Article(id=1319955389811118659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, issueId=1319955241370502145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12086/oee.2026.250184, pmid=null, cstr=32245.14.oee.2026.250184, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=1756656000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-01, acceptedDate=1756828800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-03, onlineDate=1792631488516, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792631488516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792631488516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792631488516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319955241370502145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='250064', pageEnd='1', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792631453125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792631453125, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250184, endPage=1, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319955390050193988, articleId=1319955389811118659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=EN, title=Design of all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system, columnId=1279511634116841602, journalTitle=Opto-Electronic Engineering, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Sleep monitoring is critical for early disease warning and personalized health management as respiratory rate, heart rate and body movement during sleep directly reflect physiological and pathological states. Traditional monitoring methods, such as electrocardiographs (ECGs) and polysomnographs (PSGs), are invasive, requiring electrode patches to be attached to the human body. Despite their high precision, they are poor in comfort, and tend to disrupt natural sleep. In contrast, non-invasive optical fiber sensors possess advantages including small size, electromagnetic interference (EMI) resistance, and high sensitivity, which enable them to perceive physical quantities such as vibration and pressure via wavelength or light intensity modulation, thus exhibiting significant potential in sleep monitoring. Nevertheless, noise interference persists during the processes of photoelectric conversion and signal acquisition, which impairs the detection accuracy of respiratory and cardiac signals. Existing denoising algorithms like wavelet soft thresholding have constant amplitude deviations, and offline-dependent models fail to meet real-time needs. This study aims to develop an all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system for non-invasive, high-precision and real-time detection of sleep respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state, providing a reliable technical solution for home sleep health monitoring.
Methods A sleep monitoring system based on an all-fiber multi-modal sensing network was constructed. A 40 cm×30 cm sandwich structured flexible monitoring pad was fabricated, embedded with macrobend 1060XP single-mode fiber and dual fiber Bragg gratings. The macrobend fiber was optimized to a 20 mm bending radius with nine loops through experiments, arranged in two rows of semi-circular curves, embedded in a latex pad's middle layer with silicone sheet covers to enhance cardiopulmonary vibration sensitivity and structural durability. Dual FBGs with initial wavelengths of 1548.625 nm and 1548.473 nm are symmetrically spaced 20 cm apart, bonded to a rigid PVC substrate using epoxy AB glue and fixed on the pad to offset temperature drift and capture turnover-induced strain. For signal processing, an improved threshold λ was proposed to achieve adaptive thresholding across different decomposition layers, considering the impacts of decomposition levels j and high-frequency wavelet coefficients cdn on threshold selection. Compensation term decay rate parameter α and exponential term growth rate β were introduced to optimize the threshold function. These two parameters dynamically regulate the output value of the threshold function when λ is applied, ensuring continuous and differentiable processing of cardiopulmonary signals while balancing noise suppression and weak signal preservation. Subsequently, second-order Butterworth band-pass filters are configured for respiratory and heartbeat signals, with the respiratory band 0.133–0.417 Hz and the heartbeat band 0.833–1.67 Hz to separate mixed signals, and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to extract characteristic frequencies. After that, a body movement determination threshold was constructed based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs to distinguish left and right turns and count turn events. Experimental validation was conducted in a constant-temperature laboratory with a 61 kg subject lying supine on the monitoring pad and E-HA03 commercial electrocardiograph data was served as reference.
Results and Discussions Practical tests showed the improved denoising algorithm achieved a signal-to-noise ratio of 24.02 dB and a root mean square error of 0.09, outperforming traditional hard threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 14.32 dB and root mean square error of 0.27 as well as soft threshold method with signal-to-noise ratio of 7.12 dB and root mean square error of 0.62. Respiratory spectrum peaked at 0.33 Hz corresponding to 20 breaths per minute, heartbeat at 0.97 Hz, corresponding to 58 beats per minute. Compared with E-HA03 data 19 breaths per minute and 61 beats per minute, Respiratory rate error was 1 breath per minute and heart rate error was 3 bpm, meeting clinical home monitoring requirements. A turnover determination model was established based on the wavelength difference change rate of dual FBGs, where the left turnover threshold was set to ≥2.8 nm and the right turnover threshold to ≤−2.4 nm for distinguishing turnover directions and counting events. During the test, three left and three right turnovers were detected at 493, 530, 568, 597, 791, and 820 s, with no false or missed detections despite minor limb movements. The dual FBG design effectively offset temperature drift, with approximately stable wavelength baselines after thermal equilibrium. These results confirm the algorithm's robustness and reliability in sleep scenarios.
