Article(id=1319955389811118659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955241370502145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250184, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250184, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=1756656000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-01, acceptedDate=1756828800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-03, onlineDate=1792631488516, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631488516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631488516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631488516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955241370502145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='250064', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631453125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631453125, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250184, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955390050193988, articleId=1319955389811118659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Design of all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Sleep monitoring is critical for early disease warning and personalized health management as respiratory rate, heart rate and body movement during sleep directly reflect physiological and pathological states. Traditional monitoring methods, such as electrocardiographs (ECGs) and polysomnographs (PSGs), are invasive, requiring electrode patches to be attached to the human body. Despite their high precision, they are poor in comfort, and tend to disrupt natural sleep. In contrast, non-invasive optical fiber sensors possess advantages including small size, electromagnetic interference (EMI) resistance, and high sensitivity, which enable them to perceive physical quantities such as vibration and pressure via wavelength or light intensity modulation, thus exhibiting significant potential in sleep monitoring. Nevertheless, noise interference persists during the processes of photoelectric conversion and signal acquisition, which impairs the detection accuracy of respiratory and cardiac signals. Existing denoising algorithms like wavelet soft thresholding have constant amplitude deviations, and offline-dependent models fail to meet real-time needs. This study aims to develop an all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system for non-invasive, high-precision and real-time detection of sleep respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state, providing a reliable technical solution for home sleep health monitoring.

Methods

A sleep monitoring system based on an all-fiber multi-modal sensing network was constructed. A 40 cm×30 cm sandwich structured flexible monitoring pad was fabricated, embedded with macrobend 1060XP single-mode fiber and dual fiber Bragg gratings. The macrobend fiber was optimized to a 20 mm bending radius with nine loops through experiments, arranged in two rows of semi-circular curves, embedded in a latex pad's middle layer with silicone sheet covers to enhance cardiopulmonary vibration sensitivity and structural durability. Dual FBGs with initial wavelengths of 1548.625 nm and 1548.473 nm are symmetrically spaced 20 cm apart, bonded to a rigid PVC substrate using epoxy AB glue and fixed on the pad to offset temperature drift and capture turnover-induced strain. For signal processing, an improved threshold λ was proposed to achieve adaptive thresholding across different decomposition layers, considering the impacts of decomposition levels j and high-frequency wavelet coefficients cdn on threshold selection. Compensation term decay rate parameter α and exponential term growth rate β were introduced to optimize the threshold function. These two parameters dynamically regulate the output value of the threshold function when λ is applied, ensuring continuous and differentiable processing of cardiopulmonary signals while balancing noise suppression and weak signal preservation. Subsequently, second-order Butterworth band-pass filters are configured for respiratory and heartbeat signals, with the respiratory band 0.133–0.417 Hz and the heartbeat band 0.833–1.67 Hz to separate mixed signals, and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to extract characteristic frequencies. After that, a body movement determination threshold was constructed based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs to distinguish left and right turns and count turn events. Experimental validation was conducted in a constant-temperature laboratory with a 61 kg subject lying supine on the monitoring pad and E-HA03 commercial electrocardiograph data was served as reference.

Results and Discussions

Practical tests showed the improved denoising algorithm achieved a signal-to-noise ratio of 24.02 dB and a root mean square error of 0.09, outperforming traditional hard threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 14.32 dB and root mean square error of 0.27 as well as soft threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 7.12 dB and root mean square error of 0.62. Respiratory spectrum peaked at 0.33 Hz corresponding to 20 breaths per minute, heartbeat at 0.97 Hz, corresponding to 58 beats per minute. Compared with E-HA03 data 19 breaths per minute and 61 beats per minute, Respiratory rate error was 1 breath per minute and heart rate error was 3 bpm, meeting clinical home monitoring requirements. A turnover determination model was established based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs, where the left turnover threshold was set to ≥2.8 nm and the right turnover threshold to ≤−2.4 nm for distinguishing turnover directions and counting events. During the test, three left and three right turnovers were detected at 493, 530, 568, 597, 791, and 820 s, with no false or missed detections despite minor limb movements. The dual FBG design effectively offset temperature drift, with approximately stable wavelength baselines after thermal equilibrium. These results confirm the algorithm's robustness and reliability in sleep scenarios.

Conclusions

The non-invasive flexible pad ensured user comfort without disrupting sleep, and three key advancements are achieved: 1) the integration of macrobend fibers (optimized for bending radius and layout) and symmetrically arranged dual FBGs breaks the constraints of single-sensor systems, where the fibers capture subtle cardiopulmonary vibrations and the FBGs realize precise body-turnover detection to enable synchronous multimodal sensing of cardiopulmonary signals and body-turnover states. 2) The dual-parameter adaptive wavelet threshold denoising algorithm balances noise suppression and weak signal preservation, successfully capturing faint heartbeat signals that are easily masked by respiratory signals. 3) Symmetric dual FBGs combined with wavelength difference analysis offset temperature drift, enhancing the system's stability in complex home environments. The all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system achieves high-precision non-invasive monitoring of respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state. Its relatively excellent denoising performance, efficient signal separation and accurate turnover recognition provide a new technical approach for home sleep health monitoring, with broad application prospects in elderly care and personalized health management. Future work will optimize sensor array density to distinguish more turnover-related movements such as limb movements and expand clinical trials to diverse populations to enhance generalizability.

