Article(id=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955375944745964, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250214, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250214, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1760630400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-17, acceptedDate=1760889600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineDate=1792631548826, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631548826, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631548826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631548826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955375944745964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='250117', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631485210, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631485210, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250214, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955643058999721, articleId=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Highly sensitive carbon monoxide detection based on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Residential gas leaks, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions all contain carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless, and extremely poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon. Public safety, industrial production, and environmental quality are all seriously threatened by CO, which can cause acute poisoning or even death in humans at very low amounts. Therefore, it is crucial to create ultra-sensitive CO detection technology to protect human health, industrial operations, and environmental monitoring. Researchers have recently focused a lot of attention on anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) because of its special benefits, which include low transmission loss, large core diameter, small optical stripe amplitude, compact structure, and the ability to enable long-distance continuous interaction between single-mode radiation and the target gas.These features give AR-HCF a lot of potential for use in gas sensing applications. In order to achieve high sensitivity, high stability, and compact trace CO detection, this study proposes an all-fiber gas detection system based on AR-HCF for CO monitoring employing fiber loop ring down spectroscopy.
Methods In this work, an all-fiber CO detection system based on fiber ring cavity decay spectroscopy was built, using a continuous wave (CW) laser with a central wavelength of 1567 nm as the light source and AR-HCF as the gas chamber sensing element. The AR-HCF' transmission characteristics were first examined using the finite element approach, with an emphasis on its limiting loss at the operating wavelength of 1567 nm.The ideal length of the AR-HCF gas chamber was then determined by methodically examining the link between the sensitivity of the hollow-core gas chamber and the optical path length. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with varying gain values were incorporated into the fiber ring cavity to boost the effective number of laser cycles and offset the intrinsic cavity loss in order to further improve the detection sensitivity. In order to thoroughly assess the detection performance of the developed system, a number of performance tests were carried out, including stability testing through repeated measurements and concentration detection tests in the range of 0-0.02%.
Results and Discussions The research using the finite element approach showed that the AR-HCF' limiting loss at 1567 nm was roughly 0.92 dB/km.A 1-meter-long AR-HCF was chosen as the gas chamber structure after research into the relationship between optical path length and sensitivity revealed that the detection sensitivity increased with the length of the optical path. This was done while taking system compactness and practical applicability into full consideration. The findings of the experiment showed that increasing the EDFA gain greatly increased the system's sensitivity: the system's sensitivity with a 2 dB gain ring cavity was 16.7 times greater than that of the system without EDFA. With a correlation value (R²) of 0.99989, concentration detection experiments verified a strong linear relationship between the decay time and CO concentration in the range of 0%-0.02%. The greatest average relative error was only 0.4%, according to stability tests with ten repeated measurements for various CO concentration gradients. In the end, the developed system demonstrated outstanding detection performance and reliability with a minimum detection limit of 3.0757×10−11, a sensitivity of 0.795 s, and a stability of 0.82%.
Conclusions This work effectively creates an all-fiber CO detection system using fiber loop ring down spectroscopy in conjunction with AR-HCF. The system achieves ultra-high sensitivity and stability in trace CO detection by utilizing the superior performance of AR-HCF and the gain compensating effect of EDFA. The system offers a new and efficient technical method for trace gas detection thanks to its benefits of strong anti-interference ability, compact structure, high detection sensitivity, and dependable performance.It not only improves the technical methods of CO detection but also has great potential for use in areas including public health protection, environmental quality monitoring, and industrial safety early warning. In order to increase the detection limit and broaden the system's application scope to more trace gas detection scenarios, future research can concentrate on improving the fiber cavity construction and EDFA gain control.
