.02%体积分数梯度的CO气体,最大平均相对误差为0.4%。该系统的灵敏度为0.795 s,稳定性为 0.82%,对CO气体体积分数的最低检测限为3.0757×10−11。此研究对于痕量气体检测的性能优化具有理论指导意义。

, authors=鲁恬1, 3, 吕子啸2, 李旺旺1, 3, 孟腾飞1, 3, 丁相午2, 闫兴钰2, 韩丙辰1, 3, *, *, authorsList=鲁恬, 吕子啸, 李旺旺, 孟腾飞, 丁相午, 闫兴钰, 韩丙辰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩丙辰, authorNote=

作者贡献

鲁恬:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;吕子啸:协助验证分析结果的实际应用价值;李旺旺、孟腾飞:提供光谱检测的理论和技术指导;丁相午、闫兴钰:提供实际应用需求与技术指标;韩丙辰:指导论文选题、论文修改。

鲁恬(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事光谱检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:

韩丙辰(1976-),男,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事光电信息处理技术方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩丙辰,
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韩丙辰(1976-),男,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事光电信息处理技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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The concentration inversion and error analysis results

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Standard gas/10−6Inversion concentration/10−6Relative error/%RMS/10−6
11.0040.401.004
55.0000.005.000
109.9890.119.989
1514.9680.2114.968
2019.9520.2419.952
2524.9710.1224.972
5049.9890.0249.989
10099.9080.0999.908
150149.9170.06149.918
200199.9160.04199.916
), ArticleFig(id=1319955656799539754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

浓度反演和误差分析结果

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Standard gas/10−6Inversion concentration/10−6Relative error/%RMS/10−6
11.0040.401.004
55.0000.005.000
109.9890.119.989
1514.9680.2114.968
2019.9520.2419.952
2524.9710.1224.972
5049.9890.0249.989
10099.9080.0999.908
150149.9170.06149.918
200199.9160.04199.916
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基于反谐振空芯光纤的高灵敏一氧化碳检测
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鲁恬 1, 3 , 吕子啸 2 , 李旺旺 1, 3 , 孟腾飞 1, 3 , 丁相午 2 , 闫兴钰 2 , 韩丙辰 1, 3, *, *
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 250214-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (2) : 250214 -1
基于反谐振空芯光纤的高灵敏一氧化碳检测
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鲁恬1, 3 , 吕子啸2, 李旺旺1, 3, 孟腾飞1, 3, 丁相午2, 闫兴钰2, 韩丙辰1, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1太原师范学院物理系,山西 晋中 030600
  • 2中绿环保科技股份有限公司,山西 太原 030032
  • 3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600
通讯作者:
韩丙辰,
作者简介:

作者贡献

鲁恬:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;吕子啸:协助验证分析结果的实际应用价值;李旺旺、孟腾飞:提供光谱检测的理论和技术指导;丁相午、闫兴钰:提供实际应用需求与技术指标;韩丙辰:指导论文选题、论文修改。

鲁恬(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事光谱检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:

韩丙辰(1976-),男,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事光电信息处理技术方面的研究。E-mail:

Highly sensitive carbon monoxide detection based on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber
Tian Lu1, 3 , Zixiao Lv2, Wangwang Li1, 3, Tengfei Meng1, 3, Xiangwu Ding2, Xingyu Yan2, Bingchen Han1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China
  • 2Sinogreen Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, China
  • 3Shanxi Key Laboratory for Intelligent Optimization Computing and Blockchai Technology, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250214
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为实现痕量气体的高灵敏度检测,本文提出了一种基于反谐振空芯光纤的全光纤气体检测系统,采用光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术对一氧化碳(CO)气体进行测量。通过VPI光学仿真软件和有限元方法搭建该系统的仿真模型,对不同体积浓度梯度的CO气体开展仿真实验。结果表明:通过引入掺铒光纤放大器补偿腔内损耗并进行增益调谐,系统灵敏度较未放大系统提高约16.7倍。针对0%~0.02%体积分数梯度的CO气体,最大平均相对误差为0.4%。该系统的灵敏度为0.795 s,稳定性为 0.82%,对CO气体体积分数的最低检测限为3.0757×10−11。此研究对于痕量气体检测的性能优化具有理论指导意义。

