Article(id=1312006336771093162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748793600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-02, revisedDate=1751040000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736286585, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736286585, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736286585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736286585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=697, endPage=706, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006336968225451, articleId=1312006336771093162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Bioavailability of Fluoride in Sediments and Its Effect on Surface Water Fluoride Pollution in Ningxia Section of Yellow River Basin, columnId=1312006322535620938, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the spring (April), summer (July), and autumn (October) of 2019 and 2021, samples were collected six times from 99 points in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin. These 99 points were categorized into eight hydrological networks: the main stream of the Yellow River (S1), Qingshui River (S2), Kushui River (S3), drainage ditch on the north bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S4), drainage ditch on the south bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S5), drainage ditch on the west bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S6), drainage ditch on the east bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S7), and urban landscape rivers and lakes (S8). The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of fluorine in sediments were analyzed, the ecological risk of sedimentary fluorine was evaluated, and its impact on fluorine pollution in surface water was discussed. The results showed that the average contents of water-soluble fluorine (Ws-F), exchangeable fluorine (Ex-F), total fluorine (T-F) in sediments from the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin were 9.42 mg/kg, 3.23 mg/kg, and 517 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation results of ERbc and ERbf can better reflect the actual ecological risk. The contents of Ws-F, Ex-F, and T-F in the sediments of S3, S2 and S7 and the ecological risk of fluorine were all high, while those of S1 were low. Ws-F was an important factor that directly affected the F- content in surface water. T-F indirectly affected the F- content of surface water by transforming into Ws-F. The strong release capacity of fluoride in sediments of S3, S2 and S7 promoted the increase of fluoride content in surface water, which should be taken as the key control area. The dilution effect of S1 and the weak release ability of fluoride in sediments of S6 reduced the fluoride content in surface water.

, authors=Zengfeng ZHAO1, Xiaocong QIU2, Juan YIN1, Ruizhi ZHAO3, authorsList=Zengfeng ZHAO, Xiaocong QIU, Juan YIN, Ruizhi ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaocong QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006340759876310, articleId=1312006336771093162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟形态生物有效性及其对地表水氟污染的影响, columnId=1312006322695004492, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探明黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟生物有效性,于2019、2021年春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)对黄河流域宁夏段99个点位进行6次采样。将99个点位划分为8个水系(黄河干流(S1)、清水河(S2)、苦水河(S3)、卫宁段黄河北岸排水沟(S4)、卫宁段黄河南岸排水沟(S5)、青石段黄河西岸排水沟(S6)、青石段黄河东岸排水沟(S7)、城市景观河湖(S8)),分析沉积物氟的时空分布特征,评估沉积物氟的生态风险,并探讨其对地表水氟污染的影响。结果表明:黄河流域宁夏段沉积物水溶态氟(Ws-F)、可交换态氟(Ex-F)、总氟(T-F)含量均值分别为9.42、3.23、517 mg/kg,潜在生态风险生物有效态氟含量评价模型(ERbc)和潜在生态风险氟有效性因子评价模型(ERbf)的评价结果更能反映实际生态风险,S3、S2和S7沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F、T-F含量和氟生态风险均具有较高水平,S1均较低。Ws-F是对地表水F-含量起直接影响的重要因子,T-F通过转化为Ws-F间接影响地表水F-含量。S3、S2和S7沉积物氟化物的强释放能力促进水体氟含量升高,应作为重点管控区域。S1稀释作用、S6沉积物氟化物的弱释放能力降低了水体氟含量。

, authors=赵增锋1, 邱小琮2, 尹娟1, 赵睿智3, authorsList=赵增锋, 邱小琮, 尹娟, 赵睿智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱小琮, authorNote=

