Article(id=1312006341800059447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747411200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-17, revisedDate=1751904000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736287783, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736287783, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736287783, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736287783, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=727, endPage=737, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006342026551864, articleId=1312006341800059447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Crop Yields and Soil Responses to Biochar and Humic Acid Based on Meta-analysis, columnId=1312006322535620938, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This Meta-analysis integrated 102 published domestic and international studies on biochar and humic acid application from 2019 to 2024. It examined their effects on crop yield and physicochemical-biological indicators of the 0~20 cm soil layer across three dimensions: application type (X1), application rate (X2), and application duration (X3). Results indicated that biochar and humic acid application significantly increased crop yield, soil pH value, porosity, total nitrogen content, organic matter content, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (P<0.01), while significantly reducing bulk density, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus content, and urease activity. The BRT model revealed the contribution order of factors as X2>X3>X1. The most pronounced yield increase occurred at application rates exceeding 40 t/hm2 and application durations exceeding 4 years, with respective yield increases of 20.43% and 18.4%. Application rates of 0~20 t/hm2 significantly increased available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, urease content, and catalase activity by 28.29%, 10.01%, 12.37%, and 2.69%, respectively. Application rates of 20~40 t/hm2 increased pH value (3.77%) and nitrate nitrogen content (47.85%); application rates exceeding 40 t/hm2 significantly reduced bulk density (8.66%), while increasing porosity (15.75%), total nitrogen content (20.31%), and organic matter content (40.51%). Application duration of 0~2 years significantly reduced electrical conductivity (17.92%) and ammonium nitrogen (2.70%), but increased soil organic matter content (33.60%), available phosphorus content (26.07%), nitrate nitrogen content (6.88%), and catalase activity (4.51%); Application duration of 2~4 years increased soil pH value (16.80%), porosity (4.92%), and urease activity (17.43%); Application periods exceeding 4 years significantly increased alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (22.89%) and total nitrogen content (22.49%)(P<0.05). The research quantitatively identified optimal application strategies for biochar and humic acid, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing their agricultural applications and practical guidance for farmland soil improvement.

, authors=Yan ZHU1, 2, Tianyu HUANG1, 2, Chunmei GUO1, 3, Yuhang LU1, 3, Jing HE1, 4, Libing SONG1, 2, authorsList=Yan ZHU, Tianyu HUANG, Chunmei GUO, Yuhang LU, Jing HE, Libing SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006346237633111, articleId=1312006341800059447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于Meta的作物产量与土壤对生物炭和腐殖酸响应研究, columnId=1312006322695004492, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用Meta分析整合了2019—2024年国内外已发表有关生物炭和腐殖酸施加的102篇文献,从施用种类(X1)、施加量(X2)及施用年限(X3)3方面分析其对作物产量及0~20 cm土层土壤理化生指标的影响。结果表明,施加生物炭和腐殖酸极显著提高了作物产量、土壤pH值、孔隙度、全氮含量、有机质含量及碱解氮含量(P<0.01),显著降低了土壤容重、电导率、有效磷含量及脲酶活性。由BRT模型可知,各因子贡献度X2>X3>X1;其中:施加量大于40 t/hm2和施用年限大于4年时增产效果最显著,产量增幅分别为20.43%和18.4%。施加量0~20 t/hm2显著提高了有效磷、碱解氮含量、脲酶活性及过氧化氢酶活性,增幅分别为28.29%、10.01%、12.37%和2.69%;施加量20~40 t/hm2提高pH值(3.77%)和硝态氮含量(47.85%);而施加量大于40 t/hm2显著降低容重(8.66%),增加孔隙度(15.75%)、全氮含量(20.31%)和有机质含量(40.51%)。施用年限0~2年显著降低电导率(17.92%)和铵态氮含量(2.70%),但提升土壤有机质含量(33.60%)、有效磷含量(26.07%)、硝态氮含量(6.88%)和过氧化氢酶活性(4.51%);施用年限2~4年增大土壤pH值(16.80%)、孔隙度(4.92%)和脲酶活性(17.43%);施用年限大于4年显著提高碱解氮含量(22.89%)和全氮含量(22.49%)(P<0.05)。本研究通过量化分析明确了生物炭和腐殖酸的最佳施用策略,为优化生物炭和腐殖酸农业应用提供了理论依据,为农田土壤改良提供了实践指导。

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朱艳(1989—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉理论与技术研究,E-mail:

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Classification of soil indicators

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类别指标
作物指标产量
土壤物理指标pH值、容重、孔隙度、电导率
土壤化学指标全氮、有机质、有效磷、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量
土壤生物指标脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性