光谱学  /  反谐振空芯光纤  /  光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术  /  气体检测  /  灵敏度
Objective

Residential gas leaks, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions all contain carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless, and extremely poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon. Public safety, industrial production, and environmental quality are all seriously threatened by CO, which can cause acute poisoning or even death in humans at very low amounts. Therefore, it is crucial to create ultra-sensitive CO detection technology to protect human health, industrial operations, and environmental monitoring. Researchers have recently focused a lot of attention on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) because of its special benefits, which include low transmission loss, large core diameter, small optical stripe amplitude, compact structure, and the ability to enable long-distance continuous interaction between single-mode radiation and the target gas.These features give AR-HCF a lot of potential for use in gas sensing applications. In order to achieve high sensitivity, high stability, and compact trace CO detection, this study proposes an all-fiber gas detection system based on AR-HCF for CO monitoring employing fiber loop ring down spectroscopy.

Methods

In this work, an all-fiber CO detection system based on fiber ring cavity decay spectroscopy was built, using a continuous wave (CW) laser with a central wavelength of 1567 nm as the light source and AR-HCF as the gas chamber sensing element. The AR-HCF' transmission characteristics were first examined using the finite element approach, with an emphasis on its limiting loss at the operating wavelength of 1567 nm.The ideal length of the AR-HCF gas chamber was then determined by methodically examining the link between the sensitivity of the hollow-core gas chamber and the optical path length. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with varying gain values were incorporated into the fiber ring cavity to boost the effective number of laser cycles and offset the intrinsic cavity loss in order to further improve the detection sensitivity. In order to thoroughly assess the detection performance of the developed system, a number of performance tests were carried out, including stability testing through repeated measurements and concentration detection tests in the range of 0-0.02%.

Results and Discussions

The research using the finite element approach showed that the AR-HCF' limiting loss at 1567 nm was roughly 0.92 dB/km.A 1-meter-long AR-HCF was chosen as the gas chamber structure after research into the relationship between optical path length and sensitivity revealed that the detection sensitivity increased with the length of the optical path. This was done while taking system compactness and practical applicability into full consideration. The findings of the experiment showed that increasing the EDFA gain greatly increased the system's sensitivity: the system's sensitivity with a 2 dB gain ring cavity was 16.7 times greater than that of the system without EDFA. With a correlation value (R²) of 0.99989, concentration detection experiments verified a strong linear relationship between the decay time and CO concentration in the range of 0%-0.02%. The greatest average relative error was only 0.4%, according to stability tests with ten repeated measurements for various CO concentration gradients. In the end, the developed system demonstrated outstanding detection performance and reliability with a minimum detection limit of 3.0757×10−11, a sensitivity of 0.795 s, and a stability of 0.82%.

Conclusions

This work effectively creates an all-fiber CO detection system using fiber loop ring down spectroscopy in conjunction with AR-HCF. The system achieves ultra-high sensitivity and stability in trace CO detection by utilizing the superior performance of AR-HCF and the gain compensating effect of EDFA. The system offers a new and efficient technical method for trace gas detection thanks to its benefits of strong anti-interference ability, compact structure, high detection sensitivity, and dependable performance.It not only improves the technical methods of CO detection but also has great potential for use in areas including public health protection, environmental quality monitoring, and industrial safety early warning. In order to increase the detection limit and broaden the system's application scope to more trace gas detection scenarios, future research can concentrate on improving the fiber cavity construction and EDFA gain control.

