Article(id=1319955543062590036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955241370502145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250191, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250191, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1758816000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-26, acceptedDate=1759075200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-29, onlineDate=1792631525053, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631525053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631525053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631525053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955241370502145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='250064', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631453125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631453125, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250191, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955543251333717, articleId=1319955543062590036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Near-infrared ultra-broadband multifunctional polarization conversion metasurface, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Polarization control in the near-infrared (NIR) regime serves as a fundamental technology for numerous advanced applications, including high-capacity optical communication, high-resolution biomedical imaging, molecular spectroscopy, and optical sensing. Traditional tools for polarization manipulation, such as wave plates, prisms, typically exhibit significant limitations in terms of size, bandwidth, functional versatility, and integration potential with modern photonic circuits. The advent of optical metasurfaces has revolutionized the mentioned limitations, enabling precise control over the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light within a ultra-thin planar film. However, a persistent challenge in this field is the realization of passive metasurfaces that can simultaneously provide multiple polarization transformation functions with high conversion efficiency and ultra-broad bandwidth. Most reported designs are restricted to a single operating mode or rely on external active tuning mechanisms, which substantially increase complexity of the system.

Methods

To directly address the technological challenge, in this paper, we introduce a comprehensive design, rigorous numerical analysis, and an elucidation of the operating principle of a novel, fully passive reflective metasurface designed for ultra-broadband, high-efficiency multifunctional polarization conversion across multiple bands within NIR. The unit cell is meticulously constructed from three distinct layers: a top-layer nanostructured resonator made of silver, a middle dielectric spacer made of silica, and the bottom layer of silver film. The key innovation lies in the geometry of the top-layer resonator, which is an anisotropic notched rectangular ring — a design deliberately lacking fourfold rotational symmetry to break the symmetry for differently polarized incident light.

Finite element method (FEM) is employed for all simulations. Simulation boundaries employed periodic conditions in the x-y plane and perfectly matched layers in the propagation direction. Performance evaluation is conducted under normal incidence of x polarized plane wave. A comprehensive set of metrics is calculated to quantify the performances, including co-polarized reflection coefficient, cross-polarized reflection coefficient, polarization conversion ratio, reflectance of the converted circular polarization states, as well as derived polarization rotation angle and ellipticity angle. To reveal the underly fundamental physical principles, an anisotropic decomposition method is employed to analyze the amplitude and phase responses of the electromagnetic fields along the two principal axes of the resonator. Additionally, surface current distributions and electric field distributions are examined in detail at multiple wavelengths to visualize the excitation of electric dipole moments.

Results and Discussions

Simulation results validate the exceptional multifunctional polarization conversion capabilities and broadband characteristics of the proposed metasurface structure. First, it operates as a highly efficient half-wave plate within the wavelength range from 1520 nm to 1720 nm. In this range, the cross-polarized reflectance consistently exceeds 0.8, reaching a peak of 0.939 at the wavelength of 1620 nm, while the undesired co-polarized reflection is suppressed to near zero (0.0009 at the same wavelength). The corresponding polarization conversion ratio remains above 0.9 within the wavelength range of 1570−1735 nm, reaching a near-ideal maximum of 0.999 at 1650 nm, while the polarization rotation angle is maintained at approximately 90° over a broad wavelength range from 1380 nm to 1880 nm, enabling orthogonal polarization conversion. Second, the metasurface seamlessly transitions to broadband quarter-wave plate in the two adjacent wavelength bands. In the lower wavelength band from 910 nm to 1520 nm, it predominantly converts x-polarized incident light into right-handed circularly polarized light, with a reflectance rxR greater than 0.8 and a peak efficiency of 0.965 at 1350 nm. In the higher wavelength band from 1720 nm to 2500 nm, the x-polarized incident light is converted to left-handed circularly polarized light, with a reflectance rxL > 0.8 with a peak reflectance of 0.958 at 1910 nm. The ellipticity angle η quantitatively determines the degree of circular polarization, confirming the polarization conversion by remaining around −45° in the band generating right-hand circular polarization (1080−1440 nm) and around +45° in the band generating left-hand circular polarization (1800−2500 nm). The physical origin of the behavior can be traced back through anisotropic decomposition analysis, which reveals that the critical phase difference between the u and v field components is approximately −3π in the wavelength band working as half-wave plate, satisfying the condition for a 180° phase shift. In the wavelength band working as quarter-wave plate, Δφ keeps unchanged at around −3.5π and −2.5π, respectively, meeting the requirements for orthogonal polarization conversion. Surface current analysis at representative wavelengths (1130 nm, 1620 nm and 2180 nm) indicates the excitation of strongly directional electric dipoles on both the top-layer resonator and the bottom substrate. These dipoles excite electromagnetic coupling, facilitating the phase modulation required for efficient and broadband conversion.