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土壤指标分类

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类别指标
作物指标产量
土壤物理指标pH值、容重、孔隙度、电导率
土壤化学指标全氮、有机质、有效磷、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量
土壤生物指标脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性
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基于Meta的作物产量与土壤对生物炭和腐殖酸响应研究
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朱艳 1, 2 , 黄田雨 1, 2 , 郭春梅 1, 3 , 卢宇航 1, 3 , 何静 1, 4 , 宋利兵 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 农业水土工程 2025,56(12): 727-737
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农业机械学报 |农业水土工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 727 -737
基于Meta的作物产量与土壤对生物炭和腐殖酸响应研究
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朱艳1, 2 , 黄田雨1, 2, 郭春梅1, 3, 卢宇航1, 3, 何静1, 4, 宋利兵1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.石河子大学水利建筑工程学院,石河子 832000
  • 2.现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验室,石河子 832000
  • 3.兵团农业水肥高效关键装备技术创新中心,石河子 832000
  • 4.农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室,石河子 832000
作者简介:

朱艳(1989—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉理论与技术研究,E-mail:

Crop Yields and Soil Responses to Biochar and Humic Acid Based on Meta-analysis
Yan ZHU1, 2 , Tianyu HUANG1, 2, Chunmei GUO1, 3, Yuhang LU1, 3, Jing HE1, 4, Libing SONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Modern Water-saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 3.Technology Innovation Center for Agricultural Water and Fertilizer Efficiency Equipment of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.067
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采用Meta分析整合了2019—2024年国内外已发表有关生物炭和腐殖酸施加的102篇文献,从施用种类(X1)、施加量(X2)及施用年限(X3)3方面分析其对作物产量及0~20 cm土层土壤理化生指标的影响。结果表明,施加生物炭和腐殖酸极显著提高了作物产量、土壤pH值、孔隙度、全氮含量、有机质含量及碱解氮含量(P<0.01),显著降低了土壤容重、电导率、有效磷含量及脲酶活性。由BRT模型可知,各因子贡献度X2>X3>X1;其中:施加量大于40 t/hm2和施用年限大于4年时增产效果最显著,产量增幅分别为20.43%和18.4%。施加量0~20 t/hm2显著提高了有效磷、碱解氮含量、脲酶活性及过氧化氢酶活性,增幅分别为28.29%、10.01%、12.37%和2.69%;施加量20~40 t/hm2提高pH值(3.77%)和硝态氮含量(47.85%);而施加量大于40 t/hm2显著降低容重(8.66%),增加孔隙度(15.75%)、全氮含量(20.31%)和有机质含量(40.51%)。施用年限0~2年显著降低电导率(17.92%)和铵态氮含量(2.70%),但提升土壤有机质含量(33.60%)、有效磷含量(26.07%)、硝态氮含量(6.88%)和过氧化氢酶活性(4.51%);施用年限2~4年增大土壤pH值(16.80%)、孔隙度(4.92%)和脲酶活性(17.43%);施用年限大于4年显著提高碱解氮含量(22.89%)和全氮含量(22.49%)(P<0.05)。本研究通过量化分析明确了生物炭和腐殖酸的最佳施用策略,为优化生物炭和腐殖酸农业应用提供了理论依据,为农田土壤改良提供了实践指导。

生物炭  /  腐殖酸  /  施加量  /  施用年限  /  产量  /  土壤理化生性质

This Meta-analysis integrated 102 published domestic and international studies on biochar and humic acid application from 2019 to 2024. It examined their effects on crop yield and physicochemical-biological indicators of the 0~20 cm soil layer across three dimensions: application type (X1), application rate (X2), and application duration (X3). Results indicated that biochar and humic acid application significantly increased crop yield, soil pH value, porosity, total nitrogen content, organic matter content, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (P<0.01), while significantly reducing bulk density, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus content, and urease activity. The BRT model revealed the contribution order of factors as X2>X3>X1. The most pronounced yield increase occurred at application rates exceeding 40 t/hm2 and application durations exceeding 4 years, with respective yield increases of 20.43% and 18.4%. Application rates of 0~20 t/hm2 significantly increased available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, urease content, and catalase activity by 28.29%, 10.01%, 12.37%, and 2.69%, respectively. Application rates of 20~40 t/hm2 increased pH value (3.77%) and nitrate nitrogen content (47.85%); application rates exceeding 40 t/hm2 significantly reduced bulk density (8.66%), while increasing porosity (15.75%), total nitrogen content (20.31%), and organic matter content (40.51%). Application duration of 0~2 years significantly reduced electrical conductivity (17.92%) and ammonium nitrogen (2.70%), but increased soil organic matter content (33.60%), available phosphorus content (26.07%), nitrate nitrogen content (6.88%), and catalase activity (4.51%); Application duration of 2~4 years increased soil pH value (16.80%), porosity (4.92%), and urease activity (17.43%); Application periods exceeding 4 years significantly increased alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (22.89%) and total nitrogen content (22.49%)(P<0.05). The research quantitatively identified optimal application strategies for biochar and humic acid, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing their agricultural applications and practical guidance for farmland soil improvement.