, authors=Tian Lu
1, 3, Zixiao Lv
2, Wangwang Li
1, 3, Tengfei Meng
1, 3, Xiangwu Ding
2, Xingyu Yan
2, Bingchen Han
1, 3, authorsList=Tian Lu, Zixiao Lv, Wangwang Li, Tengfei Meng, Xiangwu Ding, Xingyu Yan, Bingchen Han, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingchen Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955650587775451, articleId=1319955642769592744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=基于反谐振空芯光纤的高灵敏一氧化碳检测, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为实现痕量气体的高灵敏度检测,本文提出了一种基于反谐振空芯光纤的全光纤气体检测系统,采用光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术对一氧化碳(CO)气体进行测量。通过VPI光学仿真软件和有限元方法搭建该系统的仿真模型,对不同体积浓度梯度的CO气体开展仿真实验。结果表明:通过引入掺铒光纤放大器补偿腔内损耗并进行增益调谐,系统灵敏度较未放大系统提高约16.7倍。针对0%~0.02%体积分数梯度的CO气体,最大平均相对误差为0.4%。该系统的灵敏度为0.795 s,稳定性为 0.82%,对CO气体体积分数的最低检测限为3.0757×10−11。此研究对于痕量气体检测的性能优化具有理论指导意义。
, authors=鲁恬
1, 3, 吕子啸
2, 李旺旺
1, 3, 孟腾飞
1, 3, 丁相午
2, 闫兴钰
2, 韩丙辰
1, 3, *, *, authorsList=鲁恬, 吕子啸, 李旺旺, 孟腾飞, 丁相午, 闫兴钰, 韩丙辰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩丙辰, authorNote=
作者贡献
鲁恬:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;吕子啸:协助验证分析结果的实际应用价值;李旺旺、孟腾飞:提供光谱检测的理论和技术指导;丁相午、闫兴钰:提供实际应用需求与技术指标;韩丙辰:指导论文选题、论文修改。
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1Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China
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1太原师范学院物理系,山西 晋中 030600
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鲁恬(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事光谱检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:tina3405@163.comtina3405@163.com
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鲁恬(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事光谱检测技术方面的研究。E-mail:tina3405@163.comtina3405@163.com
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2中绿环保科技股份有限公司,山西 太原 030032)])]), Author(id=1319955651669905905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319955651757986292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, authorId=1319955651669905905, language=EN, stringName=Wangwang Li, firstName=Wangwang, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China
3Shanxi Key Laboratory for Intelligent Optimization Computing and Blockchai Technology, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955651829289461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, authorId=1319955651669905905, language=CN, stringName=李旺旺, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 3, address=
1太原师范学院物理系,山西 晋中 030600
3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955650784907740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955650789102045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, companyId=1319955650784907740, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600, China
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1, 3, address=
1太原师范学院物理系,山西 晋中 030600
3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955650784907740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955650789102045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, companyId=1319955650784907740, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1319955652114502142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319955652198388224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, authorId=1319955652114502142, language=EN, stringName=Xiangwu Ding, firstName=Xiangwu, middleName=null, lastName=Ding, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2Sinogreen Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955652261302785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, authorId=1319955652114502142, language=CN, stringName=丁相午, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3智能优化计算与区块链技术山西省重点实验室,山西 晋中 030600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319955655247647255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of principle of ARROW model, figureFileSmall=dW74GvPJm3h4nSpXZ4aZ5Q==, figureFileBig=wp8SEmEwFzteK/fhszzi8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655339921944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
ARROW模型原理示意图, figureFileSmall=dW74GvPJm3h4nSpXZ4aZ5Q==, figureFileBig=wp8SEmEwFzteK/fhszzi8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655537054233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Fiber optic ring cavity decay gas detection system. (a) System schematic diagram; (b) Anti-resonant hollow-core fiber cross section, figureFileSmall=mgoclDcf86Q+M2uZE6jC1w==, figureFileBig=QmOdSFOWxFArfByAPiE0UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655637717530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
光纤环形腔衰荡气体检测系统。(a)系统原理图;(b)反谐振空芯光纤截面图, figureFileSmall=mgoclDcf86Q+M2uZE6jC1w==, figureFileBig=QmOdSFOWxFArfByAPiE0UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655742575131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
