Article(id=1312006378160489248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729353600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-20, revisedDate=1737129600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736296453, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736296453, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736296453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736296453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=623, endPage=633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006379909514017, articleId=1312006378160489248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Particle Fertilizer Flow Microwave Signal Measurement Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Wavelet Analysis, columnId=1311999800569066336, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Informatization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate measurement of granular fertilizer mass flow rate presents a significant challenge for achieving precision fertilization. Due to the complex dynamics of granular flows, traditional measurement methods often struggle to handle the resulting signals, which are typically characterized by significant noise and non-stationarity. To address this issue, a novel pre-processing algorithm for granular fertilizer flow signals acquired by a microwave sensor was proposed. Initially, a model of the fertilizer discharge pipeline was constructed and simulation experiments were conducted. These simulations determined that under conditions of a 400 mm pipeline length and 30 mm diameter, the impact of particle collisions within the pipeline on velocity was minimized. Based on these simulation results, a signal acquisition platform for granular fertilizer mass flow was established. Through analysis of the acquired flow signals, a hybrid denoising algorithm combining variational mode decomposition (VMD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was innovatively proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that after processing with this algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal was increased by 7.375 7 dB, and the root mean square error was decreased by 57%. The algorithm effectively separated the noise component from the signal, thereby significantly improving the measurement accuracy of the granular fertilizer mass flow rate. Finally, real-world vehicle tests were conducted. The processed flow signals exhibited a maximum relative error of 13.84% and a minimum relative error of 1.36%. The results confirmed that the experimental platform developed and the proposed denoising algorithm provided reliable technical support for precision fertilization.

, authors=Liwei YANG1, Yuchen ZHANG1, Zekai ZHAN2, Ziyang JIN1, Yonglin PENG1, Yufei ZHU2, authorsList=Liwei YANG, Yuchen ZHANG, Zekai ZHAN, Ziyang JIN, Yonglin PENG, Yufei ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006385982866266, articleId=1312006378160489248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于变分模态分解联合小波分析的颗粒肥流量微波信号测量研究, columnId=1311999800749421410, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业信息化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对精准农业中颗粒肥料质量流量难以精确测量的难题,提出了一种基于微波传感器采集颗粒肥料流量信号的预处理算法。首先通过仿真排肥管道结构,确定了在管道长度为400 mm、直径为30 mm的条件下,颗粒肥料在管道内的碰撞对速度的影响最小,并根据仿真结果搭建了颗粒肥料质量流量采集平台。通过对采集的流量信号进行分析,提出了一种结合变分模态分解(VMD)与离散小波变换(DWT)的复合去噪算法。试验结果表明该算法处理后的信号信噪比提高了7.375 7 dB,均方根误差降低了57%,从而显著提升了颗粒肥料质量流量的测量精度。最后实际车载试验表明,经该算法处理后的流量信号,最大相对误差为13.84%,最小相对误差为1.36%。该试验平台与算法为精准施肥提供了可靠的技术支持。

, authors=杨立伟1, 张雨琛1, 詹泽凯2, 晋子杨1, 彭永霖1, 朱羽飞2, authorsList=杨立伟, 张雨琛, 詹泽凯, 晋子杨, 彭永霖, 朱羽飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨立伟(1981—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:

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杨立伟(1981—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Denoising method for seed feeder field vibration signal based on combination of DA-VMD and wavelet thresholding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006399270421450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=王琮, 胡建江, 魏杰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王琮, 胡建江, 魏杰, 等. 微波传感器的技术与发展[C]//2024年全国微波毫米波会议论文汇编(下册), 2024: 3., articleTitle=微波传感器的技术与发展, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312006394820264875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, awardId=32371989, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32371989), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312006386255496027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006386268078940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, companyId=1312006386255496027, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Smart Agriculture System Integration, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006386276467549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, companyId=1312006386255496027, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国农业大学智慧农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312006386356159326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006386364547935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, companyId=1312006386356159326, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006386372936544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, companyId=1312006386356159326, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312006390521103243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Flowchart of velocity and concentration information obtained by wavelet mode decomposition algorithm, figureFileSmall=X/aYKLgmRWYWRwqX5H1OlQ==, figureFileBig=bqcRpn+NiRjMVp/RPueBRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006390604989324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小波化模态分解算法求速度浓度信息流程图, figureFileSmall=X/aYKLgmRWYWRwqX5H1OlQ==, figureFileBig=bqcRpn+NiRjMVp/RPueBRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006390793733005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Pipeline model, figureFileSmall=NnXaMqpKbr2NXLVVJdmu0Q==, figureFileBig=UCrsET82xn4vf5m4dUOBLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006390865036174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=图2, caption=管道建模, figureFileSmall=NnXaMqpKbr2NXLVVJdmu0Q==, figureFileBig=UCrsET82xn4vf5m4dUOBLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006390940533647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Indoor detection system experimental platform, figureFileSmall=avTls3WRdwLtIqMo8XoZQQ==, figureFileBig=hn3BHVFVvvJxC59DKNhpZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006391011836816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=图3, caption=室内检测系统试验平台