赵增锋(1994—),男,博士后,主要从事水域生态学及水域生态修复研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
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赵增锋(1994—),男,博士后,主要从事水域生态学及水域生态修复研究,E-mail:

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赵增锋(1994—),男,博士后,主要从事水域生态学及水域生态修复研究,E-mail:

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articleId=1312006336771093162, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Relationship between potential risk evaluation indexes and classification of fluorine pollution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cf污染程度Er风险程度
<0.5低风险<0.5低风险(A)
[0.5,1.0)中等风险[0.5,1.0)中等风险(B)
[1.0,2.0)较高风险[1.0,1.5)较高风险(C)
≥2很高风险[1.5,2.0)很高风险(D)
≥2极高风险(E)
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345516217095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氟污染潜在风险评价指标与分级关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cf污染程度Er风险程度
<0.5低风险<0.5低风险(A)
[0.5,1.0)中等风险[0.5,1.0)中等风险(B)
[1.0,2.0)较高风险[1.0,1.5)较高风险(C)
≥2很高风险[1.5,2.0)很高风险(D)
≥2极高风险(E)
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345595908872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Fluorine content in water and physicochemical factors and sediment polymorphic fluorine model overview of output results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型RR2调整后R2标准误差
10.4680.2190.2180.275
20.5520.3050.3020.260
30.5870.3440.3410.253
40.6100.3720.3670.248
50.6310.3990.3930.242
60.6370.4060.3990.241
70.6410.4100.4030.240
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345663017737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水体氟含量与水体理化因子及沉积物多态氟模型概述输出结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型RR2调整后R2标准误差
10.4680.2190.2180.275
20.5520.3050.3020.260
30.5870.3440.3410.253
40.6100.3720.3670.248
50.6310.3990.3930.242
60.6370.4060.3990.241
70.6410.4100.4030.240
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345730126602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Regression coefficient output results of model relating fluoride content in water with physicochemical factors of water and polymorphic fluoride content in sediments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标未标准化系数标准误差标准化系数tP
常量-0.5200.216-2.4080.016
TDS0.000 035 500.3238.620<0.001
Ws-F0.0190.0020.3529.706<0.001
WT-0.0080.002-0.173-5.310<0.001
TALK0.00100.1875.773<0.001
T-F-0.000 3240-0.182-5.229<0.001
0.000 009 2500.0892.4670.014
pH值0.0580.0270.0712.1730.030
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345797235467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水体氟含量与水体理化因子及沉积物多态氟含量模型回归系数输出结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标未标准化系数标准误差标准化系数tP
常量-0.5200.216-2.4080.016
TDS0.000 035 500.3238.620<0.001
Ws-F0.0190.0020.3529.706<0.001
WT-0.0080.002-0.173-5.310<0.001
TALK0.00100.1875.773<0.001
T-F-0.000 3240-0.182-5.229<0.001
0.000 009 2500.0892.4670.014
pH值0.0580.0270.0712.1730.030
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345864344332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Path analysis results of fluorine content and physicochemical factors in water and polymorphic fluorine content in sediment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标直接通径系数间接通径系数
X1X2X3X4X5X6X7合计
X10.323—0.104-0.001-0.0080.0020.0390.0100.146
X20.3520.096—0.0070.000-0.0600.0120.0110.066
X3-0.1730.003-0.015—-0.011-0.0210.0040.004-0.036
X40.187-0.0140.0010.010—-0.018-0.0070.001-0.027
X5-0.182-0.0040.117-0.0200.018—0.0030.0030.117
X60.0890.1410.046-0.008-0.015-0.006—0.0080.166
X70.0710.0440.053-0.0090.002-0.0080.010—0.092
), ArticleFig(id=1312006345931453197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006336771093162, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水体氟含量与水体理化因子及沉积物多态氟含量的通径分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标直接通径系数间接通径系数
X1X2X3X4X5X6X7合计
X10.323—0.104-0.001-0.0080.0020.0390.0100.146
X20.3520.096—0.0070.000-0.0600.0120.0110.066
X3-0.1730.003-0.015—-0.011-0.0210.0040.004-0.036
X40.187-0.0140.0010.010—-0.018-0.0070.001-0.027