biochar  /  humic acid  /  application amount  /  years of application  /  yield  /  soil physicochemical properties
朱艳, 黄田雨, 郭春梅, 卢宇航, 何静, 宋利兵. 基于Meta的作物产量与土壤对生物炭和腐殖酸响应研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 727 -737 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.067
Yan ZHU, Tianyu HUANG, Chunmei GUO, Yuhang LU, Jing HE, Libing SONG. Crop Yields and Soil Responses to Biochar and Humic Acid Based on Meta-analysis[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 727 -737 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.067
土壤理化性质是土壤肥力的核心,也是农业可持续发展的基础[1]。随着农业大力发展,各类作物连续种植及大量依赖化肥虽在一定程度上提高了作物产量,但由于忽视有机肥补充,导致土壤中有机物质逐渐消耗,从而引发土壤肥力下降、透气性差和土壤板结等一系列问题[2]。土壤改良措施不仅要与土壤改良技术的发展相适应,更要与当地经济发展相匹配[3]。我国作为农业大国,秸秆资源丰富,其在提高土壤肥力及作物产量方面具有显著潜力[4]。已有学者研究发现秸秆在高温无氧或缺氧环境中可热解产生一种富碳、高稳定性的固态物质——生物炭,可改善土壤质地及对养分的保持能力[5-6]。也有研究表明,施加生物炭可提高土壤含水率、孔隙度、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量及土壤微生物活性并降低土壤容重[7-8]。腐殖酸是一类具有复杂结构的天然有机大分子化合物,广泛分布于土壤、水体、沉积物及煤炭等自然环境中。它主要由动植物残体在微生物分解和长期腐殖化作用下形成,其特殊的物理结构能把分散的土粒胶结在一起,增强土壤通气性、透水性并提高土壤有机质含量使得土壤保墒能力增强、耕性变好[9-10]。这2种土壤改良剂原料广泛、价格合理,且在土壤结构改良、肥力提升及生态环境调节应用中起到重要作用。
但施用生物炭和腐殖酸及不同施加量和施用年限对土壤指标及产量的影响各不相同。王小芳等[11]研究表明,生物炭可改善土壤盐分积累,当施加量为10~25 t/hm2时,土壤脱盐率达14.7%~22.3%,而土壤脱盐有助于降低土壤电导率、改善作物根际环境,为产量提升创造有利条件。邹瑞晗等[12]研究表明,当生物炭施加量为45 t/hm2时,土壤质量指数和土壤中碳含量均达到最高。孔德庸等[13]研究表明,化肥减量20%配施67.5 kg/hm2腐殖酸对土壤理化性质和微生物多样性改善效果最佳。郭书亚等[14]研究表明,一次性施用生物炭5年后且施加量为10 t/hm2时,降低土壤紧实度、容重和孔隙度效果最显著,且改善效果随着施加量增加而降低。魏永霞等[15]研究表明,土壤肥力增强效果与施炭后年限呈负相关,并预测单次施用生物炭后大豆增产有效时间为5~6年。SONG等[16]发现施加腐殖酸2年后土壤0~40 cm土壤全碳和有机碳含量及储量均高于化肥处理9%~40%。然而,前人研究多局限于单一区域、单一因素或短期试验,缺乏系统性评估,但这对科学合理应用生物炭和腐殖酸具有重要意义。
因此,本研究基于Meta分析整合2019—2024年已发表的相关文献,共获得1 873组数据,探究作物产量及土壤理化生指标对施用生物炭和腐殖酸及其施加量及施用年限的响应。同时,结合BRT模型揭示生物炭与腐殖酸的最佳施用策略,为农田可持续管理提供理论依据并为后续研究提供科学支撑。
在中国知网和Web of Science两大数据库中检索2019—2024年发表的关于生物炭、腐殖酸对土壤理化生性质影响的核心期刊论文,探究土壤指标对生物炭和腐殖酸的响应,中文检索词:“生物炭+生物质炭+腐殖酸+腐植酸”“农田+土壤理化性质+土壤质量+土壤肥力”和“产量”,英文检索词:“biochar”“charcoal”“biomass”“carbon”“BC”“humic acid”“HA”,“farmland”“soil quality”“soil physical and chemical properties”“soil fertility”和“yield”,最终检索结果分布如图1所示。