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针对传统睡眠监测中存在的环境噪声干扰、心跳与呼吸信号分离困难、体动量化不准确等问题,构建了一种全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统。设计了嵌入宏弯单模光纤和双光纤布拉格光栅(fiber Bragg grating, FBG)的柔性监测垫,利用光纤宏弯损耗效应提升心跳感知灵敏度,通过对称式双FBG捕捉体动信号。提出了改进小波阈值函数的降噪算法,引入参数α和β动态调节小波阈值,实现了心肺信号连续可导处理,使系统信噪比达24.02 dB,均方根误差降至0.09。结合带通滤波器与快速傅里叶变换,有效分离出呼吸与心跳信号。基于双FBG波长差变化率构建体动状态判定阈值,实现了翻身次数与状态的准确识别。该系统可实现非侵入式睡眠呼吸率、心率与体动状态的实时监测,为睡眠生理参数监测提供新途径。

, authors=汤梦东1, 2, 茶映鹏1, 2, 蔡建军3, 龚志鹏1, 2, 彭星玲1, 2, *, *, authorsList=汤梦东, 茶映鹏, 蔡建军, 龚志鹏, 彭星玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭星玲, authorNote=

作者贡献

汤梦东:研究资料的收集、分析,论文初稿写作;茶映鹏:基金项目资金支持、实验指导;蔡建军:协助进行数据分析;龚志鹏:协助采集实验数据;彭星玲:指导论文选题、论文修改。

汤梦东(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术。E-mail:

彭星玲(1988-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术、光纤传感技术。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭星玲,
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彭星玲(1988-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术、光纤传感技术。E-mail:

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Evaluation metrics for denoising with different threshold functions

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Evaluation indexSNR/dBRMSE
Hard threshold function14.320.27
Soft threshold function7.120.62
Ours24.020.09
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不同阈值函数降噪评价指标

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Evaluation indexSNR/dBRMSE
Hard threshold function14.320.27
Soft threshold function7.120.62
Ours24.020.09
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全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统设计
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汤梦东 1, 2 , 茶映鹏 1, 2 , 蔡建军 3 , 龚志鹏 1, 2 , 彭星玲 1, 2, *, *
光电工程 | 研究论文 2026,53(1): 250184-1
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彭星玲(1988-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术、光纤传感技术。E-mail:

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彭星玲(1988-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术、光纤传感技术。E-mail:

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汤梦东1, 2 , 茶映鹏1, 2, 蔡建军3, 龚志鹏1, 2, 彭星玲1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
  • 2江西水利电力大学机械工程学院,江西 南昌 330099
  • 3南昌职业大学,江西 南昌 330500
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

汤梦东:研究资料的收集、分析,论文初稿写作;茶映鹏:基金项目资金支持、实验指导;蔡建军:协助进行数据分析;龚志鹏:协助采集实验数据;彭星玲:指导论文选题、论文修改。

汤梦东(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术。E-mail:

彭星玲(1988-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术、光纤传感技术。E-mail:

Design of all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system
Mengdong Tang1, 2 , Yingpeng Cha1, 2, Jianjun Cai3, Zhipeng Gong1, 2, Xingling Peng1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Precision Drive and Equipment, Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
  • 3Nanchang Vocational University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330500, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250184
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针对传统睡眠监测中存在的环境噪声干扰、心跳与呼吸信号分离困难、体动量化不准确等问题,构建了一种全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统。设计了嵌入宏弯单模光纤和双光纤布拉格光栅(fiber Bragg grating, FBG)的柔性监测垫,利用光纤宏弯损耗效应提升心跳感知灵敏度,通过对称式双FBG捕捉体动信号。提出了改进小波阈值函数的降噪算法,引入参数α和β动态调节小波阈值,实现了心肺信号连续可导处理,使系统信噪比达24.02 dB,均方根误差降至0.09。结合带通滤波器与快速傅里叶变换,有效分离出呼吸与心跳信号。基于双FBG波长差变化率构建体动状态判定阈值,实现了翻身次数与状态的准确识别。该系统可实现非侵入式睡眠呼吸率、心率与体动状态的实时监测,为睡眠生理参数监测提供新途径。

光纤传感器  /  睡眠监测  /  小波阈值降噪  /  心肺信号分离  /  体动状态
Objective

Sleep monitoring is critical for early disease warning and personalized health management as respiratory rate, heart rate and body movement during sleep directly reflect physiological and pathological states. Traditional monitoring methods, such as electrocardiographs (ECGs) and polysomnographs (PSGs), are invasive, requiring electrode patches to be attached to the human body. Despite their high precision, they are poor in comfort, and tend to disrupt natural sleep. In contrast, non-invasive optical fiber sensors possess advantages including small size, electromagnetic interference (EMI) resistance, and high sensitivity, which enable them to perceive physical quantities such as vibration and pressure via wavelength or light intensity modulation, thus exhibiting significant potential in sleep monitoring. Nevertheless, noise interference persists during the processes of photoelectric conversion and signal acquisition, which impairs the detection accuracy of respiratory and cardiac signals. Existing denoising algorithms like wavelet soft thresholding have constant amplitude deviations, and offline-dependent models fail to meet real-time needs. This study aims to develop an all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system for non-invasive, high-precision and real-time detection of sleep respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state, providing a reliable technical solution for home sleep health monitoring.