X5-0.182-0.0040.117-0.0200.018—0.0030.0030.117
X60.0890.1410.046-0.008-0.015-0.006—0.0080.166
X70.0710.0440.053-0.0090.002-0.0080.010—0.092
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黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟形态生物有效性及其对地表水氟污染的影响
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赵增锋 1 , 邱小琮 2 , 尹娟 1 , 赵睿智 3
农业机械学报 | 农业水土工程 2025,56(12): 697-706
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农业机械学报 |农业水土工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 697 -706
黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟形态生物有效性及其对地表水氟污染的影响
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赵增锋1 , 邱小琮2 , 尹娟1, 赵睿智3
作者信息
  • 1.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
  • 2.宁夏大学生命科学学院,银川 750021
  • 3.宁夏回族自治区生态环境监测中心,银川 750002
通讯作者:
邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

赵增锋(1994—),男,博士后,主要从事水域生态学及水域生态修复研究,E-mail:

Bioavailability of Fluoride in Sediments and Its Effect on Surface Water Fluoride Pollution in Ningxia Section of Yellow River Basin
Zengfeng ZHAO1 , Xiaocong QIU2 , Juan YIN1, Ruizhi ZHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2.School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 3.Ningxia Environment Monitoring Center, Yinchuan 750002, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.064
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为探明黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟生物有效性,于2019、2021年春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)对黄河流域宁夏段99个点位进行6次采样。将99个点位划分为8个水系(黄河干流(S1)、清水河(S2)、苦水河(S3)、卫宁段黄河北岸排水沟(S4)、卫宁段黄河南岸排水沟(S5)、青石段黄河西岸排水沟(S6)、青石段黄河东岸排水沟(S7)、城市景观河湖(S8)),分析沉积物氟的时空分布特征,评估沉积物氟的生态风险,并探讨其对地表水氟污染的影响。结果表明:黄河流域宁夏段沉积物水溶态氟(Ws-F)、可交换态氟(Ex-F)、总氟(T-F)含量均值分别为9.42、3.23、517 mg/kg,潜在生态风险生物有效态氟含量评价模型(ERbc)和潜在生态风险氟有效性因子评价模型(ERbf)的评价结果更能反映实际生态风险,S3、S2和S7沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F、T-F含量和氟生态风险均具有较高水平,S1均较低。Ws-F是对地表水F-含量起直接影响的重要因子,T-F通过转化为Ws-F间接影响地表水F-含量。S3、S2和S7沉积物氟化物的强释放能力促进水体氟含量升高,应作为重点管控区域。S1稀释作用、S6沉积物氟化物的弱释放能力降低了水体氟含量。

沉积物  /  氟化物  /  生态风险  /  黄河流域  /  宁夏

In the spring (April), summer (July), and autumn (October) of 2019 and 2021, samples were collected six times from 99 points in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin. These 99 points were categorized into eight hydrological networks: the main stream of the Yellow River (S1), Qingshui River (S2), Kushui River (S3), drainage ditch on the north bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S4), drainage ditch on the south bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S5), drainage ditch on the west bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S6), drainage ditch on the east bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S7), and urban landscape rivers and lakes (S8). The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of fluorine in sediments were analyzed, the ecological risk of sedimentary fluorine was evaluated, and its impact on fluorine pollution in surface water was discussed. The results showed that the average contents of water-soluble fluorine (Ws-F), exchangeable fluorine (Ex-F), total fluorine (T-F) in sediments from the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin were 9.42 mg/kg, 3.23 mg/kg, and 517 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation results of ERbc and ERbf can better reflect the actual ecological risk. The contents of Ws-F, Ex-F, and T-F in the sediments of S3, S2 and S7 and the ecological risk of fluorine were all high, while those of S1 were low. Ws-F was an important factor that directly affected the F- content in surface water. T-F indirectly affected the F- content of surface water by transforming into Ws-F. The strong release capacity of fluoride in sediments of S3, S2 and S7 promoted the increase of fluoride content in surface water, which should be taken as the key control area. The dilution effect of S1 and the weak release ability of fluoride in sediments of S6 reduced the fluoride content in surface water.

