Article(id=1312006301908033638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749312000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-08, revisedDate=1752854400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736278272, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736278272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736278272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736278272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=645, endPage=656, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006302121943143, articleId=1312006301908033638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Full-coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Dual-helix Driven Robot in Convex Polygonal Farmlands, columnId=1311999800569066336, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Informatization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the core challenges faced by agricultural robots in autonomous navigation and path planning under complex farmland environments—particularly in irregular plots and soft, sticky paddy fields where common issues included low coverage rate, excessive turning redundancy, and poor path continuity, a full-coverage path planning algorithm tailored for convex polygonal farmlands and compatible with dual-helix driven agricultural robots was proposed. The algorithm integrated both the geometric characteristics of the farmland and the kinematic constraints of the robot. The working area was initially dividedintoacentralparallel-workingzoneandaperipheralcontour-followingzone, corresponding respectively to strip-based traversal paths and boundary-parallel strip traversal paths. The complete path was further segmented into working and non-working paths, including center-region connection paths, inter-region transitions, contour-parallel region transitions, and entry/exit paths. The methodology for generating each type of path was detailed. An optimal working direction was determined via the “long-side-first” principle for the central region, and the Warnsdorff rule was applied to optimize the sequence of strip traversal. Dubins and Reeds-Shepp path models were introduced to enhance continuity and feasibility during turns. Considering metrics such as path length, computation time, and coverage rate, the algorithm was implemented on a dual-helix driven robot and tested in simulations and field experiments across four typical farmland types: rectangular, trapezoidal, irregular quadrilateral, and irregular polygonal plots. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieved a coverage rate between 96.69% and 97.80%, with a path overlap rate controlled within 1.77%~2.30%. The generated paths were continuous and boundary-safe, indicating strong execution stability and environmental adaptability. The research result can provide a robust and adaptable path planning solution for agricultural robots operating in complex environments, with promising engineering feasibility and application potential.