Methods

A sleep monitoring system based on an all-fiber multi-modal sensing network was constructed. A 40 cm×30 cm sandwich structured flexible monitoring pad was fabricated, embedded with macrobend 1060XP single-mode fiber and dual fiber Bragg gratings. The macrobend fiber was optimized to a 20 mm bending radius with nine loops through experiments, arranged in two rows of semi-circular curves, embedded in a latex pad's middle layer with silicone sheet covers to enhance cardiopulmonary vibration sensitivity and structural durability. Dual FBGs with initial wavelengths of 1548.625 nm and 1548.473 nm are symmetrically spaced 20 cm apart, bonded to a rigid PVC substrate using epoxy AB glue and fixed on the pad to offset temperature drift and capture turnover-induced strain. For signal processing, an improved threshold λ was proposed to achieve adaptive thresholding across different decomposition layers, considering the impacts of decomposition levels j and high-frequency wavelet coefficients cdn on threshold selection. Compensation term decay rate parameter α and exponential term growth rate β were introduced to optimize the threshold function. These two parameters dynamically regulate the output value of the threshold function when λ is applied, ensuring continuous and differentiable processing of cardiopulmonary signals while balancing noise suppression and weak signal preservation. Subsequently, second-order Butterworth band-pass filters are configured for respiratory and heartbeat signals, with the respiratory band 0.133–0.417 Hz and the heartbeat band 0.833–1.67 Hz to separate mixed signals, and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to extract characteristic frequencies. After that, a body movement determination threshold was constructed based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs to distinguish left and right turns and count turn events. Experimental validation was conducted in a constant-temperature laboratory with a 61 kg subject lying supine on the monitoring pad and E-HA03 commercial electrocardiograph data was served as reference.

Results and Discussions

Practical tests showed the improved denoising algorithm achieved a signal-to-noise ratio of 24.02 dB and a root mean square error of 0.09, outperforming traditional hard threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 14.32 dB and root mean square error of 0.27 as well as soft threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 7.12 dB and root mean square error of 0.62. Respiratory spectrum peaked at 0.33 Hz corresponding to 20 breaths per minute, heartbeat at 0.97 Hz, corresponding to 58 beats per minute. Compared with E-HA03 data 19 breaths per minute and 61 beats per minute, Respiratory rate error was 1 breath per minute and heart rate error was 3 bpm, meeting clinical home monitoring requirements. A turnover determination model was established based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs, where the left turnover threshold was set to ≥2.8 nm and the right turnover threshold to ≤−2.4 nm for distinguishing turnover directions and counting events. During the test, three left and three right turnovers were detected at 493, 530, 568, 597, 791, and 820 s, with no false or missed detections despite minor limb movements. The dual FBG design effectively offset temperature drift, with approximately stable wavelength baselines after thermal equilibrium. These results confirm the algorithm's robustness and reliability in sleep scenarios.

Conclusions

The non-invasive flexible pad ensured user comfort without disrupting sleep, and three key advancements are achieved: 1) the integration of macrobend fibers (optimized for bending radius and layout) and symmetrically arranged dual FBGs breaks the constraints of single-sensor systems, where the fibers capture subtle cardiopulmonary vibrations and the FBGs realize precise body-turnover detection to enable synchronous multimodal sensing of cardiopulmonary signals and body-turnover states. 2) The dual-parameter adaptive wavelet threshold denoising algorithm balances noise suppression and weak signal preservation, successfully capturing faint heartbeat signals that are easily masked by respiratory signals. 3) Symmetric dual FBGs combined with wavelength difference analysis offset temperature drift, enhancing the system's stability in complex home environments. The all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system achieves high-precision non-invasive monitoring of respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state. Its relatively excellent denoising performance, efficient signal separation and accurate turnover recognition provide a new technical approach for home sleep health monitoring, with broad application prospects in elderly care and personalized health management. Future work will optimize sensor array density to distinguish more turnover-related movements such as limb movements and expand clinical trials to diverse populations to enhance generalizability.