按照以下标准对文献进行筛选:①同一试验中应包含不施加生物炭或腐殖酸的对照处理。②试验具有明确的重复数(n≥3,n为样本量)。③研究必须是大田试验且包含土壤理化指标。④有一定的施加量、施用年限及土层深度。④排除轮作、间作、套作等作物种植模式。⑤排除污染性农田。
采用Web Plot Digitizer 4.2软件提取数据图表,收集样本量、样本均值及标准差或标准误,最终纳入102篇文献(图2),提取1 873组数据:产量(410对)、土壤pH值(192对)、容重(146对)、电导率(68对)、孔隙度(67对)、全氮含量(123对)、有机质含量(256对)、有效磷含量(219对)、碱解氮含量(121对)、硝态氮含量(77对)、铵态氮含量(72对)、脲酶活性(75对)和过氧化氢酶活性(47对)。
为确认Meta分析无发表偏倚,采用漏斗图法进行发表偏倚性检验,各指标效应值均匀分布在均值线两侧,为进一步评估发表偏倚的潜在影响,对土壤有机质含量采用剪补法进行敏感性分析,剪除不对称点并通过对称性补全缺失数据,计算校正后效应值。结果表明,本研究所选取的文献均不存在发表偏倚性。
共选择13个评价指标作为研究对象(表1),整合分析作物产量和土壤指标对改良剂种类、施加量及施用年限的响应。
由于研究对象和研究方法不同,施加不同改良剂在不同试验条件下对土壤指标影响存在差异,将这些分类变量划分成不同亚组[17]:改良剂种类为生物炭和腐殖酸、施加量划分为“0~20 t/hm2、20~40 t/hm2、>40 t/hm2”及施加年限划分为“0~2年、2~4年、>4年”,共8个亚组。
土壤有机质含量按有机质含量等于有机碳含量/0.58计算。对于文献中未直接提供标准差和标准误差[18],估算式为
式中
      SD——标准差      X——均值
采用随机效应模型和R语言的Metafor包进行效应值计算,计算式[18]为
式中
      lnRR——效应值      vi——方差
      xc、xt——施加生物炭或腐殖酸对照组和试验组均值
      SDc、SDt——对照组和试验组标准差
      nc、nt——对照组和试验组样本量
试验组加权效应值lnR++由数据权重决定;用95%置信区间(CI)与0的位置关系评估Meta分析的显著性[18],计算式为
式中
      wi——权重
      lnRi——各指标响应比
为更直观表示各指标对生物炭和腐殖酸的响应,计算百分数S,计算式为[18]
增强回归树(BRT)模型是一种基于梯度提升的集成学习方法,通过迭代训练多棵回归树并组合预测结果来提高模型精度。该方法能自动捕捉变量间的非线性关系和交互作用,并提供变量重要性排序[19]。本研究通过优化种子数(123)、树数量(5 000)、最大深度(3)、学习率(0.001)和交叉验证(10折)等参数提升模型性能[20],用其变量重要性排序和预测图,探究改良剂种类、施加量和施用年限对作物产量及土壤性质的影响。
I2表示由研究间异质性所造成的效应值变异的百分比,本研究中I2>0.75,表明研究结果存在异质性(图3,图中*和**表示存在显著影响,分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01,下同)。施加生物炭和腐殖酸对硝态氮、铵态氮含量及过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,对土壤容重、电导率、有效磷含量和脲酶活性产生显著负效应,各指标降低7.39%、12.49%、13.58%和9.72%(P<0.05);对作物产量、pH值、孔隙度、全氮含量、有机质含量、碱解氮含量和过氧化氢酶产生极显著正效应,各指标分别增加15.52%、2.23%、11.77%、16.35%、33.66%、10.83%和1.49%(P<0.01)。
施用种类、施加量及施用年限均对产量产生极显著正效应(P<0.01),各分类变量亚组间也存在显著影响(P<0.05)(图4,图中数字表示样本量)。不同种类的改良剂对产量的影响表现为腐殖酸大于生物炭,增幅分别为25.02%和14.40%;施加量对产量的影响为>40 t/hm2最大、20~40 t/hm2次之、0~20 t/hm2最小,产量增幅分别为20.43%、16.68%和14.13%;施用年限对产量影响表现在>4年最高、0~2年次之、2~4年最低,产量增幅分别为18.40%、16.63%和8.20%。