Conclusions The non-invasive flexible pad ensured user comfort without disrupting sleep, and three key advancements are achieved: 1) the integration of macrobend fibers (optimized for bending radius and layout) and symmetrically arranged dual FBGs breaks the constraints of single-sensor systems, where the fibers capture subtle cardiopulmonary vibrations and the FBGs realize precise body-turnover detection to enable synchronous multimodal sensing of cardiopulmonary signals and body-turnover states. 2) The dual-parameter adaptive wavelet threshold denoising algorithm balances noise suppression and weak signal preservation, successfully capturing faint heartbeat signals that are easily masked by respiratory signals. 3) Symmetric dual FBGs combined with wavelength difference analysis offset temperature drift, enhancing the system's stability in complex home environments. The all-fiber multimodal sleep monitoring system achieves high-precision non-invasive monitoring of respiratory rate, heart rate and turnover state. Its relatively excellent denoising performance, efficient signal separation and accurate turnover recognition provide a new technical approach for home sleep health monitoring, with broad application prospects in elderly care and personalized health management. Future work will optimize sensor array density to distinguish more turnover-related movements such as limb movements and expand clinical trials to diverse populations to enhance generalizability.
, authors=Mengdong Tang
1, 2, Yingpeng Cha
1, 2, Jianjun Cai
3, Zhipeng Gong
1, 2, Xingling Peng
1, 2, authorsList=Mengdong Tang, Yingpeng Cha, Jianjun Cai, Zhipeng Gong, Xingling Peng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingling Peng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Opto-Electronic Engineering. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319955406978405053, articleId=1319955389811118659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, language=CN, title=全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统设计, columnId=1319955120360636489, journalTitle=光电工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对传统睡眠监测中存在的环境噪声干扰、心跳与呼吸信号分离困难、体动量化不准确等问题,构建了一种全光纤多模态睡眠监测系统。设计了嵌入宏弯单模光纤和双光纤布拉格光栅(fiber Bragg grating, FBG)的柔性监测垫,利用光纤宏弯损耗效应提升心跳感知灵敏度,通过对称式双FBG捕捉体动信号。提出了改进小波阈值函数的降噪算法,引入参数α和β动态调节小波阈值,实现了心肺信号连续可导处理,使系统信噪比达24.02 dB,均方根误差降至0.09。结合带通滤波器与快速傅里叶变换,有效分离出呼吸与心跳信号。基于双FBG波长差变化率构建体动状态判定阈值,实现了翻身次数与状态的准确识别。该系统可实现非侵入式睡眠呼吸率、心率与体动状态的实时监测,为睡眠生理参数监测提供新途径。
, authors=汤梦东
1, 2, 茶映鹏
1, 2, 蔡建军
3, 龚志鹏
1, 2, 彭星玲
1, 2, *, *, authorsList=汤梦东, 茶映鹏, 蔡建军, 龚志鹏, 彭星玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭星玲, authorNote=
作者贡献
汤梦东:研究资料的收集、分析,论文初稿写作;茶映鹏:基金项目资金支持、实验指导;蔡建军:协助进行数据分析;龚志鹏:协助采集实验数据;彭星玲:指导论文选题、论文修改。
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1Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Precision Drive and Equipment, Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
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1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
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汤梦东(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术。E-mail:2663516935@qq.com2663516935@qq.com
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汤梦东(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光电智能感知技术。E-mail:2663516935@qq.com2663516935@qq.com
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1Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Precision Drive and Equipment, Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
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1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
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3Nanchang Vocational University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330500, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319955408387691223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, authorId=1319955408186364628, language=CN, stringName=蔡建军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3南昌职业大学,江西 南昌 330500, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955407397835460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955407402029765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, companyId=1319955407397835460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Precision Drive and Equipment, Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
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1, 2, address=
1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
2江西水利电力大学机械工程学院,江西 南昌 330099, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319955407179731646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955407188120255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, companyId=1319955407179731646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319955407301366465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319955407309755074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, companyId=1319955407301366465, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1江西水利电力大学精密驱动与装备江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330099
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信号采集系统框图, figureFileSmall=7sR/iHPz4JEh4aZkiJPJ+g==, figureFileBig=UlFbh72SBOJ2GNI1bnFakA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955411881546480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram of optical fiber macrobending loss experimental device, figureFileSmall=eA4SvEzPSGp0iquxCOWdAw==, figureFileBig=+McNgBEUve8fuXjueifvCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955411973821169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