fiber optic sensor  /  sleep monitoring  /  wavelet threshold noise reduction  /  heart-lung signal separation  /  body movement status
汤梦东, 茶映鹏, 蔡建军, 龚志鹏, 彭星玲. 全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统设计. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (1) : 250184 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250184
Mengdong Tang, Yingpeng Cha, Jianjun Cai, Zhipeng Gong, Xingling Peng. Design of all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (1) : 250184 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250184
睡眠过程中的呼吸率、心率及体动等生命体征信号,是反映人体生理病理状态的关键指标。临床研究表明,睡眠呼吸暂停与心血管疾病风险呈显著正相关趋势,心率变异性可用于评估自主神经系统功能,而体动频率则是判断睡眠周期的重要依据[1]。通过实时监测这些信号,不仅能够实现疾病的早期预警,还能为个体健康管理提供精准数据支持,其医学价值与应用潜力受到学术界与产业界的广泛关注。
当前,人体睡眠监测技术主要包括侵入式和非侵入式两种类型[2]。侵入式监测方法例如心电监测仪、多导睡眠仪等,通过电极贴片与人体直接接触的方式获取高精度生理参数,但存在束缚性强、舒适性差等问题,易干扰自然睡眠状态。相比之下,非侵入式监测方法凭借其无感、无创的特性,成为研究热点。其中,压电式传感器[3]基于压力变化原理实现呼吸信号检测,具有成本低、灵敏度高、易于系统集成等优点,但易受环境电磁干扰,且对呼吸、心跳等低频信号响应不足;光电容积脉搏波(photoplethysmography, PPG)传感器[4]基于光学原理捕捉皮下血流变化情况,可以实现连续心率监测,但在睡眠过程中出现翻身等动态场景时,容易因接触不良导致信号中断,并且难以同步获取呼吸参数;生物雷达技术[5]利用多普勒效应检测胸壁微小位移,能够实现完全非接触式测量,但该技术面临电磁兼容性与微弱生理信号分离难题。
近年来,光纤传感器因其体积小、抗电磁干扰、灵敏度高等优势,在睡眠监测领域崭露头角。它可通过波长或光强调制,实现对振动、压力等物理量的感知。然而,光纤传感器在光电信号转换与采集过程中仍存在噪声干扰,影响呼吸和心跳信号检测的准确性。国内外学者采用了多种降噪算法提升信号质量。Lin等[6]运用小波软阈值函数进行信号降噪处理,有效抑制了噪声干扰,但经过其重构后的信号存在恒定幅值偏差。Leal-Junior等[7]将巴特沃斯滤波器和快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)算法结合,获得的心率与呼吸率的测量误差分别控制在4 bpm (beat per minute)和2 bpm以内。姜星等[8]利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)结合独立分量分析(independent component analysis, ICA)对心电信号进行降噪,提高了信噪比,但存在端点效应和模态混叠的问题。Albukhari等[9]采用3阶带通巴特沃斯滤波器提取呼吸信号,并基于局部最大值的无监督学习算法识别心跳周期,最终实现了83.9%的呼吸信号正确识别率。孔令琴等[10]提出将平滑度先验滤波与软阈值小波的方法相结合,抑制了高频噪声,但该方法对受试者肢体活动限制较为严格。Carlson等[11]采用1~10 Hz带通滤波器滤除呼吸信号,单独提取了心跳成分。Mai等[12]引入双向长短期记忆(bidirectional long short-term memory, BiLSTM)深度学习模型,实现了心跳信号自动检测。张治胜等[13]提出基于离散小波分解与支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)的呼吸分类模型,结合粒子群优化(PSO)算法优化参数,分类准确率达到97.1875%,但该模型依赖离线学习,难以满足实时监测的需求。Shao等[14]设计了基于七芯光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder interferometer, MZI)的可穿戴呼吸传感器,利用小波分解降噪和傅里叶变换分离出了呼吸信号。此外,现有研究往往忽视了体动因素对心肺信号检测的干扰,难以满足复杂睡眠场景下的监测需求。
针对上述问题,本文设计了一种集成宏弯光纤与双FBG的柔性监测垫,构建了基于全光纤多模态传感网络的睡眠监测系统。通过优化宏弯光纤结构捕获心跳和呼吸信号,结合改进小波阈值降噪算法动态调节阈值抑制环境噪声干扰。利用带通滤波与快速傅里叶变换实现呼吸率与心率的分离。通过构建双FBG波长差变化率阈值,实现翻身状态与翻身次数等体动实时检测。