Conclusions

In conclusion, in this work, we successfully demonstrate the design and theoretical validation of a passive reflective type metasurface that integrates high-efficiency half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate functionalities within a single, ultra-thin device in the near-infrared. By exploiting the geometric anisotropy, the proposed design overcomes the traditional trade-offs between bandwidth, efficiency, and functional versatility. Through detailed numerical investigations, together with analyses of polarization ellipse parameters and current distribution, a thorough understanding of the underlying conversion mechanisms is provided. It holds immense promise for revolutionizing compact photonic systems, with potential applications including polarization-encoded optical communications, polarization-sensitive endoscopic imaging, miniaturized spectroscopic sensors, quantum optical devices, and next-generation lidar systems, offering a new design approach for multifunctional polarization control.

, authors=Qingguo Du1, Dong Cai1, Quanbo Li1, Qin Fu1, Zhengying Li1, 2, authorsList=Qingguo Du, Dong Cai, Quanbo Li, Qin Fu, Zhengying Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingguo Du, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955554991190666, articleId=1319955543062590036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=近红外超宽带多功能偏振转换超表面, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文提出了一种工作于近红外波段的无源反射型多功能偏振转换超表面,其结构单元由顶层带缺口长方体圆环金属结构、中间低折射率的二氧化硅介质层和底层金属反射板组成。采用有限元方法分析了优化结构参数下的x偏振光入射的反射谱,在1520~1720 nm波段,正交偏振转换反射率超过0.8,在910~1520 nm和1720~2500 nm波段,线偏振到右/左旋圆偏振反射率均超过0.8。进一步通过偏振转换率、偏振旋转角和椭偏角分析评估了其偏振转换性能。实验结果表明,该超表面具备超宽带正交偏振转换和线圆偏振转换功能,在近红外通信、传感及光谱分析等领域中具有应用潜力。

, authors=杜庆国1, *, *, 蔡栋1, 李泉波1, 付琴1, 李政颖1, 2, authorsList=杜庆国, 蔡栋, 李泉波, 付琴, 李政颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜庆国, authorNote=

作者贡献

杜庆国:研究资料收集、分析,论文的写作、修改;蔡栋、李泉波:论文的写作、修改,研究资料分析,图文整理;付琴:文献检索及图文整理,论文修改;李政颖:指导论文选题,论文修改。

杜庆国(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光传感、人工智能、微纳光学。E-mail:

蔡栋(2002-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振控制。E-mail:

李泉波(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振转换。E-mail:

付琴(1977-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为微纳光学传感。E-mail:

李政颖(1981-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为智能感知技术、智能信息处理技术。E-mail:

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杜庆国,
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蔡栋(2002-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振控制。E-mail:

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李泉波(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振转换。E-mail:

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付琴(1977-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为微纳光学传感。E-mail:

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付琴(1977-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为微纳光学传感。E-mail:

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李政颖(1981-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为智能感知技术、智能信息处理技术。E-mail:

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近红外超宽带多功能偏振转换超表面
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杜庆国 1, *, * , 蔡栋 1 , 李泉波 1 , 付琴 1 , 李政颖 1, 2
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(1): 250191-1
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光电工程 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (1) : 250191 -1
近红外超宽带多功能偏振转换超表面
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杜庆国1, *, * , 蔡栋1 , 李泉波1 , 付琴1 , 李政颖1, 2
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学信息与工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2武汉理工大学光纤传感技术与网络国家工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