除腐殖酸外,生物炭、施加量及施用年限均对土壤pH值产生极显著正效应(P<0.01),各分类变量亚组间也产生极显著影响(P<0.01)(图5a)。不同种类改良剂对pH值的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,其增幅分别为2.29%和0.01%(P>0.05);施加量对pH值的影响表现为20~40 t/hm2最高、0~20 t/hm2次之、>40 t/hm2最低,其增幅分别为3.77%、1.78%和1.30%;施用年限对pH值的影响表现为2~4年最高、>4年次之、0~2年最低,其增幅分别为4.92%、3.46%和1.38%。
改良剂种类、施加量及施用年限均对土壤容重产生极显著负效应(P<0.01),各分类变量亚组间也产生极显著影响(P<0.01)(图5b)。不同种类改良剂对降低容重的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,其降幅分别为7.27%和3.49%;施加量对降低土壤容重的影响表现为>40 t/hm2最高、20~40 t/hm2次之、0~20 t/hm2最低,分别降低8.66%、6.02%和4.94%;施用年限对降低容重的影响表现为2~4年最高、0~2年次之、>4年最低,其降幅分别为6.89%、6.57%和5.39%。
改良剂种类、施加量及施用年限均对孔隙度产生显著正效应(P<0.05);除施用年限2~4年,各分类变量亚组间也产生极显著影响(P<0.01)(图5c)。不同种类改良剂对孔隙度的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,其增幅分别为12.21%和7.70%;施加量对孔隙度的影响表现为>40 t/hm2最高、20~40 t/hm2次之、0~20 t/hm2最低,分别增加15.75%、10.43%和8.13%;施用年限对孔隙度影响表现为2~4年最高、0~2年次之、>4年最低,分别显著增加16.80%、9.11%和7.12%(P<0.05)。
除生物炭、施加量大于40 t/hm2及施用年限2~4年外,施加量20~40 t/hm2对土壤电导率产生负效应,其余变量对电导率产生显著正效应(P<0.05)(图5d)。不同种类改良剂对土壤电导率的影响表现为腐殖酸大于生物炭,增幅分别为32.23%和7.70%;施加量对电导率的影响表现为0~20 t/hm2产生显著正效应,增幅为20.43%;20~40 t/hm2和>40 t/hm2对电导率产生负效应,分别降低4.00%和4.85%(P>0.05);施用年限对电导率影响表现为0~2年较高、2~4年较低,增幅分别为17.92%和1.92%(P>0.05)。
除腐殖酸外,各分类变量对土壤全氮含量产生极显著正效应(P<0.01),各分类亚组间也产生显著影响(P<0.05)(图6a)。不同改良剂对全氮含量的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,其增幅分别为18.10%和7.43%;施加量对全氮含量的影响表现为>40 t/hm2最高、0~20 t/hm2次之、20~40 t/hm2影响最低,增幅分别为20.31%、15.72%和15.43%;施用年限对全氮含量影响表现为>4年最高、0~2年次之、2~4年最低,增幅分别为22.50%、14.91%和13.78%。
改良剂种类、施加量及施用年限均对土壤有机质含量产生极显著正效应(P<0.01),各分类亚组间也产生显著影响(P<0.05)(图6b)。不同改良剂对有机质含量的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,增幅分别为34.11%和13.12%;施加量对有机质含量的影响表现为>40 t/hm2最高、20~40 t/hm2次之、0~20 t/hm2最低,增幅分别为40.51%、31.08%和29.40%;施用年限对有机质含量影响表现为0~2年最高、>4年次之、2~4年最低,增幅分别为33.60%、29.98%和18.48%。
除施用年限大于4年外,各变量对土壤有效磷含量产生显著影响(P<0.05),且各分类亚组间也产生显著影响(P<0.05)(图6c)。不同改良剂对有效磷含量的影响表现为腐殖酸大于生物炭,增幅分别为31.42%和18.97%;施加量对有效磷含量的影响表现为0~20 t/hm2最高、20~40 t/hm2次之,其增幅分别为28.29%和13.17%,施加量大于40 t/hm2对有效磷含量产生负效应,降低9.06%;施用年限对有效磷含量的影响表现为0~2年最高、2~4年次之、>4年最低(不显著),其增幅分别为26.07%、9.10%(P<0.05)和5.37%(P>0.05)。
