Article(id=1312006400348357579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1752163200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736301742, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736301742, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736301742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736301742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=777, endPage=789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006402789442511, articleId=1312006400348357579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design of Adjustable Center of Gravity Tracked Vehicles and Study on Slope Stability, columnId=1312006402403566542, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Vehicle and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problems of steep slopes and narrow roads, complex terrain and landforms, poor applicability of existing models on sloping land, and lack of design theory for mountain power machinery in hilly and mountainous areas, this paper proposes a “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustment crawler tractor scheme suitable for hilly and mountainous areas. In order to reduce research and development costs and shorten the research and development cycle, a “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustable remote control crawler proportional prototype is specially created for feasibility verification and slope stability research of the scheme. A mathematical model and force analysis were conducted for slope driving before and after adjusting the center of gravity, and a stability index that considers both lateral and longitudinal directions-the uniform distribution coefficient of track contact pressure-was proposed. Grounding pressure and passability tests were conducted, and the results showed that the “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustable scheme proposed in this paper can greatly improve the uniformity of grounding pressure distribution for two tracks traveling on slopes; Under the slope conditions of 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°, after adjusting the center of gravity of the whole machine longitudinally and laterally, the maximum traction force of the vehicle when inclined 45° uphill is 398.70 N, 339.41 N, 265.67 N, and 222.32 N, respectively. The maximum traction force has increased by 13.9%, 18.1%, 27.3%, and 50.5% compared to before regulation. A maximum rollover test was conducted, and the results showed that when the longitudinal distance of the upper body extended to a maximum of 150 mm, the static longitudinal maximum rollover angle increased from 39° to 46°, an increase of 17.9% compared to before the center of gravity adjustment; When the upper body sway angle is adjusted to the maximum value of 25°, the static lateral limit tilt angle is increased from 40.0° to 43.5°, an increase of 8.8% compared to before regulation; When passing obstacles on a slope, adjusting the horizontal or vertical center of gravity will increase the dynamic tipping coefficient of the vehicle on the slope, and the lifting effect will weaken with the increase of slope. Prove that the proposed solution is feasible and can significantly improve the driving stability and anti rollover ability of tracked vehicles on slopes, providing theoretical and data support for performance analysis and structural optimization design of tracked vehicles.

, authors=Xiaodong MU1, 2, Yaowen YIN1, Junrui ZHOU1, 2, Zhijie LIU1, 2, Yong LIU3, Xiaobing DING4, Fuzeng YANG1, 2, authorsList=Xiaodong MU, Yaowen YIN, Junrui ZHOU, Zhijie LIU, Yong LIU, Xiaobing DING, Fuzeng YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fuzeng YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006413984038960, articleId=1312006400348357579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=重心可调式履带车辆设计与坡地稳定性研究, columnId=1312006403162735568, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=车辆与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对丘陵山区坡陡路窄、地形地貌复杂、现有机型坡地适用性差和山地动力机械设计方法缺乏的问题,本文提出一种适用于丘陵山地的“横摆-纵移”重心调整式履带车辆方案,为降低研发成本、缩短研发周期,特创制一种“横摆-纵移”重心可调式遥控履带比例样机,用于方案的可行性验证与坡地稳定性研究。对重心调整前后的坡地行驶建立数学模型并进行受力分析,提出一种兼顾横向和纵向稳定性指标——履带接地压力分布均匀度。接地压力与通过性试验结果表明:本文提出的“横摆-纵移”重心可调方案可极大地改进2条履带在坡地行驶的接地压力分布均匀度;在5°、10°、15°、20°条件下,整机重心纵向与横向均调整后,航偏角45°上坡时,车辆平均牵引力分别为398.70、339.41、265.67、222.32 N,相比调整前分别增加13.9%、18.1%、27.3%和50.5%。极限倾翻试验结果表明:上层车身纵向距离伸出至最大值150 mm时,静态纵向极限侧翻角从39°提升至46°,相比重心调整前增加17.9%;上层车身横摆角度调至最大值25°时,静态横向极限仰翻角从40.0°提升至43.5°,相比调整前增加8.8%;在斜坡上经过障碍物时,通过横向或纵向重心调整后,车辆在坡地上的动态倾翻系数会有所提升,提升效果会随坡度增加而减弱。研究结果证明本文方案可行且能显著提升履带车辆在坡地的行驶稳定性和抗倾翻能力,可为履带车辆性能分析和结构优化设计提供方法和数据支撑。

, authors=牟孝栋1, 2, 银耀文1, 周俊睿1, 2, 刘志杰1, 2, 刘勇3, 丁小兵4, 杨福增1, 2, authorsList=牟孝栋, 银耀文, 周俊睿, 刘志杰, 刘勇, 丁小兵, 杨福增, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨福增, authorNote=

牟孝栋(1996—),男,博士生,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨福增(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
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牟孝栋(1996—),男,博士生,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