杜庆国:研究资料收集、分析,论文的写作、修改;蔡栋、李泉波:论文的写作、修改,研究资料分析,图文整理;付琴:文献检索及图文整理,论文修改;李政颖:指导论文选题,论文修改。

杜庆国(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光传感、人工智能、微纳光学。E-mail:

蔡栋(2002-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振控制。E-mail:

李泉波(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为超表面偏振转换。E-mail:

付琴(1977-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为微纳光学传感。E-mail:

李政颖(1981-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为智能感知技术、智能信息处理技术。E-mail:

Near-infrared ultra-broadband multifunctional polarization conversion metasurface
Qingguo Du1 , Dong Cai1 , Quanbo Li1 , Qin Fu1 , Zhengying Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250191
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本文提出了一种工作于近红外波段的无源反射型多功能偏振转换超表面,其结构单元由顶层带缺口长方体圆环金属结构、中间低折射率的二氧化硅介质层和底层金属反射板组成。采用有限元方法分析了优化结构参数下的x偏振光入射的反射谱,在1520~1720 nm波段,正交偏振转换反射率超过0.8,在910~1520 nm和1720~2500 nm波段,线偏振到右/左旋圆偏振反射率均超过0.8。进一步通过偏振转换率、偏振旋转角和椭偏角分析评估了其偏振转换性能。实验结果表明,该超表面具备超宽带正交偏振转换和线圆偏振转换功能,在近红外通信、传感及光谱分析等领域中具有应用潜力。

超表面  /  多功能偏振转换  /  超宽带  /  近红外
Objective

Polarization control in the near-infrared (NIR) regime serves as a fundamental technology for numerous advanced applications, including high-capacity optical communication, high-resolution biomedical imaging, molecular spectroscopy, and optical sensing. Traditional tools for polarization manipulation, such as wave plates, prisms, typically exhibit significant limitations in terms of size, bandwidth, functional versatility, and integration potential with modern photonic circuits. The advent of optical metasurfaces has revolutionized the mentioned limitations, enabling precise control over the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light within a ultra-thin planar film. However, a persistent challenge in this field is the realization of passive metasurfaces that can simultaneously provide multiple polarization transformation functions with high conversion efficiency and ultra-broad bandwidth. Most reported designs are restricted to a single operating mode or rely on external active tuning mechanisms, which substantially increase complexity of the system.

Methods

To directly address the technological challenge, in this paper, we introduce a comprehensive design, rigorous numerical analysis, and an elucidation of the operating principle of a novel, fully passive reflective metasurface designed for ultra-broadband, high-efficiency multifunctional polarization conversion across multiple bands within NIR. The unit cell is meticulously constructed from three distinct layers: a top-layer nanostructured resonator made of silver, a middle dielectric spacer made of silica, and the bottom layer of silver film. The key innovation lies in the geometry of the top-layer resonator, which is an anisotropic notched rectangular ring — a design deliberately lacking fourfold rotational symmetry to break the symmetry for differently polarized incident light.

Finite element method (FEM) is employed for all simulations. Simulation boundaries employed periodic conditions in the x-y plane and perfectly matched layers in the propagation direction. Performance evaluation is conducted under normal incidence of x polarized plane wave. A comprehensive set of metrics is calculated to quantify the performances, including co-polarized reflection coefficient, cross-polarized reflection coefficient, polarization conversion ratio, reflectance of the converted circular polarization states, as well as derived polarization rotation angle and ellipticity angle. To reveal the underly fundamental physical principles, an anisotropic decomposition method is employed to analyze the amplitude and phase responses of the electromagnetic fields along the two principal axes of the resonator. Additionally, surface current distributions and electric field distributions are examined in detail at multiple wavelengths to visualize the excitation of electric dipole moments.

