Article(id=1312006408997003323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=1731859200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736303805, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736303805, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736303805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736303805, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=790, endPage=798, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006409215107132, articleId=1312006408997003323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Optimization of Tractor HMCVT Parameters Based on Whole Life Speed Usage Rate, columnId=1312006402403566542, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Vehicle and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The design parameters of the transmission directly affect the dynamics and fuel economy of the vehicle, due to the complexity of the tractor's working conditions and a variety of operating modes, so in the optimization of the design parameters of the tractor transmission cannot be directly borrowed from the automobile based on the optimization of the standard cycle of working conditions. An independently designed hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) was taken as the research object, and a transmission design parameter optimization method based on the whole life cycle speed usage rate of the tractor was proposed, and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used for optimization and solution. Fuel consumption rate and climbing ability were used as the optimization objective functions, and parameters significantly affecting the optimization objectives were selected as design variables. Constraints were determined, and a multi-objective optimization model for the transmission device was established by using modeFrontier, combining MOGA based on Pareto optimal principles and experimental design, to perform a global search for optimization, resulting in Pareto optimal solutions. The research results obtained the optimal solutions under the constraints, reflecting the contradictory characteristics between dynamic performance and fuel economy. The design variables of the Pareto optimal solutions obtained through optimization iterations well met the matching requirements of the transmission device.

, authors=Zhen ZHU1, 2, Rui HOU1, Hongwei ZHANG2, Ji YANG1, Dehai WANG2, Long CHEN1, authorsList=Zhen ZHU, Rui HOU, Hongwei ZHANG, Ji YANG, Dehai WANG, Long CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006417830207630, articleId=1312006408997003323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于全生命周期速度使用率的拖拉机HMCVT参数优化, columnId=1312006403162735568, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=车辆与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

变速器设计参数直接影响车辆的动力性和燃油经济性,由于拖拉机工况复杂且工作模式多样,因此在优化拖拉机变速器设计参数时无法直接借鉴汽车基于标准循环工况的优化方法。本文以一款自主设计的液压机械无级变速传动装置为研究对象,提出了一种基于拖拉机全生命周期速度使用率的变速器设计参数优化方法,并采用多目标遗传算法进行优化求解。以燃油消耗率和爬坡度为优化目标函数,选择对优化目标有较大影响的参数作为设计变量,并确定约束条件。采用基于Pareto最优原理的多目标遗传算法结合实验设计,基于modeFrontier建立传动装置的多目标优化模型,进行全局搜索寻优,最终得到Pareto最优解。结果表明,动力性和燃油经济性之间相互矛盾,分别求得对目标函数影响较大的设计参数。通过基于全生命周期速度使用率的优化迭代得到Pareto最优解的设计变量很好地满足了传动装置的匹配要求。

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朱镇(1985—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事变速器理论与设计研究,E-mail:

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陈龙(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆动态性能模拟与控制研究,E-mail:
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1. 制动器B 2. 前行星齿轮排 3. 第1离合器C1 4. 后行星齿轮排 5. 第2离合器C2 6. 第5定轴齿轮副 7. 第6定轴齿轮副 8. 第7定轴齿轮副 9. 第3离合器C3 10. 液压系统元件 11. 第4离合器C4 12. 第5离合器C5

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HMCVT actuator status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡位执行元件状态
C1C2C3C4C5B
F(H)
F(M)
F(HMs)
F(HMv)
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HMCVT执行元件状态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡位执行元件状态
C1C2C3C4C5B
F(H)
F(M)
F(HMs)
F(HMv)
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HMCVT gears corresponding to working conditions and vehicle speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡位工况车速/(km·h-1)
液压挡起步0~7
机械挡道路运输18~40
液压机械挡(分速汇矩)轻载作业8~20
液压机械挡(分矩汇速)重载作业4~12
), ArticleFig(id=1312006425203794129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006408997003323, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HMCVT各挡位对应工况及车速