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牟孝栋(1996—),男,博士生,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and test of transport vehicle for hillside orchards based on center of gravity regulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312006427523252391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, awardId=2022YFD2001300, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001300), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312006429096116392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, awardId=NK20221603, language=CN, fundingSource=国家农业重大项目(NK20221603), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312006415783395377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006415795978290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006415783395377, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006415804366899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006415783395377, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312006415913418804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006415926001717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006415913418804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agricultural Equipment for the Northern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006415934390326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006415913418804, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.农业农村部北方农业装备科学观测实验站,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312006416009887799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006416018276408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006416009887799, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Sichuan Chuanlong Tractor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610511, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006416022470713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006416009887799, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川川龙拖拉机制造有限公司,成都 610511)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312006416114745402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006416127328315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006416114745402, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Chongqing Xinyuan Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401329, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006416165077052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, companyId=1312006416114745402, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.重庆鑫源农机股份有限公司,重庆 401329)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312006420967555185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structural diagram of remote-controlled tracked verification prototype with yaw-longitudinal displacement adjustable center of gravity, figureFileSmall=zw9iZyN1RLFTQ7Jxgj8EUQ==, figureFileBig=9tnjgnRG1+cD0zeIl+AogQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006421055635570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“横摆-纵移”重心可调式遥控履带验证样机结构组成

1. 角度传感器(上车身) 2. 角度传感器(底盘) 3. 转速传感器 4. 动态姿态仪 5. 电动推杆(横摆) 6. 电动推杆(纵移) 7. 蜂鸣器 8. 驱动电机 9. 电机驱动器 10. 24 V锂电池

, figureFileSmall=zw9iZyN1RLFTQ7Jxgj8EUQ==, figureFileBig=9tnjgnRG1+cD0zeIl+AogQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006421215019123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Remote control operation diagram, figureFileSmall=NCuchRzQ+65Y5kYbn4kA8Q==, figureFileBig=83v3EYNI6TvsDMBGplniDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006421286322292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图2, caption=遥控操作示意图

1. 急停按钮 2. 启动按钮 3. 电源开关

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1. 底层车架 2. 中层横摆车架 3. 纵移滑轨 4. 上层纵移车架 5. 电动推杆(纵移) 6. 电动推杆(横摆) 7. 定位销 8. 销轴

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1. 泵站 2. 土槽 3. 液压缸

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figureFileSmall=6h+lX88ioPRmWSMJqwAxhg==, figureFileBig=yopsNK2ENw+BgRRjA9oiLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006424654348425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Uniformity of grounding pressure distribution before and after center of gravity adjustment, figureFileSmall=5p1+WG5a6IaN+r6lqMI/kQ==, figureFileBig=dLAVbi30OnSobPg8TaI99Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006424742428810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图13, caption=重心调整前后接地压力分布均匀度, figureFileSmall=5p1+WG5a6IaN+r6lqMI/kQ==, figureFileBig=dLAVbi30OnSobPg8TaI99Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006424826314891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Slope passability test, figureFileSmall=61xcMBsiC3tDgPIlmLnk+w==, figureFileBig=WxRpEhZ1TCAsTOHAFFNqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006424901812364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图14, caption=斜坡通过性试验, figureFileSmall=61xcMBsiC3tDgPIlmLnk+w==, figureFileBig=WxRpEhZ1TCAsTOHAFFNqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425023447181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Static limit rollover tests, figureFileSmall=89LB7MPe+aEKZJmz8b52zA==, figureFileBig=IkN2+Y01mwV7NTJnK3qJvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425098944654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图15, caption=静态极限侧翻试验, figureFileSmall=89LB7MPe+aEKZJmz8b52zA==, figureFileBig=IkN2+Y01mwV7NTJnK3qJvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425178636431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Dynamic slope driving stability tests, figureFileSmall=qhGamz0ZhzmKETMvpyZdbw==, figureFileBig=NvL5Hs0gFwtW6wuLDTgydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425258328208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图16, caption=动态坡地行驶稳定性试验, figureFileSmall=qhGamz0ZhzmKETMvpyZdbw==, figureFileBig=NvL5Hs0gFwtW6wuLDTgydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425342214289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Results of contour driving dynamic stability test, figureFileSmall=ncevtlON/NM06fD8h1T6Yw==, figureFileBig=Mdhw3eukwbosWBYPbXMp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425426100370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图17, caption=等高线行驶动态稳定性试验结果, figureFileSmall=ncevtlON/NM06fD8h1T6Yw==, figureFileBig=Mdhw3eukwbosWBYPbXMp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425514180755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Results of dynamic stability test for uphill driving, figureFileSmall=R59icwJk+PeRu5eQKzmIYg==, figureFileBig=PsPkZgzTgTtCjW6j4J6Rdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425589678228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=图18, caption=上坡行驶动态稳定性试验结果, figureFileSmall=R59icwJk+PeRu5eQKzmIYg==, figureFileBig=PsPkZgzTgTtCjW6j4J6Rdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006425677758613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