spectroscopy  /  anti-resonant hollow-core fiber  /  fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy  /  gas detection  /  sensitivity
鲁恬, 吕子啸, 李旺旺, 孟腾飞, 丁相午, 闫兴钰, 韩丙辰. 基于反谐振空芯光纤的高灵敏一氧化碳检测. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (2) : 250214 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250214
Tian Lu, Zixiao Lv, Wangwang Li, Tengfei Meng, Xiangwu Ding, Xingyu Yan, Bingchen Han. Highly sensitive carbon monoxide detection based on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (2) : 250214 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250214
近年来,超高灵敏度光学气体传感器的研究得到了广泛关注。吸收光谱检测系统凭其高灵敏度、低成本的优势,在大气环境监测[1-3]、医疗诊断[4-5]和工业过程控制[6-7]等领域展现出重要应用价值。延长有效吸收光程是提升气体检测灵敏度的关键技术挑战。张鑫等人[8]利用可编程逻辑门阵列和波长调制可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(wavelength modulation-tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, WM-TDLAS)技术,结合14 m有效光程的密集多通池,实现了对二氧化碳1.86×10−6的检测下限。多通池虽然能在有限空间内通过多次反射实现较长光程,但其结构复杂且对光路准直精准度要求极高,因而实用性受限。
空芯光纤的发展为气体传感器提供了多通池之外的新路径。然而,传统光子晶体空芯光纤纤芯尺寸较小,导致气体扩散时间较长。崔俊红等人[9]在使用40 cm长的光子晶体空芯光纤进行乙炔传感实验时,完全充气时间需6 min。反谐振空芯光纤(Anti-resonant hollow-core fiber,AR-HCF)因其具有较大的纤芯直径、低传输损耗、光学条纹振幅小[10]、体积小、可实现长距离光-气相互作用,在近年引起了广泛的讨论。Chen等人[11]采用TDLAS和波长调制技术,结合75 cm长的反谐振空芯光纤,实现了1.9633×10−4的CO检测限。Gomółka等人[12]利用7.35 m长的HCF和波长调制光谱实现了甲烷1.55×10−7的检测限。空芯光纤的长度的增加虽可有效提升气体检测灵敏度,但也显著提高了系统的制造成本。
光纤环形腔衰荡光谱检测系统(Fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy, FLRDS)通过光在环形腔内多次循环衰荡,可在有限气室长度内实现有效光程的指数增长。该系统由Stewart等人[13]在2001年首次提出。FLRDS技术弥补了TDLAS对光源波动敏感性高以及对光路准直要求严苛的不足,显著提升了检测精度。Cheng等人[14]使用一对距离为50 mm的光纤尾纤渐变折射率透镜作为气室,采用频移干涉技术对乙炔进行检测,灵敏度为2.6348×10−4。Zhang等人[15]在光纤环形腔内放置了一个光声光谱气室,吸收光程长度为3.4 cm,乙炔的最低检测限为8.4×10−6。此外,通过降低固有损耗也可有效提高检测灵敏度,如Ullah等人[16]在腔内放置放大器,将葡萄糖溶液的检测灵敏度提高了14倍。
本文针对痕量气体高灵敏度的检测需求,设计了一种基于反谐振空芯光纤和光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术的CO气体检测系统。该系统选用中心波长为1567 nm的连续波(continuous wave, CW)激光器作为光源,采用 1 m长的反谐振空芯光纤作为气室传感单元,通过优化光纤环形腔的放大器增益调谐,分析了系统对不同浓度CO气体的检测性能。本设计在实现高检测灵敏度的同时,保持了系统的紧凑性与稳定性,为痕量CO检测提供了一种有效的解决方案。
定义δ为光纤环形腔的总损耗,通过光纤环形腔一次后的光强I表示为[17]