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡位工况车速/(km·h-1)
液压挡起步0~7
机械挡道路运输18~40
液压机械挡(分速汇矩)轻载作业8~20
液压机械挡(分矩汇速)重载作业4~12
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基于全生命周期速度使用率的拖拉机HMCVT参数优化
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朱镇 1, 2 , 后睿 1 , 张宏伟 2 , 杨吉 1 , 王德海 2 , 陈龙 1
农业机械学报 | 车辆与动力工程 2025,56(12): 790-798
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农业机械学报 |车辆与动力工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 790 -798
基于全生命周期速度使用率的拖拉机HMCVT参数优化
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朱镇1, 2 , 后睿1, 张宏伟2, 杨吉1, 王德海2, 陈龙1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
  • 2.特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室,包头 014030
通讯作者:
陈龙(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆动态性能模拟与控制研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

朱镇(1985—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事变速器理论与设计研究,E-mail:

Optimization of Tractor HMCVT Parameters Based on Whole Life Speed Usage Rate
Zhen ZHU1, 2 , Rui HOU1, Hongwei ZHANG2, Ji YANG1, Dehai WANG2, Long CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Special Vehicle Design and Manufacturing Integration Technology, Baotou 014030, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.073
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变速器设计参数直接影响车辆的动力性和燃油经济性,由于拖拉机工况复杂且工作模式多样,因此在优化拖拉机变速器设计参数时无法直接借鉴汽车基于标准循环工况的优化方法。本文以一款自主设计的液压机械无级变速传动装置为研究对象,提出了一种基于拖拉机全生命周期速度使用率的变速器设计参数优化方法,并采用多目标遗传算法进行优化求解。以燃油消耗率和爬坡度为优化目标函数,选择对优化目标有较大影响的参数作为设计变量,并确定约束条件。采用基于Pareto最优原理的多目标遗传算法结合实验设计,基于modeFrontier建立传动装置的多目标优化模型,进行全局搜索寻优,最终得到Pareto最优解。结果表明,动力性和燃油经济性之间相互矛盾,分别求得对目标函数影响较大的设计参数。通过基于全生命周期速度使用率的优化迭代得到Pareto最优解的设计变量很好地满足了传动装置的匹配要求。

液压机械无级变速传动装置  /  Pareto最优解  /  多目标遗传算法  /  拖拉机

The design parameters of the transmission directly affect the dynamics and fuel economy of the vehicle, due to the complexity of the tractor's working conditions and a variety of operating modes, so in the optimization of the design parameters of the tractor transmission cannot be directly borrowed from the automobile based on the optimization of the standard cycle of working conditions. An independently designed hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) was taken as the research object, and a transmission design parameter optimization method based on the whole life cycle speed usage rate of the tractor was proposed, and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used for optimization and solution. Fuel consumption rate and climbing ability were used as the optimization objective functions, and parameters significantly affecting the optimization objectives were selected as design variables. Constraints were determined, and a multi-objective optimization model for the transmission device was established by using modeFrontier, combining MOGA based on Pareto optimal principles and experimental design, to perform a global search for optimization, resulting in Pareto optimal solutions. The research results obtained the optimal solutions under the constraints, reflecting the contradictory characteristics between dynamic performance and fuel economy. The design variables of the Pareto optimal solutions obtained through optimization iterations well met the matching requirements of the transmission device.

hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission  /  Pareto optimal solution  /  multi-objective genetic algorithm  /  tractor
朱镇, 后睿, 张宏伟, 杨吉, 王德海, 陈龙. 基于全生命周期速度使用率的拖拉机HMCVT参数优化. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 790 -798 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.073
Zhen ZHU, Rui HOU, Hongwei ZHANG, Ji YANG, Dehai WANG, Long CHEN. Optimization of Tractor HMCVT Parameters Based on Whole Life Speed Usage Rate[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 790 -798 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.073
节能减排已成为当今世界的主题,传统的大功率拖拉机燃油经济性差,排放高,引入混合动力技术和机液复合传动技术是大功率拖拉机实现节能降耗的理想方案[1-3]。传动装置作为大功率拖拉机的重要部件,其设计参数选择直接影响拖拉机动力性和燃油经济性。传统的大功率拖拉机通常配备机械式有级变速器,作业工况的外部负载变化频繁,在该情况下,无级变速器可以有效解决该问题[4]。
液压变速器是最常见的无级变速器,为克服上述缺点,与机械传动部件结合构成液压机械无级变速器(Hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission,HMCVT)。该变速器具有液压传动、机械传动和机液复合传动3种传动方式,其中机液复合传动综合了机械传动的高效变速和液压传动的无级变速,具有高效传动、无级变速和传递功率大等优点,能够与动力源进行匹配并达到良好的输出特性[5-6]。拖拉机工况复杂,作业环境复杂多变且具有多种作业模式,因此拖拉机需要在宽范围的行驶速度内工作[7-8]。为了满足这一需求,所装备的变速器通常配备多个行星齿轮[9]。设计适用于这种复杂工况的HMCVT并确定其设计参数是一个重要研究领域。
国内外研究者对变速器结构设计与参数优化进行了广泛研究。ZHU等[7]提出了一种用于拖拉机的机电液动力系统(MEH-PS),该系统由混合动力系统和液压机械复合传动系统组成,并根据拖拉机具体工作要求进行动力源和传动部件选型。XIA等[10]提出了一种用于拖拉机的新型功率循环液压机械无级变速器,研究了各种结构参数对变速器性能的影响,提出了性能评价指标并建立了多目标优化模型,采用NSGA-Ⅱ多目标遗传算法对变速器进行优化,从而提升了拖拉机整体性能。MOROZOV等[11]开发并优化了一种用于电动送货车的两速变速器,将齿轮比作为设计变量,以车辆加速到100 km/h所需时间和循环条件下的能耗作为优化目标函数,采用遗传算法求得了变速器速比的Pareto解集。WAN等[12]通过功率循环理论讨论了用于装载机的输入耦合式液压机械传动装置的结构形式和参数匹配对传动系统效率的影响,得出液压传动机构在中压和大排量比时处于高效运行区段的结论,探讨了提高液压机械传动装置效率的可行措施。HE等[13]为优化纯电动物流车在新欧洲驾驶循环(NEDC)工况下的能耗,设计双速变速器齿轮比来取代固定齿轮比,并开发与电动马达兼容的新换挡时间表,降低车辆耗电量。WALKER等[14]利用遗传算法优化了双速变速箱的传动比,将城市测功机驾驶计划(UDDS)和高速公路燃油经济性驾驶计划(HWFET)驾驶周期中消耗的能量之和作为目标函数值,以提高优化结果的稳健性。
上述研究表明,关于车辆传动装置的优化策略,大多数研究均基于典型的驾驶循环工况。然而,由于拖拉机的使用工况复杂且在不同工况下负载差异显著,难以建立能够真实反映拖拉机实际运行状况的标准循环工况。因此,在对拖拉机传动装置进行优化时,不能简单地借鉴汽车基于标准循环工况的优化方法,而应针对拖拉机的特殊使用条件进行专门的优化设计。