除施加量20~40 t/hm2和施用年限2~4年外,各亚组对土壤碱解氮含量产生显著正效应,各分类变量亚组间也存在显著影响(P<0.05)(图6d)。不同改良剂对碱解氮含量的影响表现为腐殖酸大于生物炭,增幅分别为22.67%和8.94%;施加量对碱解氮含量的影响表现为>40 t/hm2最高、0~20 t/hm2次之、20~40 t/hm2最低(不显著),增幅分别为10.47%、10.01%和2.37%(P>0.05);施用年限对碱解氮含量影响表现为>4年最高、0~2年次之、2~4年最低(不显著),其增幅分别为22.89%、10.25%和4.14%(P>0.05)。
除施加量0~20 t/hm2外,生物炭、20~40 t/hm2和0~2年对土壤硝态氮含量产生显著正效应(P<0.05),其余分类变量产生显著负效应(图6e)。各亚组仅施加量20~40 t/hm2和>40 t/hm2存在显著影响(P<0.05)。不同种类改良剂对硝态氮含量的影响表现为生物炭使得硝态氮含量显著增加10.44%,腐殖酸使得其显著降低39.02%;施加量对硝态氮含量的影响表现为20~40 t/hm2和0~20 t/hm2使得硝态氮含量分别增加47.85%(P<0.05)和3.76%(P>0.05),施加量大于40 t/hm2使得其显著降低20.57%;施用年限对硝态氮含量影响表现为0~2年使得硝态氮含量显著增加6.88%、2~4年使得其降低11.49%(P<0.05),但两者间不存在显著差异。
施加量大于40 t/hm2和施用年限2~4年对土壤铵态氮含量产生显著正效应(P<0.05),腐殖酸和施加量20~40 t/hm2对土壤铵态氮含量产生了显著负效应(P<0.05);除>40 t/hm2和2~4年外,各亚组间也存在显著影响(P<0.05)(图6f)。生物炭和腐殖酸显著降低了土壤铵态氮含量,分别减少1.35%和7.92%(P<0.05);施加量对铵态氮的影响表现为>40 t/hm2使得土壤铵态氮含量显著增加10.67%、0~20 t/hm2和20~40 t/hm2使得土壤铵态氮含量分别降低4.41%(P>0.05)和10.51%(P<0.05);施用年限对铵态氮含量影响表现为0~2年使得铵态氮含量减少2.70%(P>0.05)、2~4年使得铵态氮含量增加10.05%(P<0.05)。
除20~40 t/hm2外,各亚组对土壤脲酶活性产生显著正效应(P<0.05),各分类变量亚组间也存在显著影响(P<0.05)(图7a)。不同种类改良剂对脲酶活性的影响表现为生物炭大于腐殖酸,其增幅分别为14.87%和4.85%;施加量对脲酶活性的影响表现为0~20 t/hm2最高、>40 t/hm2次之、20~40 t/hm2最低(不显著),增幅分别为12.37%、8.56%和2.69%(P>0.05);施用年限对脲酶活性影响表现为2~4年较高、0~2年较低,增幅分别为17.43%和8.86%。
腐殖酸对土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,施加量20~40 t/hm2和施用2~4年对土壤过氧化氢酶活性产生显著负效应,其余亚组产生正效应;除施加量大于40 t/hm2外,分类变量各亚组间也存在极显著影响(P<0.01)(图7b)。生物炭极显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性,增幅为3.31%,腐殖酸使得过氧化氢酶活性降低0.55%(P>0.05)。施加量对过氧化氢酶活性的影响表现为0~20 t/hm2和>40 t/hm2显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,分别为2.69%和5.07%,20~40 t/hm2显著降低过氧化氢酶活性,降低0.41%。施用年限对过氧化氢酶影响表现为0~2年显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性4.51%,2~4年显著降低1.77%(P<0.05)。
为探究各分类变量对产量及土壤指标的贡献度,用BRT模型对改良剂种类(X1),施加量(X2)及施用年限(X3)进行分析(图8)。各因子的贡献度为X2>X3>X1,X2对产量及土壤指标的贡献度最高,均超过50%,其中对产量贡献度为57.02%;X3贡献度为10%~35%,其中对产量贡献度为22.77%;X1除对产量的贡献度为20.20%外,对其他指标的贡献度基本低于10%。