sediments  /  fluoride  /  ecological risk  /  Yellow River Basin  /  Ningxia
赵增锋, 邱小琮, 尹娟, 赵睿智. 黄河流域宁夏段沉积物氟形态生物有效性及其对地表水氟污染的影响. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 697 -706 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.064
Zengfeng ZHAO, Xiaocong QIU, Juan YIN, Ruizhi ZHAO. Bioavailability of Fluoride in Sediments and Its Effect on Surface Water Fluoride Pollution in Ningxia Section of Yellow River Basin[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 697 -706 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.064
氟(F)在地壳丰富度元素中排列第13位(WHO),是自然界分布广泛的卤族元素,也是世界卫生组织认定的环境污染物,可以通过多种环境介质(大气、水体、生物体等)长距离迁移或滞留[1]。氟在水土系统中以多种形态存在,目前国内普遍认可谢正苗等[2]和吴卫红等[3]提出的5种形态分类:水溶态(Ws-F)、可交换态(Ex-F)、铁锰氧化物态(Fe/Mn-F)、有机束缚态(O. M.-F)和残余固定态(Res-F)。其中,Ws-F和Ex-F对植物、动物、微生物及人类有较高的有效性,被称为生物有效态氟[3]。Ws-F主要指以离子或络合物形式存在于土壤和水体溶液中的氟,包括F-、HF2-、H2F3-、H3F4-、、等[4]。Ex-F是指通过静电引力吸附于粘粒、有机质颗粒和水合氧化物的可交换正电荷上的氟阴离子[5]。
生物有效态氟含量及其形态转化关乎区域生态安全和居民健康。氟虽为生物必需的微量营养素[6],但过量摄入会导致毒性效应[7]。在人类和脊椎动物中,氟过量可引发氟中毒,损害心、肝、肾等器官功能[8-9];对无脊椎动物则表现为细胞毒性、基因异常及死亡率上升[10];植物在高氟胁迫下则因叶绿素破坏、ATP酶活性抑制及代谢紊乱而生长受阻[6]。因此,区域氟污染评估需重视生物有效态氟的作用。
黄河流域宁夏段作为我国高氟水典型分布区,氟化物已成为该区域支流及排水沟的主要污染物之一[1]。研究显示,苦水河、清水河等水体氟含量严重超标,主要由蒸发岩风化溶解和蒸发浓缩等自然过程导致[1],其中硫酸盐矿物风化占清水河水体氟物源的56%[11]。然而,作为地表水氟的重要源汇界面沉积物,其氟赋存形态、生态风险及对水体的潜在补给作用尚缺乏系统研究。本研究以黄河流域宁夏段为对象,首次开展大规模、多形态沉积物氟污染调查,系统解析氟的污染特征和生物有效性,评估其生态风险,并探讨沉积物氟对地表水污染的贡献机制。为黄河流域氟污染精准管控及生态健康保护提供科学依据。
宁夏下辖5个地级市,地理坐标35°14′~39°23′N,104°17′~107°39′E,东邻陕西,西北接内蒙古,南连甘肃,总面积6.64×104 km2[12]。宁夏地形南北狭长,地势南高北低,高原、平原、山地、台地交错分布,地质构造复杂。地处西北内陆高原,属典型大陆性气候,最南端六盘山区为半湿润区,卫宁平原以北为干旱区,其余为半干旱区[1]。
将黄河流域宁夏段地表水系划分为8个部分,共设置99个采样点位(图1),分别为黄河干流(S1)7个,清水河(S2)16个,苦水河(S3)6个,卫宁段黄河北岸排水沟(S4)10个,卫宁段黄河南岸排水沟(S5)10个,青石段黄河西岸排水沟(S6)29个,青石段黄河东岸排水沟(S7)13个,城市景观河湖(S8)8个[1]。2019年和2021年春季(4月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(10月)进行采样调查。采集表层(0~20 cm)沉积物,挑出杂草等杂质后装入聚乙烯密封袋中进行低温、遮光保存,自然阴干后研磨,过100目筛保存备测。由于部分水系在采样时断流,共采集到580份样品,其中2019年春季99份,夏季97份,秋季99份,2021年春季98份,夏季92份,秋季95份。