本文设计的睡眠监测信号采集系统由光纤传感单元、信号处理单元与数据处理平台组成,信号采集系统框图如图1所示。其中,柔性监测垫内的光纤传感单元利用宏弯光纤和双FBG结构,分别采集心肺与体动原始信号;信号处理单元经光电转换、信号放大、低通滤波及A/D转换,完成硬件预处理;数据处理平台基于MATLAB,通过改进小波阈值降噪、带通滤波、FFT及双波长差变化率阈值算法,实现呼吸率、心率及翻身状态等体动信号的检测与分析。
基于光纤宏弯损耗原理的呼吸和心跳信号获取技术,其核心在于将呼吸与心跳产生的周期性机械振动,通过柔性垫传递给弯曲光纤。在此过程中,光纤的弯曲半径会随机械振动发生动态改变,致使光在光纤内的传输路径相应调整,进而引起光强变化。彭星玲课题组[15]前期的仿真研究发现,光纤弯曲损耗随弯曲半径的增大并非呈单调下降趋势,而是表现为振荡下降特性。这一特性意味着,需通过选取合适的弯曲半径与布设方式,才能在呼吸和心跳信号引发的微小光纤弯曲半径及长度变化时,使光强产生显著波动,从而提升对呼吸和心跳信号的感应灵敏度。
为优化光纤弯曲半径,选用Agilent 81960A可调谐激光器(工作于C波段1550 nm波长),搭配EXFO FOT-300光功率计、分光器以及由1060XP型光纤绕制的不同半径光纤环进行测试,实验装置示意图如图2所示。在实验中,激光器输出端通过光纤跳线连接至分光器输入端,分光器的两个输出端分别连接光纤环与参考直光纤,随后接入光功率计同步检测输出光功率。通过比较两通道的光功率比值,可计算得到不同弯曲半径下的宏弯损耗值。通过改变光纤弯曲半径并记录损耗数值,经实验测定与软件拟合处理,获取光纤宏弯损耗随半径变化的响应曲线,如图3所示。
从图3可知,光纤宏弯损耗对弯曲半径非常敏感,会随着弯曲半径减小整体呈现增大趋势,中间伴随振荡现象,弯曲半径越小其变化幅度越大。当弯曲半径小于11 mm时,损耗过大,易导致信号幅值饱和失真;当弯曲半径大于22 mm时,损耗过小,会因信噪比不足难以检测微小振动。因此,11~22 mm被确定为敏感尺寸范围。在该范围内,通过反复实验测试不同弯曲半径的实际效果,发现弯曲半径为20 mm、弯曲约9圈时,能平衡灵敏度与信号质量,可稳定捕捉到微小的应变变化。基于此,选择20 mm作为弯曲半径,以实现对呼吸和心跳信号的高灵敏度检测。
为了配合居家使用,将垫子设计为40 cm×30 cm的长方形,方便垫在腰背部。为提高检测灵敏度,设计了一种三明治结构:1060XP光纤以半环形曲线布置,嵌入乳胶垫中间层,乳胶垫上下覆盖硅胶片,两排弯曲光纤布设,弯曲半径设为20 mm,如图4所示。这种设计增强了光纤对不同方向机械振动的感应能力,并通过硅胶片提供额外保护,确保稳定性和耐用性。
此外,根据FBG的应变传感原理,其反射峰值波长遵循布拉格条件[16]:
$ \lambda_{\mathrm{B}}=2 n_{\mathrm{eff}} \varLambda\;, $
式中:λB为FBG中心波长;neff为纤芯有效折射率;$\varLambda $为光栅周期。
根据式 (1)的原理,当FBG受到压力产生压应变时,其光栅周期会随轴向形变线性缩短,纤芯有效折射率因弹光效应发生正向调制。由于光栅周期缩短的影响占主导地位,最终导致反射峰值波长产生与应变成线性关系的蓝移。基于这一特性,采用环氧树脂AB胶将两个FBG以20 cm间距粘贴于硬质PVC基板表面,再将其整体固定在柔垫上。通过监测两个FBG反射峰值波长的变化,可实时反映其所在位置的受力状态,进而实现对睡眠翻身动作的判断。选用的两个FBG参数为反射率均大于90%,光栅长度均为10 mm,纤芯有效折射率均为1.447;其中FBG1、FBG2的出厂初始波长分别为1548.625 nm和1548.473 nm。
小波阈值函数降噪技术基于特定小波基函数,将含噪信号进行N级分解处理。每次分解产生低频与高频系数,其中低频分量可进一步分解,而高频分量则通过阈值函数进行降噪处理。该流程在后续分解层级中持续迭代,直至达到预设分解深度。最终,将处理后的各层系数进行信号重构,实现降噪目标。
在处理小波系数的过程中,硬阈值法和软阈值法是比较常见的方法,硬阈值法和软阈值法[17]的处理函数分别如式(2)和式(3)所示。
$ \hat{w}_{j, k}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}w_{j, k}, & \left|w_{j, k}\right| \geqslant \lambda \\ 0, & \left|w_{j, k}\right| \lt \lambda \end{array}\right. \;, $
$ \hat{w}_{j, k}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}\operatorname{sign}\left(w_{j, k}\right)\left(w_{j, k}-\lambda\right), & \left|w_{j, k}\right| \geqslant \lambda \\ 0 , & \left|w_{j, k}\right| \lt \lambda\end{array} \right. \;, $
式中:$ {\hat w_{j,k}} $表示去噪信号的小波系数;$ {w_{j,k}} $表示原始信号的小波系数;$ \lambda $表示阈值点;j表示小波分解的尺度;k表示小波系数的位置索引。
硬阈值与软阈值虽被广泛应用,却仍存在一定缺陷。硬阈值函数在处理过程中存在不连续点,致使实际应用时无法对函数进行求导操作。软阈值函数虽在整个小波域内呈连续状态,可避免振荡现象,然其处理后的小波系数与原始系数间存在恒定偏差,易造成信号信息丢失。