1. 肥箱 2. 排肥轴 3. 多普勒微波传感器发送端 4. 排肥管道 5. 接收装置 6. 数据采集卡 7. 电源 8. 多普勒微波传感器接收端 9. 电机驱动控制器 10. 计算机 11. 伺服电机

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Calculation data of velocity error in experiment 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道长度/mm平均模拟速度/(mm·s-1)平均速度/(mm·s-1)标准速度/(mm·s-1)模拟速度误差/%实际速度误差/%
3002 3972 3732 4261.195 42.184 7
3202 4752 4532 5051.197 62.075 8
3402 5512 5282 5821.200 62.091 4
3602 6252 5832 6571.204 32.785 1
3802 6972 6432 7301.208 83.186 8
4002 7672 7092 8011.213 83.284 5
4202 8352 7752 8701.219 53.310 1
4402 8992 8462 9381.327 43.131 4
4602 9602 9113 0041.464 73.095 9
4803 0202 9693 0681.564 53.226 9
5003 0763 0183 1321.788 03.639 8
), ArticleFig(id=1312006393947849632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验1速度误差计算数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道长度/mm平均模拟速度/(mm·s-1)平均速度/(mm·s-1)标准速度/(mm·s-1)模拟速度误差/%实际速度误差/%
3002 3972 3732 4261.195 42.184 7
3202 4752 4532 5051.197 62.075 8
3402 5512 5282 5821.200 62.091 4
3602 6252 5832 6571.204 32.785 1
3802 6972 6432 7301.208 83.186 8
4002 7672 7092 8011.213 83.284 5
4202 8352 7752 8701.219 53.310 1
4402 8992 8462 9381.327 43.131 4
4602 9602 9113 0041.464 73.095 9
4803 0202 9693 0681.564 53.226 9
5003 0763 0183 1321.788 03.639 8
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394040124321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Calculation data of velocity error in experiment 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管口直径/mm平均模拟速度/(mm·s-1)平均速度/(mm·s-1)标准速度/(mm·s-1)小球数/个模拟速度误差/%实际速度误差/%
202 7422 6502 801552.106 45.390 9
252 7562 7072 801861.606 63.355 9
302 7672 7382 8011241.213 92.249 2
352 7682 7442 8011691.178 22.035 0
402 7672 7562 8012201.213 91.606 6
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394124010402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验2速度误差计算数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管口直径/mm平均模拟速度/(mm·s-1)平均速度/(mm·s-1)标准速度/(mm·s-1)小球数/个模拟速度误差/%实际速度误差/%
202 7422 6502 801552.106 45.390 9
252 7562 7072 801861.606 63.355 9
302 7672 7382 8011241.213 92.249 2
352 7682 7442 8011691.178 22.035 0
402 7672 7562 8012201.213 91.606 6
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394195313571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Index data of signals before and after wavelet denoising

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参数数据组号均值
123456
原始信噪比/dB14.902 715.426 315.787 916.421 916.478 315.456 815.745 7
原始均方根误差/V0.461 00.433 90.416 30.386 60.384 40.432 70.419 2
去噪后信噪比/dB20.295 520.898 621.341 921.932 222.071 0820.822 521.227 0
去噪后均方根误差/V0.247 80.231 10.219 60.205 00.201 90.233 30.223 1
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394258228132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

小波去噪前后信号的指标数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数据组号均值
123456
原始信噪比/dB14.902 715.426 315.787 916.421 916.478 315.456 815.745 7
原始均方根误差/V0.461 00.433 90.416 30.386 60.384 40.432 70.419 2
去噪后信噪比/dB20.295 520.898 621.341 921.932 222.071 0820.822 521.227 0
去噪后均方根误差/V0.247 80.231 10.219 60.205 00.201 90.233 30.223 1
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394325336997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Index data of signals before and after denoising

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数据组号均值
123456
原始信噪比/dB14.902 715.426 315.787 916.421 916.478 315.456 815.745 7
原始均方根误差/V0.212 50.433 90.416 30.386 60.384 30.432 70.377 7
去噪后信噪比/dB22.288 422.584 023.370 823.785 523.727 222.969 323.120 9
去噪后均方根误差/V0.196 90.190 30.173 90.165 60.166 80.182 20.179 3
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394396640166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