$ I=I_0\mathrm{exp}\left(\delta\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\delta10lge}\right.}10\mathrm{lg\ e}\right)\approx I_0\mathrm{exp}\left(\delta\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\delta4.34}\right.}4.34\right), $
式中:I0为输入光强。当光脉冲在光纤环形腔中行进m次循环时,光脉冲的强度Im表示为
$ I_{m}=I_0\exp\left(-m\delta\mathord{\left/\vphantom{m\delta4.34}\right.}4.34\right). $
气体在光纤环形腔中经多次循环后,有效吸收光程显著增加,光电探测器接收的脉冲光强呈指数衰减。光电探测器接收到的首个光脉冲直接通过分光比为K的耦合器输出,而后续的光脉冲每经过一次气室都会被待测气体部分吸收,产生一定的损耗。因此光电探测器测得的第m个光脉冲(m≥2)的强度可表示为
$ I_m=I_0(1-K)^2K^{m-2}\mathrm{exp}\left(-\left(m-1\right)\delta\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\left(m-1\right)\delta4.34}\right.}4.34\right). $
定义tr为往返时间,τ为脉冲强度衰减至初始输入光强度的1/e时的衰荡时间,则光纤环形腔的总损耗δ为
$ \delta=4.34t_{\mathrm{r}}\mathord{\left/\vphantom{4.34t_r\tau}\right.}\tau. $
光纤环形腔的总损耗δ主要由本征损耗δ0和气体吸收损耗δgas组成,其中气体吸收损耗δgas为
$ \delta\mathrm{_{gas}}=\delta-\delta_0=4.34\alpha\left(\lambda\right)CL, $
式中:α(λ)是波长为λ处的吸收系数;C为待测气体的浓度(体积分数);L为有效吸收光程。结合式(4)和式(5),可以得出待测气体浓度与衰减时间和往返时间相关。待测气体浓度与衰荡时间的关系为
$ C=\left(\delta-\delta_0\right)\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\left(\delta-\delta_0\right)4.34\alpha L}\right.}4.34\alpha L=t\mathrm{_r\mathord{\left/\vphantom{t_r\alpha L}\right.}}\alpha L\left(1\mathord{\left/\vphantom{1\tau}\right.}\tau-1\mathord{\left/\vphantom{1\tau_0}\right.}\tau_0\right), $
式中:τ0为空腔时脉冲强度衰减至初始输入光强度的1/e时的衰荡时间。则检测灵敏度S可以表示为
$ S=\left|\frac{\text{d}\tau}{\mathrm{d}C}\right|=\frac{\alpha L}{t\mathrm{_r}}\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\frac{\alpha L}{t_r}\left(\frac{\alpha L}{t_r}\cdot C+\frac{1}{\tau_0}\right)}\right.}\left(\frac{\alpha L}{t\mathrm{_r}}\cdot C+\frac{1}{\tau_0}\right)^2. $
除检测灵敏度外,最低检测限[18]也是衡量气体传感器的重要指标之一,可以表示为
$ LOD=3\cdot\sigma\mathord{\left/\vphantom{3\cdot\sigma S}\right.}S, $
式中:$\sigma $为空腔时衰荡时间的标准差。
反谐振空芯光纤的导光机理可通过平面波导中的反谐振光波导(anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide, ARROW)理论模型进行解释[19]。该模型把反谐振空芯光纤当作由一系列高低折射率薄层叠加组成的阵列,每个高低折射率薄层均可以当作一个法布里-珀罗(Fabry–Pérot, F-P)谐振腔,如图1所示,其中T为透过率,F-P腔的谐振波长λres[20]为
$ \lambda\mathrm{_{res}}=\frac{2n_1d}{m_0}\sqrt{\left(\frac{n_2}{n_1}\right)^2-1}, $