“Horizontal and vertical movement” adjustable center of gravity remote control tracked car parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值/形式
长×宽×高/(mm×mm×mm)800×550×600
上层车体质量占整机质量比值/%40
横摆角度μ/(°)±25(自动调平时上层车身始终保持水平)
纵移长度l/mm0~150(自动调平时纵向坡度每上升1°向前纵移10 mm)
调平方式手动调平/自动调平
履带接地长度L/mm450
履带接地宽度b/mm140
履带轨距B/mm400
履刺高度hT/mm20
驱动电机功率/W2×250
最大遥控距离/m100
), ArticleFig(id=1312006425820364950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“横摆-纵移”重心可调式遥控履带车辆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值/形式
长×宽×高/(mm×mm×mm)800×550×600
上层车体质量占整机质量比值/%40
横摆角度μ/(°)±25(自动调平时上层车身始终保持水平)
纵移长度l/mm0~150(自动调平时纵向坡度每上升1°向前纵移10 mm)
调平方式手动调平/自动调平
履带接地长度L/mm450
履带接地宽度b/mm140
履带轨距B/mm400
履刺高度hT/mm20
驱动电机功率/W2×250
最大遥控距离/m100
), ArticleFig(id=1312006425904251031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Platform and soil specific parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
长×宽×深/(m×m×m)20×8×0.6
可调节角度/(°)0~25
提升速度/((°)·min-1)2.5
平台两端角度误差/(°)<0.3
最大承载质量/t180
土壤含水率/%12.4~14.4(测量深度0~200 mm)
土壤紧实度/kPa515~750
土壤容重/(g·cm-3)1.24~1.28
土壤变形指数n0.597
土壤内聚力c/kPa3
土壤内摩擦角/(°)25
), ArticleFig(id=1312006425979748504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

平台和土壤具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
长×宽×深/(m×m×m)20×8×0.6
可调节角度/(°)0~25
提升速度/((°)·min-1)2.5
平台两端角度误差/(°)<0.3
最大承载质量/t180
土壤含水率/%12.4~14.4(测量深度0~200 mm)
土壤紧实度/kPa515~750
土壤容重/(g·cm-3)1.24~1.28
土壤变形指数n0.597
土壤内聚力c/kPa3
土壤内摩擦角/(°)25
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426063634585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Test results of traction force before and after adjusting center of gravity of a 5° slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1355.30380.24363.02400.12
2341.85371.18366.33398.25
3344.89377.79360.65391.12
4358.23381.20358.08403.95
5350.54378.89362.20400.06
平均值350.16377.86362.06398.70
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426168492186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5°坡地重心调整前后牵引力测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1355.30380.24363.02400.12
2341.85371.18366.33398.25
3344.89377.79360.65391.12
4358.23381.20358.08403.95
5350.54378.89362.20400.06
平均值350.16377.86362.06398.70
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426231406747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Test results of traction force before and after adjusting center of gravity of a 10° slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1290.24325.21308.52346.44
2281.65320.09306.34339.87
3289.33323.28308.51341.96
4293.80318.01296.36335.15
5282.29317.55302.69333.63
平均值287.46320.83304.48339.41
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426311098524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

10°坡地重心调整前后牵引力测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1290.24325.21308.52346.44
2281.65320.09306.34339.87
3289.33323.28308.51341.96
4293.80318.01296.36335.15
5282.29317.55302.69333.63
平均值287.46320.83304.48339.41
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426382401693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Test results of traction force before and after adjusting center of gravity of a 15° slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1208.52248.35233.36266.05
2210.08252.09226.20273.32
3216.32238.68224.06270.05
4203.61239.69237.39260.11
5205.31250.75229.56258.80
平均值208.77245.91230.11265.67
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426457899166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

15°坡地重心调整前后牵引力测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1208.52248.35233.36266.05
2210.08252.09226.20273.32
3216.32238.68224.06270.05
4203.61239.69237.39260.11
5205.31250.75229.56258.80
平均值208.77245.91230.11265.67
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426525008031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Test results of traction force before and after adjusting center of gravity of a 20° slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1150.55200.31175.38226.08
2152.20191.77177.28225.84
3142.37193.62166.50220.08
4144.48201.15173.34216.67
5148.91195.06174.78222.95
平均值147.70196.38173.47222.32
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426604699808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

20°坡地重心调整前后牵引力测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号调整前纵向调整后横向调整后横纵调整后
1150.55200.31175.38226.08
2152.20191.77177.28225.84
3142.37193.62166.50220.08
4144.48201.15173.34216.67
5148.91195.06174.78222.95
平均值147.70196.38173.47222.32
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426684391585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Relationship between uniformity of grounding pressure distribution and traction force

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度/(°)重心调整前均匀度重心调整后均匀度重心调整前牵引力/N重心调整后牵引力/N重心调整后UPD提升效果/%重心调整后牵引力提升效果/%
50.8950.915350.16389.702.213.9
100.8480.896287.46339.415.718.1
150.7910.866208.77265.679.527.3
200.7320.836147.70222.3214.250.5
), ArticleFig(id=1312006426764083362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006400348357579, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

接地压力分布均匀度与牵引力关系

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坡度/(°)重心调整前均匀度重心调整后均匀度重心调整前牵引力/N重心调整后牵引力/N重心调整后UPD提升效果/%重心调整后牵引力提升效果/%
50.8950.915350.16389.702.213.9
100.8480.896287.46339.415.718.1
150.7910.866208.77265.679.527.3
200.7320.836147.70222.3214.250.5
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Longitudinal limit rollover angle test results

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参数纵移距离/mm
050100150
极限侧翻角/(°)39424446
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纵向极限侧翻角试验结果

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参数纵移距离/mm
050100150
极限侧翻角/(°)39424446
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Results of lateral limit overturning angle test

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参数横摆角度/(°)
0510152025
极限仰翻角/(°)40.041.041.542.042.543.5
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横向极限仰翻角试验结果