总氟(T-F)含量测定采用离子选择电极法(HJ 873—2017),生物有效态氟含量测定参照文献[13]。
依据薛粟尹等[14]提出的3种模型,对沉积物氟污染潜在生态风险分别用潜在生态风险T-F含量评价模型(ERtot)、潜在生态风险生物有效态氟含量评价模型(ERbc)和潜在生态风险氟有效性因子评价模型(ERbf)进行评价,模型和氟元素生物有效性系数Bc计算为
式中
      Tr——毒性响应因子,取1
      Cf——污染因子
      Cd——监测土壤中T-F含量实测值,mg/kg
      C0——参照土壤中T-F含量,mg/kg
      F1——连续浸提法中Ws-F含量,mg/kg
      F2——连续浸提法中Ex-F含量,mg/kg
      F1+F2——生物有效态氟含量,mg/kg
      Fd——监测土壤生物有效态氟含量,mg/kg
      F0——参照土壤生物有效态氟含量,mg/kg
      Bf——生物有效性因子
      Bd——监测土壤样品中氟元素的生物有效性系数
      B0——参照土壤中氟元素的生物有效性系数
      T——T-F含量,mg/kg
氟污染风险分级标准见表1,Er为潜在生态风险。
采用Excel 2019计算氟的生态风险,采用SPSS 25进行相关分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析,采用Origin 2021绘制氟时空分布箱线图,采用ArcGIS 10.6绘制采样点位图和氟空间分布图。
黄河流域宁夏段沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F和T-F含量时空分布箱线图见图2。由图2a可知,2019、2021年Ws-F含量均值为9.42 mg/kg,平均含量在季节上差异不大,总体上秋季含量较高,S2、S3和S7的Ws-F含量较高,S1的Ws-F含量最低。由图2b可知,2019、2021年Ex-F含量均值为3.23 mg/kg,Ex-F平均含量季节上没有明显的分布规律,与Ws-F含量分布不同的是S6的Ex-F含量较高,相同点是S1的Ex-F含量同样最低。由图2c可知,2019、2021年T-F含量均值为517 mg/kg,T-F平均含量在同一年份由大到小依次为夏季、春季、秋季,T-F含量与Ex-F含量分布较为一致,S6的T-F含量同样较高,S1的T-F含量最低。
氟与环境因子相关性分析热图依据文献[1]中表3数据重新绘制,结果如图3所示。春、夏、秋3个季节及年际上,水体F-与沉积物Ws-F均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Ex-F均存在一定的正相关关系,与T-F均存在一定的负相关关系,沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F和T-F彼此呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。此外,在年际上,T-F与化学需氧量(CODCr)、总碱度(TALK)、总磷(TP)和水温(WT)呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01);Ex-F与氯离子(Cl-)、CODCr、TALK、氨氮(NH3-N)、总溶解性固体(TDS)和电导率(EC)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);Ws-F与硫酸根离子、Cl-、CODCr、NH3-N、TDS、EC和pH值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