, authors=Pei WANG1, Jialong LUO1, Jiasheng XIE1, Jiatao WANG1, Hao LUO2, Jintai NING1, Lian HU1, Jie HE1, authorsList=Pei WANG, Jialong LUO, Jiasheng XIE, Jiatao WANG, Hao LUO, Jintai NING, Lian HU, Jie HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006312188272830, articleId=1312006301908033638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=双螺旋驱动式机器人全覆盖作业路径规划算法研究, columnId=1311999800749421410, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业信息化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复杂农田环境下农业机器人在自主导航与作业路径规划方面的核心需求,特别是在不规则田块与软黏稻田场景中常见的路径覆盖率低、转弯冗余高以及路径连续性差等问题,本文提出一种面向多边形边界田块、适用于双螺旋驱动式农田机器人的全覆盖路径规划算法。该算法充分融合田块几何特征与机器人运动学约束,首先将作业区域划分为中心平行作业区与外围轮廓平行作业区,分别对应中心条带遍历路径与轮廓平行条带遍历路径。进一步将路径细分为作业路径与非作业路径,后者包括中心区域衔接路径、区域衔接路径、轮廓平行区域衔接路径以及进出田块路径等部分。本文阐述了各部分路径的生成原理,通过“长边作业”确定中心区域的最优作业方向,结合Warnsdorff规则优化条带遍历顺序,并引入Dubins路径与Reeds-Shepp路径模型,提升路径在转向过程中的连续性和可执行性。综合考虑作业路径长度、算法计算耗时与作业覆盖率等性能指标,选用双螺旋驱动式机器人作为平台载体,分别在矩形、梯形、不规则四边形、不规则多边形4类典型田块进行了仿真与实地对比测试。试验结果表明,本文算法在4种典型田块田间作业中可实现96.69%~97.80%的覆盖率,路径重叠率控制在1.77%~2.30%之间,路径整体连续、无越界转弯,表现出良好的执行稳定性与环境适应性。研究结果为复杂环境下农田作业机器人提供了高鲁棒性、高适应性的路径规划方案,具备良好的工程可行性与推广价值。

, authors=汪沛1, 罗佳龙1, 谢佳生1, 王佳涛1, 罗皓2, 宁锦泰1, 胡炼1, 何杰1, authorsList=汪沛, 罗佳龙, 谢佳生, 王佳涛, 罗皓, 宁锦泰, 胡炼, 何杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何杰, authorNote=

汪沛(1983—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机检测和农情信息采集研究,E-mail:

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何杰(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人化农场关键技术研究,E-mail:
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Basic types of Reeds-Shepp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Base word运动序列组合
C|C|C(L+R-L+)(L-R+L-)(R+L-R+)(R-L+R-)
CC|C(L+R+L-)(L-R-L+)(R+L+R-)(R-L-R+)
C|CC(L+R-L-)(L-R+L+)(R+L-R-)(R-L+R+)
CSC(L+S+L+)(L-S-L-)(R+S+R+)(R-S-R-)(L+S+R+)(L-S-R-)(R+S+L+)(R-S-L-)
C Cβ|CβC(L+Rβ+Lβ-R-)(L-Rβ-Lβ+R+)(R+Lβ+Rβ-L-)(R-Lβ-Rβ+L+)
C|CβCβ|C(L+Rβ-Lβ-R+)(L-Rβ+Lβ+R-)(R+Lβ-Rβ-L+)(R-Lβ+Rβ+L-)
), ArticleFig(id=1312006318047715608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006301908033638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Reeds-Shepp基本类型

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Base word运动序列组合
C|C|C(L+R-L+)(L-R+L-)(R+L-R+)(R-L+R-)
CC|C(L+R+L-)(L-R-L+)(R+L+R-)(R-L-R+)
C|CC(L+R-L-)(L-R+L+)(R+L-R-)(R-L+R+)
CSC(L+S+L+)(L-S-L-)(R+S+R+)(R-S-R-)(L+S+R+)(L-S-R-)(R+S+L+)(R-S-L-)
C Cβ|CβC(L+Rβ+Lβ-R-)(L-Rβ-Lβ+R+)(R+Lβ+Rβ-L-)(R-Lβ-Rβ+L+)
C|CβCβ|C(L+Rβ-Lβ-R+)(L-Rβ+Lβ+R-)(R+Lβ-Rβ-L+)(R-Lβ+Rβ+L-)
), ArticleFig(id=1312006318139990297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006301908033638, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Simulation results of path planning performance across different field types

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田块编号算法非作业路径长度/m作业路径长度/m算法耗时/s封圈前覆盖率/%封圈后覆盖率/%路径重叠率/%
1Boustrophedon算法309.751 996.592.90574.3095.830.01
分区遍历算法219.322 003.952.95174.6596.190.01
本文算法176.992 059.482.84881.3698.540.17
2Boustrophedon算法299.091 497.982.69169.6894.680.01
分区遍历算法239.371 514.052.58570.6895.620.01