小波降噪中阈值选取显著影响信号处理质量,阈值过小,噪声抑制不充分,阈值过大,易造成有效信号丢失与失真。经典小波阈值公式$ \lambda\text{ = }\sigma\sqrt{2\ln N}/j $,分解层数$ j $决定信号分解深度。鉴于有效信号与噪声在小波域分布特性差异,高频段噪声系数通常较小,信号系数在特定条件下偏大。若第n层高频系数幅值整体偏低,说明该层噪声占比高,需降低阈值;反之则应提高阈值,以优化降噪效果。本文考虑到分解层数以及高频小波系数对阈值的影响,提出改进的阈值:
$ \lambda=\frac{\sigma\sqrt{2\mathrm{ln}N}}{j}\times\frac{1}{1+\left(cd_n\right)^2}\; , $
式中:σ是噪声的标准差,它提供了噪声水平的估计;N是信号的长度,表示样本数量;cdn是小波分解后第n层的高频系数,反映了该层的信号细节。
在得到阈值后,针对经典软、硬阈值函数以及上述相关阈值函数存在的不足,通过引入指数形式α和调节参数β,得到改进的小波阈值函数去噪算法,表达式为
$ {{{\hat{w}}}_{j,k}}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \operatorname{sign}\left( {{w}_{j,k}} \right)\Bigg\{ \left| {{w}_{j,k}} \right|-\lambda &{}\\ + \dfrac{\lambda \{ 1-\exp [ -\beta ( | {{w}_{j,k}} |-\lambda ) ] \}}{{{( | {{w}_{j,k}} |-\lambda +1)}^{\alpha }}} \Bigg\} & \left| {{w}_{j,k}} \right|\geqslant \lambda\\ 0, & \left| {{w}_{j,k}} \right|< \lambda \\\end{array} \right.\;, $
式中:$ \alpha $为补偿项衰减速率调节参数;$ \beta $为指数项增长速率调节参数。
令$ \varDelta {\text{ = }}\left| {{w_{j,k}}} \right| - \lambda $,则改进阈值函数偏差为
$ B=\lambda \operatorname{sign}\left(w_{j, k}\right)\left[\frac{1-\exp (-\beta \varDelta)}{(\varDelta+1)^\alpha}-1\right]\;. $
当$ \left| {{w_{j,k}}} \right| \to \lambda $时,$ \varDelta \to 0 $,$ {\hat w_{j,k}} \to 0 $,说明改进阈值函数在阈值点λ处连续,避免了硬阈值函数的不连续振荡问题。
此时,设$ f(\varDelta ){\text{ = }}[{{1 - \exp ( - \beta \varDelta )}}]/{{{{{\left( {\varDelta + 1} \right)}^\alpha }}}} $,$ \beta >0 $,则$ f(\varDelta ) \approx {{\beta \varDelta }}/{{{1^\alpha }}} = \beta \varDelta \Rightarrow B \approx {\text{sign}}({w_{j,k}})\left[ {\lambda (\beta \varDelta - 1)} \right] $,即缓慢远离阈值区域时,偏差近似与$ \varDelta $线性,会逐渐趋于0,小于软阈值的常数偏差。
当$ \varDelta \to + \infty $,且$ \exp ( - \beta {{\varDelta }}) \to 0 $,$ \alpha >0 $时,$ f(\varDelta ) \to {1}/ {{{{(\varDelta + 1)}^\alpha }}} \to 0 \Rightarrow B \to - \lambda\; {\text{sign}}({w_{j,k}}) $,偏差逐渐趋于软阈值偏差,因此保留大幅度信号不被扭曲。参数$ \alpha $用于控制补偿项$ 1/{{{{(\varDelta + 1)}^\alpha }}} $的衰减速率,参数$ \beta $用于控制指数项$ \left[ {1 - \exp ( - \beta {{\varDelta }})} \right] $的非线性增长速率,通过$ \alpha $和$ \beta $的协同调节,改进阈值函数在抑制高频噪声的同时,能够有效保留微弱的心跳和呼吸信号,从而提高整体信噪比与波形保真度。
为明确参数α和β的合理取值范围及二者的协同作用规律,通过数值仿真绘制了参数对阈值函数输出值$ {\hat w_{j,k}} $的影响关系图,如图5所示。其中,阈值函数输出值为改进阈值函数处理后的小波系数值,可直观反映对小波系数的压缩或保留程度。图5以α为x轴、β为y轴、阈值函数输出值为z轴,通过三维坐标系呈现了不同参数组合下的输出特性:当α<0.1时,补偿项衰减过慢导致输出值偏大,易残留噪声;当α>2.0时,补偿项快速衰减使输出值偏小,易丢失心跳等微弱信号;当β<0.5时,指数项增长缓慢导致输出值随β波动剧烈,稳定性差;当β>3.0时,指数项饱和使输出值趋于平缓,难以适配信号变化。综合考虑函数的估计偏差和稳定性,参数α在[0.1, 2.0]之间选择,参数β在[0.5, 3.0]之间选择。