去噪前后信号的指标数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数据组号均值
123456
原始信噪比/dB14.902 715.426 315.787 916.421 916.478 315.456 815.745 7
原始均方根误差/V0.212 50.433 90.416 30.386 60.384 30.432 70.377 7
去噪后信噪比/dB22.288 422.584 023.370 823.785 523.727 222.969 323.120 9
去噪后均方根误差/V0.196 90.190 30.173 90.165 60.166 80.182 20.179 3
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394484720551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Experimental results verification before denoising using VMD-DWT algorithm

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拖拉机速度/(km·h-1)排肥轴转速/(r·min-1)传感器输出值/W落肥质量流量/(g·min-1)测得质量流量/(g·min-1)误差率/%
2.02012.493 063.81 378.4122.26
2510.812 556.31 683.551.84
3010.412 436.91 942.925.43
3510.952 599.62 214.917.37
4011.102 644.72 407.79.84
4511.362 722.02 685.41.36
5012.653 112.62 890.27.70
4.5207.201 465.01 374.07.64
257.791 644.51 676.62.58
308.831 958.71 958.10.89
359.842 264.92 221.32.95
4011.342 717.52 457.310.58
4512.022 923.42 705.18.07
5013.043 231.82 923.910.53
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394556023720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

VMD-DWT算法去噪前验证试验结果

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拖拉机速度/(km·h-1)排肥轴转速/(r·min-1)传感器输出值/W落肥质量流量/(g·min-1)测得质量流量/(g·min-1)误差率/%
2.02012.493 063.81 378.4122.26
2510.812 556.31 683.551.84
3010.412 436.91 942.925.43
3510.952 599.62 214.917.37
4011.102 644.72 407.79.84
4511.362 722.02 685.41.36
5012.653 112.62 890.27.70
4.5207.201 465.01 374.07.64
257.791 644.51 676.62.58
308.831 958.71 958.10.89
359.842 264.92 221.32.95
4011.342 717.52 457.310.58
4512.022 923.42 705.18.07
5013.043 231.82 923.910.53
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394631521193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Experimental results verification after denoising using VMD-DWT algorithm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拖拉机速度/(km·h-1)排肥轴转速/(r·min-1)传感器输出值/W落肥质量流量/(g·min-1)测得质量流量/(g·min-1)误差率/%
2.0207.541 569.31 378.413.84
258.191 765.91 683.54.89
308.842 061.41 942.96.09
359.922 288.52 214.93.32
4010.242 485.62 407.73.23
4510.792 550.42 685.45.03
5012.222 983.22 890.23.22
4.5206.811 346.41 374.02.01
257.591 584.61 676.65.49
308.631 898.31 958.13.54
359.602 191.12 221.31.36
4010.662 511.32 457.32.20
4511.042 626.82 705.12.90
5012.062 835.62 923.93.02
), ArticleFig(id=1312006394727990186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006378160489248, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

VMD-DWT算法去噪后验证试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拖拉机速度/(km·h-1)排肥轴转速/(r·min-1)传感器输出值/W落肥质量流量/(g·min-1)测得质量流量/(g·min-1)误差率/%
2.0207.541 569.31 378.413.84
258.191 765.91 683.54.89
308.842 061.41 942.96.09
359.922 288.52 214.93.32
4010.242 485.62 407.73.23
4510.792 550.42 685.45.03
5012.222 983.22 890.23.22
4.5206.811 346.41 374.02.01
257.591 584.61 676.65.49
308.631 898.31 958.13.54
359.602 191.12 221.31.36
4010.662 511.32 457.32.20
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基于变分模态分解联合小波分析的颗粒肥流量微波信号测量研究
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杨立伟 1 , 张雨琛 1 , 詹泽凯 2 , 晋子杨 1 , 彭永霖 1 , 朱羽飞 2
农业机械学报 | 农业信息化工程 2025,56(12): 623-633
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农业机械学报 |农业信息化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 623 -633
基于变分模态分解联合小波分析的颗粒肥流量微波信号测量研究
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杨立伟1 , 张雨琛1, 詹泽凯2, 晋子杨1, 彭永霖1, 朱羽飞2
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业大学智慧农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 2.中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
作者简介:

杨立伟(1981—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:

Particle Fertilizer Flow Microwave Signal Measurement Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Wavelet Analysis
Liwei YANG1 , Yuchen ZHANG1, Zekai ZHAN2, Ziyang JIN1, Yonglin PENG1, Yufei ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Smart Agriculture System Integration, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.057
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针对精准农业中颗粒肥料质量流量难以精确测量的难题,提出了一种基于微波传感器采集颗粒肥料流量信号的预处理算法。首先通过仿真排肥管道结构,确定了在管道长度为400 mm、直径为30 mm的条件下,颗粒肥料在管道内的碰撞对速度的影响最小,并根据仿真结果搭建了颗粒肥料质量流量采集平台。通过对采集的流量信号进行分析,提出了一种结合变分模态分解(VMD)与离散小波变换(DWT)的复合去噪算法。试验结果表明该算法处理后的信号信噪比提高了7.375 7 dB,均方根误差降低了57%,从而显著提升了颗粒肥料质量流量的测量精度。最后实际车载试验表明,经该算法处理后的流量信号,最大相对误差为13.84%,最小相对误差为1.36%。该试验平台与算法为精准施肥提供了可靠的技术支持。

精准施肥  /  颗粒肥料  /  流量测量  /  微波传感器  /  变分模态分解  /  小波去噪

The accurate measurement of granular fertilizer mass flow rate presents a significant challenge for achieving precision fertilization. Due to the complex dynamics of granular flows, traditional measurement methods often struggle to handle the resulting signals, which are typically characterized by significant noise and non-stationarity. To address this issue, a novel pre-processing algorithm for granular fertilizer flow signals acquired by a microwave sensor was proposed. Initially, a model of the fertilizer discharge pipeline was constructed and simulation experiments were conducted. These simulations determined that under conditions of a 400 mm pipeline length and 30 mm diameter, the impact of particle collisions within the pipeline on velocity was minimized. Based on these simulation results, a signal acquisition platform for granular fertilizer mass flow was established. Through analysis of the acquired flow signals, a hybrid denoising algorithm combining variational mode decomposition (VMD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was innovatively proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that after processing with this algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal was increased by 7.375 7 dB, and the root mean square error was decreased by 57%. The algorithm effectively separated the noise component from the signal, thereby significantly improving the measurement accuracy of the granular fertilizer mass flow rate. Finally, real-world vehicle tests were conducted. The processed flow signals exhibited a maximum relative error of 13.84% and a minimum relative error of 1.36%. The results confirmed that the experimental platform developed and the proposed denoising algorithm provided reliable technical support for precision fertilization.