本文算法228.131 567.593.43878.7098.330.08
3Boustrophedon算法294.951 843.202.78072.2195.500.01
分区遍历算法250.031 846.612.72772.3895.680.01
本文算法249.661 874.852.63278.2297.140.01
4Boustrophedon算法419.013 060.873.71378.7696.400.01
分区遍历算法377.333 079.223.69379.3396.980.01
本文算法365.753 121.034.40684.0298.220.02
), ArticleFig(id=1312006318219682074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006301908033638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同田块下路径性能仿真结果

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田块编号算法非作业路径长度/m作业路径长度/m算法耗时/s封圈前覆盖率/%封圈后覆盖率/%路径重叠率/%
1Boustrophedon算法309.751 996.592.90574.3095.830.01
分区遍历算法219.322 003.952.95174.6596.190.01
本文算法176.992 059.482.84881.3698.540.17
2Boustrophedon算法299.091 497.982.69169.6894.680.01
分区遍历算法239.371 514.052.58570.6895.620.01
本文算法228.131 567.593.43878.7098.330.08
3Boustrophedon算法294.951 843.202.78072.2195.500.01
分区遍历算法250.031 846.612.72772.3895.680.01
本文算法249.661 874.852.63278.2297.140.01
4Boustrophedon算法419.013 060.873.71378.7696.400.01
分区遍历算法377.333 079.223.69379.3396.980.01
本文算法365.753 121.034.40684.0298.220.02
), ArticleFig(id=1312006318307762459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006301908033638, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of path planning metrics between simulation and field experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
田块编号数据来源非作业路径长度/m作业路径长度/m算法运行耗时/s封圈前覆盖率/%封圈后覆盖率/%路径重叠率/%
1仿真428.279 255.949.52190.8399.390.23
实测442.969 245.2788.7397.532.30
2仿真625.4410 282.809.60988.0498.520.01
实测644.1410 269.9586.3796.691.77
3仿真261.8311 823.109.01493.4399.670.37
实测281.0911 807.9090.8497.802.30
4仿真737.6011 083.009.04189.8798.750.01
实测765.1711 062.5588.1096.841.79
), ArticleFig(id=1312006318387454236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006301908033638, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真与田间试验路径规划结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
田块编号数据来源非作业路径长度/m作业路径长度/m算法运行耗时/s封圈前覆盖率/%封圈后覆盖率/%路径重叠率/%
1仿真428.279 255.949.52190.8399.390.23
实测442.969 245.2788.7397.532.30
2仿真625.4410 282.809.60988.0498.520.01
实测644.1410 269.9586.3796.691.77
3仿真261.8311 823.109.01493.4399.670.37
实测281.0911 807.9090.8497.802.30
4仿真737.6011 083.009.04189.8798.750.01
实测765.1711 062.5588.1096.841.79
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双螺旋驱动式机器人全覆盖作业路径规划算法研究
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汪沛 1 , 罗佳龙 1 , 谢佳生 1 , 王佳涛 1 , 罗皓 2 , 宁锦泰 1 , 胡炼 1 , 何杰 1
农业机械学报 | 农业信息化工程 2025,56(12): 645-656
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农业机械学报 |农业信息化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 645 -656
双螺旋驱动式机器人全覆盖作业路径规划算法研究
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汪沛1 , 罗佳龙1, 谢佳生1, 王佳涛1, 罗皓2, 宁锦泰1, 胡炼1, 何杰1
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学工程学院,广州 510642
  • 2.华南农业大学国际教育学院,广州 510642
通讯作者:
何杰(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人化农场关键技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

汪沛(1983—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机检测和农情信息采集研究,E-mail:

Full-coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Dual-helix Driven Robot in Convex Polygonal Farmlands
Pei WANG1 , Jialong LUO1, Jiasheng XIE1, Jiatao WANG1, Hao LUO2, Jintai NING1, Lian HU1, Jie HE1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2.School of International Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.059
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针对复杂农田环境下农业机器人在自主导航与作业路径规划方面的核心需求,特别是在不规则田块与软黏稻田场景中常见的路径覆盖率低、转弯冗余高以及路径连续性差等问题,本文提出一种面向多边形边界田块、适用于双螺旋驱动式农田机器人的全覆盖路径规划算法。该算法充分融合田块几何特征与机器人运动学约束,首先将作业区域划分为中心平行作业区与外围轮廓平行作业区,分别对应中心条带遍历路径与轮廓平行条带遍历路径。进一步将路径细分为作业路径与非作业路径,后者包括中心区域衔接路径、区域衔接路径、轮廓平行区域衔接路径以及进出田块路径等部分。本文阐述了各部分路径的生成原理,通过“长边作业”确定中心区域的最优作业方向,结合Warnsdorff规则优化条带遍历顺序,并引入Dubins路径与Reeds-Shepp路径模型,提升路径在转向过程中的连续性和可执行性。综合考虑作业路径长度、算法计算耗时与作业覆盖率等性能指标,选用双螺旋驱动式机器人作为平台载体,分别在矩形、梯形、不规则四边形、不规则多边形4类典型田块进行了仿真与实地对比测试。试验结果表明,本文算法在4种典型田块田间作业中可实现96.69%~97.80%的覆盖率,路径重叠率控制在1.77%~2.30%之间,路径整体连续、无越界转弯,表现出良好的执行稳定性与环境适应性。研究结果为复杂环境下农田作业机器人提供了高鲁棒性、高适应性的路径规划方案,具备良好的工程可行性与推广价值。

农业机器人  /  路径规划  /  双螺旋驱动  /  全覆盖  /  不规则田块

Aiming to address the core challenges faced by agricultural robots in autonomous navigation and path planning under complex farmland environments—particularly in irregular plots and soft, sticky paddy fields where common issues included low coverage rate, excessive turning redundancy, and poor path continuity, a full-coverage path planning algorithm tailored for convex polygonal farmlands and compatible with dual-helix driven agricultural robots was proposed. The algorithm integrated both the geometric characteristics of the farmland and the kinematic constraints of the robot. The working area was initially dividedintoacentralparallel-workingzoneandaperipheralcontour-followingzone, corresponding respectively to strip-based traversal paths and boundary-parallel strip traversal paths. The complete path was further segmented into working and non-working paths, including center-region connection paths, inter-region transitions, contour-parallel region transitions, and entry/exit paths. The methodology for generating each type of path was detailed. An optimal working direction was determined via the “long-side-first” principle for the central region, and the Warnsdorff rule was applied to optimize the sequence of strip traversal. Dubins and Reeds-Shepp path models were introduced to enhance continuity and feasibility during turns. Considering metrics such as path length, computation time, and coverage rate, the algorithm was implemented on a dual-helix driven robot and tested in simulations and field experiments across four typical farmland types: rectangular, trapezoidal, irregular quadrilateral, and irregular polygonal plots. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieved a coverage rate between 96.69% and 97.80%, with a path overlap rate controlled within 1.77%~2.30%. The generated paths were continuous and boundary-safe, indicating strong execution stability and environmental adaptability. The research result can provide a robust and adaptable path planning solution for agricultural robots operating in complex environments, with promising engineering feasibility and application potential.