Results and Discussions

Simulation results validate the exceptional multifunctional polarization conversion capabilities and broadband characteristics of the proposed metasurface structure. First, it operates as a highly efficient half-wave plate within the wavelength range from 1520 nm to 1720 nm. In this range, the cross-polarized reflectance consistently exceeds 0.8, reaching a peak of 0.939 at the wavelength of 1620 nm, while the undesired co-polarized reflection is suppressed to near zero (0.0009 at the same wavelength). The corresponding polarization conversion ratio remains above 0.9 within the wavelength range of 1570−1735 nm, reaching a near-ideal maximum of 0.999 at 1650 nm, while the polarization rotation angle is maintained at approximately 90° over a broad wavelength range from 1380 nm to 1880 nm, enabling orthogonal polarization conversion. Second, the metasurface seamlessly transitions to broadband quarter-wave plate in the two adjacent wavelength bands. In the lower wavelength band from 910 nm to 1520 nm, it predominantly converts x-polarized incident light into right-handed circularly polarized light, with a reflectance rxR greater than 0.8 and a peak efficiency of 0.965 at 1350 nm. In the higher wavelength band from 1720 nm to 2500 nm, the x-polarized incident light is converted to left-handed circularly polarized light, with a reflectance rxL > 0.8 with a peak reflectance of 0.958 at 1910 nm. The ellipticity angle η quantitatively determines the degree of circular polarization, confirming the polarization conversion by remaining around −45° in the band generating right-hand circular polarization (1080−1440 nm) and around +45° in the band generating left-hand circular polarization (1800−2500 nm). The physical origin of the behavior can be traced back through anisotropic decomposition analysis, which reveals that the critical phase difference between the u and v field components is approximately −3π in the wavelength band working as half-wave plate, satisfying the condition for a 180° phase shift. In the wavelength band working as quarter-wave plate, Δφ keeps unchanged at around −3.5π and −2.5π, respectively, meeting the requirements for orthogonal polarization conversion. Surface current analysis at representative wavelengths (1130 nm, 1620 nm and 2180 nm) indicates the excitation of strongly directional electric dipoles on both the top-layer resonator and the bottom substrate. These dipoles excite electromagnetic coupling, facilitating the phase modulation required for efficient and broadband conversion.

Conclusions

In conclusion, in this work, we successfully demonstrate the design and theoretical validation of a passive reflective type metasurface that integrates high-efficiency half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate functionalities within a single, ultra-thin device in the near-infrared. By exploiting the geometric anisotropy, the proposed design overcomes the traditional trade-offs between bandwidth, efficiency, and functional versatility. Through detailed numerical investigations, together with analyses of polarization ellipse parameters and current distribution, a thorough understanding of the underlying conversion mechanisms is provided. It holds immense promise for revolutionizing compact photonic systems, with potential applications including polarization-encoded optical communications, polarization-sensitive endoscopic imaging, miniaturized spectroscopic sensors, quantum optical devices, and next-generation lidar systems, offering a new design approach for multifunctional polarization control.