逐步回归分析是针对多个自变量与因变量建立最优回归方程的统计方法,可以用最少的变量来得到最大的预测能力。Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test检验结果较为准确,本研究有580个样本,属于大样本(>30),适用于Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test检验,因此对因变量Y(地表水F-含量)进行正态性检验后利用Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test的输出结果。检验显著性水平α<0.05,不符合正态分布,取因变量的对数再次进行正态性检验,结果表明:Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test统计量为0.025,显著水平为0.200*,符合正态分布,即lgY是正态变量,可以进行回归分析。
考虑水体理化因子和沉积物中Ws-F、Ex-F和T-F,进行逐步回归分析,共筛选出7个变量。由表2可知,最大决定系数R2=0.410,剩余因子,数值较大,表明对地表水F-含量有影响的自变量较多,也反映了地表水F-含量控制因素的复杂性。
模型7对地表水F-含量解释更多,反映了地表水环境因子及沉积物多态氟对F-含量的影响。由表3可知,自变量显著性都达到了显著水平,地表水F-含量与TDS(X1)、Ws-F(X2)、WT(X3)、TALK(X4)、T-F(X5)、、pH值(X7)的逐步回归方程为
通径分析适用于分析多个变量间的线性关系,可以将自变量对因变量的影响归为直接影响和间接影响。参阅表3,由考虑沉积物多态氟时建立的模型7标准化系数(通径系数)可知,X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7对地表水F-含量直接通径系数分别为0.323、0.352、-0.173、0.187、-0.182、0.089、0.071。
考虑沉积物多态氟时,X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7相关系数分别为:r12=r21=0.296,r13=r31=0.008,r14=r41=-0.044,r15=r51=-0.012,r16=r61=0.437,r17=r71=0.136,r23=r32=-0.042,r24=r42=0.002,r25=r52=0.331,r26=r62=0.132,r27=r72=0.151,r34=r43=-0.058,r35=r53=0.113,r36=r63=0.046,r37=r73=0.052,r45=r54=0.097,r46=r64=-0.079,r47=r74=0.010,r56=r65=0.035,r57=r75=0.046,r67=r76=0.115。计算的间接通径系数如表4所示。
由表4可知,考虑沉积物中Ws-F、Ex-F和T-F时,对地表水F-含量的直接影响中,除WT和T-F起负向作用,其余指标均起正向作用,Ws-F正向作用最大,系数为0.352,其次为TDS,系数为0.323,通过TDS进而间接对地表水F-含量的作用最大,系数达到0.141,其次为T-F通过Ws-F的间接作用,系数达到0.117。7种环境因子中和pH值的间接影响大于直接影响,TALK和T-F的直接作用和间接作用起到相反的影响。
以黄河流域宁夏段T-F含量均值(517 mg/kg)和生物有效态氟含量均值(12.65 mg/kg)为参照值,生态风险评价结果见图4。潜在生态风险指数均值相差不大,均属于较高风险,表明3种模型评价的一致性较好。季节上看,潜在生态风险指数ERtot评价结果由大到小依次为夏季、黄河流域宁夏段均值、春季、秋季;ERbc评价结果由大到小依次为秋季、黄河流域宁夏段均值、春季、夏季;ERbf评价结果由大到小依次为秋季、黄河流域宁夏段均值、春季、夏季。水系上看,ERtot评价结果由大到小依次为S6、S3、黄河流域宁夏段均值、S2、S7、S8、S4、S5、S1;ERbc评价结果由大到小依次为S2、S3、S7、黄河流域宁夏段均值、S6、S8、S4、S5、S1;ERbf评价结果由大到小依次为S2、S3、S7、S6、黄河流域宁夏段均值、S8、S4、S5、S1。潜在生态风险指数总体上秋季较高,8个水系中S2、S3、S6和S7较高。
ERtot评价结果普遍为中等-较高风险,中等-较高风险在春季达到总样品的88.83%,夏季为85.71%,秋季为89.18%。8个水系中,中等-较高风险占比在S2达到97.80%,S6很高风险达到12.79%。ERbc评价结果普遍为中等-较高风险,中等-较高风险在春季达到总样品的61.93%,夏季为61.90%,秋季为67.01%。8个水系中,S1普遍为低风险(78.57%),S2很高-极高风险达到37.36%。ERbf评价结果普遍为低-中等风险,低-中等风险在春季达到总样品的63.45%,夏季为65.61%,秋季为47.93%。8个水系中,S1普遍为低风险(90.48%),S2、S3、S7的很高-极高风险均达到30%以上。