agricultural robot  /  path planning  /  dual-helix drive  /  full-coverage  /  irregular farmland
汪沛, 罗佳龙, 谢佳生, 王佳涛, 罗皓, 宁锦泰, 胡炼, 何杰. 双螺旋驱动式机器人全覆盖作业路径规划算法研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 645 -656 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.059
Pei WANG, Jialong LUO, Jiasheng XIE, Jiatao WANG, Hao LUO, Jintai NING, Lian HU, Jie HE. Full-coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Dual-helix Driven Robot in Convex Polygonal Farmlands[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 645 -656 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.059
随着智慧农业的持续推进,小型农业机器人在高效、精准作业中的应用逐渐普及,路径规划作为其核心支撑技术,直接影响作业效率、燃油消耗和土地利用率[1-3]。特别是在边界不规则、地形起伏或设施密集的作业环境中,传统路径策略难以保障覆盖完整性与路径可执行性。研究表明,高精度农田边界识别对农机路径规划至关重要,直接影响作业效率和覆盖率[4],为此,面向复杂田块结构、满足作业连续性与机械转弯约束的全覆盖路径规划研究成为关键方向[5-8]。
现有覆盖路径规划方法主要包括等距条带的Boustrophedon算法和分区遍历算法、嵌套法和区域分解策略等,已广泛用于规则地块作业,但在不规则田块中存在路径断裂、覆盖不足、重叠率高等问题[9-11]。近年来,国外HAMEED等[12]与HÖFFMANN等[13]分别从三维投影与曲率约束角度优化覆盖路径,POUR等[14-15]提出基于树搜索与改进CCPP算法,显著提升了蔬菜收获与复杂田块作业效率。SEYYEDHASANI等[16]针对多机协同作业的优化,开发了一种可实现车辆路径动态、实时更新的全覆盖路径规划算法。PHAM等[17]提出了基于旋转式策略的多边形区域覆盖路径生成方法,有效提升了田块边界贴合度。国内,在田块形状处理方面,文献[18-19]提出适用于四边形及凸多边形田块的全覆盖路径规划策略,显著减少了倒车与重播率,提高了播种覆盖率(95.14%~98.54%)。刘国海等[20]结合改进粒子群算法,实现高地隙喷雾机在非规则凸田块中的路径最短优化。然而,这些研究多针对轮式或履带式机器人,难以满足特殊驱动平台在软黏农田中的运动特性需求。
双螺旋驱动式农田机器人相较于传统履带或轮式平台具有独特的推进机制和转向特性,其依靠螺旋叶片的轴向与径向复合力实现移动,在深泥脚水田等软黏环境中表现出更强的防陷能力[21-22],但无法实现零半径转向且存在显著滑移效应,导致最小转弯半径受限。这些特性使得现有路径规划方法难以直接应用:传统Boustrophedon路径因转弯半径不足易引发越界,Dubins路径禁止倒退的特性难以适应狭窄轮廓平行区域,而纯Reeds-Shepp路径虽具灵活性,却易引入冗余倒车动作造成跨垄碾压。为此,本文提出融合Warnsdorff规则、Dubins路径与Reeds-Shepp路径的混合算法,通过分区作业策略、条带序列优化及倒退转向机制,研究适用于双螺旋驱动特有的运动学约束问题,在保证覆盖率的同时显著降低转向冗余与滑移损耗,以期为特殊驱动结构农机提供针对性的路径规划方案。
在农田复杂环境下,作业机器人的运动性能直接决定了路径规划的可行性与路径跟踪执行质量。双螺旋驱动机器人通过双侧螺旋旋转产生推进力,以实现对称或差速式驱动控制,这种结构在复杂田间环境下具备优异的防陷性和越障性,但其运动模型相较传统轮式或履带式平台存在显著差异,给路径规划带来了新的约束与挑战。为实现高效、可行的路径规划,需首先建立机器人在典型农田环境中的运动学模型,并明确其路径设计所应满足的基本几何和运动学条件。
如图1所示,双螺旋轮的受力可分解为轴向牵引力Fly(Fry)和径向牵引力Flx(Frx),机器人整体行驶状态取决于左右螺旋轮旋转方向及速度的匹配关系。若两侧螺旋轮以等速反向旋转,则机器人产生纯前进直线运动;若存在速度差异,则可实现转向运动[23]。然而,由于软土环境中径向阻力有限,机器人难以完成原地旋转,其转向过程往往伴随明显的滑移行为。因此,在路径设计中,需设定合理的最小转弯半径,以确保作业精度与农作物安全。
转弯半径R表达式为
式中
      ωl——左螺旋轮角速度,rad/s
      ωr——右螺旋轮角速度,rad/s
      B——两螺旋轮间距,mm
式(1)表明转弯半径受差速比显著影响,极端差速情况下可能导致路径不可执行。因此在路径规划中,必须约束连续路径段之间的角度变化,避免产生超出最小转弯能力的剧烈转折。
此外,机具幅宽与路径条带排布密切相关。以软黏水田为例,移动平台搭载抬升式机具进行分区遍历,作业过程中田间条沿“长边界”方向布置,以减少作业轮次和转向成本[24]。考虑作业幅宽与车体幅宽差异,路径规划过程中常需将田块边界向内平移一定距离,形成中心作业区域。然而,若等距内缩宽度过大,会显著降低作业效率;若宽度过小,则可能导致转向失败或发生碰撞风险。因此,必须合理设定该转向缓冲区的宽度阈值。根据规划路径与地头边界存在夹角α关系,需分以下两种情况进行讨论。
当规划路径与地头边界存在夹角α,α∈[0°,90°],如图2a所示,此时转向区域预留宽度LR为
式中
      LT——机器人总长,mm
      W——机具幅宽,mm
      d——横向直行行驶长度,mm
当规划路径与地头边界存在夹角α,α∈[90°,180°],如图2b所示,此时转向区域预留宽度LR为
在路径序列生成方面,由于相邻条带间的空间位置可能导致急剧的姿态切换,设路径条带编号集合S={s0,s1,…,sN-1},则任意连续路径段编号差应满足
其中
式中
      Smin——最小条带跨度
      Smax——最大条带跨度
      ——向上取整
      Rmin——最小转弯半径,mm
式(5)确保从当前路径段转向目标路径段时,所需的空间转弯圆弧在物理上可达;Smax则用于限制路径跳跃造成的跨垄碾压,由于不同地块的形状和复杂度差异显著,Smax通常通过经验或地块拓扑特征动态设定,而无固定数学模型。