CO absorption spectrum and transmission characteristics of anti-resonant hollow-core fibers. (a) CO absorption spectrum; (b) Relationship between anti-resonant hollow-core fiber wavelength and confinement loss, figureFileSmall=CoShAcutuE6BGQ8AKrpHEg==, figureFileBig=bveN2IokqTeKVRBksNKkQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655805489692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
CO吸收谱线与反谐振空芯光纤传输特性。(a) CO吸收谱线;(b)反谐振空芯光纤波长和限制损耗的关系, figureFileSmall=CoShAcutuE6BGQ8AKrpHEg==, figureFileBig=bveN2IokqTeKVRBksNKkQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655872598557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Fiber coupling schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=ERgK/1vdz1EkBcMY+ejMww==, figureFileBig=MwaoibFA9cpUcCW21Ef9Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955655935513118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
光纤耦合示意图, figureFileSmall=ERgK/1vdz1EkBcMY+ejMww==, figureFileBig=MwaoibFA9cpUcCW21Ef9Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656011010591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Simulated fitted curves for different spectral ratios, figureFileSmall=RwzdF+uy3bfx4bg2UI4o7w==, figureFileBig=NmktzQSwhrr+DIHMKVnEIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656094896672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同分光比的仿真拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=RwzdF+uy3bfx4bg2UI4o7w==, figureFileBig=NmktzQSwhrr+DIHMKVnEIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656174588449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Effect of different optical range AR-HCF gas cells on system sensitivity and inversion concentration, figureFileSmall=HcvzmL1s5VWx+ZIZdZkoWg==, figureFileBig=4jWB/Q6gmNAvFCEKNFoXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656241697314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同光程AR-HCF气室对系统灵敏度及反演浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=HcvzmL1s5VWx+ZIZdZkoWg==, figureFileBig=4jWB/Q6gmNAvFCEKNFoXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656325583395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Simulation fitting results for different gains. (a) Simulated fitted curves for different gains; (b) Relationship between gain and sensitivity, figureFileSmall=WZmujIbhQIu1brr0UkRERg==, figureFileBig=96w4t/5t1JR4DjG49JrGSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656401080868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同增益的仿真拟合结果。(a)不同增益的仿真拟合曲线;(b)增益和灵敏度的关系, figureFileSmall=WZmujIbhQIu1brr0UkRERg==, figureFileBig=96w4t/5t1JR4DjG49JrGSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656484966949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Simulation fitting results at different concentrations. (a) Simulated fitted curves at different concentrations; (b) Linear relationship between decay time and gas concentration, figureFileSmall=iMYE2hApMHGsMr2g9boG6g==, figureFileBig=QXFXT3Bun6rMtKau0wwogw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656552075814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同浓度下的仿真拟合结果。(a)不同浓度下的仿真拟合曲线;(b)衰荡时间和气体浓度的线性关系, figureFileSmall=iMYE2hApMHGsMr2g9boG6g==, figureFileBig=QXFXT3Bun6rMtKau0wwogw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656614990375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Stability measurement result of gas sensing system, figureFileSmall=H5ll6X+jpp86t21WSCdUJw==, figureFileBig=kFWAuBZ7yF+GdkZVVXs1Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656677904936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
气体传感系统稳定性测量结果, figureFileSmall=H5ll6X+jpp86t21WSCdUJw==, figureFileBig=kFWAuBZ7yF+GdkZVVXs1Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955656736625193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
The concentration inversion and error analysis results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Standard gas/10−6 | Inversion concentration/10−6 | Relative error/% | RMS/10−6 |
|---|
| 1 | 1.004 | 0.40 | 1.004 |
| 5 | 5.000 | 0.00 | 5.000 |
| 10 | 9.989 | 0.11 | 9.989 |
| 15 | 14.968 | 0.21 | 14.968 |
| 20 | 19.952 | 0.24 | 19.952 |
| 25 | 24.971 | 0.12 | 24.972 |
| 50 | 49.989 | 0.02 | 49.989 |
| 100 | 99.908 | 0.09 | 99.908 |
| 150 | 149.917 | 0.06 | 149.918 |
| 200 | 199.916 | 0.04 | 199.916 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955656799539754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955642769592744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
浓度反演和误差分析结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Standard gas/10−6 | Inversion concentration/10−6 | Relative error/% | RMS/10−6 |
|---|
| 1 | 1.004 | 0.40 | 1.004 |
| 5 | 5.000 | 0.00 | 5.000 |
| 10 | 9.989 | 0.11 | 9.989 |
| 15 | 14.968 | 0.21 | 14.968 |
| 20 | 19.952 | 0.24 | 19.952 |
| 25 | 24.971 | 0.12 | 24.972 |
| 50 | 49.989 | 0.02 | 49.989 |
| 100 | 99.908 | 0.09 | 99.908 |
| 150 | 149.917 | 0.06 | 149.918 |
| 200 | 199.916 | 0.04 | 199.916 |
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