式中:n1为低折射率薄层的折射率;n2为高折射率薄层的折射率;d为高折射率薄层的厚度;m0为谐振阶数。
当光传输到反谐振空芯光纤的纤芯与包层的交界时,满足谐振波长条件的光会迅速透过包层泄露出去;不满足谐振波长条件的光将被反射回纤芯区域,使光沿着纤芯传播,从而降低光纤的传输损耗。
光纤环形腔衰荡气体检测系统如图2(a)所示。该系统由CW激光器、光电调制器、信号发生器、隔离器、一个2×2的光纤耦合器、气室、掺铒光纤放大器(erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, EDFA)、光纤延长器、光电探测器和示波器组成。其中,气室主要由横截面如图2(b)所示的反谐振空芯光纤和双气路接口组件构成。
CW激光器可以发出中心波长为1567 nm、光功率为10 mW的连续光,通过光电调制器后被调制成周期矩形脉冲光,再经过光隔离器和分光比为90:10光纤耦合器,进入光纤环形腔中循环传输。在光纤环形腔中,90%的脉冲光依次通过光纤延时器、气室和EDFA。其中,EDFA对接收到的脉冲信号进行放大以补偿光纤环形腔的本征损耗,而光纤延迟器能够避免脉冲序列重叠。脉冲光在光纤环形腔内每完成一次循环传输,10%的脉冲光会通过光纤耦合器输出,经光电探测器转换为电信号后由示波器实时监测。
采用有限元分析法对反谐振空芯光纤的传输特性进行分析,其截面图见图2(b)。空芯光纤芯径为30.5 µm,包层由6个未接触的连接管环组成,每个连接管由两个D形气孔连接而成,两管环直径均为26.0 µm,管壁厚为0.6 µm。在模型最外围设置完美匹配层及散射边界条件,以实现对泄漏能量的完全吸收。基于HITRAN2016数据库,在标准大气压、296 K温度、1×10−3体积分数与100 cm光程条件下,模拟得到的CO在1565~1570 nm波长范围内的吸收谱线如图3(a)所示。CO在该波段内于1567 nm附近存在一个显著吸收峰。图3(b)插图为该波长下反谐振空芯光纤的基模场分布,主图显示该模式下的反谐振空芯光纤波长与限制损耗的关系曲线。结果表明:低损传输窗口为1.40~1.65 nm波段,且在1567 nm处的限制损耗约为0.92 dB/km。
在本文构建的空芯光纤气室中,采用单模光纤-反谐振空芯光纤-单模光纤的级联结构作为光传输与气体交换的核心通道。单模光纤与AR-HCF之间通过开槽陶瓷套管连接固定,并留有一定间隙作为气体扩散通道。两光纤对接端面镀有增透膜,以降低菲涅尔反射损耗。该耦合结构示意图如图4所示。基于重叠面积积分法[21]计算,该结构的耦合效率约为77.6%。
在FLRDS系统中,测量信号为衰减脉冲序列,通过提取每个脉冲的峰值点并拟合为指数函数,可建立探测器输出的电信号强度和衰荡时间的关系。拟合曲线的精度直接决定了衰荡时间测量的准确性,进而影响系统检测灵敏度。提高拟合精度的关键在于增加用于拟合的脉冲峰值数量。影响脉冲峰值数量和强度的因素有耦合器的分光比、气室的吸收损耗和各器件的插入损耗等。
分别采用分光比为50:50、75:25、90:10和95:5的光纤耦合器,研究了衰减脉冲的峰值强度随分光比的变化规律,仿真拟合曲线如图5所示。结果表明,耦合器分光比的增加可有效减小光脉冲信号的衰减幅度。虽然分光比为50:50及75:25时初始循环阶段的峰值强度较高,但其相邻光脉冲幅度衰减较快;如图5插图所示,随着循环次数的增加(n>10),分光比为90:10的峰值强度逐渐超越前两者,并最终稳定保持最高值。因此,本文确定选用分光比为90:10的耦合器进行CO气体检测。
为研究灵敏度随光程长度的变化规律,分别对长度为50 cm、100 cm、150 cm 和 200 cm 的AR-HCF气室构建仿真系统,并开展仿真实验。在通入体积分数为0.01% CO标准气体的相同检测条件下,仿真结果表明:灵敏度随光程增加呈现非线性增长趋势,尤其在100 cm以内提升显著,更长光程下增速渐缓。然而,随着腔长增加,光在传输过程中的累积损耗增大,反演浓度的相对误差显著上升,如图6所示。其中,200 cm气室因损耗最大,相对误差高达 4.75%;相比之下,100 cm气室的相对误差为0.16%,略微高于50 cm气室的相对误差(0.11%),而远低于更长腔体,在误差控制方面表现较好。
200 cm气室虽灵敏度最高,但相对误差较100 cm气室扩大了约30倍,且材料成本显著上升;150 cm气室在灵敏度提升的同时相对误差增至0.82%,成本亦较高;100 cm气室在灵敏度较50 cm提升近1倍的前提下,误差控制仍较为理想。因此,综合考量灵敏度提升幅度、测量误差控制及系统成本,本研究最终选用100 cm长度的AR-HCF作为气室。