基于BRT模型的偏相关分析表明,土壤孔隙度和全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈现随施加量的增加先增大后减小最终趋于稳定的变化趋势(图9a~9d);产量、容重及过氧化氢酶活性基本均呈现随施加量的增加先减小后增大后逐渐持平趋势(图9e、9g、9h);电导率整体呈现随施加量增加持续减小后趋于稳定的变化趋势(图9f)。土壤pH值、有机质含量在施加量分别60.70、95.49 t/hm2前随着施加量增加变化不稳定但总体呈现先增加而后趋于稳定的趋势(图9i、9j)。有效磷、碱解氮含量则当施加量较小(<30 t/hm2)时影响不稳定,当施加量为30~100 t/hm2开始呈现稳定地随施加量增大而减小趋势,施加量大于100 t/hm2后趋于稳定(图9k、9l)。脲酶活性在施加量小于9.10 t/hm2时影响不稳定,9.10~30 t/hm2时则表现为随施加量增加先减小后增大趋势,>30 t/hm2后趋于稳定(图9m)。
由Meta分析结果可知,施加生物炭和腐殖酸均能显著提升作物产量(P<0.05),且腐殖酸较生物炭增产效果更加显著(图4),这与WANG等[9]研究结果相似。腐殖酸的增产效应是直接供养与间接改良土壤共同作用的结果。一方面,腐殖酸表面含有大量的有机胶质能更有效吸附和保持土壤养分,这可为作物生长提供大量养分,进而促进作物产量增加[21]。另一方面,腐殖酸本身作为有机碳源,在微生物作用下逐步矿化,释放作物可吸收利用的养分(如氮、磷等),进一步增强对作物生长的促进作用[22]。本研究结果表明,施加量大于40 t/hm2时对产量的影响最大,产量增幅达15.75%,这与YANG等[23]、WEI等[24]研究结果相似。并用BRT模型进一步验证发现,当施加量为30~60 t/hm2时,作物产量随施加量增加而增加,在大于120 t/hm2后趋于稳定(图9e)。由此可知,改良剂的增产效果并非随施加量增加而线性提升,过量施用不仅会造成资源浪费,更可能通过改变土壤环境特性(如土壤pH值失衡、团粒结构破坏、透气性下降等)对作物根际产生不利影响,从而间接抑制作物的正常生长,导致产量下降[12]。本研究结果还表明在施用年限大于4年时对产量的影响最大,产量显著增加16.80%(P<0.05),这与贾瑞峰等[4]研究结果相似。改良剂施用年限对作物产量的提升可能是一个多阶段、多机制的动态过程,且随施用时间呈现明显的阶段性特征。生物炭类型的改良剂在实际应用过程中经提前翻耕在土壤中,经一段时间后才能释放大量营养元素,促进土壤肥力提升,当土壤维持在一定的肥力程度时增产效果才会持续增加。也有可能是生物炭含有一些挥发性物质,在作物生长初期可能会抑制作物的生长从而导致作物增产不明显[25]。腐殖酸对作物产量的提升,可能是腐殖酸在土壤中经历化学活化释放出功能性基团(—COOH、—OH等),这些基团能有效络合和释放土壤中固定或难溶性养分,进而促进作物对养分的吸收利用。也可能是随着施用年限增加,腐殖酸也会逐渐改善土壤结构、提高土壤微生物活性,从而通过物理-生物协同效应持续增强作物养分吸收效率[26],最终表现为作物产量随施用时间显著提升的阶段性特征。因此,在实际应用中需根据改良剂类型(生物炭/腐殖酸)制定差异化的施用策略。
土壤理化生性质是衡量土地生产能力的重要指标[27],本研究结果表明,施加生物炭或腐殖酸对土壤容重、硝态氮及铵态氮含量产生负效应,对其他土壤指标产生正效应,这与前人结论基本一致[28-29],这可能是由于生物炭和腐殖酸的吸附性,能促使土壤有机物质向有机质转化,从而降低土壤电导率和容重;且在施加量小于20 t/hm2随施加量增加而效果更明显(图9f、9g),这可能是生物炭的多孔结构和粗糙表面为矿物颗粒和有机质提供附着位点,促进了土壤团聚体的形成,增加土壤孔隙从而降低土壤容重;腐殖酸的芳香环结构也可增强土壤团聚体疏水性和胶结作用,显著提升水稳性团聚体含量,可减少土壤板结从而降低土壤容重[30],而生物炭和腐殖酸也可吸附土壤中可溶性盐离子,稀释盐分浓度从而降低电导率[31]。但本研究中,也有部分结果与前人研究有差异[32],如生物炭对电导率和铵态氮含量,腐殖酸对pH值、全氮含量、过氧化性酶活性的影响不显著,这可能是本研究整合了不同区域和不同土壤质地等施加生物炭和腐殖酸,考虑的是综合影响,而非特定区域或同一土壤类别下施加生物炭和腐殖酸的具体影响。土壤有效磷含量随改良剂施加量增加而呈现先增加后下降的趋势(图9k),这与HU等[33]、QIANG等[34]研究结果不一致。