为实现双螺旋驱动式农田机器人在不规则田块中的高效率全覆盖作业,本文构建了包含田块边界处理、中心区域路径生成、轮廓平行路径生成及整体路径合成在内的完整路径规划流程,如图3所示。流程考虑了机器人运动学约束、地块拓扑特征及农业作业需求,确保路径规划的可行性、覆盖性与连贯性。其中边界数据采集可由人工手持Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)设备实地测量或通过农场高精度地图选取关键点,如图4所示。采集的GNSS坐标经通用横轴墨卡托投影(Universal transverse mercator,UTM)算法转换为平面坐标数据,选取特定边界点作为原点建立局部笛卡尔坐标系[25]。采用Geospatial Data Abstraction Library(GDAL)库中的OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation(OGR)进行矢量数据读取与处理,选择某一边界点作为原点建立局部坐标系,确保后续路径生成具备一致性与可重构性。在路径规划过程中,先对田块边界实施多边形等距内缩,生成中心区域用于作业的平行条带。然后,采用Warnsdorff规则引导Dubins路径实现中心区域作业路径的高效连接。在此基础上,生成田块轮廓平行路径,最终通过Reeds-Shepp路径完成整体路径的合成,确保机器人可顺畅执行全场覆盖作业。
(1)多边形等距内缩
为预留中心区域内足够的转弯缓冲空间并保证条带作业区的稳定生成,采用基于几何偏移的多边形等距内缩策略。该方法借鉴巩岩[26]提出的道路外扩线“几何法”思路,基于GDAL/OGR库读取矢量边界数据,并计算每条边的方向角,进而按单位法向量方向进行平移处理,从而构造内缩边界顶点。对于凹多边形区域,通过分解为多个凸多边形以避免形变退化问题[27]。多边形等距内缩示意图如图5(a田块中心区域;b方向向量;c法向量;d沿着法向量f平移的边界线;e方向向量;f法向量;g等距内缩距离LR;h沿着法向量c平移的边界线;i等距内缩顶点。绿色区域是地头)所示。内缩后多边形田块被分为轮廓平行区域及中心作业区域,内缩顶点集记为。
(2)平行条带生成
以“长边界”为作业方向,求取“长边界”垂线向量后,对每个多边形顶点在该垂线上求投影点,则最大投影宽度L和平行条带数N计算式为
式中
      ——向下取整
      n——“长边界”垂线向量
从最小投影起始点开始,沿方向n以W生成每条条带的中心线。第i条条带中心线表达式为
式中
      d——“长边界”方向向量
由于每条中心线可能与作业区域存在多个交点,因此需将其与Pin求交,仅保留实际可作业部分,得到有限条带线段集Si,如图6(a单位法向量;b单位方向向量;c最大投影宽度;Si为条带线段集合;绿色区域为轮廓平行区域,黄色斜线区域为中心作业区域)所示。
其中Si可能为空、一段或多段。通常,若Pin为凸或类矩形区域,则每条Si仅为一条连续线段。
(3)Warnsdorff规则引导的条带排序
在农业作业路径规划中,作业机械的物理约束,特别是最小转弯半径,显著影响路径的可行性与连续性。在完成作业区域内平行条带的生成后,算法将条带集合按照其法线方向投影,并依据空间位置进行排序,形成编号集合S={s0,s1,…,sN-1}。若直接依序遍历该编号集合,部分条带由于边界曲率或区域拓扑的局部复杂性,可能在连接相邻路径段时引发剧烈转向,超出平台最小转弯半径Rmin所能承受的范围,导致路径不可执行。为规避此类问题,需要在Smin和Smax跨度区间构造一条覆盖所有条带编号且不重复的路径序列。
贪心算法作为一种在每一步选择中都采取当前最优策略以期获得全局最优解的算法,能够在一定程度上提升排序效率。然而,其仅关注局部最优选择,容易导致后续遍历出现条带跨度过大的问题,尤其在不规则田块中,可能引发跨垄碾压等现象,影响作业安全与质量。如图7所示,在复杂地块环境中,贪心策略的局限性尤为突出。基于此,本文算法引入Warnsdorff启发式规则,在每一步路径扩展时优先选择在剩余未访问节点中邻接度最小的节点作为下一个访问节点候选,从而有效避免搜索过程中陷入“路径死角”或导致后续节点无解的局部最优陷阱。此外,算法还辅以剪枝机制,当出现剩余条带数量不足以完成遍历、编号跨度超出允许范围、当前路径无法连接至任一未访问节点时立即回溯。通过以上策略,本文算法可在指数级搜索空间中高效构建一条满足物理约束的遍历路径,并显著提升路径连贯性与整体可执行性。
路径序列生成完成后,按照该序列编号依次为条带分配作业方向,即对相邻条带的方向进行交替翻转处理,使相邻路径方向相反,从而构建出一组具有明确方向性且相互平行的路径段,如图8(a最小条带跨度Smin;b最大条带跨度Smax;S:条带编号集合;虚线为被跨条带;绿色区域为轮廓平行区域,黄色斜线区域为中心作业区域;橙色和绿色箭头为当前条带方向;红色虚线为转弯行进路线)所示。
(4)Dubins路径连接
最终生成的中心作业区域覆盖路径,其形成过程基于对前面生成的平行条带的几何排序与连接策略。几何排序已由回溯搜索算法在满足路径连续性、可达性与转弯半径约束的前提下完成。
采用“先作业中心区域,后封圈轮廓区域”的作业顺序策略,若单纯以路径最短为目标,容易在复杂田块中出现跨垄连接,导致机器人倒车进入已作业区域。如图9所示,这不仅造成作物碾压,也违背了作业路径的逻辑合理性,此时尚未作业的轮廓区域是理想的转弯缓冲区。考虑到Dubins路径与Reeds-Shepp路径在前向行驶情况下具有相同的解析解,在中心区域路径连接时优先采用Dubins路径,以生成连续、可行且满足机器人运动学约束的作业轨迹;而Reeds-Shepp路径则仅用于轮廓封圈等需灵活转向的特殊场景,以兼顾执行灵活性与作业规范性。
Dubins路径是指在固定最小转弯半径Rmin条件下,从初始状态到目标状态,且只能前进行驶的最短路径。该路径由3段基本元素构成:左圆弧(L)、直线段(S)与右圆弧(R),其组合最多为3段。Dubins(1957年)证明机器人的最短路径必然属于LSL、RSR、LSR、RSL、RLR或LRL 6种序列之一[28]。
在实际计算中,当机器人走圆弧时,记机器人转弯角度为ψ,将转弯半径归一化为1,则走过的弧长Lψ=ψ*1,此时不论是走过的圆弧还是直线长度均为L,因此机器人左转、右转、直行的坐标变换经归一化后表达式为
式中
      (x,y,ϕ)——机器人当前位姿
      (x,y)——初始坐标      ϕ——航向角
以LSL路径为例,其连接由1段左圆弧、1段直线和1段左圆弧构成。如图10(θ初始航向角、t、q转弯弧长;p直行距离;d最终位置横坐标;橙色线为机器行进路线,蓝色方框表示机器)所示,结合归一化公式,存在Lq(Sp(Lt(0,0,θ)))=(d,0,β),展开得
式中
      (0,0,θ)——机器人初始坐标
      (d,0,β)——机器人终点坐标
      t——机器人第1个左转弧长,mm
      p——机器人直线距离,mm
      q——机器人第2个左转弧长,mm