在光纤环形腔中引入EDFA后,光脉冲信号的幅值显著提升,如图7(a)所示。随着EDFA增益G的增大,光脉冲在环腔内的有效循环次数明显增多。图7(b)表明,系统的灵敏度随增益的增大而显著提高。仿真结果表明,当增益为2.0 dB时,系统灵敏度从4.8×107 ns提高到7.95×108 ns,较无EDFA时提升约16.7倍。该性能提升源于EDFA有效补偿了腔固有损耗,延长光脉冲衰荡时间,增加可用于曲线拟合的峰值数量,从而显著提高衰荡时间测量精度及气体检测灵敏度。当增益超过2.5 dB时,系统因增益饱和效应引发强烈的非线性失真,导致无法进行有效的气体浓度检测。因此,本研究不考虑更高增益情况。
为验证所构建FLRDS对痕量CO气体的定量检测能力与精度,在温度296 K,压强1 atm的条件下,依次对体积分数为 1×10−6、5×10−6、10×10−6、15×10−6、20×10−6、25×10−6、50×10−6、100×10−6、150×10−6和200×10−6的标准CO气体进行仿真实验,每个浓度梯度重复测量10次,计算反演浓度均值、相对误差和均方根(RMS),结果记录于表1。由表1可知,反演浓度与标准气体浓度高度吻合,最大相对误差仅为0.40%;且在各目标浓度下,反演浓度的RMS与反演浓度均值接近。这表明该系统在不同浓度下,均具备良好的测量重复性和测量精度。该系统的误差主要来源于两个方面:一是为了模拟实际传感系统而加入的高斯白噪声[22],作为主要随机误差源,影响测量的重复性;二是由衰荡信号拟合过程引入的计算偏差,属于系统误差,直接影响反演浓度的准确性。
不同浓度CO气体下的仿真拟合结果如图8所示,从图8(a)可以看出,随着CO浓度的增加,气体吸收增强,衰荡曲线的衰减速率显著增大。进一步将衰荡时间与CO体积分数进行线性拟合,结果显示二者呈现出良好的线性相关性,如图8(b)所示,最小二乘线性拟合的相关系数R2 = 0.99989,表明该传感系统在仿真条件下具有较好的线性响应特性。
为评估系统的稳定性和最低检测限,通过数值模拟获取了空腔条件下连续1000次衰荡时间的信号分布,结果如图9所示。计算得到衰荡时间平均值为426.451 ns、标准差为3.476 ns。根据气体传感系统稳定性的定义(${\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma {\bar \tau }}} \right. } {\bar \tau }}$),本系统的稳定性为0.82%,优于参考文献[23]中所报道的1.44%。这主要源于在环形腔中引入EDFA,有效降低了腔的固有损耗,使光在环腔中的循环次数增多,从而提高了系统的稳定性。然而,与采用精密温控和主动振动抑制的系统相比,本研究方案在抵抗外界复杂环境扰动方面仍存在一定差距,因此在后续研究中需重点优化系统的抗干扰能力以提升实用性。此外,据式(8)定义的最低检测限计算方法,得出本系统对CO气体的最低检测限为3.0757×10−11,表明其在超高灵敏度气体检测方面具有良好的潜力。
本研究采用反谐振空芯光纤作为气室结构,选用中心波长为1567 nm的CW激光器作为光源,结合掺铒光纤放大器,构建了基于FLRDS技术的气体传感系统,并以CO为检测对象进行了理论分析和性能验证。采用有限元方法分析了反谐振空芯光纤的传输特性,并对不同长度AR-HCF和检测灵敏度的关系进行分析。通过对比EDFA增益对系统灵敏度的影响,确定了最佳参数,即当光纤环形腔内增益为2 dB时,系统检测灵敏度较无增益状态时提高16.7倍。通过对不同CO体积分数的测定得出衰荡时间与气体浓度之间具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.99989。仿真结果显示,系统的最大平均相对误差为0.40%,检测灵敏度为7.95×108 ns。该系统的稳定性为0.82%,实现了CO气体体积分数为3.0757×10−11的最低检测限。该系统兼具高灵敏度、操作简便及结构紧凑等优势,为痕量气体检测提供了一种创新性解决方案,在环境监测和工业安全等领域展现出重要价值。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250214
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-10-17
  • 录用日期:2025-10-20
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    1太原师范学院物理系,山西 晋中 030600
    2中绿环保科技股份有限公司,山西 太原 030032
    3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600

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