光纤宏弯损耗实验装置示意图, figureFileSmall=eA4SvEzPSGp0iquxCOWdAw==, figureFileBig=+McNgBEUve8fuXjueifvCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412045124338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Relationship between macrobending loss and bending radius of optical fiber, figureFileSmall=cJ9uYMuziJ5G7ws2ZnPRpQ==, figureFileBig=NVYnWq2ECP7dCNYspzWHPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412116427507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
光纤宏弯损耗随弯曲半径变化关系, figureFileSmall=cJ9uYMuziJ5G7ws2ZnPRpQ==, figureFileBig=NVYnWq2ECP7dCNYspzWHPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412191924980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Schematic diagram of the optical fiber monitoring pad, figureFileSmall=ql9ctCpbrpZ54aGpgFgRjw==, figureFileBig=BFHRp7BqUujF5pvC2QkE/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412263228149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
光纤监测垫示意图, figureFileSmall=ql9ctCpbrpZ54aGpgFgRjw==, figureFileBig=BFHRp7BqUujF5pvC2QkE/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412342919926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
The effect of parameters on the output value, figureFileSmall=A6fQiM5j3/8lvwqHnZBGRQ==, figureFileBig=AzKKz+RNKVsJW4vYiA63vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412410028791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
参数对阈值函数输出值影响, figureFileSmall=A6fQiM5j3/8lvwqHnZBGRQ==, figureFileBig=AzKKz+RNKVsJW4vYiA63vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412493914872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Comparison of different threshold functions, figureFileSmall=LUsAy3bcee+NPBs1qvLxAA==, figureFileBig=sdbyB2NRH1309DpkCnjPUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412561023737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同阈值函数对比, figureFileSmall=LUsAy3bcee+NPBs1qvLxAA==, figureFileBig=sdbyB2NRH1309DpkCnjPUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412628132602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Diagram of the physical test of the system, figureFileSmall=10kVHfbo1goGfwy/6LHF/A==, figureFileBig=aKCTSqU2QU2qFJZKBrS98g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412695241467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
系统测试实物图, figureFileSmall=10kVHfbo1goGfwy/6LHF/A==, figureFileBig=aKCTSqU2QU2qFJZKBrS98g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412753961724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of noise reduction of the original signal. (a) The original signal diagram; (b) Improved threshold function noise reduction effect diagram; (c) Noise reduction effect diagram of hard threshold function; (d) Noise reduction effect diagram of soft threshold function, figureFileSmall=3B8XysB0YxU7GgsGkEJjyw==, figureFileBig=a0bIsIfuOVUXOOIMAKV1qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412837847805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
原始信号降噪对比。(a)原始信号图;(b)改进阈值函数降噪效果图;(c)硬阈值函数降噪效果图;(d)软阈值函数降噪效果图, figureFileSmall=3B8XysB0YxU7GgsGkEJjyw==, figureFileBig=a0bIsIfuOVUXOOIMAKV1qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412913345278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Breathing and heartbeat extraction. (a) Respiratory signals; (b) Heartbeat signals; (c) Respiratory signal spectrogram; (d) Spectrogram of the heartbeat signal, figureFileSmall=QRwgp+z1C4dimD5bddgjVw==, figureFileBig=u/izfU5zQQjkiZIBz8k9SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955412988842751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
呼吸与心跳提取。(a)呼吸信号;(b)心跳信号;(c)呼吸信号频谱图;(d)心跳信号频谱图, figureFileSmall=QRwgp+z1C4dimD5bddgjVw==, figureFileBig=u/izfU5zQQjkiZIBz8k9SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955413060145920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Relationship between wavelength of FBG and time, figureFileSmall=Zx96FsbKpdrjaKvFfQ+9+A==, figureFileBig=EFoEfCYa44nIa1gxSRPInA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955413173392129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
FBG波长随时间变化的关系图, figureFileSmall=Zx96FsbKpdrjaKvFfQ+9+A==, figureFileBig=EFoEfCYa44nIa1gxSRPInA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955413311804162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Effect diagram of in-bed status monitoring, figureFileSmall=Le84+b29FQaP40yKRJ9KLA==, figureFileBig=M7eLitXIxjaTEHsd6Pzvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955413425050371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
在床状态监测效果图, figureFileSmall=Le84+b29FQaP40yKRJ9KLA==, figureFileBig=M7eLitXIxjaTEHsd6Pzvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955413538296580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Evaluation metrics for denoising with different threshold functions
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Evaluation index | SNR/dB | RMSE |
|---|
| Hard threshold function | 14.32 | 0.27 |
| Soft threshold function | 7.12 | 0.62 |
| Ours | 24.02 | 0.09 |
), ArticleFig(id=1319955413622182661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955389811118659, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同阈值函数降噪评价指标
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Evaluation index | SNR/dB | RMSE |
|---|
| Hard threshold function | 14.32 | 0.27 |
| Soft threshold function | 7.12 | 0.62 |
| Ours | 24.02 | 0.09 |
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