不同阈值函数如图6所示,可知改进阈值函数既保证了函数的连续性,又避免了软阈值函数固定偏差的缺点。$ \alpha = 0.1 $、$ \beta = 1.5 $ (蓝色曲线)对应的改进阈值函数,在处理信号时对阈值附近系数调整较为柔和,能更好维持信号平滑度。
在恒温室内环境中开展的系统测试实物如图7所示。测试时,将布设光纤传感器阵列的柔性监测垫置于床上,受试者体重61 kg,背部平躺于监测垫上方,采集时间约16 min。期间,全光纤监测系统采集的原始电压信号和波长信号均实时保存至电脑端,后续通过MATLAB进行信号分析与处理;同时,采用E-HA03手持心电仪同步监测,其获取的心率和呼吸率数据将作为验证系统测量结果有效性的对比依据。
图8呈现了某受试者30 s信号片段的原始波形图,以及采用软阈值、硬阈值和改进阈值函数处理后的降噪对比结果。图8的波形对比显示,原始信号存在明显毛刺与噪声尖峰,严重干扰信号质量。传统硬阈值函数因阈值处的不连续性,虽能去除部分噪声,但残留尖峰导致信号不平滑;软阈值函数虽实现波形平滑,但过度削弱信号幅值,致使波形与原始信号形态存在幅值偏差。相比之下,改进阈值函数通过自适应阈值策略,有效消除噪声尖峰,平滑阈值过渡区域,既抑制噪声干扰,又完整保留信号主要波动特征,波形更贴近真实信号,实现降噪与信号保真的平衡。
为评估降噪效果,选取信噪比(signal to noise ratio, SNR)与均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)作为量化指标。SNR反映有效信号占比,数值越高表明噪声抑制效果越好;RMSE衡量信号重构误差,数值越小意味着降噪后信号与原始信号的偏差越低。二者结合可判定降噪算法性能,为算法优化提供数据支撑。SNR、RMSE的表达式为
$ {{S NR}}=10{\cdot \lg}\left(\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n'}{f}^2(i)}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n'}[{f}(i)-{f}(y)]^2}\right)\; , $
${ {RMS E}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n'}\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{n'}[{f}(i)-{f}(y)]^2}\;, $
式中:f(y)为降噪后的信号;f(i)为降噪前的信号;n'为信号长度。
将硬阈值函数、软阈值函数及改进阈值函数处理后的信号,依据式(7)和式(8)计算得到的SNR与RMSE值如表1所示。由表1数据可知,三种算法的降噪性能呈现显著差异:改进阈值函数的SNR达24.02,大幅超越硬阈值函数与软阈值函数;其RMSE仅为0.09,远低于另外两种算法。从指标特性来看,SNR数值越高,意味着信号中有效成分占比越大,噪声抑制效果更优;RMSE数值越小,则表明降噪后信号与原始信号的偏差越小,信号重构精度越高。由此可见,改进阈值函数通过自适应阈值策略,在有效抑制噪声的同时,最大程度保留了原始信号的关键特征,避免了传统阈值函数因阈值不连续或幅值过度削弱导致的信息丢失问题,实现了噪声去除与信号保真的高效平衡。
在睡眠信号采集过程中,由于呼吸引发的身体运动幅度显著大于心跳,导致心跳信号易被呼吸信号掩盖。尽管如此,成年人正常睡眠时,呼吸频率一般为8~25 bpm (0.133~0.417),心率为40~100 bpm (0.833~1.670 Hz),二者频带无重叠。基于此特性,本研究采用二阶巴特沃斯带通滤波器对降噪后的混合信号进行时域分离,随后通过FFT进行频谱分析,获取呼吸率与心率。
分离结果如图9所示。其中,图9(a)的呼吸信号呈现明显周期性,波峰特征清晰可辨;图9(b)的心跳信号则因心脏收缩与舒张过程中的力学特性,表现出规律的微弱振动变化。经频域分析,图9(c)的呼吸信号频谱显示呼吸率为0.33 Hz (约20 bpm),图9(d)的心跳信号频谱显示心率为0.97 Hz (约58 bpm)。测试结果表明,该方法可有效实现呼吸与心跳信息的分离与检测,且测得的呼吸率和心率均处于正常生理范围。
对比E-HA03心电仪的同步测量数据(呼吸率19 bpm、心率61 bpm),本系统的呼吸率偏差为1 bpm,心率误差为3 bpm。参照文献[2]提出的误差要求,上述偏差与误差均在正常允许范围内。这验证了本文所设计系统及信号处理方法的可行性,为居家健康监测提供了一种更经济便捷的技术方案。
由于人体翻身动作会对监测垫产生不同方向与力度的应力,会导致两个FBG的波长发生显著改变。为判断睡眠左翻、右翻及其次数等体动状态,本研究在受试者躺下后,持续采集FBG1和FBG2的波长数据$ {\lambda _1}({t_{{i}}}) $、$ {\lambda _2}({t_{{i}}}) $。通过定义FBG1和FBG2在第i时刻(其中 t 为时间变量,ti 表示第 i 个采样时刻)相对于初始时刻的波长变化量之差,构建体动状态判定的基础参数$ \Delta {\lambda _1}({t_{{i}}}) $和$ \Delta {\lambda _2}({t_{{i}}}) $为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta \lambda_1\left(t_{{i}}\right)=\lambda_1\left(t_{{i}}\right)-\lambda_1(0) \\\Delta \lambda_2\left(t_{{i}}\right)=\lambda_2\left(t_{{i}}\right)-\lambda_2(0)\end{array}\right.\;. $