metasurface  /  multifunctional polarization conversion  /  ultra-wideband  /  near-infrared
杜庆国, 蔡栋, 李泉波, 付琴, 李政颖. 近红外超宽带多功能偏振转换超表面. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (1) : 250191 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250191
Qingguo Du, Dong Cai, Quanbo Li, Qin Fu, Zhengying Li. Near-infrared ultra-broadband multifunctional polarization conversion metasurface[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (1) : 250191 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250191
近年来,计算电磁学与微纳制造技术的快速发展推动了人工超材料的研究[1-7]。超材料是由金属/介质材料组成的亚波长周期结构,可实现对电磁波振幅、相位及偏振态等多维度调控[8-11]。作为其二维形式的超表面,凭借超薄、高效、易集成等优势,广泛应用于超透镜[12-13]、隐身技术[14-15]、雷达通信系统[16-17]、完美吸收器[18-19]、探测器[20]及全息成像[21-22]等领域,极大地促进了光学系统的小型化和功能集成化。
在偏振调控领域,超表面偏振转换器已在从微波到太赫兹(THz)频段内取得了诸多重要进展[23-32]。然而,其在近红外频段的研究仍处于探索阶段。这主要源于近红外波段的电磁波特性更加复杂,传统超表面结构在此波段的设计和优化面临较大挑战。值得注意的是,近红外偏振调控技术在光通信[33-34]、生物成像[35-37]、激光加工[38-39]等领域具有不可替代性,因此研究设计高性能的近红外多功能偏振转换超表面具有重要应用价值。
现有研究通过超表面结构的设计和超表面材料属性的调控等方法可以实现超表面的多功能偏振转换:加州理工学院Atwater课题组通过外加电压控制超表面基底载流子浓度,进而控制超表面基底的折射率来实现超表面的多功能[40];同济大学程鑫彬等[41]设计了一种三层互补分裂环结构的可重构手性超表面,通过调节外置电压可以动态地控制偏振转换和非对称传输;青岛大学刘田课题组通过改变PIN二极管的状态来控制反射波的偏振状态,实现半波片和四分之一波片功能[42]。然而,上述调控方法普遍依赖于有源控制,导致结构复杂、功耗增加、带宽受限等。相较之下,无源超表面仅依靠各向异性[43]、手性[25]等结构设计即可在单一器件内完成多功能偏振转换,兼具零功耗、低成本、高可靠等优势,更符合高稳定性光电系统的应用需求;但目前其转换效率、工作带宽及角度容限仍有待进一步提升。
因此,本文提出了一种基于带缺口长方体圆环的反射型偏振转换超表面结构,结合传播相位与几何相位的调控,在近红外波段实现无源超宽带多功能偏振转换。使用有限元方法对超表面结构参数进行优化和性能分析,在x偏振光入射下实现正交偏振转换和线圆偏振转换。通过偏振旋转角和椭偏角分析进一步评估其偏振转换性能,并利用几何相位理论解释其获得高效多功能偏振转换的物理机制。
研究提出的超表面结构如图1所示。图1(a) 为超表面16个周期单元超表面的三维示意图,入射和反射偏振光中,红色和蓝色分别表示x偏振光和y偏振光,紫色和黑色分别表示左旋圆偏振光和右旋圆偏振光。在特定波段内,入射的x偏振光在超表面反射后转换为正交偏振态y偏振光,实现半波片功能;在另外两个波段内,入射的x偏振光分别转换为左旋圆偏振光和右旋圆偏振光,实现四分之一波片功能。图1(b)为三维超表面单元结构示意图,由顶层金属结构层、中间介质层和底层金属反射层组成,其中,中间介质材料层选用低折射率的二氧化硅[44],顶层金属结构由圆环与中心缺口长方体构成,且顶层金属结构和底层金属反射板的材料均为银[45]。图1(c) 为结构单元的二维俯视图,其中圆环的外半径为r1,内环半径为r2,圆环内缺口长方体的宽度为w,缺口尺寸为gap,单元结构的周期为p。图1(d) 为单元结构的二维侧视图,顶层超表面结构的厚度为h1,中间介质层的厚度为h2,底层金属反射板的厚度为h3。各参数具体数值如下:r1 = 200 nm,r2 = 250 nm,w = 100 nm,gap = 60 nm,p = 600 nm,h1 = h3 = 60 nm,h2 = 120 nm。