本文提出一种基于拖拉机全生命周期行驶速度使用率的HMCVT设计参数优化方法。以装备HMCVT的轻度混合动力拖拉机为研究对象,基于多目标遗传算法对HMCVT的设计参数进行优化匹配。
用于混合动力拖拉机的液压机械无级变速器(HMCVT)如图1所示,主要由分汇流机构、液压传动机构以及若干离合器和制动器组成,变速器工作时发动机功率经分流机构分为两路,一路直接流入机械变速机构,另一路经齿轮副流入由泵-马达组成的液压变速机构,两路动力通过汇流机构耦合输出。
通过接合不同离合器、制动器,该变速器可以实现机械传动、液压传动和液压机械传动多种传动方式,该变速器不同挡位结合方式如表1所示,得到液压挡F(H)、机械挡F(M)及液压机械挡,液压机械挡又分为分矩汇速式F(HMv)和分速汇矩式F(HMs),其中液压机械传动挡位可以根据行星排输入输出端位置的不同分为分速汇矩式和分矩汇速式,分矩汇速式液压机械挡对于功率要求较大的场合具有优秀的工作性能,分速汇矩式液压机械挡则在功率要求较小的场合发挥更加出色[15]。
变速器速比i为输出轴转速nout和输入轴转速nin之比,表示为
根据图1可得
式中
      nc1——前行星排行星架转速,r/min
      nr1——前行星排齿圈转速,r/min
      ns2——后行星排太阳轮转速,r/min
      nr2——后行星排齿圈转速,r/min
      nP——泵转速,r/min
      nM——马达转速,r/min
      e——液压系统排量比
      i5——第5定轴齿轮副传动比
      i6——第6定轴齿轮副传动比
      i7——第7定轴齿轮副传动比
根据行星齿轮机构运动学特性,太阳轮齿圈和行星架之间的转速关系可表示为
式中
      k——行星齿轮机构特性参数
      ns——太阳轮转速,r/min
      nr——齿圈转速,r/min
      nc——行星架转速,r/min
当C1、C3和C5接合时,发动机输出动力仅通过液压系统传递,根据式(1)、(2)可得液压挡速比igH为
当C1和C2接合时,前后行星排固联为一体,发动机将动力直接输出至输出端,通过式(1)、(2)可得机械挡速比igM为
当C2、C3和C4接合时,前行星排充当分流机构,后行星排固联为一体,相当于起到定轴齿轮副的作用,实现分速汇矩式传动。发动机输出动力分为液压和机械两路传递,耦合后直接由变速器输出端输出。通过式(1)、(3)可得机液复合传动分速汇矩挡速比igHMs为
式中
      k1——前行星齿轮特性参数
当C1、C3和C4接合时,前行星排固联为一体,充当分流机构,后行星排作为汇流机构,实现分矩汇速式传动。发动机输出动力分为液压和机械两路传递,通过后行星排耦合后直接由变速器输出端输出。通过式(1)、(3)可得机液复合传动分矩汇速挡速比为
式中
      k2——后行星齿轮特性参数
变速器传动比ig可表示为
式中
      ne——发动机转速,r/min
      rq——轮胎滚动半径,取0.4 m
      ua——车速,km/h
      iz——主减速器传动比,取22.4
拖拉机动力系统作为传动系统的动力源,直接影响整车动力性和燃油经济性,在对传动系统进行优化前需先对动力系统进行选型匹配。
牵引特性反映拖拉机驱动性能,主要通过额定牵引力和牵引功率进行评价。额定牵引力取决于作业时的牵引阻力。牵引阻力不应超过额定牵引力,否则会导致运行速度下降,影响生产效率[16];同时,过高的滑移率不仅降低牵引效率,还会破坏土壤结构。在运行时拖拉机牵引平衡方程为
式中
      FD——拖拉机驱动力,N
      FR——行驶阻力,N
      FT——牵引阻力,N
由于耕地作业是最常见、载荷最大的拖拉机作业工况,因此额定牵引力计算应优先考虑耕地作业的动力需求[17]。
犁耕作业牵引阻力方程为
式中
      Z——犁数量
      b——单个犁宽度,cm
      h——耕作深度,cm
      ko——土壤比阻,N/cm2
选择1LYF-550型犁,根据选取的农具模型,取Z=5、b=50 cm、h=35 cm、ko=7 N/cm2。计算得牵引阻力FT=61.25 kN。
考虑到犁耕作业时的负载波动,因此额定牵引力一般比牵引阻力大10%~20%,额定牵引力可表示为
计算得,FTN=1.2FT=73.5 kN。