各时刻波长值与初始时刻的差值随时间变化曲线如图10所示。曲线显示,受试者躺下后,监测垫受人体体温影响,两根FBG波长呈稳步上升趋势,随着监测垫与人体达到热平衡,波长变化逐渐趋于稳定。值得关注的是,在493 s、530 s、568 s、597 s、791 s、820 s等时间点,FBG1与FBG2的波长出现显著的阶跃式漂移。该突变特征与人体翻身动作引发的应力改变高度相关。在翻身时,身体对监测垫的挤压方向和力度瞬间变化,导致FBG感知的应变发生突变,进而引起波长的阶跃式波动。由此可提示,上述时间点理论上对应受试者的翻身动作,为睡眠体动状态的量化分析提供了直观依据,但具体翻身状态(如左翻、右翻)仍需进一步判断。
为进一步量化实验结果、判断翻身状态,通过计算FBG1与FBG2的波长差值,并绘制其随时间的关系曲线如图11所示。相较于单一波长变化,双波长差能够有效消除温度漂移的干扰,放大翻身动作引起的应变差异。从图11可见,在受试者发生翻身动作的对应时间点,双波长差出现显著峰值,其波动幅度远超静态时的基线水平。基于此,通过统计分析平躺、左翻与右翻状态下的波长差数据分布设定左翻与右翻阈值,结合翻身阈值上升沿或下降沿记录翻身次数,从而实现对睡眠体动状态的客观、量化评估。进一步地,将FBG1和FBG2的波长变化差值除以单位时间,结合实验数据的统计学特征,推导出如式(10)所示的翻身状态判定阈值公式。
$ { threshold }=\frac{\Delta \lambda_{1-2}}{\Delta t} k'=\frac{\Delta \lambda_1\left(t_{{i}}\right)-\Delta \lambda_2\left(t_{{i}}\right)}{\Delta t} k'\;, $
式中:$ \Delta {\lambda _{1 - 2}} $为FBG1与FBG2的波长变化差值;$ \Delta t $为时间间隔;系数$k' $则基于多组实验数据的置信区间分析确定。
结合式(10)与图11可知,系统中对称布设的双FBG传感器通过感知受力状态与波长变化的关联,可实现对体动状态的判断,具体机制为当人体处于平躺状态时,身体重量均匀作用于监测垫,FBG1与FBG2承受相近压力,轴向应变差异较小,双波长差维持在基线附近的稳定范围,对应静态躺卧特征;当发生右翻动作时,身体重心右移使FBG1受压增强、压应变增大,反射波长显著蓝移,FBG2受力减小并回弹,反射波长向初始值红移,若取系数k'=1,右翻阈值为−2.4 nm,则符合双波长差≤−2.4 nm,且满足阈值下降沿触发的条件有3次;当发生左翻动作时,身体重心左移使FBG2受压增强、反射波长显著蓝移,FBG1受力减小并回弹、反射波长红移,左翻阈值取2.8 nm,则符合双波长差≥2.8 nm,且满足阈值上升沿触发的条件有3次。
基于上述判定机制,睡眠过程中共监测到3次左翻与3次右翻,且每次翻身后的躺卧状态均呈现较为稳定的波长特征。这一结果验证了基于双 FBG 波长差分析方法的有效性,实现了对翻身方向及后续躺卧状态的监测。该方法为睡眠体动状态的量化研究提供了可靠的物理依据。
本文搭建了一种嵌入宏弯结构单模光纤和双FBG传感网络的多模态柔性垫睡眠监测系统,通过硬件设计与算法优化,实现了多生理信号的高效采集与处理。经实验研究光纤弯曲半径对宏弯损耗的影响,优选参数并采用双排半环形宏弯光纤布设,搭建起高灵敏度的呼吸和心跳信号采集系统。利用改进的小波阈值降噪算法引入指数调节参数α和β,构建了连续可导的阈值函数,经带通滤波和快速傅里叶变换处理后,系统实现了呼吸与心跳信号的分离与提取。与传统硬阈值和软阈值方法相比,SNR提升至24.02 dB,RMSE降低至0.09。构建了对称布设的双FBG体动感知网络,利用波长差变化率阈值判定算法,实现了翻身次数与状态的准确识别。该全光纤传感柔性垫监测系统有效采集并分离出心跳、呼吸频率和翻身信号,可为人体睡眠过程中呼吸、心跳和体动等参数的非侵入、实时监测提供一种有效的方法。

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2026年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250184
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
  • 修回日期:2025-09-01
  • 录用日期:2025-09-03
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    1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
    2江西水利电力大学机械工程学院,江西 南昌 330099
    3南昌职业大学,江西 南昌 330500

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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