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参数横摆角度/(°)
0510152025
极限仰翻角/(°)40.041.041.542.042.543.5
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重心可调式履带车辆设计与坡地稳定性研究
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牟孝栋 1, 2 , 银耀文 1 , 周俊睿 1, 2 , 刘志杰 1, 2 , 刘勇 3 , 丁小兵 4 , 杨福增 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 车辆与动力工程 2025,56(12): 777-789
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农业机械学报 |车辆与动力工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 777 -789
重心可调式履带车辆设计与坡地稳定性研究
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牟孝栋1, 2 , 银耀文1, 周俊睿1, 2, 刘志杰1, 2, 刘勇3, 丁小兵4, 杨福增1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2.农业农村部北方农业装备科学观测实验站,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 3.四川川龙拖拉机制造有限公司,成都 610511
  • 4.重庆鑫源农机股份有限公司,重庆 401329
通讯作者:
杨福增(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

牟孝栋(1996—),男,博士生,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

Design of Adjustable Center of Gravity Tracked Vehicles and Study on Slope Stability
Xiaodong MU1, 2 , Yaowen YIN1, Junrui ZHOU1, 2, Zhijie LIU1, 2, Yong LIU3, Xiaobing DING4, Fuzeng YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
  • 2.Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agricultural Equipment for the Northern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
  • 3.Sichuan Chuanlong Tractor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610511, China
  • 4.Chongqing Xinyuan Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401329, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.072
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针对丘陵山区坡陡路窄、地形地貌复杂、现有机型坡地适用性差和山地动力机械设计方法缺乏的问题,本文提出一种适用于丘陵山地的“横摆-纵移”重心调整式履带车辆方案,为降低研发成本、缩短研发周期,特创制一种“横摆-纵移”重心可调式遥控履带比例样机,用于方案的可行性验证与坡地稳定性研究。对重心调整前后的坡地行驶建立数学模型并进行受力分析,提出一种兼顾横向和纵向稳定性指标——履带接地压力分布均匀度。接地压力与通过性试验结果表明:本文提出的“横摆-纵移”重心可调方案可极大地改进2条履带在坡地行驶的接地压力分布均匀度;在5°、10°、15°、20°条件下,整机重心纵向与横向均调整后,航偏角45°上坡时,车辆平均牵引力分别为398.70、339.41、265.67、222.32 N,相比调整前分别增加13.9%、18.1%、27.3%和50.5%。极限倾翻试验结果表明:上层车身纵向距离伸出至最大值150 mm时,静态纵向极限侧翻角从39°提升至46°,相比重心调整前增加17.9%;上层车身横摆角度调至最大值25°时,静态横向极限仰翻角从40.0°提升至43.5°,相比调整前增加8.8%;在斜坡上经过障碍物时,通过横向或纵向重心调整后,车辆在坡地上的动态倾翻系数会有所提升,提升效果会随坡度增加而减弱。研究结果证明本文方案可行且能显著提升履带车辆在坡地的行驶稳定性和抗倾翻能力,可为履带车辆性能分析和结构优化设计提供方法和数据支撑。

履带车辆  /  稳定性  /  丘陵山地  /  重心可调  /  倾翻

In response to the problems of steep slopes and narrow roads, complex terrain and landforms, poor applicability of existing models on sloping land, and lack of design theory for mountain power machinery in hilly and mountainous areas, this paper proposes a “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustment crawler tractor scheme suitable for hilly and mountainous areas. In order to reduce research and development costs and shorten the research and development cycle, a “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustable remote control crawler proportional prototype is specially created for feasibility verification and slope stability research of the scheme. A mathematical model and force analysis were conducted for slope driving before and after adjusting the center of gravity, and a stability index that considers both lateral and longitudinal directions-the uniform distribution coefficient of track contact pressure-was proposed. Grounding pressure and passability tests were conducted, and the results showed that the “lateral swing longitudinal shift” center of gravity adjustable scheme proposed in this paper can greatly improve the uniformity of grounding pressure distribution for two tracks traveling on slopes; Under the slope conditions of 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°, after adjusting the center of gravity of the whole machine longitudinally and laterally, the maximum traction force of the vehicle when inclined 45° uphill is 398.70 N, 339.41 N, 265.67 N, and 222.32 N, respectively. The maximum traction force has increased by 13.9%, 18.1%, 27.3%, and 50.5% compared to before regulation. A maximum rollover test was conducted, and the results showed that when the longitudinal distance of the upper body extended to a maximum of 150 mm, the static longitudinal maximum rollover angle increased from 39° to 46°, an increase of 17.9% compared to before the center of gravity adjustment; When the upper body sway angle is adjusted to the maximum value of 25°, the static lateral limit tilt angle is increased from 40.0° to 43.5°, an increase of 8.8% compared to before regulation; When passing obstacles on a slope, adjusting the horizontal or vertical center of gravity will increase the dynamic tipping coefficient of the vehicle on the slope, and the lifting effect will weaken with the increase of slope. Prove that the proposed solution is feasible and can significantly improve the driving stability and anti rollover ability of tracked vehicles on slopes, providing theoretical and data support for performance analysis and structural optimization design of tracked vehicles.