我国关于土壤氟污染及赋存形态的研究较多,土壤T-F含量大致与世界其他地区土壤T-F含量相当,全国表层土壤T-F含量背景值为478 mg/kg,土壤Ws-F含量在我国东北、华北、西北地区含量较高,多在5 mg/kg以上,而华东南、华中南、西南地区土壤Ws-F含量较低,多在2 mg/kg以下[15]。河湖沉积物氟污染及赋存形态的研究相对较少,如奎屯河流域沉积物中T-F含量均值为484.46 mg/kg[16],岱海表层沉积物T-F含量均值为934 mg/kg,Ws-F含量均值为34.39 mg/kg,Ex-F含量均值为7.11 mg/kg[17],达里诺尔湖表层沉积物T-F含量均值为643.07 mg/kg,Ws-F含量均值为34.23 mg/kg,Ex-F含量均值为0.20 mg/kg[18]。黄河流域宁夏段沉积物T-F含量均值为517 mg/kg,Ws-F含量均值为9.42 mg/kg,Ex-F含量均值为3.23 mg/kg,相比于岱海和达里诺尔湖沉积物,T-F、Ws-F含量明显偏低,但在全国均属于较高水平,尤其T-F含量高于全国土壤背景值(478 mg/kg)。沉积物T-F含量均值与宁夏土壤背景值(531 mg/kg)相比偏低[19],T-F含量在同一年份由大到小主要表现为夏季、春季、秋季,夏季降雨频繁,大量河岸带土壤经冲刷作用进入水体并在沉积物中沉积,导致夏季T-F含量升高。T-F、Ws-F、Ex-F含量在空间分布上与地表水F-含量一致性较好[1],均在S2(清水河)、S3(苦水河)和S7(青石段黄河东岸排水沟)中具有较高含量,主要受地质因素影响,氟本底值较高。S6(青石段黄河西岸排水沟)T-F、Ex-F含量同样较高,具有较高氟本底值,但地表水F-含量较低,表明该水系沉积物中的氟释放能力较弱。黏土矿物特殊的晶体结构赋予黏土较强的吸附性和离子交换性,使其具有较强的固氟作用[20],S1(黄河干流)的沉积物主要为泥沙,固氟作用弱,使得其沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F、T-F含量均最低。
黄河流域宁夏段地表水F-和沉积物Ws-F呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Ex-F存在一定的正相关关系,表明沉积物中含氟矿物的释放促进了该地区地表水F-含量升高。这一现象在S2、S3和S7表现尤为明显,S2、S3和S7地表水F-含量较高[1],沉积物的Ws-F和Ex-F含量也较高,促进了氟向水体中释放。然而地表水F-与沉积物T-F存在一定的负相关关系,尤其年际上呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),这是由于沉积物中氟的赋存形态不断转化为Ws-F,并向水体中持续释放,随着径流作用迁移,导致沉积物T-F含量降低,沉积物T-F含量均值低于宁夏土壤背景值(531 mg/kg)[19]也印证这一观点。高盐、高TDS能促进岩土中氟的释放,使水体F-含量升高[21-22]。回归分析表明水体TDS、WT、TALK、、pH值和沉积物Ws-F、T-F是地表水F-含量的主要影响因子,其中Ws-F对地表水F-含量的贡献仅次于TDS,且起到促进作用。通径分析表明T-F通过Ws-F对地表水F-含量起间接的正向作用,进一步证明了T-F通过不断转化为Ws-F,导致自身含量降低的同时并向水体中不断释放。研究区水体和沉积物均具有较高的pH值[1,23],沉积物Ws-F含量随沉积物pH值升高而增加[24]。当沉积物pH值升高时,大量的OH-易与Ca2+、Fe3+、Al3+生成沉淀,减少与F-络合的机会,促进Ws-F含量升高。同时,研究区具有较高的重金属本底值[25-28],F-与大量金属离子形成金属-氟络合物阳离子(如AlF2+、AlF2+、FeF2+、FeF2+等),促进Ws-F含量升高,也使氟淋失量增加[2],进而增大水体F-含量,使得水体pH值与沉积物Ws-F同样呈正相关关系,尤其在年际上呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