precision fertilization  /  granular fertilizer  /  flow rate measurement  /  microwave sensor  /  variational modal decomposition  /  wavelet denoising
杨立伟, 张雨琛, 詹泽凯, 晋子杨, 彭永霖, 朱羽飞. 基于变分模态分解联合小波分析的颗粒肥流量微波信号测量研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 623 -633 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.057
Liwei YANG, Yuchen ZHANG, Zekai ZHAN, Ziyang JIN, Yonglin PENG, Yufei ZHU. Particle Fertilizer Flow Microwave Signal Measurement Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Wavelet Analysis[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 623 -633 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.057
精准施肥是精准农业技术的核心内容。精准施肥技术依据土壤养分状况、作物需肥规律和目标产量来调节施肥量、氮磷钾比例和施肥时期,从而达到提高化肥利用率、最大限度地利用土地资源、以合理的肥料投入量获取最高产量和最大经济效益、保护农业生态环境和自然资源的目的[1]。然而当下精准施肥面临着许多难题,主要表现为施肥结构不合理和施肥方法不科学。要解决上述难题,需实现实时监测施肥机流量和优化抛肥方式。目前市场上主流的肥料分为液体肥料和颗粒肥料2种,其中颗粒肥料是精准施肥领域中的重点研究对象。因为颗粒肥料入土后难以进行测量,所以在抛肥时获取的动态施肥量是评价施肥作业质量的重要指标。目前,大部分研究主要探究颗粒肥料质量流量与检测信号的联系。但由于颗粒肥料具有易潮湿、腐蚀性等特征,对于颗粒肥料的检测一直是技术难题[2-3]。目前较为主流的解决方法有:通过质量流量计测量流量的直接称量法、利用静电感应原理标定质量流量与感应电流关系的电感法以及通过电容信号变化值获得实时固态肥料质量流量的电容法[4-8]。但传统方法在实际应用中均存在明显局限,直接称量法属于接触式测量,颗粒肥料的腐蚀性会长期磨损、腐蚀质量流量计的接触部件,导致传感器精度逐年衰减。电感法依赖静电感应信号,而颗粒肥料的易潮特性会破坏静电积累效果,环境湿度较高时,肥料颗粒表面导电性增强,静电快速消散,导致感应电流信号微弱且不稳定,难以准确匹配质量流量。电容法虽能通过电容变化反映流量,但同样受肥料特性影响显著:潮湿的颗粒肥料会改变自身介电常数,导致电容信号偏离实际流量对应值。
在现代农业的精准化管理中,微波传感器技术的应用日益受到重视。大量研究[9-17]证实了微波传感器技术在农业及工业过程中的广泛应用前景。这些研究成果不仅为农业和工业过程提供了新的监测手段,也为实现资源的高效利用和可持续发展提供了有力的技术支持。
本文开发一套颗粒肥料质量流量测量系统,该系统基于微波多普勒回波信号的详细管道优化分析,目的是实现对颗粒肥料实际质量流量的精准测量。此系统的核心技术基础是多普勒效应,利用创新去噪算法对回波信号进行处理,滤除其中的噪声分量,使系统捕捉到回波信号中由下落速度引起的频率变化,从而推断颗粒肥料在施肥设备中的动态行为。通过精确监测颗粒肥料的运动状态,提供高效且可靠的方法来优化施肥过程,以确保每一次施肥都能达到既定的效率和效果。
多普勒效应描述了波形式的能量(如声波、电磁波等)因波源和观测者的相对运动导致接收频率的变化。这种变化可表示为
式中
      f′——观测到的频率,Hz
      f——波源频率,Hz
      vm——波在介质中的速度,m/s
      v0——观测者的移动速度(接近波源为正,远离为负),m/s
      vs——波源的移动速度(接近观测者为负,远离为正),m/s
当排肥器开始工作时,管道内下落的肥料会吸收和反射由传感器发出的电磁波。由于多普勒效应的存在,反射回来的电磁波频率会在频域上发生频移;并且由于吸收作用,反射回来的电磁波功率也有所衰减。颗粒肥料下落速度越快,则由多普勒效应产生的频移现象越明显;颗粒浓度越大,则由吸收作用产生的功率衰减现象越显著。在实际生产过程当中,施肥时管道内下落的肥料可以近似看作分布均匀的颗粒介质,大量的反射可以将颗粒间的相互作用平均化。故定义颗粒肥料质量流量V的计算式为
式中
      v——颗粒肥料的下落速度,m/s
      t——颗粒肥料下落时间,s
      k——经验系数
      β——管道内颗粒质量分数,%
      S——管道横截面积,m2