这可能是,一方面,改良剂巨大的比表面积导致磷酸根离子的物理吸附固定;另一方面,在不同土壤质地中高剂量改良剂可能提高土壤碳氮比,激发土壤微生物对磷的短期竞争性固定,但该结论需进一步验证以明确土壤微环境与改良剂剂量间的相互作用机制[35]。脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性随施加量增加而先减少后增加趋于稳定,这可能是当改良剂施加量过高时,吸附作用加强,虽吸附了土壤中的酶分子对酶促反应结合位点形成保护作用,但同时也产生一定毒性,从而抑制了土壤酶活性[36]。施用年限不同也对土壤理化生性质表现出差异性影响(图5~7)。当施用年限为0~2年时,显著提高了土壤有机质含量;当施用年限为2~4年时,对土壤容重、pH值、孔隙度、铵态氮含量及脲酶活性的效果最显著;当施用年限大于4年时,对土壤全氮和碱解氮含量效果影响最大(P<0.05)。可能是生物炭和腐殖酸渐进式腐解后将养分释放至土壤环境中,并随施用年限的延长促使土壤中的速效养分含量积累[37];也可能是由于生物炭和腐殖酸作为一种新碳源,刺激了土壤微生物对生物炭活性有机化合物的矿化,从而减少土壤养分损失,而土壤养分则是通过微生物活性逐渐矿化,然后通过植物有效吸收确保养分的持续释放,从而提高土壤养分供应能力[38]。而土壤硝态氮随施用年限的增长产生负效应,这可能是由于改良剂中阴离子交换量随时间增加而增加,增加了土壤对其的吸附能力以减少损失[39]。因此,探究改良剂对土壤指标的影响也应重视施加量和施用年限的影响,如对0~20 cm土层速效养分改善最佳施加量为20~40 t/hm2,对有机质提升可适度增加至40 t/hm2。
(1)生物炭和腐殖酸能显著提高作物产量,且施加量大于40 t/hm2和施用年限大于4年对产量的影响均最大,产量增幅分别为20.43%和18.4%(P<0.05)。施加量对产量的贡献度最高,为57.02%,施用年限次之,为22.77%。
(2)施加量对土壤各指标的贡献度均超过50%。当施加量为0~20 t/hm2时,显著影响土壤有效磷含量和脲酶活性,增幅为28.29%和12.37%;施加量为20~40 t/hm2时,pH值显著提高3.77%,电导率显著降低4.01%;当施加量大于40 t/hm2时,容重显著降低8.66%,但孔隙度、全氮含量和有机质含量分别显著提高15.75%、20.31%和40.51%。
(3)施用年限对土壤各指标的贡献度为10%~35%。当施用年限为0~2年时,有效磷、有机质含量分别提高26.07%和33.60%,电导率显著降低17.92%;施用年限为2~4年容重显著降低6.89%,但孔隙度、pH值和脲酶活性显著提高,增幅分别为16.80%、4.92%和17.43%;当施用年限大于4年时,全氮含量显著提高22.50%(P<0.05)。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52269016; 52169011)
  • 石河子大学青年拔尖培育计划项目(BJZK202412)
  • 2022年度自治区“天池英才”青年博士人才项目
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.067
  • 接收时间:2025-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-17
  • 修回日期:2025-07-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52269016; 52169011)
石河子大学青年拔尖培育计划项目(BJZK202412)
2022年度自治区“天池英才”青年博士人才项目
作者信息
    1.石河子大学水利建筑工程学院,石河子 832000
    2.现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验室,石河子 832000
    3.兵团农业水肥高效关键装备技术创新中心,石河子 832000
    4.农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室,石河子 832000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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