额定牵引功率Pd定义为
式中
      v1——基本作业挡车速,km/h
      ηt——牵引效率
      β——功率储备系数
v1取犁耕作业下的平均车速7 km/h,ηt取0.68,β取1.2,计算得到系统总功率需求为Pd≥177 kW。
在混合动力拖拉机传动系统设计过程中,发动机和电机作为传动系统动力源,直接决定了整车动力性和燃油经济性,因此首先对发动机和电机进行选型。
动力系统选型需先确定其混合度(Degree of hybridization,DOH),混合度为电机功率与系统总功率比值,表示为[18]
式中
      PTe——发动机额定功率,kW
      PTm——电机额定功率,kW
设混合度为25%。
根据计算得到的系统总功率和混合度,计算得发动机额定功率为132 kW,基于此,选取WP6.180E40型柴油机[19]。
本文研究的混合动力拖拉机为单电机,结合系统总功率和混合度,初步确定电机额定功率。此外在对电机选型过程中,还需考虑拖拉机复杂的作业环境,因此选取TZ205XS85K01型电机[20]。
蓄电池在混合动力拖拉机动力系统中负责供能和储能,其选型直接关乎电机工作性能,选择QNFG45型电池[21]。
选取泵和马达的最大排量相同,泵和马达选型需与动力源适配,变量泵最大功率PPmax和发动机额定功率间需满足关系
式中
      QPmax——泵最大流量,L/min
      pPmax——泵最大压力,MPa
      ηP——泵效率
      Pemax——发动机最大功率,kW
经计算,SAUER-055系列变量泵和定量马达符合要求[22]。
基于拖拉机全生命周期速度使用率对HMCVT设计参数开展多目标优化。利用Resch统计的数据得到拖拉机全生命周期速度使用率统计直方图,如图2所示[23]。从图2可以看出,4~15 km/h之间的速度使用率相对较高。拖拉机在该速度区间通常为作业工况,其他区间的车速通常用于起步和公路运输。
结合国内不同工况对速度的要求和本文所提出的HMCVT各挡位所对应工况,其对应挡位和速度如表2所示,结合图2可以看出重载作业工况对应速度使用率较高。本研究将以此为依据开展多目标优化。
液压机械无级变速传动装置设计参数较多,若同时对所有参数进行优化,会比较困难,因此需选择合适的参数进行优化设计。
决定传动比的定轴齿轮传动比和行星齿轮特性参数对整车动力性和经济性有较大影响。不同变速器速比对应下所对应的发动机转速转矩及液压机构排量比对整车性能具有较大影响。根据1.2节,优化设计变量包括定轴齿轮副1、4、5、6、7传动比i1、i4、i5、i6、i7;前后行星齿轮特性参数k1、k2;液压机构排量比e;发动机转速、转矩ne、Te。因此,本文选择的设计变量为
HMCVT参数优化设计旨在开发最佳驱动能力,并提高拖拉机燃油经济性能。本文设计的混合动力拖拉机不依赖外部电源供电,在作业工况下,发动机单独驱动时间较长,因此对该驱动方式进行研究更有意义。在起步、作业和运输工况下,应在满足行驶速度的前提下进行动力性与燃油经济性寻优。
因此,以整车动力性和燃油经济性作为双目标函数,由于本文主要研究作业工况,因此选择更适合功率需求较大场景下使用的分矩汇速式液压机械挡进行研究,优化目标为爬坡度和燃油消耗率,前者反映车辆通过性,后者表示车辆瞬态燃油消耗情况。
车辆燃油经济性评价指标包括百公里燃油消耗量和燃油消耗率。由于百公里燃油消耗量更多用于评价车辆在道路行驶中的燃油经济性,因此该指标更适用于汽车,而非在多种工况下工作的拖拉机。
选用燃油消耗率作为经济性评价指标,体现瞬态燃油消耗状况。燃油消耗率ge与发动机转速ne和转矩Te相关,通常以输出单位千瓦时有效功所消耗的燃料质量表示,即发动机输出单位功率消耗的燃油量。
以WP6.180E40型柴油机为研究对象,根据发动机试验数据拟合得到的燃油消耗率可表示为
拖拉机主要工况可分为作业工况和道路运输工况。由于不同作业工况下的阻力载荷不同,作业工况可进一步分为重载作业工况和轻载作业工况。根据载荷模式,设计了以下传动方式:发动机单独驱动时,HMCVT液压传动可实现起步;机械传动用于道路运输工况;分矩汇速式液压机械传动用于重载作业工况;分速汇矩式液压机械传动用于轻载作业工况。考虑到重载作业时速度的高使用率,因此选择分矩汇速式液压机械挡下的动力性评价指标进行优化。动力性评价指标主要包括加速时间、最高车速和爬坡度。由于拖拉机作业环境复杂,在丘陵地带作业时会遇到不同程度的坡地。本文主要研究拖拉机作业工况,因此不仅需要满足基本行驶要求,还需要考虑通过性。在该情况下,爬坡能力成为评价拖拉机动力性的重要指标。选择爬坡度α作为动力性评价指标,爬坡度函数可由车辆驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图和爬坡能力定义推导,计算式为