沉积物氟生态风险评价时考虑了氟不同赋存形态对生态风险的影响,ERtot侧重于T-F所产生的生态风险,S6的T-F含量最高,因此S6的潜在生态风险指数较大,较高及以上风险达到69.19%;ERbc侧重于生物有效态氟产生的生态风险,S2、S3和S7具有较高的生物有效态氟含量,因此潜在生态风险指数较大,较高及以上风险均达到40%以上,但相比于白银市农田土壤[14]和石河子土壤[29]的生态风险还明显偏低;ERbf考虑了氟的生物有效性,生物有效态氟含量起到决定性作用,因此S2、S3和S7的潜在生态风险指数较大,较高及以上风险同样达到40%以上。对生物产生毒性的主要是生物有效态氟,因此ERbc和ERbf的评价结果更能反映实际风险。事实上,生态风险评价时所采用的评价模型仅是区域氟污染程度的一种定量表征。通过分析结果识别区域氟污染状况,识别氟高风险区及成因,进而为氟污染防控提供依据,但风险评价并不一定能完全反映氟所产生的实际风险[1]。首先,高F-会对水生生物、微生物产生毒性[23],但水生生物及微生物在长期的高F-环境中可以通过多种机制以适应氟毒性,如微生物可通过吸附、矿化、吸收和积累、细胞外沉淀、酶转化和细胞外排,以适应氟毒性[30],因此本研究中评价结果可能存在偏大化。其次,模型参照值采用研究区大样本平均值,虽然能够有效降低背景值差异的影响,但缺乏相应的规范要求,可能会使评价结果与实际产生偏离。土壤pH值、有机质含量、黏粒含量、土壤母质等多种因素会对氟的形态转化产生影响[31],微生物可以通过沉淀溶解作用、氧化还原作用、吸附作用等改变土壤/沉积物中元素的形态,影响其迁移特性[32],如朱翔等[33]研究认为Fusibacter会促进沉积物中氟的释放。因此今后应加强该地区多态氟间的转化机制及影响因素研究,以确定关键驱动因素,进而采取相应措施控制氟污染。
(1)黄河流域宁夏段沉积物T-F含量均值为517 mg/kg,Ws-F含量均值为9.42 mg/kg,Ex-F含量均值为3.23 mg/kg,季节上均没有明显的分布规律。S3(苦水河)、S2(清水河)、S7(青石段黄河东岸排水沟)沉积物Ws-F、Ex-F、T-F含量均具有较高水平,S1(黄河干流)均较低,除此之外,S6(青石段黄河西岸排水沟)Ex-F、T-F含量均较高。
(2)逐步回归分析和通径分析结果表明Ws-F是地表水F-含量的重要影响因子,其中Ws-F的直接影响最大,T-F通过转化为Ws-F间接影响地表水F-含量。S3(苦水河)、S2(清水河)和S7(青石段黄河东岸排水沟)沉积物氟化物的强释放能力促进水体氟含量升高,S1(黄河干流)的稀释作用、S6(青石段黄河西岸排水沟)沉积物氟化物的弱释放能力降低了水体氟含量。
(3)3种沉积物生态风险评价模型的评价结果均为中等风险所占比例最高,其中ERbc和ERbf评价结果更能反映实际风险,潜在生态风险指数总体上秋季较高,8个水系中S3(苦水河)、S2(清水河)和S7(青石段黄河东岸排水沟)较高,应作为重点管控区域。
  • 宁夏自然科学基金重点项目(2023AAC02026)
  • 宁夏自然科学基金一般项目(2025AAC030142)
  • 宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.064
  • 接收时间:2025-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-02
  • 修回日期:2025-06-28
基金
宁夏自然科学基金重点项目(2023AAC02026)
宁夏自然科学基金一般项目(2025AAC030142)
宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
作者信息
    1.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
    2.宁夏大学生命科学学院,银川 750021
    3.宁夏回族自治区生态环境监测中心,银川 750002

通讯作者:

邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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