由式(2)可知,当管道横截面积和肥料流中的颗粒密度已知时,对肥料质量流量的测量就可以转变为对肥料速度v和质量分数β的测量。
由于颗粒肥料数量巨大,在下落时会发生复杂的碰撞过程,导致微波传感器接收到的信号在时域上复杂且无规律,无法直接获取速度的相关信息。由于多普勒效应,信号会产生频移fd,即传感器接收频率fr与发射频率f0的差值,该值在频域上可以近似看作定值,因此需寻找fd与速度之间的关系。传感器发射的信号φ为
式中
      A——比例常数
      ω——发射信号的角频率,rad/s
      U——电压幅值,V
当颗粒肥料以速度v下落时,反射波的时间延迟tr为
式中
      c——光速,m/s
      L——传感器到抛肥管道口的距离
反射波信号φr为
考虑到一般情况下物体下落方向与电磁波传播方向存在夹角θ,故此时
对于颗粒肥料浓度的测算,相关资料表明,信号功率P与肥料质量浓度ρ之间存在近似线性的关系[18],即
对于肥料下落的功率谱图,其信号频率集中在较小的频段内且起伏较大,为保留原始信号各频率成分比重,需要加权平均各频率段的Psd,综合处理效果和操作难度,选择周期图法来进行功率谱分析,通过对N个数据样本利用FFT变换计算Psd[19]
式中
      fnejω——有限长随机信号的傅里叶变换
      M——离散频率点的取值范围
      N——观测数据的长度
通过上述推导,将对颗粒肥料下落速度与浓度的测量转换为对采集到的微波信号的主导频率与功率谱密度的分析。
变分模态分解(VMD)是一种利用迭代搜索变分模型最优解来确定每个分解分量的中心频率以及带宽的信号处理方法[20]。
VMD的目标是将目标函数最小化
其中第1项表示分解后模态信号和原始信号的差;第2项是模态分量的平滑约束项,α为平滑约束的权重。
对于优化过程,首先获取信号x(t)和其对应频率ωk,其次利用拉格朗日算子对信号进行约束,使其频谱分辨率增高,减少模态混叠问题。随后进行2种迭代优化处理:①固定中心频率ωk不变,不断改变模态分量uk使信号重建的误差达到最小。②固定模态分量不变,不断改变中心频率使频谱更加集中。重复2种处理过程直到信号收敛或达到预设的绝对值容差。
微波传感器感应十分灵敏,采集过程中受外界环境的干扰较大,例如固定线抖动、下落管道抖动、电机转动,均会产生噪声加入到原始信号中[21]。传统滤波方法(如移动平均滤波、中值滤波等方法)的去噪效果较差,无法达到理想预期;现代滤波方法(如卡尔曼滤波法)对非线性数据处理效果不理想,并且其计算量大,实时性能较差。故选择可以更好处理非线性数据,并且能够提供更好时间-频率分辨率的小波去噪方法。
首先对原始信号进行离散小波变换,选取满足均值为零、信号能量有限这2个条件的小波信号φ(t),添加参数a、b,变为,通过改变a、b的值调节小波的频移和时移,对原始信号进行内积处理
内积后得到高频和低频的小波系数,由于试验过程中产生的噪声大部分为高频分量,所以对高频系数进行软阈值处理,得到去噪后的小波系数,再对其进行逆小波变换,生成处理后信号
其中
由于VMD算法具有良好的可扩展性,适用于各种信号处理任务,可与其他算法组合使用以满足不同需求,故将其与小波去噪算法相结合,用来提升信号的去噪效果。
具体步骤如图1所示,利用VMD将原始信号分解为若干模态分量,根据每个模态分量所含频率成分进行不同参数的小波去噪,使信号的去噪效果达到最好。对去噪后的各个模态分量进行求和,得到完整的去噪信号。之后对去噪信号进行快速傅里叶变换得到频率谱图,通过观察分析,获得主导频率从而求得颗粒肥料下落的速度;利用周期图法获得去噪信号的功率谱密度,对其进行积分运算得到信号功率,从而求得颗粒肥料速度浓度信息。
通过理论分析可知,实现精准施肥需要计算颗粒肥料下落速度。影响颗粒下落速度最主要的因素是管道。为研究肥料颗粒在管道中的运动及相关因素对肥料下落速度的影响,设计试验通过Solidworks软件进行仿真建模。
通过测量小球管口的速度,分析管道长度、管口直径对速度误差的影响。采用控制变量法进行2个试验,具体仿真步骤为:
(1)简化下料机为管道模型,肥料颗粒为小球。
(2)在管道上方添加一个料箱,料箱与管道之间添加隔离板。从0.8 s开始,对隔离板施加与时间成步进函数关系的力,到1 s时力施加到100 N,停止增加,模拟抽挡板的情况。
(3)依据试验需求选取不同管道长度和管口直径,小球直径为2 mm,组成模型(图2)。
(4)选取速度误差作为计算结果,既可以减少误差,也方便后续计算肥料流量。
设置以下2种试验作为控制变量试验组。试验1:控制管口直径为30 mm,小球直径2 mm,改变管道长度,探索管道长度对速度误差的影响。试验2:控制管道长度为500 mm,小球直径2 mm,根据经验将小球在管道的截面占比设为约70%,改变管道直径,探究管道直径对速度误差的影响。同时在相同管道长度、管口直径、颗粒数的情况下,进行实际试验,获取实际数据,与模拟试验数据对比。
设定管口直径30 mm,小球直径2 mm,小球个数128,约占管道截面积70%,以管道长度为变量进行试验。