当入射光入射到顶层金属结构时,在其表面激发表面等离子体共振,从而产生相位突变,实现偏振转换。为确保入射线偏振光能高效转换为 90°的正交偏振,在 x-y 平面上,顶层金属结构的对称轴通常需要与 x 或 y 轴形成 45°夹角。介质层的折射率和厚度决定了电磁波到达底层时的相位延迟,会影响超表面偏振转换的整体性能,并进而影响最终的反射特性。底层金属反射板确保入射到超表面的电磁波被完全反射,同时与顶层金属结构、中间介质层结构共同构成类法布里-珀罗腔,使得电磁波在内部经过多次反射后叠加出射。
为了研究所设计超表面的多功能偏振调控性能,采用有限元方法对其单元结构进行数值模拟和结构参数优化。在数值模拟时,超表面单元结构的 x-y 平面采用周期边界条件模拟周期阵列,z 方向采用完美匹配层。为了衡量超表面结构偏振转换性能,主要分析其反射系数和偏振转化率。反射率rij是反射波与入射波的能量之比,可计算为$ {r_{ij}} = {R_{ij}}^2 $,其中Rij表示反射系数,是反射波和入射波的电场幅值之比,则当x 线偏光入射时,线偏振转换的反射系数$ R_{xx} = |E_x^{\mathrm{r}}|/|E_x^{\mathrm{i}}| $和$ R_{yx} = |E_y^{\mathrm{r}}|/|E_x^{\mathrm{i}}| $,线圆偏振转换的反射系数$ R_{{\text{ + }}x} = |E_{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{r}}|/ |E_x^{\mathrm{i}}| $和$ R_{-x} = |E_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{r}}|/|E_x^{\mathrm{i}}| $,下标x、y、R和L分别表示为x偏振光、y偏振光、右圆偏振光、左圆偏振光,上标i和r分别表示入射光和反射光。线偏振转换率(Polarization conversion ratio, PCR)表示入射 x 偏振光转换为正交y偏振光的比例,计算为$ PC{R_x} = {r_{yx}}/ ({r_{xx}} + {r_{yx}}) $。当偏振转换率为1时,x偏振入射光被完全转换为其正交偏振态y偏振光。
为了进一步量化超表面的偏振转换性能,可通过公式计算偏振旋转角 θ 和椭偏度角 η,分别用于表征超表面对入射电磁波的偏振面旋转能力及其圆二色性。首先,通过线偏振反射系数计算圆偏振反射系数,然后基于圆偏振反射系数进一步求得超表面的偏振旋转角 θ和椭偏度角 η:
$ R_{++/--}=\left[R_{xx}+R_{yy}\pm\mathrm{i}\left(R_{xy}-R_{yx}\right)\right]/2 \;,$
$ \theta \;{\text{ = }}\left[ {\arg \left( {{R_{ + + }}} \right) - \arg \left( {{R_{ - - }}} \right)} \right]/2 \;,$
$ \eta \;{\text{ = }}\arctan \left[ {\left( {\left| {{R_{ + + }}} \right| - \left| {{R_{ - - }}} \right|} \right)/\left( {\left| {{R_{ + + }}} \right| + \left| {{R_{ - - }}} \right|} \right)} \right]\;, $
式中:R++和R−−分别对应于右旋圆偏振电磁波和左旋圆偏振电磁波入射时的同偏振反射系数。当偏振旋转角θ = 90°时,入射线偏振电磁波的偏振面被旋转90°,即被完全转化为其正交偏振态;当椭偏度角η为0时,表示出射电磁波仍保持线偏振态;当椭偏度角η = ±45°时,出射电磁波的偏振态变为圆偏振态。通过这两个参数的结合,可以验证超表面偏振转换器是否能够实现对入射线偏振电磁波的完全偏振转换,同时,这两个物理量也是衡量超表面偏振转换能力的重要指标。