式中
      Ff——滚动阻力,N
      Fw——空气阻力,N
      G——车辆重力,取81 300 N
拖拉机要正常行驶,在对HMCVT进行设计时,某些参数必须满足一定的约束条件,首先各挡位需要满足一定的速度范围[24]。因此,根据各挡位行驶速度范围设定的优化约束可表示为
式中
      vF(H)——液压挡车速,km/h
      vF(M)——机械挡车速,km/h
      vF(HMv)——液压机械挡(分矩汇速)车速,km/h
      vF(HMs)——液压机械挡(分速汇矩)车速,km/h
车速与传动比关系可表示为
此外,定轴齿轮副传动比和行星齿轮特性参数需满足
在对HMCVT进行设计参数优化时,需使车辆具有足够动力性的同时具备良好的燃油经济性。因此,动力性或燃油经济性较差的方案被认为不符合设计要求,将优化目标中的爬坡度及燃油经济性作为约束也可以提升优化效率,即要求爬坡度大于18°,燃油消耗率小于240 g/(kW·h)。
HMCVT参数优化[25]匹配需在满足各个约束的前提下,对传动装置各主要元件参数进行优化设计,提高动力性的同时减少燃油消耗。这种拥有多个冲突目标的优化问题被称为多目标优化问题,其数学表达式为[26]
式中,X′=(x1,x2,…,xD)为一个D维变量空间的解,F(X′)为目标函数,gj为约束条件。目标函数跨越的空间为目标空间,满足约束条件的目标向量子空间称为可行空间。
当n=1时,多目标优化问题可以简化为单目标优化问题,在该情况下,存在全局最优解。然而在n>1的普遍情况下,全局最优解一般不存在。因为各目标函数相互冲突,但可能存在一组无法计数的解决方案,即所谓的非优势解决方案(对这些解决方案而言,如果不降低一个目标的预期,就无法改进另一个目标),其代表了不同目标之间的折衷或权衡。
为了比较多目标优化问题的候选解决方案,通常使用Pareto域和Pareto最优的概念。
在多目标优化方面,Pareto域用于对决策向量进行比较和排序:在Pareto意义上,决策向量u支配v意味着对于所有目标F(u)都优于F(v),并且F(u)有一个目标函数严格优于F(v)。
一个解决方案a被称为Pareto最优方案,当且仅当不存在另一个方案能支配a,才称该方案为Pareto最优方案。换句话说,一个解决方案不能在不对至少一个其他目标产生不利影响的情况下改善其中一个目标,相应的目标向量被称为Pareto支配向量[27]。
图3描述了一个优化目标之间相互矛盾的多目标优化问题。图中显示目标函数f1的提高需要以目标函数f2降低为代价。其中点A、B为Pareto最优解,点A偏重于优化目标函数f2,点B偏重于优化目标函数f1[28]。
HMCVT设计参数众多,通过简单的试验和计算获得最佳结果具有挑战性。与传统优化方法相比,多目标遗传算法能在大型搜索空间中搜索解决方案,并解决多目标优化问题。
本研究优化过程采用多目标遗传算法,如图4所示,算法流程如下[29]:
(1)确定适应度函数,由动力性和燃油经济性组成双目标函数,以最小值为目标,如式(21)所示。
(2)使用二进制对变量进行编码,随机产生初始种群P(t),并对初始种群进行动力性和燃油经济性双目标适应度进行计算。
(3)对初始化种群进行遗传算法的基础操作:选择、交叉、变异。
(4)由交叉和变异产生新一代的种群并记为P(t+1),并找出种群P(t+1)中比较差个体,将种群P(t)的非劣个体替换种群P(t+1)的比较差个体,返回到步骤(2)。
(5)当世代数超过预先的设定值,迭代终止。
(6)求解最终种群的Pareto最优解集。
本研究提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法的寻优算法,在设定约束条件下,以行驶速度v和传动装置速比ig作为输入变量,优化得到不同变速器速比下所对应的发动机转速和转矩,计算流程如图5所示。