tracked vehicles  /  stability  /  hilly mountainous terrain  /  adjustable center of gravity  /  tipping
牟孝栋, 银耀文, 周俊睿, 刘志杰, 刘勇, 丁小兵, 杨福增. 重心可调式履带车辆设计与坡地稳定性研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 777 -789 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.072
Xiaodong MU, Yaowen YIN, Junrui ZHOU, Zhijie LIU, Yong LIU, Xiaobing DING, Fuzeng YANG. Design of Adjustable Center of Gravity Tracked Vehicles and Study on Slope Stability[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 777 -789 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.072
履带车辆接地比压小、附着力大,可降低对土壤的应力和压实,在农业、工业、军事等领域应用广泛,尤其是在丘陵山区和复杂环境中,履带车辆的某些作业性能优于轮式。然而履带车辆在坡地行驶时,受重力向坡下分力的影响,会使两侧履带接地压力出现分布不均匀现象,履带与地面之间的附着力通常会降低,导致车辆横向和纵向稳定性下降,严重影响车辆的牵引附着性,甚至导致车辆侧翻[1]。中国耕地面积位列世界第三,但丘陵山区地域广阔,缓陡坡(6°~25°)耕地面积约为2.47×107 hm2,约占总耕地面积的20%[2]。该区域地形地貌复杂、地块小、坡度大,农业机械化程度普遍偏低,同时还面临巨大的安全隐患,亟需设计一款适用于坡地作业的具备全向状态调整的遥控履带车辆解决牵引附着性和稳定性差的问题。
国外对山地农机调平系统的研究起步较早,DENIS等[3]提出了一种在线自适应观测器,结合车辆重心高度和总质量变化评估和避免处于越野地形移动农用车辆的侧翻风险,并通过四轮独立液压调平机构实现整机的调平。国内研究主要是机构优化和创新设计,高墨尧[4]通过对差高结构的设计计算获得底盘倾斜角度与调节驱动液压缸行程的关系,并对整机液压调平及工作原理进行了全面系统地分析,由此提出一种车身调平设计方案。宁普才[5]设计的拖拉机重心纵向调整机构,可自动调整拖拉机纵向重心,提高了拖拉机的牵引效率和稳定性。韩振浩等[6]设计了一种基于重心自适应调控的山地果园运输车,通过实时调节整机重心位置,有效提升了运输车的坡地行驶性能。刘恒培等[7]基于液压差高装置设计了一款微型无人山地履带拖拉机,可根据作业地形,实现两边履带在垂直方向的反向调整,提高了履带拖拉机坡地作业稳定性。山东农业大学联合山东五征集团[8-9]针对目前姿态调整式丘陵山地拖拉机只能实现静态调平和差高调平、调平精度低等问题,设计了一种轮式丘陵山地拖拉机扭腰姿态调整装置,该样机大幅提高了最大横向和纵向爬坡角。
以上研究均关注改进和优化结构与控制,关于坡地行驶性能和坡地稳定性的研究相对较少,亟需相关设计方法和试验数据为山地履带车辆的设计改进提供设计方法与数据依据。本文提出“横摆-纵移”重心调整履带拖拉机方案,设计一种重心可调式遥控履带比例样机验证方案的可行性,提出简易有效的履带接地压力分布均匀度与牵引性能、横纵稳定性的评价指标,以期评价履带车辆性能,为结构优化设计提供技术支持。
鉴于研发新型重心可调山地拖拉机成本高、周期长且缺乏相关理论数据支撑,而比例模型试验方法自上世纪80年代就被公认为研究拖拉机动态特性的有效手段[10-15]。因此,本文基于相似理论设计了1∶4.5的比例模型样机——“横摆-纵移”重心可调式履带验证样机,目的是通过平台试验验证新型丘陵山地重心可调式拖拉机方案的可行性,整体结构组成见图1,整机参数见表1。
如图1所示,“横摆-纵移”重心可调式履带验证样机主要由信号采集单元、控制单元、行走单元和执行单元构成。信号采集单元主要由LCA326T 6轴角度传感器(上层车架、履带底盘各1个)、TL720D型动态姿态仪和P4霍尔转速传感器组成;控制单元主要由XINJE-XL3 PLC和中间继电器组成;执行单元主要由蜂鸣器、12 V电动推杆(1个安装在履带底盘与上层车架中间,负责推动上层车身绕X轴摆动;1个连接履带底盘与上层车架,负责推动上层车身沿Y轴平动);行走单元由24 V驱动电机等组成。
遥控操作示意图如图2所示,遥控系统无线收发频率为310~331 MHz,最大遥控距离100 m。具有手动调平和自动调平两种模式,在自动调平模式下,上层车身可实现自适应调平,使上层车身始终保持水平(20°以内)。
履带验证样机坡地行驶时可实现上层车身横向、纵向自适应调平。坡地或崎岖路面行驶时,上层车架和履带底盘的6轴角度传感器可实时检测车辆的俯仰角和横摆角,控制单元读取角度传感器的信号进而控制电动推杆实现上层车身横向、纵向自适应调平,可改善两侧履带接地压力均匀度。系统控制框图如图3所示。