由于结构的对称性,对于x/y偏振光入射的电磁响应相同,且为反射式超表面,故本文仅仿真沿 z 轴负方向入射的x 偏振光,其反射率如图2所示。从图2(a)可知,在1520~1720 nm范围内Ryx均大于0.8000,实现带宽为200 nm的正交偏振转换,且在波长1620 nm处Ryx达到最大值0.9390。同时在该频谱范围内,同偏振反射率 Rxx始终保持在较低水平,不超过0.1300,相应的在1620 nm处出现最小值0.0009,接近于零,表明该超表面几乎完全抑制了同偏振分量。此外,在波长1130 nm和2180 nm处,Ryx分别呈现两个最小值0.3090和0.3520,而Rxx则在这两个波长处分别出现峰值0.6520和0.6040。由此可见,反射型超表面偏振转换器在波长范围800 nm至2500 nm内表现出一个显著的谐振峰,并在1620 nm处实现了Ryx达到0.9390的半波片功能,具备较高的偏振转换效率。从图2(b)可知,在920~1520 nm范围内R+x均大于0.8000,实现带宽为600 nm的线偏振到右圆偏振的转换,同时,在1720~2500 nm范围内R−x均大于0.8000,在 1920 nm 处R−x达到最大值 0.9580,实现了线偏振到左圆偏振的高效转换。因此,该反射型超表面偏振转换器在 800 nm 至 2500 nm 的光谱范围内表现出两个显著的谐振峰,且在 1375 nm R+x达到最大值0.9390,在1920 nm 处R−x达到最大值0.9580,实现了四分之一波片功能。此外,左圆偏振和右圆偏振转换的带宽均超过 500 nm,表明该超表面在宽光谱范围内具备优异的偏振转换性能,实现了超带宽的线偏振到圆偏振的转换。
结合反射谱计算了x 偏振入射光的偏振转换率,结果如图3所示,在1570~1735 nm 的光谱范围内,偏振转换率始终保持在0.9 以上,且在1650 nm处偏振转换率达到最大值0.999,说明出射y 偏振光占比高达99.9%。结果说明该超表面结构实现了带宽为165 nm的高效偏振转换,具备良好的偏振操控性能。
图4所示为x 偏振光入射时的偏振旋转角度θ 和椭偏度角 η,其中黑线表示偏振旋转角θ,红线表示椭偏度角 η。由图4可知,在1380~1880 nm 的波段范围内,偏振旋转角 θ保持在80°到90°之间,实现了正交偏振转换;在1620 nm处,偏振旋转角 θ约为–89°,椭偏度角η接近0°,说明在1620 nm的反射光为纯线偏振光。在1080~1440 nm 波段范围内,椭偏度角 η 的值保持在–35°至–45°之间,意味着该波段内实现了从线偏振光到右圆偏振光的转换;在 1360 nm 处椭偏度角 η约为–45°,此时右圆偏振反射率R+x达到最大值 0.965,表明1360 nm 处入射 x 偏振光绝大部分转化为右圆偏振光。进一步地,在1800~2500 nm的波段范围内,椭偏度角 η值始终处于 35°至 45°之间,表明该波段内实现了线偏振光到左圆偏振光的转换;在1900 nm处η值约为 45°,此时左圆偏振反射率R−x达到最大值0.957,表明此处入射的 x 偏振光大部分转化为左圆偏振光。故该超表面结构实现了多个波段内高效的正交、左旋圆、右旋圆偏振态转换,同时表现出优异的半波片和四分之一波片功能。
为了定量分析其偏振转换特性,可以将入射的x偏振光分解为沿超表面单元结构缺口长方体长轴(u轴)和短轴(v轴)方向的两个正交偏振分量,通过研究u轴和v轴方向上电磁波的幅值突变和相位突变,可以揭示该超表面对入射偏振光的调制机制[46]。若在反射偏振光在u轴和v轴方向的幅值大小相同$ \left(a_u=a_v\right) $,则当其相位差$ \Delta \varphi=\varphi_u-\varphi_v= \pm(2 k+1) \pi $,实现正交偏振转换;当$ \Delta \varphi= \pm(2 k+1) \pi / 2 $时实现线圆偏振转换。
如图5所示,将入射光分别沿u轴和v轴方向进行分解,计算分解后的u轴和v轴方向的幅值突变和相位突变频谱,如图6所示。从图6(a)可知,沿u轴和v轴的幅值突变均位于0.8至1.0之间,且两者之间的差值较小,表明超表面对不同偏振方向的入射光在透射幅值方面具有较高的一致性。从图6(b)可知,沿u轴和v轴的相位突变差值在1620 nm处约为–9.674,接近–3π,此时正交偏振透射率达到最大值0.936,说明在该波长处超表面对入射线偏振光的偏振转换效率较高。此外,相位突变差值在1130 nm处达到极小值–11.378 (接近–3.5π),而在2180 nm处达到极大值–7.636 (接近–2.5π)。进一步观察图6(b)可发现,相位突变差值在910 nm至1520 nm波长范围内稳定维持在–3.5π左右,对应于超表面在该波段内能够有效地将入射的x偏振光转换为右旋圆偏振光。同时,在1720 nm至2500 nm波长范围内,相位突变差值约为–2.5π,对应于超表面在该波段内能够将x偏振光转换为左旋圆偏振光。