为进行多目标优化,使用modeFrontier(MF)建立优化模型。MF是一款专业优化设计平台,可以对设计方案进行自动评估,且能自动完成“运算-评估-修改参数-再运算”的反复迭代。
采用试验设计(DOE)与多目标遗传算法(MOGA-Ⅱ)组合的方法对多目标遗传算法问题进行全局搜索。MOGA-Ⅱ是一种使用智能多搜索精英算法,采用新的精英算子,可保留了一些优秀的解决方案,而不会导致过早收敛到局部最优前沿[30]。MOGA-Ⅱ算法关键参数设置:初始世代个体数为40,进化代数为30,杂交概率为0.5,选择概率为0.05,变异概率为0.1。建立如图6所示基于modeFrontier的多目标优化模型,最终找到最优解。
通过使用MOGA-Ⅱ算法,运行后生成个体1 200个,其中违反约束条件的个体507个,可行解693个。设计变量经优化后各方案的离散点图如图7所示,
越靠近右下方的方案其燃油消耗率越小且爬坡度越大,因此结果也越理想,因此可得Pareto最优解,其设计变量为X=(2.0,1.6,1.0,1.0,0.357,2.5,4.0,0.83,2 300,425),此时Fmin(X)=(24.52,222.76)。
离散点矩阵图如图8所示,通过图8可得:
(1)动力性:对爬坡度影响较大的e、ne、Te、k1、i1、i5、i6和i7相关系数依次为0.427、0.348、0.108、0.282、0.132、-0.477、-0.241和-0.206;k2和i4的影响较小。
(2)经济性:对燃油经济性影响较大的e、ne、Te、k1、k2、i1、i5和i7相关系数依次为-0.183、-0.105、-0.350、-0.094、0.138、-0.108、0.169和0.180;i4和i6影响较小。
(3)动力性与经济性:爬坡度和燃油经济性之间为负相关,相关系数为-0.127,体现动力性和经济性间此消彼长的特点。
根据以上优化结果,确定相关参数i1=2,i4=1.6,i5=1,i6=1,i7=0.357,k1=2.5,k2=4,绘制得到调速特性曲线如图9所示。由图9可以看出,根据优化结果得到设计变量能够较好地满足传动系统的设计要求[31]。
(1)提出了一种用于混合动力拖拉机的HMCVT,分析了HMCVT的设计参数对整车动力性和燃油经济性的影响并确定其装配方案。
(2)提出了基于拖拉机全生命周期速度使用率的HMCVT设计参数优化方法,采用多目标遗传算法以动力性和燃油经济性为目标函数,求解约束条件下的Pareto最优解。
(3)基于modeFrontier建立优化模型,分别以爬坡度和燃油消耗率作为双目标函数进行全局寻优,显示了车辆动力性和经济性之间相互矛盾的特点,通过调速特性曲线可以看出,得到的Pareto最优解可以满足传动装置的设计要求。
  • 特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室开放课题(GZ2023KF007)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52272435; 52225212; U20A20333; U20A20331)
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.073
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-18
基金
特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室开放课题(GZ2023KF007)
国家自然科学基金项目(52272435; 52225212; U20A20333; U20A20331)
作者信息
    1.江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
    2.特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室,包头 014030

通讯作者:

陈龙(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆动态性能模拟与控制研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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