表1中平均模拟速度表示模拟试验中128个小球到下管口时测量速度的平均值。实际平均速度表示在相同情况下实际试验中测量速度的平均值。标准速度指理想状态下单个小球自由下落管道长度后的速度。速度误差γ计算公式为
式中
      v1——平均速度,m/s
      v2——标准速度,m/s
由表1可以得出,小球下落时间误差与管道长度基本成正比。管道长度越长,小球下落时间误差越大,小球与小球、管壁之间碰撞的概率越大,时间误差越大。
模拟试验速度误差和管道直径并非呈线性关系。通过模拟动画可以发现,移动挡板时,挡板与小球间有摩擦,使小球做平抛运动。当小球和管壁碰撞时,小球之间也会产生碰撞,将其视为主要碰撞,由于挡板给小球施加水平速度,这个碰撞不可避免。然后随着管道长度的增长,小球之间碰撞的概率增加。
对比实际试验和模拟结果,由于实际情况比模拟试验复杂,存在肥料颗粒不规则、管壁存在摩擦、传感器精度不高等问题,导致实际试验速度误差变化较大。考虑到现实作业需要一定长度管道结合试验数据,本文选取400 mm作为最优管道长度。
设定管道长度400 mm、小球直径2 mm、小球在管道的截面占比约70%,以管口直径为变量进行试验。
表2为试验2平均模拟速度和误差计算结果。
试验2以试验1为基础,选择400 mm作为管道长度。管道截面积和管道半径呈二次关系,当半径越大,管道截面积增量越大,小球过球心横截面积一定,小球数量的增量越大。当管道直径减小,小球数量减小,小球数量减小量也在减小。小球和管壁之间的距离减小,小球和管道之间、小球和小球之间更容易发生碰撞,速度误差增速更快。当管道直径增加,小球数量增加,小球数量增加量也在增加,此时速度误差增加,但是小球与管壁和小球之间的距离增加,因此速度误差增速放缓。
观察2个试验的数据可以发现,管道直径对于速度误差的影响较大。由试验数据可知当小球截面占比为70%左右、管道直径在30~40 mm时,速度误差最小且区别较小,因此选择30 mm管道直径。综上所述,管道装置最佳参数为:管道长度400 mm,管道直径30 mm。
根据仿真试验结果,设计的检测系统主要由肥料存储箱、伺服电机驱动的自动排肥系统、输送管道、对射式多普勒微波传感器、数据采集卡、计算机、肥料收集容器以及称量装置等组成。通过操作编码器,可以精确调节电机的转速,实现对排出肥料质量流量的控制。颗粒肥料通过位于肥箱底部的输送管道进入肥料收集装置,该输送管道为直径300 mm的PVC管材。最后,使用称量装置测量实际的质量流量,作为对比参照的标准。多普勒微波传感器用于测量肥料的质量流量,其发射频率为24.125 GHz,并安装在距离排肥轴400 mm的垂直位置。PVC管材直径和多普勒微波传感器安装位置均采用仿真试验数据最终结果。
收集装置由聚乙烯制成的肥料收集盒及电子秤组成,用于称量收集到的颗粒肥料,从而得到试验中的实际质量流量数据。整个系统在实验室环境下搭建,并进行了相应试验。室内试验平台如图3所示。
本文利用管道建模搭建的试验环境进行多次室内颗粒肥下落试验,采集多组原始信号数据。对于采集到的信号,首先使用传统去噪方法,即小波去噪法进行预处理。小波去噪前后信号的时域对比如图4所示,从图4可以看到信号时域波形有明显变化。
其次对原始回波信号和去噪后回波信号进行快速傅里叶变换处理,将时域信息转换为频域信息,得到小波去噪前后信号的频域对比如图5所示。对比去噪前后信号的频谱图可以发现整个频域的幅值均有下降,其中高频部分的噪声分量已经被有效去除,低频有效分量的复制比例基本保持不变,便于区分主导频率的数值,可以确定颗粒肥料下落速度。为衡量去噪效果,计算出小波去噪前后信号的均方根误差和信噪比,最终数据如表3所示。
由图4、5和表3可以看出,经过小波去噪处理后,时域上的信号波形产生缩减。同时均方根误差降低57%,信噪比提升5.481 3 dB,2个衡量去噪效果的指标表明噪声已被削减。不过在信号频谱图上,通过观察发现虽然原始噪声的频率分量有所削减,但是在去噪后却产生了新的频率分量,对于主导频率的提取造成了新的干扰。综上所述,单纯使用小波去噪对该信号的处理效果并不理想,会使信号造成部分失真,因此为了去噪效果更好,在小波去噪的基础上优化去噪算法。
在小波去噪的基础上,融合VMD分解,将2种算法相互结合,提高对原始回波信号的去噪效果。首先将原始回波信号分解为多个IMF分量,通过观察每个IMF分量的频谱图,确定小波去噪的参数后,对每个分量进行去噪处理,最后将所有处理后的分量进行加和,得到最终的去噪结果。
信号经过VMD分解后得到的IMF分量去噪前后效果如图6所示,明显能够看出分解后主要的频率分量处于不同的IMF分量之中,故可以针对性地对含高频噪声的IMF分量进行小波去噪处理,使得最终的效果更加优越。
将进行针对性去噪处理后的IMF分量加和得到完整的去噪后回波信号,从而绘制出VMD-DWT算法去噪前后回波信号的时域对比图如图7所示。通过对比原始算法和改进算法的处理图像,能够看出改进算法去噪前后的变化更加明显,可初步判定改进算法对噪声的削减更加明显,去噪效果更加优越。