本文选取图6(b)三个相位突变位置(波长分别为1130 nm、1620 nm和2180 nm),通过介质层顶部和底部xy截面的电场和电流分布,进一步分析正交偏振转换和线圆偏振转换机理。如图7(a, b)所示,在1130 nm波长处,介质层顶部与超表面金属结构接触界面处的电场强度主要集中在圆环内区域,电流沿+v轴方向分布,呈现电偶极矩特性;底部与金属反射板接触界面处的电场主要集中在圆环左上角和右下角,电流沿+v轴方向分布,同样表现出沿这些方向的电偶极矩特性。如图7(c, d)所示,在1620 nm波长处,顶部界面的电场强度主要集中在中心长方体缺口区域,强度约为108量级,电流沿−u轴分布,呈现偶极矩特性;底部界面的电场强度约为107量级,电流分布方向与顶部一致,偶极矩方向保持一致。如图7(e, f)所示,在2180 nm波长处,顶部界面电场强度主要集中在圆环周围及长方体缺口区域,电流在缺口处沿 −u轴方向分布,而在圆环结构中沿−v轴方向分布;底部界面的电场主要集中在左上角和右下角,电流沿−v轴方向分布,在底部没有对应顶部缺口区域的强电场,而顶部圆环周围的电场和底部的电场形成沿+u方向的偶极矩。综上,超表面中间介质层顶部和底部界面处的偶极矩方向一致,使得结构内部形成电场共振,并与入射光的电场分量发生电磁耦合,引入相位延迟,从而改变出射光的偏振状态,这种效应导致出射光表现出旋光性,能够将入射光的线偏振态转换为右圆偏振或左圆偏振态。通过参数扫描得到各参数对偏振转换性能的影响规律,系统改变超表面结构参数(如gap、w、h2等)来调整反射偏振光在u轴和v轴方向的相位差,进而调控不同波片的中心频率,然后通过参数扫描法来获得最优工作带宽,最终可在近红外波段内实现半波片和四分之一波片的超宽带偏振转换功能。
金属超表面常用制备方法有很多,如电子束光刻(EBL)、聚焦离子束(FIB)铣削、极紫外光刻(EUVL)、纳米压印(NIL)、自组装等。考虑到本超表面结构单元周期p = 600 nm,结构的横向特征尺寸介于60~250 nm,纵向厚度 50~120 nm,要求周期精度±3 nm,且需保证金属-介质界面无氧化或再沉积污染。综合比较分析各微纳结构制备工艺,电子束刻蚀能满足本结构的加工需求。
本文研究提出了一种基于带缺口长方体圆环的无源反射型偏振转换超表面,在近红外波段实现了超宽带多功能偏振转换。通过传播相位与几何相位的协同调控,该结构在x偏振光入射下呈现三种偏振转换特性: 1520~1720 nm波段相位突变差约为–3π,实现了正交偏振转换;1620 nm处达最大值0.939,同偏振分量几乎被完全抑制; 910~1520 nm波段相位突变差稳定于–3.5π,实现右旋圆偏振转换(1350 nm处反射率0.965); 1720~2500 nm波段相位突变差约–2.5π,实现左旋圆偏振转换(1910 nm处反射率0.958)。由于结构的各向异性和局域电磁谐振特性,该超表面结构实现了近红外波段超宽带多功能高效的偏振转换,为近红外光通信、生物成像等领域的偏振调控器件提供了新设计方案,同时为设计多功能、宽频带偏振转换器提供了新思路。

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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250191
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-26
  • 录用日期:2025-09-29
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    1武汉理工大学信息与工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2武汉理工大学光纤传感技术与网络国家工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070

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