依据起、终点几何约束和方向夹角,联立求解各路径组合的总长度。对所有路径组合总长度进行比较,选取最短长度作为实际路径。
轮廓平行区域路径规划在农业机器人全覆盖作业中具有关键作用,尤其对于不规则多边形田块,其边界区域往往呈现复杂的环状结构,直接影响整体覆盖率和作业效率。为高效地规划这些区域的作业路径,本文提出一种结合环状区域分割策略和Reeds-Shepp路径的规划方法,以适应农业机器人的运动约束及环境要求。
通过连接原始田块外边界与内缩边界上的对应顶点形成一系列四边形区域,每个四边形区域再通过进一步内缩处理,构成一组与中心作业区域相似的局部作业子区域,从而使得条带生成在每个局部区域内具备较为简单的几何形状。在生成各个子区域的平行条带后,需要对条带进行高效连接,以形成完整的作业路径。然而,由于轮廓平行区域具有狭窄、弯折频繁的特性,传统的Dubins路径仅支持前进运动且转弯方式受限,因此无法有效处理此类复杂环境,容易导致路径中断或严重的姿态误差,如图11所示。为解决这一问题,引入适用于允许倒退操作的Reeds-Shepp路径,以满足农业机器人在复杂狭窄区域内的灵活转向需求。
文献[28]证明了Reeds-Shepp路径从起点到终点的最短路径一定为表1中Base word其中之一[29]。
其中β表示沿曲线运动角度,β∈[0,π],L、R和S含义与Dubins路径中定义一致;上标+、-表示机器前进和后退,下标β和π/2表示沿曲线运动角度。虽然Reeds-Shepp路径的48种情况需要每一组都进行求解,但通过时间变换、反射变换和逆向变换可以只求解其中12种情况,其余情况均可由3种变换得到。此外,为了规避Reeds-Shepp规划较长的倒车路径、较多的倒车动作等问题,需给予Reeds-Shepp进一步约束,并改进求解方法,避免Reeds-Shepp为了获取最短路径而产生不可用解。最终保留的路径运动序列组合为(L+R-)(L+S-)(R+L-)(R+S-)、(L+R-L+)(R+L-R+)、(L+R+L-)(R+L+R-)、(L+S+L+)(R+S+R+)和(L+S+R+)(R+S+L+)。由于前面Dubins路径部分已经给出前进时,左转右转和直行的坐标变换,后退的坐标变换归一化为
设定初始位姿为(x1,y1,ψ1),目标位姿为(x2,y2,ψ2),转弯半径为R,归一化后初始位姿为(0,0,0),目标位姿为。
仍以LoSuLv为例,在单位圆归一化后,存在
式中
      o——归一化后第1段左转行进长度,mm
      u——归一化后直线行进长度,mm
      v——归一化后第2段左转行进长度,mm
      (x,y,ψ)——终点位姿
与归一化公式联立后求解可得路径总长度,对所有路径组合总长度进行比较,选取最短长度作为实际路径。
在完成中心区域与轮廓平行区域路径的规划后,为构建一条连续、可执行的完整作业路径,还需解决路径起点与终点的确定,以及中心路径与轮廓平行路径之间的合理衔接问题。在实际农田作业场景中,农业机器人往往依赖既定的下田口(即路径起点与终点)完成进出作业区域的导航,该位置通常位于田块边缘的一处可通行开口,并受制于农田排水沟、田埂宽度及作业路径布置等客观条件。因此,在路径规划过程中,合理设置下田口并将其纳入整体路径生成流程,对于保障路径的可达性与执行效率具有重要意义。
采用预设下田口位置的方法,先求中心区域条带与边界相交的各点中离起点最近的点,并将该点与中心区域路径的第1个作业条带起点进行连接路径起点确定后,机器人按照中心区域路径的排序顺序依次完成条带作业,最终到达中心路径的终端点。
中心作业完成后,算法将自动调度机器人转入轮廓平行区域进行封圈作业。为实现两区域之间的平滑过渡,设计中心终点与轮廓平行路径起始点之间的衔接路径,同样基于Reeds-Shepp路径生成,以支持复杂姿态变化及狭窄路径转接。在规划过程中,算法首先搜索距离中心路径终点最近的轮廓平行条带起点作为连接目标,然后求解二者之间最短可行路径,并将其拼接至整体作业路径中。
此外,为形成完整的闭环路径结构,机器人在完成轮廓平行路径最后一段作业后,还需规划一段返回路径,引导其从轮廓平行区域终点驶回下田口或作业出口。根据田块实际情况在规划层面构建一条通往田块边缘的短路径,实现路径的闭合与作业流程的完整收束,整体路径如图12(a中心作业区域;b路径起点;c轮廓平行区域衔接路径;d田块;e外围轮廓作业区域;f中心区域衔接路径;g区域衔接路径;h路径终点;i轮廓平行路径;j中心路径)所示。
为客观评估路径规划方案作业有效性与空间利用效率,构建基于空间几何布尔运算的作业覆盖率与路径重叠率计算函数。考虑到平台搭载抬升式机具,路径转弯段处于非作业状态,实际作业区域由路径的作业条带决定。为模拟机具影响范围,针对每条作业条带,依据机具幅宽W,构建与路径方向平行、宽度为W/2向两侧扩展的矩形缓冲区,表示实际作业影响区域的几何对象。
为实现高效、稳定的空间计算,集成使用Geometry Engine-Open Source(GEOS)库,对每条作业条带对象与田块边界进行空间交集分析,并完成有效区域的布尔求并操作。作业覆盖率为合并区域与田块总面积比值,表达式为
其中
式中
      ηcov——作业覆盖率,%
      Acov——有效作业面积,m2
      Af——田块总面积,m2
      Ai——第i条矩形缓冲区面积,m2
路径重叠率计算基于作业条带集合的两两空间交集,通过设定面积阈值滤除边界贴合造成的微小重叠,得到总重叠面积,路径重叠率表达式为
式中
      ηrep——路径重叠率,%
      Aover——所有矩形缓冲区重叠面积之和,m2
为全面验证所提出路径规划算法在多种田块几何形状下的适应性与执行效果,本文构建了包含仿真建模、算法运行与性能评估在内的完整仿真试验框架。仿真系统基于Ubuntu操作系统,采用C++语言开发,同时借助PyQt设计图形用户界面,如图13所示,用于田块数据导入、参数设定与路径可视化输出。仿真平台运行环境为第10代Intel Core i7-10510U(1.80 GHz)处理器,具备良好的运算性能与实时响应能力,满足路径规划算法在多样化测试场景的高效运行需求。
构建4类典型农田地块仿真模型,包括规则矩形、梯形、不规则四边形以及不规则多边形,分别代表常规田块、边界倾斜田块、边界夹角不规则田块及高度复杂的自由形状田块。每类地块均通过设定不同边界点坐标进行仿真建模,边界坐标通过实际田块采样数据进行缩放或理想化处理,以确保仿真结果的工程可比性。所有田块均采用相同的规划参数进行测试,保证结果之间具有统一的评估基础。
仿真中机器人几何参数包括最小转弯半径Rmin为0.6 m与机具幅宽W为0.3 m。路径条带方向设定为沿地块“长边”方向展开,以最大化直线作业段长度、减少转弯频率,提高作业效率并降低能耗。
在仿真运行过程中,系统首先加载预设田块边界数据,并依次执行多边形等距内缩、平行条带生成及排序、轮廓平行区域构建及连接处理等算法模块,最终输出完整路径。为确保路径的物理可执行性,每一连接段均在满足运动学约束的前提下,以Dubins路径或Reeds-Shepp路径进行解析求解。路径输出结果以矢量图形式呈现,包含方向、转弯段位置与路径段属性信息,支持后续误差分析与评估。