图4为履带车辆车架结构与重心调整原理简图,由3层车架组成:底层车架(黑色)、中层横摆车架(蓝色)和上层纵移车架(红色)。底层车架为车身主架,行走系统安装于此车架,中层横摆车架通过摆动中心安装于底层车架上,电动推杆(横摆)连接底层、中层车架,通过推杆伸缩实现中层车架绕底层车架做左右旋转运动(横摆运动),上层纵移车架通过纵移滑轨安装于中层车架上,电动推杆(纵移)连接中层、上层车架,通过推杆伸缩实现上层车架沿中层车架做前后水平运动(纵移运动)。
整机重心位置计算是重心自适应调控的基础,根据机械设计方案进行数学建模[16]。假设履带车辆各部分重心位置均在同一个坐标系下,以履带车辆重心到地面投影位置为坐标原点,履带底盘、横摆车架、上层车身重心位置分别为(x1,y1,z1)、(x2,y2,z2)、(x3,y3,z3),可得整机重心位置(x0,y0,z0)计算式为
其中
式中
      m——整机质量,kg
      m1——履带底盘质量,kg
      m2——横摆车架质量,kg
      m3——上层车身质量,kg
式(1)中由横摆纵移车架和上层车身重心位置决定整车的质量与重心位置,因此履带车辆每次开始作业之前,横摆纵移车架和上层车身位置都需要回位,根据角度传感器反馈的数据,对自身质量和重心位置进行初始化计算,初始化计算时拖拉机为静止状态。上层车身横摆纵移后(最大横摆角度为25°、最大纵移距离150 mm)整车重心位置的变化情况如图5所示。侧向重心位置调整后,整机重心高度会发生略微的下移,摆动幅度越大下移距离越大,因变化幅度过小,本文忽略此处影响。
履带车辆在横坡上行驶的情况较为复杂,设定履带车辆为常见的等速行驶,作用在整机上的受力如图6所示,b为履带接地宽度,B为履带轨距,N1和N2为地面对两履带支撑区段全部垂直反力的合力,fmx1和fmx2为土壤作用于两履带的摩擦力,α为车体滚转角,μ为上层车身横摆角,H、h、h1、h2、h3分别为横摆车架旋转点、整车质心、履带底盘质心、横摆车架质心、上层车身质心距离地面的高度,G、G1、G2、G3分别为整车、履带底盘、横摆车架、上层车身所受重力。
坡地行驶调平前,根据力平衡和转矩平衡原理,由图6可得
式中
      β——车体俯仰角,(°)
地面对两履带支撑区段全部垂直反力的合力N1和N2为
履带车辆上层车架调平前整车倾翻的临界状态为上侧履带接地压力等于0时,即N2=0时,临界倾翻车体滚转角最小值αbmin为
重心调整后,履带车辆在横坡上行驶,作用在整机上的受力如图7所示。
由于横摆车架与上层车身做横摆运动时可视为一个整体,为简化计算,设横摆车架与上层车身质量为m23,横摆前位置坐标为(x23,y23,z23),横摆后位置坐标为,横摆车架与上层车身质心距离地面高度为h23。
坡地行驶调平后,根据力平衡和转矩平衡原理,由图7可得
其中
式中
      xm——拖拉机质心纵向偏移距离,m
      zm——拖拉机质心横向偏移距离,m
      h——调平前拖拉机质心纵向高度,m
      h′——调平后拖拉机质心纵向高度,m
      p——横摆车架与上层车身占整车质量比值
      ——坡下端履带支撑力,N
      ——坡上端履带支撑力,N
当上层车身调平至水平状态并处于等高线行驶作业时,取α=μ且β=0,支撑力和为
式(4)和式(14)对比可得(调平前后两侧履带压力),重心调整后整车接地压力并未改变,但两侧履带接地压力差减小了,即,故履带接地压力均匀度得到改善;当车辆上坡行驶时,重心向坡上端纵向调整后,履带前半段接地压力会变大,即履带前半段与后半段接地压力差将减小(此处省略公式推导)。由此可见,履带接地压力的均匀性会影响车辆稳定性,因此,需要制定一个评价指标衡量履带接地压力分布情况。
横向载荷转移率(LTR)是目前应用最广的评价车辆侧向稳定性指标[17],原理是监测车辆在转弯或斜坡行驶时车辆两侧车轮垂直载荷之差与垂直载荷之和比值,计算公式为
通过分析等高线行驶和上坡行驶发现履带坡高低侧、前后段差异较大,借鉴经典LTR的评价原理,提出了一种兼顾横向和纵向的稳定性指标—履带接地压力分布均匀系数τ,将履带接地压力均匀分为4部分,分别为N1、N2、N3、N4,具体划分规则如图8所示,右图为车辆的相位角。τ上限为1,是履带接地压力分布均匀度最高时,τ下限为0,是履带接地压力分布均匀度最低时。
履带接地压力分布均匀度计算公式为
其中
式中
      NL——左侧履带接地压力,N
      NR——右侧履带接地压力,N
      NU——上半部分履带接地压力,N
      ND——下半部分履带接地压力,N
车辆倾翻评价指标根据行驶状态可分为静态和动态倾翻指标。根据倾翻姿态将其分为侧翻和仰翻:当车辆等高线行驶绕前进方向向坡下的翻车现象定义为侧翻;当车辆上坡时,因翘头发生的沿前进方向向坡下的翻车现象定义为仰翻。
根据侧翻原因可分为绊倒性倾翻和非绊倒性倾翻,非绊倒性倾翻主要由于速度过快导致的,因为农用车辆作业速度较慢且路面情况复杂,故只研究车辆的大坡度绊倒性倾翻情况[18]。
静态极限倾翻角是车辆在静止时能承受的最大侧向或纵向倾斜角度,超过该角度则因重心投影超出支撑面而倾翻。直接影响设计安全性和使用场景适应性,是履带车辆稳定性的核心指标。虽然仅反映静态特性,但它是动态稳定性(如转弯、越障时)分析的基准。
上、下坡极限倾翻角θU、θD为
左、右侧极限倾翻角θL、θR为
履带车辆在倾翻过程中必定遵循能量守恒定律,倾翻过程即为势能与动能相互转化导致一方超出极限的结果。故本文将从整机能量转换的角度对倾翻过程作出评价。