对原始回波信号和VMD-DWT算法处理后的回波信号进行快速傅里叶变换处理,获得信号的频谱信息,得到去噪前后信号的频域对比如图8所示。从图8可以看到,频域整体幅值的削减幅度相较于小波去噪更为显著,高频部分的噪声分量幅值更小,信号的平滑度更高;同时在100 Hz处没有新增谱线,说明信号在处理后没有出现失真,进一步证明VMD-DWT算法具有更好的性能。
在回波信号频谱的基础上利用周期图法获得功率谱密度图像,去噪前后的对比图如图9所示(每组图中,上图为去噪前功率谱密度图,下图为去噪后功率谱密度图)。通过对比去噪前后的图像可以发现去噪后高频部分的尖峰明显减少,这表明回波信号中高频噪声的功率和能量得到了有效抑制,信号更加纯净,从中提取到的回波信号功率信息,即颗粒肥料的浓度信息会更加准确。
去噪前后回波信号的衡量指标数据如表4所示。通过分析图8、9和表4可知,相比于单纯使用小波去噪的方法,改进算法信号信噪比提升了7.375 2 dB,均方根误差降低了57%,并且在去噪后频域上也没有出现新增的噪声频率分量,同时在高频率区域,谱线也更为干净,这便于更好地分辨主导频率,因此最终选择此种算法对数据进行处理分析。
通过改变排肥电机转速的方式改变落肥流量QMF。转速从20 r/min以5 r/min为步长增加到50 r/min,共7个采样间隔;标定时间为60 s;每个条件下试验至少重复4次,共37组样本数据。通过给回波信号的功率谱幅值赋予不同权重,来确定信号的主要频率,再将此频率与信号的功率谱估计结果相乘,得出传感器的输出值QSOV。
利用一阶多项式对传感器输出值与肥料质量流量进行拟合,计算得出拟合曲线相关系数并绘制曲线。其中拟合模型和曲线相关系数计算式为
式中
      k0、b0——拟合模型的系数
      Cov()——协方差      Var()——方差
标定试验中得到的拟合模型为
其R2=0.997 6,标定曲线如图10所示。
通过改变拖拉机挡位的方式改变车速,在拖拉机加速踏板下方放置木板,每次将加速踏板踩到贴合木板,待拖拉机转速表盘指针稳定后松开离合。松开离合后拖拉机会有一个轻微的窜动,待拖拉机车速稳定后开始排肥,采用撒可富22-8-10通用型高氯复合肥作为试验材料。通过改变排肥电机转速的方式改变QMF。转速变化与采样时间和标定试验一致,在排肥过程中保持加速踏板位置不改变。
车载试验选择A、B 2个挡位,对应车速为2.0、4.5 km/h。每个条件下试验至少重复4次。对回波信号功率谱采用幅值加权的方法计算出信号的主要频率,与信号的功率谱估计相乘作为QSOV。相同试验条件的试验结果取平均值,代入式(15)中获得测量值。再计算误差率γ0,即
式中
      ——测得质量流量,g/min
结果如表5所示。
对于不同拖拉机速度,肥料轴转速均为50 r/min,计算出各自的检测相对误差,结果如表6所示。
由表6可得,肥料的质量流量范围为1 374.0~2 923.9 g/min。流量信号经过处理后,检测系统能够准确检测施肥量,最大相对误差为13.84%,最小相对误差为1.36%,说明基于变分模态分解联合小波分析算法的微波多普勒肥料质量流量检测系统能够精确检测施肥机施肥的质量流量。
针对精准农业中颗粒肥料质量流量难以精确测量的难题,本研究提出了一种基于微波传感器采集颗粒肥料流量信号的预处理算法。首先,通过仿真管道结构,确定了在管道长度为400 mm、直径为30 mm的条件下,颗粒肥料在管道内的碰撞对速度的影响达到最小。基于此结果,成功搭建了颗粒肥料质量流量采集平台。进一步分析了采集到的流量信号,并提出了一种融合变分模态分解(VMD)与离散小波变换的联合信号预处理算法。该算法处理后的信号信噪比提升7.375 7 dB,均方根误差降低57%,从而显著提升了颗粒肥料质量流量的测量精度。实际车载试验中,经该算法处理后的流量信号,最大相对误差为13.84%,最小相对误差为1.36%。基于变分模态分解联合小波分析算法的微波多普勒肥料质量流量检测系统能够精确检测施肥机施肥的质量流量。该研究可为优化农业施肥过程提供技术支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32371989)
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.057
  • 接收时间:2024-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-20
  • 修回日期:2025-01-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32371989)
作者信息
    1.中国农业大学智慧农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
    2.中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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