为系统性评估所提算法的性能并验证其工程实用性,仿真时在每类典型田块测试中均引入2种代表性路径规划方法作为与本文算法的对比基准,包括传统的Boustrophedon算法和分区遍历算法,传统Boustrophedon算法通过平行条带往复遍历实现覆盖而分区遍历算法因轨迹呈螺旋状得名。为避免整体螺旋遍历导致过长的非作业路径,将每8条平行条带分组实施局部螺旋遍历,以提升路径连贯性与作业效率。在统一的测试参数与边界条件下,对各算法所生成的路径规划结果分析5项核心性能指标,包括非作业路径长度、有效作业路径长度、算法运行耗时、封圈前后覆盖率以及路径条带的重叠率,以考察不同算法在不同性能指标方面的表现差异。
在统一的仿真平台与输入参数下,对比本文算法与2类经典路径规划算法在4种典型田块中的表现。完整路径仿真结果如图14所示。
仿真结果如表2所示,本文算法在各类地块中均实现了高覆盖率(封圈后不小于97.14%)与低重叠率(不大于0.17%)。与传统Boustrophedon算法和分区遍历算法相比,本文算法通过合理控制条带序列与路径连接方式,在作业路径长度略有增加的基础上,显著降低了非作业路径长度,展现出更高的路径连贯性与可执行性。
尽管在复杂多边形地块中路径计算耗时略高(最大4.406 s),但仍在工程可接受范围内,验证了算法的实时计算能力。特别地,封圈策略有效补偿了边角区域覆盖盲区,使覆盖率平均提升近20%,进一步提升作业完整性。
为验证本文算法在农业环境多样化地形下的适应性与鲁棒性,在华南农业大学增城试验基地开展了4种典型农田的路径规划田间试验,并以此真实田块进行了仿真。
田间试验采用自主研发的双螺旋驱动式机器人作为试验平台。该机器人机体质量为23.00 kg,搭载内置驱动的低压直流无刷伺服电机(SDM8070JA1),额定功率为211.52 W,输出转矩为10.00 N·m,最大作业速度为0.70 m/s。配备高精度RTK-GNSS定位系统,定位误差控制在±2 cm以内,确保作业轨迹数据的空间精度。团队自研的导航系统具备路径导入、作业状态显示、速度控制、参数标定及数据导出等功能。控制指令通过CAN总线实时传输,支持精细化路径跟踪控制与姿态调整,整机系统具有较高集成度与工程可靠性,整机及控制流程如图15所示。
试验过程中,机器人在各测试地块内按规划路径依次完成中心区域与轮廓平行区域的作业任务。系统同步记录机器人当前位置坐标、航向角、横向偏差及当前路径段等动态运行数据。基于设定的作业幅宽,导航系统实时结合机器人当前位置与航向角,动态计算当前作业的覆盖率与重叠率,从而实现对作业质量的评估与反馈。
在试验准备阶段,使用RTK测量仪对各测试田块边界进行精确采集,并将边界坐标导入路径规划软件,完成中心作业路径与轮廓平行路径的全自动生成。所生成路径以标准格式导入至机器人导航系统,并进行路径可视化校验与坐标对齐,确保田间路径与仿真路径严格对应。每块田块的路径规划均采用统一参数设定,包括最小转弯半径Rmin为0.6 m与机具幅宽W为0.3 m,以保持试验一致性,路径生成结果如图16所示。
真实田块仿真与田间试验结果如表3所示,实测路径封圈后覆盖率达96.69%~97.80%,与仿真结果(98.52%~99.67%)基本一致,差异主要源于田间环境中地形起伏、水分分布不均以及机器人轨迹轻微漂移等因素。部分边缘区域因软土陷落或作物残留物干扰,影响了覆盖率的进一步提升。
在重叠率方面,典型田块仿真结果为0.01%~0.17%,真实田块几何的仿真重叠率略微上升至0.01%~0.37%,原因是边界不规则性引入的规划误差。而实际田间测试中重叠率进一步增至1.77%~2.30%,除规划误差外,主要归因于机器人在转向段的路径切入偏差及田间微小障碍物引发的姿态调整,二者共同导致实际轨迹偏离与重复作业。
实测作业路径长度略低于仿真值,主要由于实际行驶中机器人因控制响应延迟或地面滑动而对理想路径进行切割与简化,自动截弯取直,从而缩短总作业距离。
非作业路径长度在实测中略大于仿真,反映出实际操作中机器人需进行姿态修正与路径对齐,尤其在路径起始阶段与区域切换处,导航系统会预留缓冲距离以保证行驶稳定性。此外,因田间入口位置与理想规划入口位置存在偏差,导致连接段长度有所增加。
(1)针对双螺旋驱动式农业机器人在多边形不规则田块中的全覆盖路径规划问题,设计了一种融合Warnsdorff规则、Dubins路径与Reeds-Shepp路径的规划算法。构建了该算法路径生成与衔接机制,建立了基于机器人最小转弯半径和条带方向约束的路径优化模型,并设计了相应的规划流程与控制逻辑。
(2)仿真与田间试验结果表明,所提出的全覆盖路径规划算法在复杂田块环境中具备优异的覆盖完整性和路径可执行性。在典型多边形田块仿真中,算法实现了97.14%以上的覆盖率,路径重叠率低于0.17%,且无转弯越界现象,验证了其规划的高效性与可靠性。同时,田间试验显示,对4种典型田块轮廓区域封圈后的覆盖率达到96.69%~97.80%,与仿真结果基本一致,证明了算法在实际环境中的有效性;路径重叠率为1.77%~2.30%,虽略高于仿真值,但仍在可接受范围。充分体现了该算法在优化路径冗余、保证作业质量方面的良好效果。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD2000605)
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2025A1515011012)
  • 广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术创新团队项目(2024CXTD28)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.059
  • 接收时间:2025-06-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-08
  • 修回日期:2025-07-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD2000605)
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2025A1515011012)
广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术创新团队项目(2024CXTD28)
作者信息
    1.华南农业大学工程学院,广州 510642
    2.华南农业大学国际教育学院,广州 510642

通讯作者:

何杰(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人化农场关键技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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