整机重心位置处于临界侧翻点时整机重力势能与任意时刻重力势能差值即为残余势能Er,计算公式为
其中
式中
      ΔH——整机重心位置与临界侧翻重心位置差值
      ϕ——车辆离地角度,(°)
基于势能与动能的相互转化守恒定律,可建立动态倾翻评价指标Ed,计算公式为
式中
      Edy——上坡行驶车辆纵向动态倾翻系数
      Edx——等高线行驶车辆横向动态倾翻系数
      Ix——绕x轴惯性矩阵
      Iy——绕y轴惯性矩阵
当整机重心垂向位置未越过倾翻轴线时,此时重力起到抑制倾翻的作用;若整机重心垂向位置越过倾翻轴线,此时重力则会加速倾翻的发生。即当Edx>0或Edy>0时,倾翻方向的重力势能大于倾翻势能,此时车辆可正常行驶,不会发生倾翻;当Edx≤0或Edy≤0时,倾翻方向的重力势能已不足够抑制倾翻势能,此时车辆将发生倾翻事故。
试验所用平台、设备和传感器如图9所示。试验在丘陵山地“土壤-机器-作物”综合试验平台上进行,平台在坡度角0°~25°范围连续可调,土箱结构尺寸为20 m×8 m×0.6 m,可模拟不同坡度开展试验,平台和土壤具体参数见表2。试验用接地压力测试系统由北京艾动I-Motion集团生产,系统由FPC系列矩阵式薄膜压力传感器、数据采集卡、数据线和压力测试分析软件组成,每张传感器有2 288个压力测量节点,单个节点压力量程为0.1 N,单个节点最小感应压力为0.002 N,响应时间小于10 μs。
试验过程如图10所示,将2张薄膜压力传感器放置于斜坡表面,2条履带分别放置于2张传感器的中间位置,履带接地压力云图可以通过测试软件直接显示,能直观地看到履带与传感器接触位置的接触压力。
履带车辆坡地行驶时两侧履带接地压力分布会出现较大差异,具体表现为靠近坡上端压力减小和靠近坡下端压力增大,导致接地压力分布均匀度变差,进而影响车辆稳定性及牵引性能。为测试坡地条件下试验车辆重心调整前后两侧履带接地压力分布情况,通过薄膜压力传感器测试在5°、10°、15°、20°的坡地条件下,测量上坡行驶(图11)和等高线行驶(图12)两种行驶条件下重心调整前后两侧履带接地压力的分布情况。
由图11可知,重心调整前当履带车辆上坡时上半段履带接地压力减小,下半段增大,左右两侧差异不大,且随着坡度逐渐增大,上半段履带接地压力急剧减少,到达20°时最上端压力近乎消失,上坡过程很容易出现车辆翘头现象,严重时会有翻车风险。重心调整后整车重心向坡上侧倾斜,上半段履带接地压力增加,下半段减小,接地压力均匀性提高。
由图12可知,当履带车辆等高线行驶时,重心调整前坡上端履带接地压力减小,坡下端增大,且随着坡度逐渐增大,坡上端履带接地压力急剧减少,导致两侧履带接地压力极不均匀。重心调整后整车重心向坡上端倾斜,坡上端履带接地压力增加,坡下端减小,接地压力均匀度提高,且坡度越大效果越明显。且整车重心向坡上侧倾斜后,重力起到抑制倾翻的作用也随之增强,故重心调整提高了整车的抗侧翻能力。
不同行驶条件下重心调整前后接地压力分布均匀度如图13所示,红色虚线位置为坡度为0°时履带接地压力分布均匀度(UPD为0.94),可见重心调整后接地压力分布均匀度有明显提高,随着坡度升高,重心调整对接地压力分布均匀度影响效果越来越明显,其中上坡行驶提升幅度最大,因为同坡度下,纵向重心移动幅度大于横向摆动时重心移动幅度,使得整车重心向坡上侧移动程度更大,UPD提升效果也更好。
由接地压力试验结果可知,本文提出的“横摆-纵移”重心可调方案可以极大地改进2条履带在坡地行驶的接地压力分布均匀度,进而改善车辆坡地行驶稳定性和抗侧翻能力。
通过拉力传感器测定车辆最大牵引力,量化重心调整前后车辆在不同坡度条件下通过性能。
斜坡通过性试验也在丘陵山地“土壤-机器-作物”综合试验平台上开展,图14为行驶偏航角为45°时试验车辆横向与纵向重心调整后的牵引试验,此时平台坡度为20°,对拉车辆也是遥控履带车,车的长×宽×高为100 mm×68 mm×43 mm,轨距为500 mm,履带接地长度为900 mm,履带宽度为180 mm。
试验根据国内外研究人员的操作经验和流程进行[19-21]。在牵引力的测量过程中,在测量牵引力时,两车要保持在同一轴线上,牵引试验为稳态运动,2个履带车辆均保持恒定的输出功率并保持低速匀速运动(前进速度小于2 km/h),坡面两侧履带滑转率相同并且不发生侧滑偏转,记录测试过程拉力传感器的拉力峰值,每组试验重复5次。牵引力由5 kN量程的拉力传感器(Chino Sensor ZNLBS)以频率1 Hz测量。不同坡度重心调整前后试验车辆的最大牵引力测试结果如表3~6所示,接地压力分布均匀度与牵引力关系如表7所示。
由表3~6可知,试验履带车辆分别在坡度角5°、10°、15°、20°条件下,整机重心纵向调整后,车辆平均牵引力分别为377.86、320.83、245.91、196.38 N,相比调整前分别增加7.9%、11.6%、17.8%和33.0%;整机重心横向调整后,车辆平均牵引力分别为362.06、304.48、230.11、173.47 N,相比调整前分别增加3.4%、5.9%、10.2%和17.4%;整机重心纵向与横向均调整后,车辆平均牵引力分别为398.70、339.41、265.67、222.32 N,相比调整前分别增加13.9%、18.1%、27.3%和50.5%。
由表7可知,试验履带车辆分别在坡度角5°、10°、15°、20°条件下,整机重心调整后,UPD提升效果分别为2.2%、5.7%、9.5%和14.2%,牵引力提升效果分别为13.9%、18.1%、27.3%和50.5%。因此履带接地压力分布均匀系数间接反映了履带抓地情况,履带接地压力分布均匀系数越高,履带与地面接触面积就越大越均匀,故履带车辆牵引力也就越大,稳定性也就越好。
通过可调节提升高度的平台测试车辆的静态横纵向稳定性[22]。如图15所示,将车辆一侧履带或前端履带依次开至平台上,车头朝向分别为纵向和横向,控制提升平台缓慢上升,观察车辆状态并通过角度传感器实时检测倾角,直至车辆出现倾翻,此时车辆的倾角即为静态极限侧翻角。
车辆重心位置不同调整幅度(车身横摆角度、车身纵移距离)横纵向极限翻倾角如表8、9所示。
由表8可知,当上层车身纵向距离伸出至最大值150 mm时,试验车辆纵向极限侧翻角从39°提升至46°,相比调整前增加17.9%;由表9可知,当上层车身横摆角度调至最大值25°时,试验车辆横向极限仰翻角从40.0°提升至43.5°,相比调整前增加8.8%。
试验在丘陵山地“土壤-机器-作物”综合试验平台上进行,为研究大坡度条件下的绊倒性倾翻,在土槽上人为制造高度为140 mm的障碍物创造绊倒条件,将平台坡度角调至20°,履带车辆以2 km/h的速度进行等高线行驶和上坡行驶并使单侧履带通过障碍物,试验过程如图16所示。观察重心调整前后车辆动态极限倾翻状态,Ed试验结果如图17、18所示。
由图17a可知,当重心调整前整车侧倾角为37°(斜面坡度为22°)时,Ed低于侧翻临界线,导致车辆发生侧翻,重心横向调整后车辆从侧翻状态脱离;当车辆俯仰角为30°~35°时,重心横向调整后动态倾翻系数提升明显,随着整车侧倾角临近静态临界侧翻角,重心调整提升效果也随之下降(图17b)。
由图18a可知,当重心调整前整车侧倾角为35°(斜面坡度为20°)和重心调整前整车侧倾角为36°(斜面坡度为21°)时,Ed低于侧翻临界线,导致车辆发生侧翻,重心纵向调整后车辆从仰翻状态脱离;当车辆俯仰角为30°~35°时,重心纵向调整后动态倾翻系数提升非常明显,随着整车俯仰角临近静态临界仰翻角,重心调整提升效果也随之下降(图18b)。
由稳定性试验结果可得,在斜坡上经过障碍物时,通过横向或纵向重心调整后,车辆在坡地上的动态倾翻系数会有所提升,提升效果会随坡度增加而减弱。
(1)创制了一种“横摆-纵移”重心可调式遥控履带比例样机,对整机结构和控制系统进行了设计。在坡地行驶时可根据斜面坡度实时进行重心横向和纵向调整。
      (2)基于经典的横向载荷转移率,提出了一种兼顾横向和纵向的稳定性指标——履带接地压力分布均匀系数。试验结果表明,本文提出的“横摆-纵移”重心可调方案可极大地改进两条履带在坡地行驶的接地压力分布均匀度。在5°、10°、15°、20°的坡地条件下,整机重心纵向与横向均调整后,航偏角45°上坡时,车辆最大牵引力分别为398.70、339.41、265.67、222.32 N,最大牵引力相比调整前分别增加了13.9%、18.1%、27.3%和50.5%。
(3)极限倾翻试验结果表明:上层车身纵向距离伸出至最大值150 mm时,静态纵向极限侧翻角从39°提升至46°,相比重心调整前增加17.9%;上层车身横摆角度调至最大值25°时,静态横向极限仰翻角从40.0°提升至43.5°,相比调控前增加8.8%;在斜坡上经过障碍物时,通过横向或纵向重心调整后,车辆在坡地上的动态倾翻系数会有所提升,提升效果会随坡度增加而减弱。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001300)
  • 国家农业重大项目(NK20221603)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.072
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-07-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001300)
国家农业重大项目(NK20221603)
作者信息
    1.西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2.农业农村部北方农业装备科学观测实验站,陕西杨凌 712100
    3.四川川龙拖拉机制造有限公司,成都 610511
    4.重庆鑫源农机股份有限公司,重庆 401329

通讯作者:

杨福增(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事现代农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
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Number of
genus
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Number of
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Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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